Publications

biological relationship of meloidogyne hapla populations to alfalfa cultivars.	greenhouse and growth chamber studies were established to determine if there are pathological and physiological differences among meloidogyne hapla populations from california (ca), nevada (nv), utah (ut), and wyoming (wy) on alfalfa cultivars classified as resistant or susceptible to root-knot nematodes. in the greenhouse, plant survival was not consistent with resistance classifications. while all highly resistant nevada synthetic germplasm (nev syn xx) plants survived inoculation with all nem ...	1995	19277299
a basic serine protease from paecilomyces lilacinus with biological activity against meloidogyne hapla eggs.	scanning electron micrographs of the nematode-egg-parasitic fungus paecilomyces lilacinus infecting eggs of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne spp. suggested the involvement of lytic enzymes. when grown on a liquid mineral salts medium, supplemented with different substrates as the sole n- and c-source, the fungus produced an extracellular protease. colloidal chitin, vitellin and intact eggs of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla induced proteolytic activity that was repressed by glucose. t ...	1995	7773385
host suitability of 32 common weeds to meloidogyne hapla in organic soils of southwestern quebec.	thirty-two weeds commonly found in the organic soils of southwestern quebec were evaluated for host suitability to a local isolate of the northern root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla under greenhouse conditions. galls were observed on the roots of 21 species. sixteen of the 21 had a reproduction factor (pf/pi = final number of m. hapla eggs and juveniles per initial number of m. hapla juveniles per pot) higher than carrot (pf/pi = 0.37), the major host crop in this agricultural area. tomato cv. ...	1996	19277189
response of additional herbaceous perennial ornamentals to meloidogyne hapla.	twenty-nine herbaceous perennial ornamentals were evaluated for root galling after 2 months in soil infested with meloidogyne hapla u n d e r greenhouse conditions. plants such as asclepias, epimedium, liriope, lithospermura, myosotis, penstemon, sidalecea, and solidago did not have galls or egg masses present on the root system and were rated as resistant. astrantia, boltonia, centranthus, and miscanthus had more than 100 galls on the roots (similar to 'rutgers' tomato controls) and were rated ...	1996	19277187
damage threshold of meloidogyne hapla to lettuce in organic soil.	lettuce was seeded in pots in the greenhouse and in field microplots in 1991 and 1992. pots and microplots were filled with untreated or fumigated organic soil infested with meloidogyne hapla at seven initial population densities (pi) (0 to 32 eggs/cm(3) soil). lettuce weight, severity of root galling, and number of eggs per root system (pf) were determined after 8 weeks. at the highest pi, m. hapla caused yield losses up to 64% in the microplots and plant death in the greenhouse tests. the sein ...	1996	19277172
identification of stable plant cystatin/nematode proteinase complexes using mildly denaturing gelatin/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.	the biochemical interactions between two cystatins from rice seeds, oryzacystatin i (oci) and oryzacystatin ii (ocii), and the cysteine proteinases from three plant parasitic nematodes, meloidogyne hapla, m. incognita and m. javanica, were assessed using standard protease assays and mildly denaturing gelatin/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (gelatin/page). activity detected in extracts of preparasitic second-stage larvae (j2) from m. hapla was optimal at ph 5.5 and was inhibited in vitro by th ...	1996	8874065
host suitability of twelve leguminosae species to populations of meloidogyne hapla and m. chitwoodi.	legumes of the genera astragalus (milkvetch), coronilla (crownvetch), lathyrus (pea vine), lotus (birdsfoot trefoil), medicago (alfalfa), melilotus (clover), trifolium (clover), and vicia (common vetch) were inoculated with a population of melaidogyne chitwoodi from utah or with one of three m. hapla populations from california, utah, and wyoming.thirty-nine percent to 86% of alfalfa (m. scutellata) and 10% to 55% of red clover (t. pratense) plants survived inoculation with the nematode populati ...	1996	19277158
role of nematodes, nematicides, and crop rotation on the productivity and quality of potato, sweet potato, peanut, and grain sorghum.	the objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of fenamiphos 15g and short-cycle potato (po)-sweet potato (sp) grown continuously and in rotation with peanut (pe)-grain sorghum (gs) on yield, crop quality, and mixed nematode population densities of meloidogyne arenaria, m. hapla, m. incognita, and mesocriconema ornatum. greater root-gall indices and damage by m. hapla and m. incognita occurred on potato than other crops. most crop yields were higher and root-gall indices lower fro ...	1996	19277157
surface coat of meloidogyne incognita.	the nematode surface coat is defined as an extracuticular component on the outermost layer of the nematode body wall, visualized only by electron microscopy. surface coat proteins of meloidogyne incognita race 3 infective juveniles were characterized by electrophoresis and western blotting of extracts from radioiodine and biotin-labeled nematodes. extraction of labeled nematodes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide yielded a principal protein band larger than 250 kda and, with water soluble bioti ...	1996	19277137
effect of the mi gene in tomato on reproductive factors of meloidogyne chitwoodi and m. hapla.	the effect of the mi gene on the reproductive factor of meloidogyne chitwoodi and m. hapla, major nematode pests of potato, was measured on nearly isogenic tomato lines differing in presence or absence of the mi gene. the mi allele controlled resistance to reproduction of race 1 of m. chitwoodi and to one of two isolates of race 2. no resistance to race 3 of m. chitwoodi or to m. hapla was found. variability in response to isolates of race 2 may reflect diversity of virulence genotypes heretofor ...	1997	19274176
importance of temperature in the pathology of meloidogyne hapla and m. chitwoodi on legumes.	effects of temperatures on the host-parasite relationships were studied for three legume species and four populations of root-knot nematodes from the western united states. the nematode populations were meloidogyne hapla from california (mhca), utah (mhut), and wyoming (mhwy), and a population of m. chitwoodi from utah (mcut). the legumes were milkvetch (astragalus cicer), alfalfa (medicago sativa), and yellow sweet clover (melilotus officinalis). all milkvetch plants survived inoculation with a ...	1997	19274139
a pcr assay to identify and distinguish single juveniles of meloidogyne hapla and m. chitwoodi.	random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) bands that distinguish meloidogyne hapla and m. chitwoodi from each other, and from other root-knot nematode species, were identified using a series of random octamer primers. the species-specific amplified dna fragments were cloned and sequenced, and then the sequences were used to design 20-mer primer pairs that specifically amplified a dna fragment from each species. using the primer pairs, successful amplifications from single juveniles were readily at ...	1997	19274128
evolution of the at-rich mitochondrial dna of the root knot nematode, meloidogyne hapla.	mitochondrial dna of the root knot nematode meloidogyne hapla was investigated for intraspecific diversity and divergence from other parthenogenetic root knot nematodes. a 1,900-bp fragment containing coii, trnahis, 16s rrna, nd3 and cyt b genes has been cloned and sequenced from one individual and an 1,188-bp region within this region was sequenced from four other australian isolates. m. hapla mtdna is more than 80% at-rich, like other meloidogyne spp. nucleotide diversity within m. hapla is so ...	1997	9000752
host-parasite relationships of meloidogyne trifoliophila isolates from new zealand.	root-infecting nematodes are commonly found on white clover in new zealand pasture where they reduce yield, nitrogen fixation, and persistence. the dominant root-knot nematode on white clover in new zealand is confirmed in this study as meloidogyne trifoliophila by isozyme phenotype comparison with the type population from tennessee. results from a host differential test differed in the host ranges of m. trifoliophila and m. hapla from new zealand locations, with m. trifoliophila failing to repr ...	1997	19274134
antioxidant enzymes in phytoparasitic nematodes.	presence of different antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, and ascorbate, p-phenilendiamine-pyrocathecol (ppd-pc), o-dianisidine, and guaiacol isoperoxidases, was shown in the phytoparasific nematode species meloidogyne incognita, m. hapla, globodera rostochiensis, g. pallida, heterodera schachtii, h. carotae, and xiphinema index. the activity of the enzymes tested differed among the life stages examined. sod was present in cysts but was not detected in meloidogyne ...	1997	19274144
evaluation of 15 trifolium spp. and of medicago sativa as hosts of four meloidogyne spp. found in new zealand.	the predominant root-knot nematode in new zealand pastures is meloidogyne trifoliophila, identified until recently as m. hapla. clarification was needed on the host range of these two species on legumes found in new zealand pastures and on clover species closely related to trifolium repens. in a greenhouse test, 15 trifolium spp. and medicago sativa were inoculated with eggs of m. trifoliophila, m. hapla, m. incognita, or m. javanica. all legumes tested were hosts to some degree to each of the r ...	1997	19274267
management of meloidogyne hapla in herbaceous perennial ornamentals by sanitation and resistance.	meloidogyne hapla can be spread in bare-root herbaceous perennial propagation material and may be difficult to control once established in new fields or in the landscape. root pruning of bare-root plants was investigated as a means of reducing spread and establishment of m. hapla. plants previously inoculated with 10,000 eggs/plant were root-pruned to remove either a portion or most of the fibrous root system without removing underground stems, buds, tubers, or tuberous roots. root pruning of ac ...	1997	19274274
effects of meloidogyne spp. and rhizoctonia solani on the growth of grapevine rootings.	a disease complex involving meloidogyne incognita and rhizoctonia solani was associated with stunting of grapevines in a field nursery. nematode reproduction was occurring on both susceptible and resistant cultivars, and pot experiments were conducted to determine the virulence of this m. incognita population, and of m. javanica and m. hapla populations, to v. vinifera cv. colombard (susceptible) and to v. champinii cv. ramsey (regarded locally as highly resistant). the virulence of r. solani is ...	1997	19274149
a new alui satellite dna in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne fallax: relationships with satellites from the sympatric species m. hapla and m. chitwoodi.	a highly abundant satellite dna comprising 20% of the meloidogyne fallax (nematoda, tylenchida) genome was cloned and sequenced. the satellite monomer is 173 bp long and has a high a + t content of 72.3%, with frequent runs of a's and t's. the sequence variability of the monomers is 2.7%, mainly due to random distribution of single-point mutations. a search for evidence of internal repeated subunits in the monomer sequence revealed a 6-bp motif (aaattt) for which five degenerated repeats, differ ...	1998	9729876
management of plant-parasitic nematodes on peanut with selected nematicides in north carolina.	field experiments were conducted to determine peanut growth and yield responses to selected fumigant and nonfumigant nemaficide treatments in 1988 and 1989. all treatments with the fumigant 1, 3-d significantly suppressed nematode reproduction (meloidogyne arenaria, m. hapla, and mesocriconema ornatum) and enhanced peanut yields over the other treatments in four tests in 1988. yield increases with the fumigant ranged from about 20% to 100% over the untreated control. test sites in 1989 had lower ...	1998	19274260
variation in virulence within meloidogyne chitwoodi, m. fallax, and m. hapla on solanum spp.	abstract the virulence of meloidogyne hapla, m. chitwoodi, and m. fallax was studied on genotypes of solanum spp. in a greenhouse. juveniles of 11 m. hapla race a isolates, 3 m. hapla race b isolates, and 5 mono-female lines of a m. hapla race a isolate were inoculated on s. chacoense, s. hougasii, and s. sparsipilum. juveniles of eight m. chitwoodi isolates, five m. fallax isolates, and six mono-female lines of a m. chitwoodi isolate were inoculated on s. bulbocastanum, s. chacoense, s. hougasi ...	1998	18944937
fungi parasitic on juveniles and egg masses of meloidogyne hapla in organic soils from new york.	fungi associated with egg masses and juveniles of meloidogyne hapla were isolated from organic soil samples obtained from five fields planted to lettuce or onion in newyork. the soil samples were placed in sterilized clay pots, infested with m. hapla, and planted to lettuce. after 4 months, egg masses and juveniles were surface-disinfested, plated on water agar, and examined for fungal infection. depending on the soil sample, fungal isolates were recovered from 13% to 30%, and from 5% to 24% of ...	1998	19274258
greenhouse studies on the effect of marigolds (tagetes spp.) on four meloidogyne species.	the effects of preplanted marigold on tomato root galling and multiplication of meloidogyne incognita, m. javanica, m. arenaria, and m. hapla were studied. marigold cultivars of tagetes patula, t. erecta, t. signata, and a tagetes hybrid all reduced galling and numbers of second-stage juveniles in subsequent tomato compared to the tomato-tomato control. all four meloidogyne spp. reproduced on t. signata 'tangerine gem'. several cultivars of t. patula and t. erecta suppressed galling and reproduc ...	1999	19270876
survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994.	previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ...	1999	19270925
plant-parasitic nematodes associated with grapevines, vitis vinifera, in oregon vineyards.	a survey of vineyards in western oregon was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to determine the association of plant-parasitic nematodes with vine health. seventy vineyards in four regions of western oregon (16 to 21 vineyards per region) were sampled. the regions were the northern, middle, and southern willamette valley, and southern oregon. vineyards were selected and partitioned into blocks by variety, age of planting, crop history, and soil characteristics. mesocriconema xenoplax, xiphinema american ...	1999	19270927
influence of rotation crops on the strawberry pathogens pratylenchus penetrans, meloidogyne hapla, and rhizoctonia fragariae.	field microplot, small plot, and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rotation crops on pratylenchus penetrans, meloidogyne hapla, and rhizoctonia fragariae populations. extraction of p. penetrans from roots and soil in microplots and field plots planted to rotation crops was highest for garry oat, lowest for triple s sorgho-sudangrass and saia oat, and intermediate for strawberry, buckwheat, and canola. isolation of r. fragariae from bait roots was highest for straw ...	1999	19270931
suppression of meloidogyne hapla and its damage to lettuce grown in a mineral soil amended with chitin and biocontrol organisms.	chitin was used as soil amendment in fiberglass field microplots, alone or with one or a combination of two to three species of hirsutella rhossiliensis, paecilomyces marquandii, verticillium chlamydosporium, bacillus thuringiensis, and streptomyces costaricanus. sudangrass and rapeseed were planted as cover crops and incorporated into soil as green manure amendments. chitin amendment alone increased the marketable yield of lettuce in 1995 and reduced root-galling ratings and the reproduction of ...	1999	19270942
efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis, paecilomyces marquandii,and streptomyces costaricanus with and without organic amendments against meloidogyne hapla infecting lettuce.	chitin, wheat mash, or brewery compost were incorporated into unfumigated and methyl bromide-fumigated organic soils placed in microplots formed from cylindrical drainage tiles (0.25 m-diam. clay tile). after 3 weeks, meloidogyne hapla and cell or spore suspensions of bacillus thuringiensis, paecilomyces marquandii, and streptomyces costaricanus were individually added to the soils of designated microplots. a b. thuringiensis + s. costaricanus combination was also tested. lettuce seedlings, cv. ...	2000	19270951
hirsutella rhossiliensisand verticillium chlamydosporium as biocontrol agents of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla on lettuce.	hirsutella rhossiliensis and verticillium chlamydosporium infected second-stage juveniles (j2) and eggs of meloidogyne hapla, respectively, in petri dishes and in organic soil in pots planted to lettuce in the greenhouse. in vitro, h. rhossiliensis produced 78 to 124 spores/infected j2 of m. hapla. the number of j2 in roots of lettuce seedlings decreased exponentially with increasing numbers of vegetative colonies of h. rhossiliensis in the soil. at an infestation of 8 m. hapla eggs/cm(3) soil, ...	2000	19270953
trichoderma harzianum endochitinase does not provide resistance to meloidogyne hapla in transgenic tobacco.	eggs of meloidogyne hapla contain chitin, a substrate for chitinase. our goal was to determine if endochitinase from the biocontrol fungus t. harzianum expressed in transgenic tobacco increases resistance to this nematode. endochitinase-transgenic t tobacco seedlings expressing increased endochitinase activity in leaves (11 to 125 times over control) and roots (2 to 15 times over control) were transferred to quartz sand:loam soil mix (4:1 ratio) and inoculated with 5,000 m. hapla eggs/pot. tomat ...	2000	19270979
molecular cloning and characterisation of a venom allergen ag5-like cdna from meloidogyne incognita.	rna fingerprinting was used to identify rnas that were expressed in parasitic second-stage juveniles of meloidogyne incognita, but absent from or reduced in preparasitic second-stage juveniles. a cdna encoding a putative secretory protein was cloned from a m. incognita second-stage juvenile cdna library by probing with a 0.5kb fragment derived from fingerprinting that was more strongly expressed in parasitic second-stage juveniles. the cdna, named mi-msp-1, contained an open reading frame encodi ...	2000	10675748
phenotypic and molecular analysis of a pasteuria strain parasitic to the sting nematode.	pasteuria strain s-1 was found to parasitize the sting nematode belonolaimus longicaudatus. s-1 spores attached to several strains of b. longicaudatus from different geographical locations within the united states. however, they did not adhere to any of the following species: heterodera schachtii, longidorus africanus, meloidogyne hapla, m. incognita, m. javanica, pratylenchus brachyurus, p. scribneri, p. neglectus, p. penetrans, p. thornei, p. vulnus, and xiphinema spp. the 16s rrna genes from ...	2001	19266005
seasonal populations of pratylenchus penetrans and meloidogyne hapla in strawberry roots.	strawberry roots were sampled through the year to determine the populations and distribution of pratylenchus penetrans and meloidogyne hapla. three strawberry root types were sampled-structural roots; feeder roots without secondary tissues; and suberized, black perennial roots. both lesion and root-knot nematodes primarily infected feeder roots from structural roots or healthy perennial roots. few nematodes were recovered from soil, diseased roots, or suberized roots. lesion nematode recovery wa ...	2002	19265965
genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from brazil and development of scar markers specific for the coffee-damaging species.	rapd markers were used to characterize the genetic diversity and relationships of root-knot nematodes (rkn) (meloidogyne spp.) in brazil. a high level of infraspecific polymorphism was detected in meloidogyne arenaria, meloidogyne exigua, and meloidogyne hapla compared with the other species tested. phylogenetic analyses showed that m. hapla and m. exigua are more closely related to one another than they are to the other species, and illustrated the early divergence of these meiotically reproduc ...	2002	12416618
relationship between levels of cyanide in sudangrass hybrids incorporated into soil and suppression of meloidogyne hapla.	sudangrass cv. trudan 8 has been demonstrated to suppress infection of vegetables by meloidogyne hapla (mh). hydrogen cyanide, released from the degradation of the cyanogenic glucoside (dhurrin) during decomposition of trudan 8, was the primary factor involved in suppression of mh on vegetables. the cyanide ion level in leaf tissue of 14 hybrids of sudangrass varied between 0.04 (cv. sx-8) to 1.84 parts per million (cv. 840f). the suppressive activity of the sudangrass hybrids against mh was ass ...	2002	19265902
nucleotide substitution patterning within the meloidogyne rdna d3 region and its evolutionary implications.	evolutionary relationships based on nucleotide variation within the d3 26s rdna region were examined among acollection of seven meloidogyne hapla isolates and seven isolates of m. arenaria, m. incognita, and m. javanica. using d3a and d3b primers, a 350-bp region was pcr amplified from genomic dna and double-stranded nucleotide sequence obtained. phylogenetic analyses using three independent clustering methods all provided support for a division between the automictic m. hapla and the apomictic ...	2003	19262771
effect of compost and manure soil amendments on nematodes and on yields of potato and barley: a 7-year study.	a 7-year study located in prince edward island, canada, examined the influence of compost and manure on crop yield and nematode populations. the compost used in this study consisted of cull waste potatoes, sawdust, and beef manure in a 3:3:1 ratio, respectively. no plant-parasitic nematodes were detected in samples collected from windrow compost piles at 5- and 30-cm depths prior to application on field plots. low population densities of bacterial-feeding nematodes were recovered from compost wi ...	2003	19262763
internalization of escherichia coli o157:h7 following biological and mechanical disruption of growing spinach plants.	the internalization and persistence of a bioluminescent escherichia coli o157:h7 ph1 was investigated in growing spinach plants that had been either biologically or mechanically damaged. in control (undamaged) plants cultivated in soil microcosms inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 phl, the bacterium was recovered from surface-sterilized root tissue but not from leaves. mechanical disruption of the seminal root and root hairs of the plants did not result in the internalization of the pathogen into t ...	2005	16355819
morphological and molecular evaluation of a meloidogyne hapla population damaging coffee (coffea arabica) in maui, hawaii.	an unusual population of meloidogyne hapla, earlier thought to be an undescribed species, was found causing large galls, without adventitious roots, and substantial damage to coffee in maui, hawaii. only in brazil had similar damage to coffee been reported by this species. unlike m. exigua from south and central america, this population reproduced well on coffee cv. mokka and m. incognita-susceptible tomato but poorly on tomato with the mi resistance gene. characterization included sem images, e ...	2005	19262853
damage and management of meloidogyne hapla using oxamyl on carrot in new york.	the northern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla) is a major pathogen of processing carrot in new york, significantly reducing marketable yield and profitability. severely infected carrots are stubby, galled and forked and therefore unmarketable. in field microplot trials in 1996 and 1998, the incidence and severity of root-galling increased and the marketable yield of carrot decreased as the initial inoculum density of m. hapla was increased from 0 to 8 eggs/cm(3) soil, in mineral or organic ...	2006	19259467
host-specific pathogenicity and genome differences between inbred strains of meloidogyne hapla.	five isolates of m. hapla originating from the netherlands and california were inbred by sequential transfer of single egg masses to produce six strains. cytological examination showed that oocytes of these strains underwent meiosis and had n = 16 chromosomes. strains were tested for ability to infect and to develop on several hosts by in vitro assays. the two strains from california infected tomato roots at a higher rate than those from the netherlands, but no difference among strains was seen ...	2006	19259441
[diversity of actinomycetes associated with root-knot nematode and their potential for nematode control].	twenty actinomycetes were isolated from root-knot nematode eggs and females collected from 11 plant root samples infested by meloidogyne spp.. the isolates were assigned to the genera streptomyces, nocardia and pseudonocardia respectively, based on analysis of morphological characteristics, cell-wall daps and 16s rrna gene sequences. 80% of them were streptomycetes. biocontrol potential of the isolates against meloidogyne hapla was evaluated in liquid culture in vitro. the average percentages of ...	2006	17037062
effect of crop rotation on meloidogyne spp. and pratylenchus spp. populations in strawberry fields in taiwan.	changes in population levels of meloidogyne hapla, m. incognita, pratylenchus coffeae, and p. penetrans were studied in 12 strawberry fields in the dahu region of taiwan. ten potential rotation crops and two cultural practices were evaluated for their effect on nematode populations and influence on strawberry yield. rotation with rice or taro and the cultural practice of flooding and bare fallowing for four months were found to reduce nematode soil populations to two or fewer nematodes per 100 m ...	2006	19259538
morphological and molecular characteristics of a new species of pasteuria parasitic on meloidogyne ardenensis.	a species of the hyper-parasitic bacterium pasteuria was isolated from the root-knot nematode meloidogyne ardenensis infecting the roots of ash (fraxinus excelsior). it is morphologically different from some other pasteuria pathogens of nematodes in that the spores lack a basal ring on the ventral side of the spore and have a unique clumping nature. transmission electron microscopy (tem) showed that the clumps of spores are not random aggregates but result from the disintegration of the suicide ...	2007	17399736
comprehensive transcriptome profiling in tomato reveals a role for glycosyltransferase in mi-mediated nematode resistance.	root-knot nematode (rkn; meloidogyne spp.) is a major crop pathogen worldwide. effective resistance exists for a few plant species, including that conditioned by mi in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). we interrogated the root transcriptome of the resistant (mi+) and susceptible (mi-) cultivars 'motelle' and 'moneymaker,' respectively, during a time-course infection by the mi-susceptible rkn species meloidogyne incognita and the mi-resistant species meloidogyne hapla. in the absence of rkn infectio ...	2007	17434994
meiotic parthenogenesis in a root-knot nematode results in rapid genomic homozygosity.	many isolates of the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne hapla reproduce by facultative meiotic parthenogenesis. sexual crosses can occur, but, in the absence of males, the diploid state appears to be restored by reuniting sister chromosomes of a single meiosis. we have crossed inbred strains of m. hapla that differ in dna markers and produced hybrids and f(2) lines. here we show that heterozygous m. hapla females, upon parthenogenetic reproduction, produce progeny that segregate 1:1 for the pr ...	2007	17483427
sequence and genetic map of meloidogyne hapla: a compact nematode genome for plant parasitism.	we have established meloidogyne hapla as a tractable model plant-parasitic nematode amenable to forward and reverse genetics, and we present a complete genome sequence. at 54 mbp, m. hapla represents not only the smallest nematode genome yet completed, but also the smallest metazoan, and defines a platform to elucidate mechanisms of parasitism by what is the largest uncontrolled group of plant pathogens worldwide. the m. hapla genome encodes significantly fewer genes than does the free-living ne ...	2008	18809916
laboratory trials to infect insects and nematodes by some acaropathogenic hirsutella strains (mycota: clavicipitaceous anamorphs).	laboratory assays have been carried out to artificially infect insect larvae of the birch bark-beetle (scolytus ratzeburgi jans.-coleoptera, scolytidae) and codling moth cydia pomonella l. -lepidoptera, tortricidae) as well as the potato cyst nematode-globodera rostochiensis wollenweber, sugar beet nematode-heterodera schachtii schmidt and root-knot nematode-meloidogyne hapla chif (nematoda, heteroderidae), by the phialoconidia of some fungal species of the genus hirsutella. from among four spec ...	2008	17920621
inter- and intra-specific cuticle variation between amphimictic and parthenogenetic species of root-knot nematode (meloidogyne spp.) as revealed by a bacterial parasite (pasteuria penetrans).	specific host-parasite interactions exist between species and strains of plant parasitic root-knot nematodes and the gram-positive bacterial hyperparasite pasteuria penetrans. this bacterium produces endospores that adhere to the cuticle of migrating juveniles, germinate and colonise the developing female within roots. endospore attachment of p. penetrans populations to second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode species meloidogyne incognita and meloidogyne hapla showed there were interact ...	2008	18171577
a novel negative regulatory factor for nematicidal cry protein gene expression in bacillus thuringiensis.	a 3-kb hindiii fragment bearing the cry6aa2 gene and the adjacent and intergenic regions was cloned from bacillus thuringiensis strain ybt-1518. two open reading frames (orfs), namely, orf1 (termed cry6aa2) and orf2 that were separated by an inverted-repeat sequence were identified. orf1 encoded a 54-kda protein that exhibited high toxicity to the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne hapla. the orf2 expression product was not detected by sds-page, but its mrna was detected by rt-pcr. the orf2 co ...	2008	18600043
new strategy for isolating novel nematicidal crystal protein genes from bacillus thuringiensis strain ybt-1518.	we have developed a strategy for isolating cry genes from bacillus thuringiensis. the key steps are the construction of a dna library in an acrystalliferous b. thuringiensis host strain and screening for the formation of crystal through optical microscopy observation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analyses. by this method, three cry genes--cry55aa1, cry6aa2, and cry5ba2--were cloned from rice-shaped crystals, producing b. thuringiensis ybt-1518, which co ...	2008	18820056
a putative nuclear growth factor-like globular nematode specific protein.	expressed sequence tags (ests) are an effective approach for discovery of novel genes. in the current study, approximately 250 ests of the cattle parasitic nematode setaria digitata were examined and a cdna clone identified whose coding sequence could not be functionally annotated by searching over publicly available genome, protein, est and sts databases. here, we report the extensive characterization of this orf (up) and its homologues using a bioinformatic approach. uncharacterized protein (s ...	2009	19759810
determination of preferred ph for root-knot nematode aggregation using pluronic f-127 gel.	root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites of a wide range of plant species. the infective stage is attracted strongly to and enters host roots at the zone of elongation, but the compounds responsible for this attraction have not been identified. we developed a simple assay to investigate nematode response to chemical gradients that uses pluronic f-127, a synthetic block copolymer that, as a 23% aqueous solution, forms a liquid at low temperature and a gel at room temperat ...	2009	19838866
characterization of a putative endoxylanase in the migratory plant-parasitic nematode radopholus similis.	plant-parasitic nematodes have developed an arsenal of enzymes to degrade the rigid plant cell wall. in this article, we report the presence of a putative endoxylanase in the migratory endoparasitic nematode radopholus similis. this enzyme is thought to facilitate the migration of the nematode, as it breaks down xylan, the major component of hemicellulose. the corresponding gene (rs-xyl1) was cloned and the sequence revealed three small introns. interestingly, the position of all three introns w ...	2009	19400841
the genomes of root-knot nematodes.	plant-parasitic nematodes are the most destructive group of plant pathogens worldwide and are extremely challenging to control. the recent completion of two root-knot nematode genomes opens the way for a comparative genomics approach to elucidate the success of these parasites. sequencing revealed that meloidogyne hapla, a diploid that reproduces by facultative, meiotic parthenogenesis, encodes approximately 14,200 genes in a compact, 54 mpb genome. indeed, this is the smallest metazoan genome c ...	2009	19400640
using fame analysis to compare, differentiate, and identify multiple nematode species.	we have adapted the sherlock(®) microbial identification system for identification of plant parasitic nematodes based on their fatty acid profiles. fatty acid profiles of 12 separate plant parasitic nematode species have been determined using this system. additionally, separate profiles have been developed for rotylenchulus reniformis and meloidogyne incognita based on their host plant, four species and three races within the meloidogyne genus, and three life stages of heterodera glycines. stati ...	2009	22736811
host status of endophyte-infected and noninfected tall fescue grass to meloidogyne spp.	tall fescue grass cultivars with or without endophytes were evaluated for their susceptibility to meloidogyne incognita in the greenhouse. tall fescue cultivars evaluated included, i) wild-type jesup (e+, ergot-producing endophyte present), ii) endophyte-free jesup (e-, no endophyte present), iii) jesup (max-q, non-ergot producing endophyte) and iv) georgia 5 (e+). peach was included as the control. peach supported greater (p ≤ 0.05) reproduction of m. incognita than all tall fescue cultivars. d ...	2010	22736851
root-knot nematodes exhibit strain-specific clumping behavior that is inherited as a simple genetic trait.	root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites of a wide range of plant species and can feed only on the cytoplasm of living plant cells. in the absence of a suitable plant host, infective juveniles of strain vw9 of the northern root-knot nematode, meloidogyne hapla, when dispersed in pluronic f-127 gel, aggregate into tight, spherical clumps containing thousands of worms. aggregation or clumping behavior has been observed in diverse genera in the phylum nematoda spanning free-living species such as ...	2010	21151553
effects of biosolid amendment on populations of meloidogyne hapla and soils with different textures and phs.	temperate vegetable and nursery industries face significant challenges in managing meloidogyne hapla, a plant-parasite for which few resistant cultivars and/or viable alternatives to methyl bromide exist. n-viro soil(r) (nvs), an alkaline-stabilized biosolid product, has soil nutrition enrichment capacity and potential for plant-parasitic nematode suppression. in three sets of experiments, we investigated the effects of nvs on m. hapla populations from rhode island (ri), connecticut (ct), new yo ...	2010	20427181
proteomic and bioinformatic analysis of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla: the basis for plant parasitism.	on the basis of the complete genome sequence of the root-knot nematode melodogyne hapla, we have deduced and annotated the entire proteome of this plant-parasite to create a database of 14,420 proteins. we have made this database, termed happep3, available from the superfamily repository of model organism proteomes (http://supfam.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/superfamily). to experimentally confirm the happep3 assignments using proteomics, we applied a data-independent lc/ms(e) analysis to m. hapla protein ...	2010	20804128
rnai effector diversity in nematodes.	while rna interference (rnai) has been deployed to facilitate gene function studies in diverse helminths, parasitic nematodes appear variably susceptible. to test if this is due to inter-species differences in rnai effector complements, we performed a primary sequence similarity survey for orthologs of 77 caenorhabditis elegans rnai pathway proteins in 13 nematode species for which genomic or transcriptomic datasets were available, with all outputs subjected to domain-structure verification. our ...	2011	21666793
Activity of Meadowfoam ( Limnanthes alba ) Seed Meal Glucolimnanthin Degradation Products against Soilborne Pathogens.	Meadowfoam ( Limnanthes alba L.) is a herbaceous winter-spring annual grown as a commercial oilseed crop. The meal remaining after oil extraction from the seed contains up to 4% of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin. Degradation of glucolimnanthin yields toxic breakdown products, and therefore the meal may have potential in the management of soilborne pathogens. To maximize the pest-suppressive potential of meadowfoam seed meal, it would be beneficial to know the toxicity of individual glucolimn ...	2011	22142246
relationship of resistance to meloidogyne chitwoodi (race 2) and m. hapla in alfalfa.	in the pacific northwest, alfalfa (medicago sativa) is host to two species of root-knot nematodes, including race 2 of the columbia root-knot nematode (meloidogyne chitwoodi) and the northern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla). in addition to the damage caused to alfalfa itself by m. hapla, alfalfa's host status to both species leaves large numbers of nematodes available to damage rotation crops, of which potato is the most important. a nematode-resistant alfalfa germplasm release, w12sr2w1, ...	2012	23483826
in vitro uptake of 140 kda bacillus thuringiensis nematicidal crystal proteins by the second stage juvenile of meloidogyne hapla.	plant-parasitic nematodes (ppns) are piercing/sucking pests, which cause severe damage to crops worldwide, and are difficult to control. the cyst and root-knot nematodes (rkn) are sedentary endoparasites that develop specialized multinucleate feeding structures from the plant cells called syncytia or giant cells respectively. within these structures the nematodes produce feeding tubes, which act as molecular sieves with exclusion limits. for example, heterodera schachtii is reportedly unable to ...	2012	22737212
improvement of anaerobic soil disinfestation.	with increasing worldwide restrictions for soil fumigants, growers loose an important tool to control soilborne pests and pathogens. environmentally friendly alternatives are urgently needed and anaerobic soil disinfestation (asd) may be one of them. traditional asd with fresh grass is already applied in open field vegetables but the mode of action is unknown. therefore, trials were performed under controlled conditions using soil-filled buckets, in which several processed defined organic materi ...	2012	23885444
a sequence-anchored linkage map of the plant-parasitic nematode meloidogyne hapla reveals exceptionally high genome-wide recombination.	root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) cause major yield losses to many of the world's crops, but efforts to understand how these pests recognize and interact with their hosts have been hampered by a lack of genetic resources. starting with progeny of a cross between inbred strains (vw8 and vw9) of meloidogyne hapla that differed in host range and behavioral traits, we exploited the novel, facultative meiotic parthenogenic reproductive mode of this species to produce a genetic linkage map. molec ...	2012	22870404
rkn lethal db: a database for the identification of root knot nematode (meloidogyne spp.) candidate lethal genes.	root knot nematode (rkn; meloidogyne spp.) is one of the most devastating parasites that infect the roots of hundreds of plant species. rkn cannot live independently from their hosts and are the biggest contributors to the loss of the world's primary foods. rnai gene silencing studies have demonstrated that there are fewer galls and galls are smaller when rnai constructs targeted to silence certain rkn genes are expressed in plant roots. we conducted a comparative genomics analysis, comparing rk ...	2012	23144556
ethylene signaling pathway modulates attractiveness of host roots to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla.	infective juveniles of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla are attracted to the zone of elongation of roots where they invade the host but little is known about what directs the nematode to this region of the root. we found that arabidopsis roots exposed to an ethylene (et)-synthesis inhibitor attracted significantly more nematodes than control roots and that et-overproducing mutants were less attractive. arabidopsis seedlings with et-insensitive mutations were generally more attractive whe ...	2013	22712507
segregation and mapping in the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla of quantitatively inherited traits affecting parasitism.	the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla can reproduce on a wide range of crop species but there is variability in host range and pathogenicity both within and between isolates. the inbred strain vw9 causes galling but does not reproduce on solanum bulbocastanum clone sb22 whereas strain vw8 causes little galling and reproduces poorly on this host. comparison of reproduction on sb22 of nematode f2 lines generated from hybrids between strains vw8 and vw9 revealed that, whereas over half the lines ...	2013	23758293
diversity and evolution of root-knot nematodes, genus meloidogyne: new insights from the genomic era.	root-knot nematodes (rkns) (meloidogyne spp.) are obligate endoparasites of major worldwide economic importance. they exhibit a wide continuum of variation in their reproductive strategies, ranging from amphimixis to obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis. molecular phylogenetic studies have highlighted divergence between mitotic and meiotic parthenogenetic rkn species and probable interspecific hybridization as critical steps in their speciation and diversification process. the recent completion of ...	2013	23682915
a gene encoding a peptide with similarity to the plant ida signaling peptide (atida) is expressed most abundantly in the root-knot nematode (meloidogyne incognita) soon after root infection.	small peptides play important roles in intercellular signaling. inflorescence deficient in abscission (ida) is an arabidopsis mutant that does not abscise (shed) its flower petals. the ida gene encodes a small, secreted peptide that putatively binds to two redundant receptor-like kinases (haesa and haesa-like2) that initiate a signal transduction pathway. we identified ida-like (idl) genes in the genomic sequence for meloidogyne incognita and meloidogyne hapla. no orthologous sequences were foun ...	2013	23538028
the 8d05 parasitism gene of meloidogyne incognita is required for successful infection of host roots.	parasitism genes encode effector proteins that are secreted through the stylet of root-knot nematodes to dramatically modify selected plant cells into giant-cells for feeding. the mi8d05 parasitism gene previously identified was confirmed to encode a novel protein of 382 amino acids that had only one database homolog identified on contig 2374 within the meloidogyne hapla genome. mi8d05 expression peaked in m. incognita parasitic second-stage juveniles within host roots and its encoded protein wa ...	2013	23294405
phylogenetic diversity of bacterial endophytes of panax notoginseng with antagonistic characteristics towards pathogens of root-rot disease complex.	endophytes play an important role in protection of host plants from infection by phytopathogens. endophytic bacteria were isolated from five different parts (root, stem, petiole, leaf and seed) of panax notoginseng and evaluated for antagonistic activity against fusarium oxysporum, ralstonia sp. and meloidogyne hapla, three major pathogens associated with root-rot disease complex of p. notoginseng. from 1000 endophytic bacterial strains evaluated in vitro, 104 strains exhibited antagonistic prop ...	2013	22987248
biological control of meloidogyne hapla using an antagonistic bacterium.	we examined the efficacy of a bacterium for biocontrol of the root-knot nematode (rkn) meloidogyne hapla in carrot (daucus carota subsp. sativus) and tomato (solanum lycopersicum). among 542 bacterial isolates from various soils and plants, the highest nematode mortality was observed for treatments with isolate c1-7, which was identified as bacillus cereus based on cultural and morphological characteristics, the biolog program, and 16s rrna sequencing analyses. the population density and the nem ...	2014	25289015
interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi.	nematode-trapping fungi are soil-living fungi that capture and kill nematodes using special hyphal structures called traps. they display a large diversity of trapping mechanisms and differ in their host preferences. to provide insights into the genetic basis for this variation, we compared the transcriptome expressed by three species of nematode-trapping fungi (arthrobotrys oligospora, monacrosporium cionopagum and arthrobotrys dactyloides, which use adhesive nets, adhesive branches or constrict ...	2014	25384908
specific microbial attachment to root knot nematodes in suppressive soil.	understanding the interactions of plant-parasitic nematodes with antagonistic soil microbes could provide opportunities for novel crop protection strategies. three arable soils were investigated for their suppressiveness against the root knot nematode meloidogyne hapla. for all three soils, m. hapla developed significantly fewer galls, egg masses, and eggs on tomato plants in unsterilized than in sterilized infested soil. egg numbers were reduced by up to 93%. this suggested suppression by soil ...	2014	24532076
exploitation of fta cartridges for the sampling, long-term storage, and dna-based analyses of plant-parasitic nematodes.	the use of dna-based analyses in molecular plant nematology research has dramatically increased over recent decades. therefore, the development and adaptation of simple, robust, and cost-effective dna purification procedures are required to address these contemporary challenges. the solid-phase-based approach developed by flinders technology associates (fta) has been shown to be a powerful technology for the preparation of dna from different biological materials, including blood, saliva, plant t ...	2014	24093923
spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes in semi-arid vitis vinifera vineyards in washington.	the most commonly encountered plant-parasitic nematodes in eastern washington vitis vinifera vineyards are meloidogyne hapla, mesocriconema xenoplax, pratylenchus spp., xiphinema americanum, and paratylenchus sp.; however, little is known about their distribution in the soil profile. the vertical and horizontal spatial distribution of plant-parasitic nematodes was determined in two washington v. vinifera vineyards. others variables measured in these vineyards included soil moisture content, fine ...	2014	25580024
above- and belowground herbivory jointly impact defense and seed dispersal traits in taraxacum officinale.	plants are able to cope with herbivores by inducing defensive traits or growth responses that allow them to reduce or avoid the impact of herbivores. since above- and belowground herbivores differ substantially in life-history traits, for example feeding types, and their spatial distribution, it is likely that they induce different responses in plants. moreover, strong interactive effects on defense and plant growth are expected when above- and belowground herbivores are jointly present. the str ...	2014	25473483
evaluation of 31 potential biofumigant brassicaceous plants as hosts for three meloiodogyne species.	brassicaceous cover crops can be used for biofumigation after soil incorporation of the mowed crop. this strategy can be used to manage root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.), but the fact that many of these crops are host to root-knot nematodes can result in an undesired nematode population increase during the cultivation of the cover crop. to avoid this, cover crop cultivars that are poor or nonhosts should be selected. in this study, the host status of 31 plants in the family brassicaceae for ...	2014	25276003
improved structural annotation of protein-coding genes in the meloidogyne hapla genome using rna-seq.	as high-throughput cdna sequencing (rna-seq) is increasingly applied to hypothesis-driven biological studies, the prediction of protein coding genes based on these data are usurping strictly in silico approaches. compared with computationally derived gene predictions, structural annotation is more accurate when based on biological evidence, particularly rna-seq data. here, we refine the current genome annotation for the meloidogyne hapla genome utilizing rna-seq data. published structural annota ...	2014	25254153
the complex hybrid origins of the root knot nematodes revealed through comparative genomics.	root knot nematodes (rkn) can infect most of the world's agricultural crop species and are among the most important of all plant pathogens. as yet however we have little understanding of their origins or the genomic basis of their extreme polyphagy. the most damaging pathogens reproduce by obligatory mitotic parthenogenesis and it has been suggested that these species originated from interspecific hybridizations between unknown parental taxa. we have sequenced the genome of the diploid meiotic p ...	2014	24860695
impact of grapevine (vitis vinifera) varieties on reproduction of the northern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla).	one of the most commonly encountered plant-parasitic nematodes in eastern washington vitis vinifera vineyards is meloidogyne hapla; however, limited research exists on the impact of this nematode on v. vinifera. the objectives of this research were to determine the impact of m. hapla on chardonnay and cabernet sauvignon vine establishment and to determine the host status of v. vinifera varieties/clones predominantly grown in washington to m. hapla. in a microplot experiment, chardonnay and caber ...	2015	26170476
development of abamectin loaded plant virus nanoparticles for efficacious plant parasitic nematode control.	plant parasitic nematodes are one of the world's major agricultural pests, causing in excess of $157 billion in worldwide crop damage annually. abamectin (abm) is a biological pesticide with a strong activity against a wide variety of plant parasitic nematodes. however, abm's poor mobility in the soil compromises its nematicide performance because of the limited zone of protection surrounding the growing root system of the plant. in this study, we manipulated abm's soil physical chemistry by enc ...	2015	25906360
first report of northern root-knot nematode, meloidogyne hapla, parasitic on oaks, quercus brantii and q. infectoria in iran.	root-knot nematodes (rkn) are the most serious plant parasitic nematodes having a broad host range exceeding 2,000 plant species. quercus brantii lindl. and q. infectoria oliv are the most important woody species of zagros forests in west of iran where favors sub-mediterranean climate. national botanical garden of iran (nbgi) is scheduled to be the basic center for research and education of botany in iran. this garden, located in west of tehran, was established in 1968 with an area of about 150 ...	2015	25861121
phylum-level conservation of regulatory information in nematodes despite extensive non-coding sequence divergence.	gene regulatory information guides development and shapes the course of evolution. to test conservation of gene regulation within the phylum nematoda, we compared the functions of putative cis-regulatory sequences of four sets of orthologs (unc-47, unc-25, mec-3 and elt-2) from distantly-related nematode species. these species, caenorhabditis elegans, its congeneric c. briggsae, and three parasitic species meloidogyne hapla, brugia malayi, and trichinella spiralis, represent four of the five maj ...	2015	26020930
the diverse nematicidal properties and biocontrol efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis cry6a against the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla.	cry6a toxin from bacillus thuringiensis is a representative nematicidal crystal protein with a variety of nematicidal properties to free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans. cry6a shares very low homology and different structure with cry5b, another representative nematicidal crystal protein, and probably acts in a distinct pathway. all these strongly indicate that cry6a toxin is likely a potent candidate for nematicide. the present study dealt with global investigation to determine the detrim ...	2015	25556591
trichinella spiralis: adaptation and parasitism.	publication of the genome from the clade i organism, trichinella spiralis, has provided us an avenue to address more holistic problems in parasitology; namely the processes of adaptation and the evolution of parasitism. parasitism among nematodes has evolved in multiple, independent events. deciphering processes that drive species diversity and adaptation are keys to understanding parasitism and advancing control strategies. studies have been put forth on morphological and physiological aspects ...	2016	27425574
genomes of parasitic nematodes (meloidogyne hapla, meloidogyne incognita, ascaris suum and brugia malayi) have a reduced complement of small rna interference pathway genes: knockdown can reduce host infectivity of m. incognita.	the discovery of rna interference (rnai) as an endogenous mechanism of gene regulation in a range of eukaryotes has resulted in its extensive use as a tool for functional genomic studies. it is important to study the mechanisms which underlie this phenomenon in different organisms, and in particular to understand details of the effectors that modulate its effectiveness. the aim of this study was to identify and compare genomic sequences encoding genes involved in the rnai pathway of four parasit ...	2016	27126863
versatile glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinases for fungi ingestion and reproduction in the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus.	the glycoside hydrolase family 18 (gh18) of chitinases is a gene family widely expressed in archaes, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and hydrolyzes the β-1,4-linkages in chitin. the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the organisms that produces gh18 chitinases. notably, b. xylophilus has a higher number of gh18 chitinases compared with the obligate plant-parasitic nematodes meloidogyne incognita and meloidogyne hapla. in this study, seven gh18 chitinases were identified and clone ...	2016	27641827
opda has key role in regulating plant susceptibility to the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla in arabidopsis.	jasmonic acid (ja) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in regulating plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and herbivorous insects, but the role of ja in mediating the plant responses to root-knot nematodes has been unclear. here we show that an application of either methyl jasmonate (meja) or the ja-mimic coronatine (cor) on arabidopsis significantly reduced the number of galls caused by the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla. interestingly, the meja-induced resistance was i ...	2016	27822219
detection of invertebrate suppressive soils, and identification of a possible biological control agent for meloidogyne nematodes using high resolution rhizosphere microbial community analysis.	white clover (trifolium repens) is the key legume component of new zealand pastoral agriculture due to the high quality feed and nitrogen inputs it provides. invertebrate pests constrain white clover growth and this study investigated rhizosphere-associated fungal controls for two of these pests and attempts to disentangle the underpinning mechanisms. the degree of suppressiveness of 10 soils, in a latitudinal gradient down new zealand, to added meloidogyne hapla and costelytra zealandica scarab ...	2016	28082997
rapid, simple and direct detection of meloidogyne hapla from infected root galls using loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with fta technology.	the northern root-knot nematode (meloidogyne hapla) is a damaging nematode that has caused serious economic losses worldwide. in the present study, a sensitive, simple and rapid method was developed for detection of m. hapla in infested plant roots by combining a flinders technology associates (fta) card with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). the specific primers of lamp were designed based on the distinction of internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences between m. hapla and other ...	2017	28368036
identification of two meloidogyne hapla genes and an investigation of their roles in the plant-nematode interaction.	root-knot nematodes are soil-borne pathogens that invade and establish feeding sites in plant roots. they have an extremely broad host range, including most vascular plants. during infection of a susceptible host, root-knot nematodes secrete molecules called effectors that help them establish an intimate interaction with the plant and, at the same time, allow them to evade or suppress plant immune responses. despite the fact that meloidogyne hapla is a significant pest on several food crops, no ...	2017	28301312
assessing attraction of nematodes to host roots using pluronic gel medium.	nematodes and other organisms perceive and respond to plant root exudates. these exudates are affected by the condition and genetic makeup of the plant. attraction of the root-knot nematode meloidogyne hapla to roots is altered in plants with mutations affecting ethylene signaling, suggesting that the root exudates to which the nematode responds are modulated by ethylene signaling. nematode interactions with roots have been difficult to observe directly due to the opaqueness of soil. a medium ba ...	2017	28293853