Publications

inhibition of phosphatidylcholine and chitin biosynthesis in pyricularia oryzae, botrytis fabae and fusarium graminearum by edifenphos.	colony growth of the fungi pyricularia oryzae, botrytis fabae and fusarium graminearum was reduced by 50% (ed50) by edifenphos concentrations of 7, 25 and 190 microm respectively; the phosphatidylcholine (pc) content of biomass of p. oryzae, b. fabae, and f. graminearum harvested from fungicide-containing-cultures was reduced by 50% by 6, 95 and 350 microm-edifenphos respectively. by contrast, the activities of membrane-bound chitin synthase preparations isolated from the three fungi were approx ...	1993	8360628
multiple isomers of phosphatidyl inositol monophosphate and inositol bis- and trisphosphates from filamentous fungi.	the range of inositol phosphates and inositol phospholipids present in three filamentous fungi, neurospora crassa, fusarium graminearum and phanerochaete chrysosporium has been investigated by hplc analysis. the profiles obtained demonstrate that two isomers of phosphatidyl inositol monophosphate are present, and that an apparent complexity in the number of isomers of inositol bis- and trisphosphates is found in filamentous fungi that has not been observed in animal or plant cells.	1993	8394259
toxins derived from fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum and f. crookwellense: zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and fusarenone x.		1993	8411625
[identification of aurofusarin in fusarium graminearum isolates, causing a syndrome of worsening of egg quality in chickens].	twenty isolates of fusarium graminearum have been isolated from infested grain. when laying hens were fed with biomass of most isolates, the quality of eggs deteriorated. it was found that all the isolated produced a yellow-orange metabolite with an antibiotic activity against mycelial fungi and yeasts. the metabolite was identified by physico-chemical methods as the dimeric naphthoquinone aurofusarin. the production of the other mycotoxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol by the fungal isolates d ...	1993	8415517
mapping quantitative trait loci (qtls) for resistance to gibberella zeae infection in maize.	the basic prerequisite for an efficient breeding program to improve levels of resistance to pathogens in plants is the identification of genes controlling the resistance character. if the response to pathogens is under the control of a multilocus system, the utilization of molecular markers becomes essential. stalk and ear rot caused by gibberella zeae is a widespread disease of corn: resistance to g. zeae is quantitatively inherited. our experimental approach to understanding the genetic basis ...	1993	7901750
restriction enzyme fragment patterns of mtdna from a galactose oxidase-producing mold.	1. mitochondrial dnas from dactylium dendroides, hypomyces rosellus, fusarium graminearum, gibberella fujikuroi, fusarium tricinctum strains and a galactose oxidase (gao)-producing mold (original strain) presented distinctive restriction enzyme fragment patterns with the endonucleases hind iii and ecori. 2. a small number of comigrating bands was found when the gao-producing mold was compared with the others. the molecular size of mtdna from the gao-producing mold, as judged by summation of frag ...	1993	7906173
the 1994 marjory stephenson prize lecture. evolution of the quorn myco-protein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5.		1994	7952168
production of trichothecene mycotoxins by fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum on barley and wheat.	wheat cultivars (stoa, mn87150, sumai-3, ymi-6, wheaton) and barley cultivars (robust, excel, chevron, m69) were inoculated in the field with isolates of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum. the disease (fusarium head blight) kernels were analyzed for deoxynivalenol (don), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon) and nivalenol (niv). f. culmorum produced all three trichothecenes on all cultivars tested whereas f. graminearum only produced don and 15-adon. there was no well defined correlation between ...	1994	7708088
production of hormones by fungi.	twenty species of filamentous fungi were tested for their gibberellin and sterol production, with emphasis on the action of some factors on these products. while all cultures produced both gibberellin and sterol in variable amounts, aspergillus flavus, a. niger, a. ochraceus, cladosporium cladosporioides, gibberella zeae, penicillium funiculosum, p. italicum and p. rubrum were the best producers. the isolates of a. niger isolated from soil and p. italicum isolated from citrus fruit were selected ...	1994	7740983
use of a series of chemostat cultures to isolate 'improved' variants of the quorn mycoprotein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5.	variants (designated a23-s and a24-s) of the quorn myco-protein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5 were isolated from a series of glucose-limited cultures grown at a dilution rate of 0.18 h-1 for a combined total of 109 d. these variants had unchanged mycelial morphologies but, when grown in mixed culture with the parental strain (a3/5) in glucose-limited chemostat culture at 0.18 h-1, a23-s and a24-s had selection coefficients of 0.013 and 0.017 h-1, respectively, and supplanted a3/5. when a mon ...	1994	7812441
evolution of fusarium graminearum a3/5 grown in a glucose-limited chemostat culture at a slow dilution rate.	the evolution of fusarium graminearum a3/5 grown in a glucose-limited chemostat at a dilution rate of 0.05 h-1 (doubling time of 13.9 h) was followed for 957 h or 69 generations. periodic selection of advantageous mutants was monitored in the culture by determining increases and decreases in the concentration of cycloheximide-resistant macroconidia in the population. six peaks in the concentration of cycloheximide-resistant macroconidia were observed representing five adaptive changes in the pop ...	1994	7812442
mycoprotein reduces glycemia and insulinemia when taken with an oral-glucose-tolerance test.	this study investigated the effects of mycoprotein, a food produced by the continuous fermentation of fusarium graminearum (schwabe), on acute glycemia and insulinemia in normal healthy individuals. subjects participated in two single-meal study periods in a crossover design. after an overnight fast, subjects were given milkshakes containing mycoprotein or a control substance, which were isoenergetic and nutrient balanced. each milkshake contained 75 g carbohydrate, equivalent to a standard worl ...	1995	7825525
fusarium graminearum a 3/5 as a novel host for heterologous protein production.	we describe a novel fungal expression system which utilizes the quorn myco-protein fungus fusarium graminearum a 3/5. a transformation system was developed for f. graminearum and was used to introduce the coding and regulatory regions of a trypsin gene from fusarium oxysporum. the protein was efficiently expressed, processed and secreted by the recombinant host strain. in addition, the promoter and terminator of the f. oxysporum trypsin gene have been successfully utilized to drive the expressio ...	1995	9636307
mycotoxins and fungi in wheat stored in elevators in the state of rio grande do sul, brazil.	samples of wheat harvested from 1988 to 1990 and stored in elevators in the south of brazil (12 brazilian, 4 argentinian and 2 uruguayan) were analysed in 1990 for 14 mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol (das), t-2 and ht-2 toxins, t-2 triol, t-2 tetraol, aflatoxins b1, b2, g1, g2, ochratoxin a (ochra a), zearalenone and sterigmatocystin. one sample (1988 harvest) was contaminated with ochra a (0.04 microgram/g) and three other samples (1990 harvest) were contaminated ...	1995	8522033
phytotoxic effect of deoxynivalenol and gibberella ear rot resistance of corn.	the fusarium graminearum mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was shown to be more phytotoxic to corn genotypes susceptible to gibberella ear rot than resistant genotypes. the toxin caused greater damage to the membranes of the susceptible genotypes, as evidenced by the release of na and k ions into solution. isolated protoplasts of ear rot-resistant genotypes were able to bind more radiolabelled deoxynivalenol than those of susceptible genotypes, providing a partial explanation for the membrane tolerance t ...	1995	8581324
reduced virulence of gibberella zeae caused by disruption of a trichothecene toxin biosynthetic gene.	the production of trichothecene mycotoxins by some plant pathogenic species of fusarium is thought to contribute to their virulence. gibberella zeae (f. graminearum) is an important cereal pathogen that produces the trichothecene deoxynivalenol. to determine if trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of g. zeae, we generated trichothecene-deficient mutants of the fungus by gene disruption. the disrupted gene, tri5, encodes the enzyme trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the first ...	1995	8589414
mycotoxin producing potential of fusarium graminearum isolates from uruguayan barley.	twelve isolates of fusarium graminearum were obtained from barely grains collected from different uruguayan regions (harvest 1993-94). this was the predominant fungal species contaminating the crop due to a particular humid and warm season with cold nights conductive to toxin production the isolates were grown on moist, sterile rice, extracted with aqueous methanol, and examined for mycotoxin production. zearalenone (zea) and the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don), 3- and 15-acetyl-don (acdon), ...	1995	8684431
choline- and acetylcholine-induced changes in the morphology of fusarium graminearum: evidence for the involvement of the choline transport system and acetylcholinesterase.	the response of fusarium graminearum to choline, acetylcholine and a number of related analogues was investigated and their ability to induce a morphological response quantified. a number of mutants resistant to the alkylating agent nitrogen mustard (nim strains) were generated and found to have lost the ability to transport choline. these mutants were found to be insensitive to choline and acetylcholine but not to betaine, ethanolamine and other analogues. in addition, the non-competitive inhib ...	1995	7670634
structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel.	we have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its n-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously character ...	1996	8838588
how do highly branched (colonial) mutants of fusarium graminearum a3/5 arise during quorn myco-protein fermentations?	chlorate-resistant, highly branched (colonial) mutants and auxotrophic mutants were used to study the nuclear distribution, morphology and growth of heterokaryons of the quorn myco-protein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5. the results showed that for several complementary homokaryons, even a strong selective pressure was insufficient to maintain heterokaryons in a 'balanced' condition (i.e. exhibiting a wild-type or near wild-type phenotype). furthermore, the margins of heterokaryotic colonies ...	1996	8868427
natural contamination of manitoba barley by 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol and its detection by immunochromatography.	contamination of canadian barley samples by 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol was detected by enzyme immunoassays combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. this is the first reported natural occurrence of this mycotoxin. the barley was infected mainly with fusarium graminearum. deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were also found.	1996	8967776
effects of the infection of toxigenic fungi and an antagonistic streptomyces strain on wheat spikes.	the objective of the present study was to determine the effect on infection of wheat spikes by toxigenic fungi (aspergillus parasiticus nrrl 2999, fusarium tricinctum nrrl 3299, fusarium graminearum ceremic 136/92) and a strain of streptomyces sp. that is antagonistic to the above-mentioned fungi. wheat grains (variety granero inta) were sown in 8 pots containing natural soil and kept in a greenhouse chamber. in the period of the early anthesis the wheat spikes were inoculated with conidial susp ...	1996	9011829
ph oscillations and constant low ph delay the appearance of highly branched (colonial) mutants in chemostat cultures of the quorn(r) myco-protein fungus, fusarium graminearum a3/5.	at ph 5.8, highly branched (colonial) mutants appear in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of fusarium graminearum a3/5 after ca. 400 h (ca. 107 generations) of growth. the appearance of these mutants was delayed by up to 144 h (45 generations) when the culture was switched at intervals of 120 h between ph 4.8 and 6.6. the concentration of cycloheximide-resistant macroconidia in the culture was used as an indicator of the periodic selection of advantageous mutants and it was found that, in chemo ...	1996	18627088
variation in 8-ketotrichothecenes and zearalenone production by fusarium graminearum isolates from corn and barley in korea.	a total of 214 fusarium graminearum isolates were obtained from corn and barley which were collected from kangwon province and the southern part of korea, respectively, and were tested for 8-ketotrichothecenes and zearalenone (zea) production on rice grains. the incidences of trichothecene production by 105 isolates of f. graminearum from corn were 59.0% for deoxynivalenol (don), 37.1% for 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol(15-adon), 13.3% for 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon), 7.6% for 3,15-diacetyldeoxyniv ...	1996	20882466
head blight gradients caused by gibberella zeae from area sources of inoculum in wheat field plots.	abstract the spread of fusarium head blight of wheat from a small area inoculum source was examined in wheat plots (100, 625, or 2,500 m(2)) inoculated in the center with gibberella zeae-colonized corn kernels or macro-conidia sprayed on heads at anthesis. with the first inoculation method, disease foci were produced from ascospores released from perithecia formed on inoculated kernels. with the second inoculation method, disease foci were produced by macroconidia directly applied to the heads. ...	1997	18945120
occurrence of deoxynivalenol and fusarium graminearum in argentinian wheat.	during the 1993 harvest period there was a high incidence of fusarium head blight in wheat in argentina. fusarium species that produce trichothecenes in wheat have been reported in several countries including argentina. several studies have shown that f. graminerarum and deoxynivalenol (don) were the main contaminants detected in wheat and by-products in argentina. the objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of fusarium spp. and don contamination in wheat from córdoba, argentina d ...	1997	9059578
in-vitro antifungal susceptibility of clinical and environmental fusarium spp. strains.	the mics of amphotericin b, miconazole, ketoconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole and fluconazole for 19 isolates of fusarium oxysporum, 16 fusarium solani, seven fusarium verticilliodes, four fusarium proliferatum, four fusarium dimerum, three fusarium equiseti, and one each of the following species: fusarium graminearum, fusarium chlamydosporum, fusarium semitectum, fusarium avenaceum and fusarium subglutinans were determined by a broth microdilution method. thirty-eight of these isolates were o ...	1997	9069536
production of trichothecenes and zearalenone by isolates of fusarium spp. from argentinian maize.	fusarium cultures (27 isolates of fusarium graminearum, 5 of f. sporotrichioides, 5 of f. semitectum, 2 of f. solani, and one isolate of f. equiseti, f. heterosporum and f. oxysporum respectively, from maize ears) were screened to determine their ability to produce different trichothecenes and zearalenone. twenty of 27 f. graminearum isolates produced deoxynivalenol (384-5745 micrograms/kg), 7/27 produced 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (322-1840 micrograms/kg), 3/27 produced neosolaniol (199-898 microg ...	1997	9135723
restoration of wild-type virulence to tri5 disruption mutants of gibberella zeae via gene reversion and mutant complementation.	gibberella zeae is a pathogen of small grain crops and produces trichothecene mycotoxins in infected host tissue. the role of trichothecenes in the virulence of g. zeae was previously investigated using trichothecene-non-producing mutants that were generated via transformation-mediated disruption of a gene (tri5) that encodes the first enzyme in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. the mutants were less virulent on some hosts than the wild-type strain from which they were derived. here, we us ...	1997	9274012
comparative toxicity of allelochemicals and their enzymatic oxidation products to maize fungal pathogens, emphasizing fusarium graminearum.	a series of stable quinones and their precursors, and enzymatic oxidation products of plant allelochemicals were tested for their effect on maize fungal pathogens, primarily fusarium graminearum. benzoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than hydroquinone, while 1,2-naphthoquinone was typically significantly more toxic than 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene. aspergillus flavus was the most resistant fungus to these compounds, while phoma medicaginis was the most susceptible. applying tyrosinase ...	1997	9496376
the characterization of chicken antibodies raised against fusarium spp. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting.	immunoassays for the detection of three fusarium species have been developed. chickens were immunized with the soluble antigens from within the mycelia (mycelia-soluble antigens) and the exoantigens of fusarium sporotrichioides, fusarium poae and fusarium graminearum and the antigens were characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblotting and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the cross-reactivities of antisera with eleven species of fusari ...	1997	9506284
toxic effects of deoxynivalenol on ribosomes and tissues of the spring wheat cultivars frontana and casavant.	the toxic effects of the fusarium graminearum trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol were determined on ribosomes and leaf tissues of the fusarium head blight-resistant spring wheat cultivar frontana and the susceptible spring wheat cultivar casavant. the use of a poly-u-directed 14c-phenylalanine and deoxynivalenol ribosome-binding assays provided evidence of resistance to the protein-synthesis inhibition effects of deoxynivalenol in the head blight-resistant cultivar frontana. this is probably due ...	1997	9615311
sanitary factors and mycotoxin contamination in the argentinian wheat crop 1993/94.	in argentina, due to climatic conditions, fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum, affected the 1993/94 wheat crop. to evaluate the severity of this disease, samples of wheat where gathered from four zones of the wheat area. sanitary conditions and mycotoxin contamination were determined. one zone (iin) was intensely affected by fhb with 90% of samples in grade iii (bad quality). no samples were grade i (good quality). the other zones were less affected falling into grade i or ...	1997	23604824
distribution of deoxynivalenol in barley kernels infected by fusarium.	deoxynivalenol (don) in concentration range 0.1-156.6 mg/kg, was found in 48 samples of barley kernels collected from heads with visible symptoms of head scab after inoculation in a field with fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum. four fractions of the kernels were collected according to their size: > 2.8 mm (i); < or = 2.8-2.5 mm (ii); > 2.5-2.2 mm (iii) and < 2.2 mm (iv). in plants infected with fusarium (when compared to the control) number of kernels in the fraction of the largest kern ...	1998	9631371
relationship between fusarium graminearum and alternaria alternata contamination and deoxynivalenol occurrence on argentinian durum wheat.	a mycological survey was carried out on durum wheat (triticum durum) samples from the main production area of argentina. the isolation frequency and relative density of species of dematiaceous fungi, and genus fusarium were calculated. alternaria alternata and fusarium graminearum were the predominant fungal species. an analysis of deoxynivalenol (don) natural contamination was also performed on a limited number of samples (60). don contamination levels in positive samples ranged from 26 to 6400 ...	1998	10481289
aflatoxin b1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by aspergillus parasiticus and fusarium graminearum in interactive cultures on irradiated corn kernels.	the influence of inoculum size in the production of aflatoxin b1 (afb1), zearalenone (zen) and deoxynivalenol (don) was determined when aspergillus parasiticus nrrl 3000 and fusarium graminearum item 124 were cultured alone and in pairs on irradiated corn kernels at 28 degrees c and 0.97 water activity (a(w)). the highest levels of afb1 produced by a. parasiticus were produced at the lowest levels of the inoculum (10(3) spores/ml). no significant differences were observed in zen and don producti ...	1998	16284857
metabolism of carbofuran by aspergillus niger and fusarium graminearum.	metabolism of carbofuran in pure liquid cultures of a. niger and f. graminearum was investigated. carbofuran and its metabolites were analyzed by hplc and tlc. the average recoveries of carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol from fungi media were found to be 88.65, 86.19, 75.48, and 80.48%, while their detection limits were 0.035, 0.031, 0.015 and 0.140 ppm, respectively. the data showed that a. niger was capable of degrading carbofuran more faster than f. ...	1998	9604338
features of tri101, the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene, related to the self-defense mechanism in fusarium graminearum.	a structural gene of tri101, which encodes trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase, was isolated as a 3-kb xhoi-xbai fragment from the trichothecene producer fusarium graminearum strain f15. the gene contained no introns, and the coding region was 0.7-kb downstream of a putative utp-ammonia ligase gene which obviously is not related to the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. tri101 was expressed when t-2 toxin was added, but this induction was not dependent on the expression level of tri6, a transcripti ...	1998	9648241
the mystery of the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene. analysis of the region around tri101 and characterization of its homologue from fusarium sporotrichioides.	the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene, tri101, plays a pivotal role for the well-being of the type b trichothecene producer fusarium graminearum. we have analyzed the cosmids containing tri101 and found that this resistance gene is not in the biosynthetic gene cluster reported so far. it was located between the utp-ammonia ligase gene and the phosphate permease gene which are not related to trichothecene biosynthesis. these two 'house-keeping' genes were also linked in fusarium species th ...	1998	9762900
biodegradation of chlorpyrifos by either single or combined cultures of some soilborne plant pathogenic fungi.	biodegradation of chlorpyrifos was studied in liquid culture media amended with either single or combined eight different plant pathogenic fungi isolated from the continuous cropping wheat fields. the average recovery of chlorpyrifos from the liquid media was found to be 86.1%. the detection limit of chlorpyrifos by the analytical method used was 19 ppb. data showed that the growth of mixed fungi at concentrations up to 200 ppm of chlorpyrifos was higher than in the control treatment. chlorpyrif ...	1998	9830133
[trypsin inhibitors of wheat seedlings infected and treated with salicylic acid].	using the method of affinity chromatography for trypsin-sepharose, followed by page electrophoresis the component composition of trypsin inhibitors was studied. the inhibitors were extracted from the winter wheat seedlings which were infected with fusarium fungus and also from the seedlings treated with salicylic acid. under the action of pathogen not only a quantitative increase in the protein components of trypsin inhibitor but also the appearance of a new component with a molecular weight of ...	1998	9848136
relationships among deoxynivalenol, ergosterol and fusarium exoantigens in canadian hard and soft wheat.	soluble extracellular components (exoantigens) from cultures of fusarium graminearum and f. sporotrichioides were used to produce antisera from chickens for an indirect enzyme immunoassay. this immunoassay was used to estimate fusarium exoantigen levels in 40 samples of fusarium head blight-infected hard red spring wheat from manitoba, and in 50 samples of infected soft white winter wheat from ontario. these wheat samples were also assayed for deoxynivalenol (don), the predominant fusarium mycot ...	1998	9926999
trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase protects both the producing organism and transformed yeast from related mycotoxins. cloning and characterization of tri101.	trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, and t-2 toxin, are potent protein synthesis inhibitors for eukaryotic organisms. the 3-o-acetyl derivatives of these toxins were shown to reduce their in vitro activity significantly as assessed by assays using a rabbit reticulocyte translation system. the results suggested that the introduction of an o-acetyl group at the c-3 position in the biosynthetic pathway works as a resistance mechanism for fusarium species that pr ...	1998	9430709
biocompatibility of potential wound management products: hydrogen peroxide generation by fungal chitin/chitosans and their effects on the proliferation of murine l929 fibroblasts in culture.	agaricus bisporus, fusarium graminearum, phycomyces blakesleeanus, unbleached and bleached, rhizomucor miehei, and rhizopus oryzae were examined as sources of fungal chitin/chitosan. the nitrogen content of the alkalitreated mycelia/sporangiophores obtained after optimization of culture conditions, and of similarly treated a. bisporus stipes, was 2.87, 1.29, 6.27, 6.50, 4.80, and 4.95% w/w, respectively, which relates to an estimated chitin content of 42, 19, 91, 94, 70, and 72%, respectively. t ...	1998	9457561
allocation of resources: sources of variation in fusarium head blight screening nurseries.	abstract severe epidemics of fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum, group ii (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) have been occurring on wheat crops in the northcentral united states and southern canada. evaluation of resistance to fhb is difficul, because resistance is partial and infection depends upon host plant maturity. variance component analysis was conducted to determine how best to allocate resources among environments, replications, and subsamples (heads per plot) in fhb s ...	1998	18944820
interaction of fusarium graminearum and f. moniliforme in maize ears: disease progress, fungal biomass, and mycotoxin accumulation.	abstract to investigate the interaction between two major ear-rotting pathogens, maize ears were inoculated with either fusarium graminearum, f. moniliforme, or an equal mixture of the two. silk and kernel tissues were periodically harvested throughout the growing season so that a time course of the experimental variables (disease severity, ergosterol content, fungal dna content, and mycotoxin concentration) could be recorded. over the 3 years tested (1992 to 1994), the highest levels of disease ...	1999	18944658
amplified fragment length polymorphism markers linked to a major quantitative trait locus controlling scab resistance in wheat.	abstract scab is a destructive disease of wheat. to accelerate development of scab-resistant wheat cultivars, molecular markers linked to scab resistance genes have been identified by using recombinant inbred lines (rils) derived by single-seed descent from a cross between the resistant wheat cultivar ning 7840 (resistant to spread of scab within the spike) and the susceptible cultivar clark. in the greenhouse, f(5), f(6), f(7), and f(10) families were evaluated for resistance to spread of scab ...	1999	18944781
sexual recombination in gibberella zeae.	abstract we developed a method for inducing sexual outcrosses in the homothallic ascomycete fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum). strains were marked with different nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutations, and vegetative compatibility groups served as additional markers in some crosses. strains with complementary nit mutations were cocultured on carrot agar plates. ascospores from individual perithecia were plated on a minimal medium (mm) containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen s ...	1999	18944794
a generalized two-dimensional gaussian model of disease foci of head blight of wheat caused by gibberella zeae.	abstract a generalized two-dimensional gaussian model is proposed to describe disease foci of head blight of wheat in plots (100 to 2,500 m(2)) originating from small areas (1 to 16 m(2)) inoculated with gibberella zeae-colonized corn kernels. these anisotropic, asymmetrical foci arose from ascospores produced in perithecia. the model is z = exp[-(ax(2) + by(2) + cxy + dx + ey + f)], in which z = the incidence of seed or spikelet infection at point (x,y) located in the plot, exp = the exponentia ...	1999	18944807
ph regulation of recombinant glucoamylase production in fusarium venenatum jers 325, a transformant with a fusarium oxysporum alkaline (trypsin-like) protease promoter.	fusarium venenatum (formerly fusarium graminearum) jers 325 produces heterologous glucoamylase (gam) under the regulation of a fusarium oxysporum alkaline (trypsin-like) protease promoter. the glucoamylase gene was used as a reporter gene to study the effects of ammonium and ph on gam production under the control of the alkaline protease promoter. between ph 4.0 and 5.8, gam production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of jers 325 grown at a dilution rate of 0.10 h-1 (doubling time, 6.9 h) o ...	1999	10397874
sensitivity of fusarium strains to chelidonium majus l. extracts.	ten fusarium strains were tested for their sensitivity to extracts of chelidonium majus l. growth inhibition was measured either in solid or in liquid media. aqueous extracts had considerable inhibitory action but methanolic extracts showed the best results. root extracts were more inhibitory than shoot extracts. on the basis of growth inhibition the fusarium strains were aggregated into five classes, the extremes being fusarium culmorum plus fusarium graminearum (quite resistant) and fusarium o ...	1999	10433471
the fungal metabolite culmorin and related compounds.	this paper reviews the toxicology of culmorins, a family of compounds found in grains contaminated by fusarium graminearum and related fungi. we include the results of an ames test and studies based on quantitative structure-activity relationships. culmorin has low toxicity in several in vitro assays and in one study in swine and is ames test negative. culmorin is moderately antifungal. qsar analysis suggested that the plant compound longifolene was similar. longifolene is a gras compound used i ...	1999	11122521
occurrence and distribution of fusarium graminearum and deoxynivalenol in sweet corn ears.	unusual wet and cool weather conditions during the 1994 growing season in maryland and delaware resulted in a severe outbreak of fusarium graminearum on sweet corn ears ('moore' variety) prior to harvesting and canning. the number of ears visibly infected with fusarium spp. ranged from less than 5% to 25% in some fields. infection typically occurred at the tassel end of the ears. fusarium graminearum was isolated from surface disinfected kernels, both those which were visibly infected and those ...	1999	10492704
chitosan treatment of wheat seeds induces resistance to fusarium graminearum and improves seed quality.	chitosan treatment (2-8 mg/ml) of wheat seeds significantly improved seed germination to recommended seed certification standards (>85%) and vigor at concentrations >4 mg/ml, in two cultivars of spring wheat (norseman and max), by controlling seed-borne fusarium graminearum infection. the germination was <80% in the control and >85% in benomyl- and chitosan-treated seeds. seed-borne f. graminearum was reduced to >50% at higher chitosan treatments compared to the control. synthesis of phenolic ac ...	1999	10552439
disruption of tri101, the gene encoding trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase, from fusarium sporotrichioides.	we screened a fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 cdna expression library in a toxin-sensitive saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking a functional pdr5 gene. fourteen yeast transformants were identified as resistant to the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, and each carried a cdna encoding the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase that is the f. sporotrichioides homolog of the fusarium graminearum tri101 gene. mutants of f. sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 produced by disruption of tri101 were alte ...	1999	10583973
effect of cycling temperatures on the production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone by fusarium graminearum nrrl 5883.	the effects of three regimens of cycling incubation temperatures and incubation at constant 25 degrees c on the growth of fusarium graminearum nrrl 5883 and production of deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zen) on rice were compared. the effects of low-temperature stress were also studied by incubating rice cultures at a constant 15 degrees c for 4 weeks following incubation at constant 25 degrees c for 2 weeks. both incubation temperature and time significantly (p < or = 0.05) affected growt ...	1999	10606150
utilization of highly deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat via extrusion processing.	deoxynivalenol (don) is a toxic natural metabolite produced by fusarium graminearum. in this study we investigated the effects of sodium bisulfite and extrusion cooking under high temperature and pressure on don levels in wheat grain and mill fractions. samples of highly naturally don-contaminated soft winter wheat were soaked for 1 h in water or aqueous sodium bisulfite (sb) solutions (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, or 5% so2 equivalent) and extruded. the soaking treatment with sb solution (5% so2 equivalent) ...	1999	10606158
the trichothecene biosynthesis regulatory gene from the type b producer fusarium strains: sequence of tri6 and its expression in escherichia coli.	a genomic dna fragment containing tri6, a transcription activator gene of trichothecene biosynthesis, was cloned by vectorette pcr from fusarium graminearum f15, which produces type b trichothecene, deoxynivalenol. the nucleotide sequence of the gene showed 84% of identity to that of the type a trichothecene producer fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299, but the sequence around the initiation codon was not highly conserved between these producers. based on the upstream and downstream sequences of ...	1999	10635566
[purification and characterization of antifungal peptide lp-1].	an antifungal peptide lp-1 from bacillus subtilis tg26 strain was purified by acid precipitation, acetone precipitation and hi-pore reversed phase column chromatography. the molecular weight of lp-1 is 1057.3 d as determined by maldi-tof mass spectrometry, and its pi is 4.75 by pag-ief. it was also found to be thermostable. its antifungal spectrum showed that lp-1 has strong inhibitory activity against many plant pathogenic fungi, such as pythium aphanidermatum, gibberella zeae, alternaria longi ...	1999	12555526
influence of water activity on deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat.	the influence of water activity (aw) on deoxynivalenol accumulation in wheat at 25°c was studied. gnotobiotic grains were conditioned at different aw levels, inoculated with a toxigenic fusarium graminearum strain, and incubated for ten weeks. the highest accumulation of deoxynivalenol (1130 ug/kg) was detected at aw 0.980. at aw 0.945 and 0.925 the maximum quantities of toxin accumulated were 113 ug/kg and 93 ug/kg respectively. deoxynivalenol was not detected in the substrate at aw 0.900. resu ...	1999	23605122
fungal development and induction of defense response genes during early infection of wheat spikes by fusarium graminearum.	fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat is a crippling disease that causes severe economic losses in many of the wheat-growing regions of the world. temporal patterns of fungus development and transcript accumulation of defense response genes were studied in fusarium graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes within the first 48 to 76 h after inoculation (hai). microscopy of inoculated glumes revealed that the fungus appeared to penetrate through stomata, exhibited subcuticular growth along stomatal rows, ...	2000	10659706
fusarium species from nepalese rice and production of mycotoxins and gibberellic acid by selected species.	infection of cereal grains with fusarium species can cause contamination with mycotoxins that affect human and animal health. to determine the potential for mycotoxin contamination, we isolated fusarium species from samples of rice seeds that were collected in 1997 on farms in the foothills of the nepal himalaya. the predominant fusarium species in surface-disinfested seeds with husks were species of the gibberella fujikuroi complex, including g. fujikuroi mating population a (anamorph, fusarium ...	2000	10698766
altered regulation of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol production in fusarium graminearum.	most fusarium graminearum isolates produce low or undetectable levels of trichothecenes in liquid shake cultures, making it difficult to perform biochemical studies of trichothecene biosynthesis. to develop strains with higher levels of trichothecene production under liquid shake conditions we transformed f. graminearum with both a reporter gene containing a homologous trichothecene pathway gene promoter (tri5) and a gene encoding a heterologous trichothecene pathway transcription factor (tri6). ...	2000	10788382
a trichothecene efflux pump encoded by tri102 in the biosynthesis gene cluster of fusarium graminearum.		2000	10805582
gene genealogies reveal global phylogeographic structure and reproductive isolation among lineages of fusarium graminearum, the fungus causing wheat scab.	during the past decade, the plant disease called scab or fusarium head blight of wheat and barley has reached epidemic proportions in north america and elsewhere in the world. scab is an economically devastating plant disease, not only because it causes significant reduction in seed yields and quality, but also because infested seeds are often contaminated with trichothecene and estrogenic mycotoxins that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. to test whether the primary etiolog ...	2000	10869425
expression of thaumatin-like permatin pr-5 genes switches from the ovary wall to the aleurone in developing barley and oat seeds.	permatins are antifungal thaumatin-like proteins (tlps) of the pr-5 family of pathogenesis-related proteins. they occur in many cereals, but little is known of their expression and roles. permatin cdna clones were produced and used to study expression in developing barley and oat seeds. actin and cdc48 mrnas declined rapidly following inoculation of barley spikes with fusarium graminearum. despite this, permatin mrna levels remained constant or increased slightly. studies of permatin gene expres ...	2000	10908801
characteristics and antifungal activity of a chitin binding protein from ginkgo biloba.	an antifungal peptide from leaves of ginkgo biloba, designated gafp, has been isolated. its molecular mass of 4244.0 da was determined by mass spectrometry. the complete amino acid sequence was obtained from automated edman degradation. gafp exhibited antifungal activity towards pellicularia sasakii ito, alternaria alternata (fries) keissler, fusarium graminearum schw. and fusarium moniliforme. its activities differed among various fungi. gafp could also cause increased hyphal membrane permeabil ...	2000	10922482
analysis of aberrant virulence of gibberella zeae following transformation-mediated complementation of a trichothecene-deficient (tri5) mutant.	gibberella zeae causes wheat ear blight and produces trichothecene toxins in infected grain. in previous studies, trichothecene production in this fungus was disabled by specific disruption of the trichodiene synthase gene (tri5) and was restored by two methods: gene reversion and transformation-mediated mutant complementation. in previous field tests of wheat ear blight, trichothecene-nonproducing mutants were less virulent than the wild-type progenitor strain from which they were derived. tric ...	2000	10931910
transgenic expression of the tri101 or pdr5 gene increases resistance of tobacco to the phytotoxic effects of the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol.	mycotoxins are fungal secondary compounds that are toxic to vertebrates. their presence in food and feeds, as the result of fungal disease in crops, can present a danger to animal or human health. many mycotoxins have also been shown to be phytotoxic and in some cases, such as with trichothecenes produced by the wheat head blight fungus fusarium graminearum, mycotoxins may act as virulence factors. antibiotic-producing organisms, including fungi, protect themselves from their own toxins by metab ...	2000	10960733
purification and characterization of novel antifungal compounds from the sourdough lactobacillus plantarum strain 21b.	sourdough lactic acid bacteria were selected for antifungal activity by a conidial germination assay. the 10-fold-concentrated culture filtrate of lactobacillus plantarum 21b grown in wheat flour hydrolysate almost completely inhibited eurotium repens ibt18000, eurotium rubrum ftdc3228, penicillium corylophilum ibt6978, penicillium roqueforti ibt18687, penicillium expansum idm/fs2, endomyces fibuliger ibt605 and idm3812, aspergillus niger ftdc3227 and idm1, aspergillus flavus ftdc3226, monilia s ...	2000	10966432
pcr-based identification of mat-1 and mat-2 in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex.	all sexually fertile strains in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex are heterothallic, with individual mating types conferred by the broadly conserved ascomycete idiomorphs mat-1 and mat-2. we sequenced both alleles from all eight mating populations, developed a multiplex pcr technique to distinguish these idiomorphs, and tested it with representative strains from all eight biological species and 22 additional species or phylogenetic lineages from this species complex. in most cases, either ...	2000	11010886
pre-harvest accumulation of deoxynivalenol in sweet corn ears inoculated with fusarium graminearum.	three types of commercial sweet corn hybrids [surgary (su1), shrunken or 'supersweet' (sh2) and surgary enhancer (se1)] were silk channel inoculated in 1996 and 1997 with a macroconidial suspension of fusarium graminearum to determine how early the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol accumulates in kernels. disease symptoms rapidly developed on all hybrids and were apparent 4 days after inoculation. symptoms stabilized by 28 days after inoculation. toxin levels were greater than 1 microgram/g in kernels as ...	2000	11027030
potent heterologous antifungal proteins from cheeseweed (malva parviflora).	two novel antifungal proteins were purified and characterized from cheeseweed (malva parviflora). both proteins, designated cw-1 and cw-2, are composed of two different subunits of 5000 and 3000 da, respectively. these proteins possess very potent antifungal activities, and more interestingly the inhibition is fungicidal instead of fungistatic. at low salt condition, the ic(50) of cw-1 and cw-2 against fusarium graminearum (fg) is 2.5 ppm. at high salt condition which diminishes the antifungal a ...	2000	11118343
mapping of quantitative trait loci for fusarium head blight resistance in barley.	abstract fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease that causes significant reductions in yield and quality in wheat and barley. barley grains infected with deoxynivalenol (don), a vomitoxin produced by fusarium graminearum, are rejected for malting and brewing. among six-rowed barley cultivars tested thus far, only cv. chevron exhibited resistance. this study was conducted to map genes and to identify dna markers for marker-assisted breeding for fhb resistance in cv. chevron with restr ...	2000	18944470
the effects of chromosomes 3a and 3b on resistance to fusarium head blight in tetraploid wheat.	fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in areas where the weather is warm and humid after heading. previous studies indicate that the level of resistance to fhb varies not only among wheat cultivars but also among some of their wild relatives. no accession, however, has yet been identified to be completely immune to fhb among the gramineae. it is known that durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. conv. durum) is consistently more susc ...	2001	12152348
impact of competitive fungi on trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum.	bioassays were used to determine the production of the trichothecene mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (don), by two isolates of fusarium graminearum when grown in association with potentially competitive fungi and an antifungal chemical, 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6pap). the presence of 6pap in the culture medium reduced don production by as much as 80%, but this effect was reduced for the f. graminearum isolate that most efficiently metabolized the added 6pap. a 6pap-producing trichoderma isolate grown in ...	2001	11170621
rapid deposition of wheat cell wall structural proteins in response to fusarium-derived elicitors.	two novel cell wall structural proteins of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. em thell.). undergo rapid deposition in the cell wall matrix in a h(2)o(2)-dependent reaction after the elicitation of cultures with fusarium graminearum (l.)-derived elicitor. the amino acid compositions of these proteins were remarkably similar and indicated that they were highly acidic (pi 3.8). these proteins contained 13--17% each of gly, glx and ser with lesser amounts (6--8%) of ala, asx and thr, and it has been ...	2001	11181716
fusariotoxins in kernels of winter wheat cultivars field samples collected during 1993 in poland.	in south-eastern region of poland (near lublin), where frequency of scab (fusariosis) is much higher than in other parts of the country, during harvest of 1993 kernels of 25 winter wheat cultivars were collected. on the basis of morphological studies fusarium graminearum was found in 42% of investigated samples while other fungi appeared less frequently: f. nivale and f. poae (35%), f. avenaceum (31%) and f. culmorum (12%). chemical analysis (by hplc) revealed that the tested cultivars were cont ...	2001	11253636
purification and characterization of three antifungal proteins from cheeseweed (malva parviflora).	three potent antimicrobial proteins were purified from cheeseweed (malva parviflora) seeds. these antimicrobial proteins, named cw-3, cw-4, and cw-5, showed different antimicrobial spectrum and potency compared to the two heterologous antimicrobial proteins (cw-1 and cw-2) purified previously. cw-3 and cw-4 possess antimicrobial activities against phytophthora infestans (pi), but not fusarium graminearum (fg). a database search indicated that cw-3 shares high homology to cotton vicilin, an abund ...	2001	11302747
a genetic and biochemical approach to study trichothecene diversity in fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium graminearum.	the trichothecenes t-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (don) are natural fungal products that are toxic to both animals and plants. their importance in the pathogenicity of fusarium spp. on crop plants has inspired efforts to understand the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to trichothecene synthesis. in order to better understand t-2 toxin biosynthesis by fusarium sporotrichioides and don biosynthesis by f. graminearum, we compared the nucleotide sequence of the 23-kb core trichothecene gene ...	2001	11352533
factors that affect the occurrence of fumonisin.	the two important fusarium ear rots of corn, gibberella ear rot (fusarium graminearum, formally f. moniliforme and allied species) and fusarium ear rot (f. verticillioides and allied species) grow under different environmental conditions. f. graminearum grows well only between 26 and 28 degrees c and requires rain both at silking and during disease progression. f. verticillioides grows well at higher temperatures, and ear rot and fumonisin accumulation are associated with drought and insect stre ...	2001	11359702
distinct electrophoretic isozyme profiles of fusarium graminearum and closely related species.	cellulose-acetate electrophoresis (cae) was used to investigate isozyme polymorphisms among different isolates of fusarium cerealis, f. culmorum, f. graminearum and f. pseudograminearum from around the world. after initial testing of 22 enzymes in three buffer systems for activity and resolution of bands, 12 proved to be appropriate for analysis of the full sample set. remarkably uniform isozyme patterns were obtained intraspecifically, irrespective of the geographical origin of the isolates or ...	2001	11403401
identification of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of gibberella zeae by using pcr.	gibberella zeae, a major cause of cereal scab, may be divided into two chemotypes based on production of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv). we cloned and sequenced the gene cluster for trichothecene biosynthesis from each chemotype. g. zeae h-11 is a don producer isolated from corn, and g. zeae 88-1 is a niv producer from barley. we sequenced a 23-kb gene cluster from h-11 and a 26-kb cluster from 88-1, along with the unlinked tri101 genes. each gene cluster contained 1 ...	2001	11425709
antifungal activity of artemisia annua endophyte cultures against phytopathogenic fungi.	artemisia annua, well recognized for its production of antimalarial drug artemisinin, is seldom attacked by any of phytopathogenic fungi, which could be partially associated with the presence of endophytes. present investigation is aiming at disclosing whether the endophytes inside a. annua produce antifungal substances. a total of 39 endophytes were isolated and fermented, and the ferment broth was evaluated in vitro for the antifungal activity against crop-threatening fungi gaeumannomyces gram ...	2001	11434973
trichothecene and moniliformin production by fusarium species from western canadian wheat.	fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, and fusarium avenaceum, isolated from fusarium-damaged wheat harvested in western canada, were cultured and evaluated for mycotoxin production. extracts of the culture media were assayed for trichothecenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and for moniliformin by liquid chromatography. deoxynivalenol (don) was found in 28 of 42 isolates of f. graminearum and 42 of 42 isolates of f. culmorum at levels ranging from 0.5 to 25.0 microg/g. 15-acetyldon w ...	2001	11510664
suppression of damping-off in maize seedlings by pseudomonas corrugata.	two strains of pseudomonas corrugata, (1 and 7), isolated from subtropical and temperate soils in sikkim himalaya, respectively, were subjected to petri-dish as well as plant-based bioassay to examine their potential for disease suppression against three major pathogens of maize. a mixture of pythium ultimum, p. arrhenomanes and fusarium graminearum was introduced in the soil; maize seed inoculated with one of the two strains of pseudomonas corrugata (1 or 7) were sown in pots containing such so ...	2001	11572460
a novel regulatory gene, tri10, controls trichothecene toxin production and gene expression.	we report here the characterization of tri10, a novel regulatory gene within the trichothecene gene cluster. comparison of tri10 genomic and mrna sequences revealed that removal of a single 77-bp intron provided a 1,260-bp open reading frame, encoding a 420-amino-acid protein. disruption of tri10 in fusarium sporotrichioides abolished t-2 toxin production and dramatically decreased the transcript accumulation for four trichothecene genes (tri4, tri5, tri6, and tri101) and an apparent farnesyl py ...	2001	11679358
suppression of maize root diseases caused by macrophomina phaseolina, fusarium moniliforme and fusarium graminearum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.	a plant growth-promoting isolate of a fluorescent pseudomonas sp. em85 and two bacilli isolates mr-11(2) and mrf, isolated from maize rhizosphere, were found strongly antagonistic to fusarium moniliforme, fusarium graminearum and macrophomina phaseolina, causal agents of foot rots and wilting, collar rots/stalk rots and root rots and wilting, and charcoal rots of maize, respectively. pseudomonas sp. em85 produced antifungal antibiotics (afa+), siderophore (sid+), hcn (hcn+) and fluorescent pigme ...	2001	11716210
determination of deoxynivalenol in wheat-based breakfast cereals marketed in portugal.	deoxynivalenol (don), also known as vomitoxin, is one of a group of closely related secondary fungal metabolites--the trichothecenes--and is produced predominantly by several species of the genus fusarium, especially fusarium graminearum. the present study was carried out to evaluate the natural occurrence of don in different kinds of wheat-based breakfast cereals widely consumed by the population. a total of 88 commercially available samples of wheat-based breakfast cereals were randomly collec ...	2001	11726173
real time detection of the tri5 gene in fusarium species by lightcycler-pcr using sybr green i for continuous fluorescence monitoring.	lightcycler technology combines rapid in vitro amplification of dna with real time detection and quantification of the amount of target molecules present in a sample. the system enables a 35-cycle pcr with 32 samples do be completed in 45 min, including quantification and identification of the product. it is therefore well suited for routine analysis of large numbers of samples in quality control and for defining haccp concepts. based on pcr primers specific to the tri5 gene, a quantitative grou ...	2001	11764892
[genetic determination and inheritance of resistance to fusarium graminearum l. in wheat].	a genetic basis of resistance of winter wheat to fusarium graminearum causing fusarium head blight was defined as a result of f1, f2, bc1 hybrid analysis in the crosses of some lines and varieties with highly susceptible variety odesskaya polukarlikovaya. it was found out that resistance to fusarium graminearum inherited regardless of resistance to rust, mildew and septoria.	2001	11785428
effect of the mycotoxin aurofusarin on the antioxidant composition and fatty acid profile of quail eggs.	1. the effect of the mycotoxin aurofusarin on the antioxidant composition and fatty acid profile of quail eggs was investigated. 2. thirty eight 45-d-old japanese quails were divided into two groups (experimental and control, 15 females +4 males in each group) and were fed on a maize-soya diet balanced in all nutrients. the diet of the experimental quails was supplemented with aurofusarin at the level of 26.4 mg/kg feed in the form of fusarium graminearum culture enriched with aurofusarin. at th ...	2001	11811917
fungi associated with rice at entre rios province, argentina. toxigenic capacity offusarium graminearum andmicrodochium nivale isolates.	a mycological survey was carried out on rice samples harvested in 1997 and 1998 from entre ríos province, belonging to the main production area of argentina. the relative density and isolation frequency of the prevalent fungi were statistically compared between locations and harvest seasons. the genusalternaria was the most prevalent component of the internal seedborne mycoflora in the two harvest seasons. fungi belonging to the generaphoma, fusarium, microdochium, penicillium andaspergillus wer ...	2001	23605679
molecular mechanisms of deoxynivalenol resistance in the yeastsaccharomyces cerevisiae.	the production of trichothecene toxins is a suspected virulence mechanism of several plant pathogenic fungi. this hypothesis has been confirmed forgibberella zeae (fusarium graminearum) by gene disruption experiments, suggesting in turn, that resistance against the fungal toxin is a relevant component offusarium resistance of the host plant. our goal is therefore to identify molecular mechanisms of trichothecene resistance. using yeast as a model system we have found the following resistance mec ...	2001	23605752
analysis of double-stranded rna and virus-like particles in trichothecene-producing strains offusarium graminearum.	double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) have been found in two isolates of the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum which produce trichothecene mycotoxins. the isolates 8.2 and 19.2 had dsrnas in the size of about 2.0 kb and 6.0 kb, respectively, which were associated with capsid proteins and persisted within the cytoplasm of the infected host cells as encapsidated virus-like particles (vlps). the dsrnas contained in the vlp pellets were the same size as the dsrna isolated in total nucleic acid pr ...	2001	23605755
physiological and environmental aspects of ascospore discharge in gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum).	we investigated ascospore discharge in the perithecial fungus, gibberella zeae. in a wind tunnel study that simulated constant rain and varying day and night lengths, the rate of ascospore release was approximately 8-30% greater under light than in complete darkness. under constant light, ascospore discharge occurred at maximal rates at relative humidity levels greater than 92%. when perithecia were placed under conditions of high external osmolarity, ascospore discharge was significantly reduce ...	2002	21156487
comparison of extraction and clean-up procedures for analysis of zearalenone in corn, rice and wheat grains by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detection.	the aim of this work was the optimization of some procedures usually used in the analysis of zearalenone (zea) in corn and other cereals by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) with photodiode array and/or fluorescence detection. the comparison of five extraction solvents is presented. three solid-phase extraction cartridges (c-18, silica, florisil) and immuno-affinity columns were also compared to obtain the best recovery of the mycotoxin with the minimal presence of co-extractives in ...	2002	11834077
identification of fusarium graminearum in cereal samples by dna detection test strips.	development of a fast, sensitive and easy to handle method for the detection of fusarium graminearum contamination in cereal samples by pcr.	2002	11849512
antioxidant systems of the developing quail embryo are compromised by mycotoxin aurofusarin.	the effects of aurofusarin in the quail diet on the antioxidant systems of the developing embryo are investigated. thirty eight 45-day-old japanese quails (coturnix japonica) were divided into two groups and were fed on a corn-soya diet or the same diet supplemented with aurofusarin at the level of 26.4 mg/kg feed in the form of fusarium graminearum culture enriched with aurofusarin. eggs obtained after 7 weeks of feeding were incubated. samples of quail tissues were collected at day 17 of embry ...	2002	11879787
rapid fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in wheat.	the fungus fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of both wheat and maize, produces a toxin, deoxynivalenol (don), that causes disease in livestock. a rapid test for don in wheat was developed using the principle of fluorescence polarization (fp) immunoassay. the assay was based on the competition between don and a novel don-fluorescein tracer (don-fl2) for a don-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. the method, which is a substantial improvement over our previous don fp immunoassay, combined a ra ...	2002	11902919