Publications

synchronization of somatic embryogenesis in a carrot cell suspension culture.	synchronization of somatic embryogenesis was achieved in a carrot (daucus carota l. cv. "kurodagosun") suspension culture by sieving the initial heterogeneous cell population, by density gradient centrifugation in ficoll solutions, and by subsequent repeated centrifugations at a low speed (50g) for a short time (5 seconds), followed by transferring the cell clusters obtained, which were composed of 3 to 10 cells, to a medium containing zeatin (0.1 micromolar) but no auxin. the frequency of embry ...	1979	16660907
temperature interactions with growth regulators and endogenous gibberellin-like activity during seedstalk elongation in carrots.	stecklings (roots) of three cultivars of carrots (daucus carota l.) were vernalized 10 weeks at 5 c and subsequently grown at each of three greenhouse night/day temperature regimes: high (27/32 c), medium (21/27 c), and low (15/21 c). floral differentiation occurred first in the easy bolting cv. scarlet nantes, intermediate in cv. danvers 126, and last in cv. royal chantenay. stem elongation arising from the subapical meristematic region always preceded floral differentiation. extractable gibber ...	1979	16660856
amino acid levels in carrot cell suspension culture: no correlation with aspartate kinase isoenzyme levels.	free and protein amino acids were analyzed during the growth cycle of a suspension culture of carrot (daucus carota l.) in which there is a 10-fold increase in a lysine-sensitive isoenzyme of aspartate kinase during the early part of the growth cycle. there is little change in either total amino acids or in the amino acids derived from aspartate between 3 and 24 days of culture. it is estimated that the demand for net synthesis of aspartate-derived amino acids is decreased as the growth rate dec ...	1979	16660772
derepression and repression of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase during in vitro culture of carrot root tissue.	the increment of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase (ec 2.7.2.4) activity during in vitro culture of carrot (daucus carota, cv. oogata sanzun) root tissue was explained in terms of derepression caused by an earlier decrease in the endogenous level of lysine, a possible end product repressor. tissue content of free lysine decreased to about one-third of the initial level after 1 day of culture and no lysine was detected in the 2nd day. inclusion of lysine (0.1 to 1.0 millimolar) in the culture medium ...	1979	16660771
freeze preservation of somatic embryos and clonal plantlets of carrot (daucus carota l).	cell suspensions of carrot (daucus carota l.) can be cryopreserved by slow freezing (about 2 c per minute) in medium containing dimethylsulfoxide as a cryoprotectant. after storage in liquid nitrogen and thawing they demonstrate a high viability and are able to resume growth. such a method entirely fails to preserve clonal plantlets; somatic embryos cease organized development at the time of freezing and recover growth only by secondary embryogenesis. modification of the procedure, involving the ...	1979	16660748
polyamine metabolism in embryogenic cells of daucus carota: ii. changes in arginine decarboxylase activity.	embryogenic cultured cells of daucus carota have been shown to synthesize putrescine from exogenously supplied [(14)c]arginine at twice the rate of control nonembryogenic cells. in the present paper, the activity of arginine decarboxylase (arginine carboxy-lyase, ec 4.1.1.19), an important enzyme in the synthesis of putrescine, was assayed and also found to be elevated by as much as 2-fold in embryogenic cells. this difference between embryogenic and nonembryogenic cells was observed as early as ...	1979	16660725
changing fatty acid composition during somatic embryogenesis in cultures of daucus carota.	the fatty acid composition of five embryo stages following the induction of embryogenesis in cultures of daucus carota have been studied. quantitative rather than qualitative changes in fatty acid content were observed, although globular embryos do possess some fatty acids of long (c 20 and above) chain length not observed in earlier or later stages in development. the major fatty acids present were c 16:0, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3.	1979	24407389
transfer of organelles of the alga chlamydomonas reinhardii into carrot cells by protoplast fusion.	a mutant of chlamydomonas reinhardii which lacks a cell wall was fused with daucus carota protoplasts using polyethylene glycol and the resulting fusion products were cultured. fusion involved integration of chlamydomonas and carrot plasma membranes and the release of algal organelles into the carrot cytoplasm. chlamydomonas basal bodies, nuclei and chloroplasts were frequently observed in the fusion products. cultured fusion products regenerated cell walls and divided; most chlamydomonas organe ...	1979	24407323
biosynthesis of myo-inositol and its role as a precursor of cell-wall polysaccharides in suspension cultures of wild-carrot cells.	the biosynthesis of myo-inositol (mi) and its role as a precursor of cell-wall polysaccharides was studied in supension cultures of wild carrot (daucus carota l.) cells. suspension cultures, grown in the presence or absence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid for 7 and 14d were incubated with [u-(14)c]glucose and [2-(3)h]mi in the presence of different concentrations of unlabeled mi. synthesis of [(14)c]mi from [u-(14)c]glucose occurred under all conditions. the amount of mi synthesized from gluco ...	1979	24317946
biosynthesis of cell-wall polysaccharides in cultured carrot cells.	biosynthesis of the cell wall in carrot cells (daucus carota l.) cultured in a synthetic liquid medium was studied by measuring the incorporation of radioactive glucose and myo-inositol (mi). when the cells were fed with [(14)c]glucose in the presence of 0.01% mi, the label soon appeared in the neutral sugars in the cell wall but little radioactivity was found in the uronic-acid residues even after a prolonged incubation. on the other hand, radioactivity derived from [(3)h]mi was found to be dis ...	1979	24317945
relationship of indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan concentrations in normal and 5-methyltryptophan-resistant cell lines of wild carrots.	a 5-methyltryptophan(5-mt)-resistant cell line of wild carrot (daucus carota l.), w001, that exhibited auxin-independent callus growth, was found to accumulate indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and tryptophan (trp). anthranilate-synthetase activity in w001 cell extract was less sensitive to feedback inhibition by trp than in the original 5-mt-sensitive cell lines. it is hypothesized that the resistant enzyme allowed more trp synthesis and accumulation which, in turn, affected the iaa concentration in t ...	1979	24317760
liposome-mediated transfer of bacterial rna into carrot protoplasts.	the uptake of liposome-encapsulated e. coli [(3)h]rna by carrot (daucus carota l.) protoplasts was examined. [(3)h]rna extracted from protoplasts that had been incubated with [(3)h]rna-containing, large, unilamellar lipid vesicles (liposomes) obtained by ether infusion, and examined by sucrose gradient centrifugation and formamide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, appeared substantially degraded, with a total elimination of 23s rna and a partial loss of 16s rna. in contrast, no breakdown of th ...	1979	24317562
antispasmodic activity of the tertiary base of daucus carota, linn. seeds.	a nitrogen containing base responding to mayer's test and dragendorff's reagent for tertiary bases has been isolated from the seeds of daucus carota linn. the effects of the base as its bromide have been studied on smooth muscles of ileum, uterus, blood vessels and trachea of different species of animals. the tertiary base has been found to have papaverine like nonspecific smooth muscle relaxant and spasmolytic activity, but its activity was found to be about one-tenth of that of papaverine.	1979	521127
composition of suberin-associated waxes from the subterranean storage organs of seven plants : parsnip, carrot, rutabaga, turnip, red beet, sweet potato and potato.	the waxes associated with the suberin in the periderm of the underground storage organs of parsnip (pastinaca sativa l.), carrot (daucus carota l.), rutabaga (brassica napobrassica mill.), turnip (brassica rapa l.), red beet (beta vulgaris l.), sweet potato (ipomoea batatas l.) and potato (solanum tuberosum l.) were isolated, fractionated into hydrocarbon, wax ester, free fatty alcohol and free fatty acid fractions, and analyzed by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. the amount of ...	1980	24310190
role of auxin and sucrose in the differentiation of sieve and tracheary elements in plant tissue cultures.	the differentiation of sieve and tracheary elements was studied in callus culture of daucus carota l., syringa vulgaris l., glycine max (l.) merr., helianthus annuus l., hibiscus cannabinus l. and pisum sativum l. by the lacmoid clearing technique it was found that development of the phloem commenced before that of the xylem. in not one of the calluses was differentiation of tracheary elements observed in the absence of sieve elements. the influence of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and sucrose was ...	1980	24306691
a clonal analysis of anthocyanin accumulation by cell cultures of wild carrot.	the accumulation of anthocyanin by clones and subclones from a cell suspension culture of wild carrot (daucus carota l.) has been measured under standard conditions. clones which accumulate low amounts of anthocyanin were shown, by recloning after maintenance by serial passage, to have become heterogenous and to contain cells with increased accumulation of anthocyanin. there appears to be a maximum amount of anthocyanin that clones can accumulate. clones which accumulate the maximum amount of an ...	1980	24306302
anthocyanin accumulation and pal activity in a suspension culture of daucus carota l. : inhibition by l-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid and t-cinnamic acid.	cells of daucus carota grown in a liquid medium produced large amounts of cyanidin as the only flavonoid aglycon. after inoculation in fresh medium a maximum activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal; ec 4.3.1.5) was observed within 24 h. l-α-aminooxy-β-phenylpropionic acid (l-aopp), thought to be a competitive inhibitor of pal, inhibited cyanidin accumulation up to 80%. in order to study the regulatory role of pal, the effects of l-aopp and t-cinnamic acid, the product of the deamination of ...	1980	24306300
increase in anthocyanin yield from wild-carrot cell cultures by a selection system based on cell-aggregate size.	wild-carrot (daucus carota l.) cell cultures were screened to yield small (less than 63 μm) or large (greater than 170 μm) cell aggregates which were then subcultured. cultures of the small-size class had a higher, those of the large-size class a lower anthocyanin yield than the unscreened culture. this relationship became accentuated with an increasing number of passages with screening prior to subculture. at the end of six months (12 passages), the pigment yield of the small-size class was tri ...	1980	24306253
5-fluorouracil resistance in carrot cell cultures : its use in studying the interaction of the pyrimidine and arginine pathways.	physiological studies of 5-fluorouracil (5-fu)-resistant cell line of wild carrot (daucus carota l.), f5, showed that this variant is also resistant to 5-fluorouridine, but is as sensitive to 6-azauracil as the 5-fu-sensitive parent line, woo1c. high levels of exogenous uracil, uridine, and thymine are slightly toxic to f5, but not to woo1c. 5-fu sensitivity in woo1c cannot be reversed by bases and nucleosides; bases like uracil and thymine even increase 5-fu toxicity. no substantial differences ...	1980	24310143
the influence of hygroscopic movement on seed dispersal in daucus carota (apiaceae).	the influence of hygroscopic movement on seed dispersal in daucus carota was examined. when relative humidity increases, umbels containing mature fruits close; when relative humidity drops, umbels open. tests of the effectiveness of smalland large-angled umbels on dispersing seeds under various conditions demonstrate that umbels responding greatly to relative humidity (i.e. opening wide) lose seeds more quickly than do umbels responding little, and do not disperse them as far. as relative humidi ...	1980	28309637
binding of colchicine to a soluble fraction of carrot cells grown in suspension culture.	the binding of [(3)h]colchicine to soluble component prepared from carrot (daucus carota l.) cells in suspension culture was assayed by the diethylaminoethyl(deae)-cellulose powder method. the binding activity was very labile and the time course of the binding indicated that the colchicine-bound complex was also unstable. the reaction was enhanced by vinblastine but lumicolchicine had no effect. the optimum temperature for the reaction was 30° c, and the colchicine binding constant was calculate ...	1980	24306371
reversal of glyphosate inhibition of carrot cell culture growth by glycolytic intermediates and organic and amino acids.	various cytokinins and purines were ineffective in reversing glyphosate (0.25 millimolar)-induced growth inhibition of carrot (daucus carota l.) cell suspension cultures. aspartate was particularly effective in reversing glyphosate inhibition, but asparagine and various combinations of lysine, methionine, threonine, and homoserine (eventual products of aspartate metabolism) were not effective. when organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were added to the medium, particularly good reversal ...	1981	16662096
transfer of liposome-sequestering plasmid dna into daucus carota protoplasts.	reverse-phase evaporation lipid vesicles (rev) liposomes, consisting of phosphatidyl choline and stearylamine in 1:3 molar ratio, encapsulated approximately 30% of exogenously supplied recombinant dna vector, pbr322. the dna sequestered in rev liposomes was highly tolerant to dnase.a two-step procedure was developed, which involves encapsulation of dna with liposomes using one-tenth phosphate-buffered saline-0.5 molar mannitol, followed by incubation of liposome-dna with protoplasts in phosphate ...	1981	16662045
characterization of carrot cell wall protein : ii. immunological study of cell wall protein.	antiserum was raised against a synthetic nona-peptide which was predicted to have considerable homology with the unhydroxylated, unglycosylated precursor of cell wall proteins from several plants. the antiserum is able to recognize the major cell wall protein of incubated carrot (daucus carota) root discs which is produced when the discs are treated with a proline hydroxylase inhibitor and then labeled with radioactive proline. this technique has potential applications in studying cell wall bios ...	1981	16662034
characterization of carrot cell wall protein : i. effect of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl on cell wall protein synthesis and secretion in incubated carrot discs.	a single glycoprotein accounts for the majority of radioactivity secreted to the cell wall when incubated carrot (daucus carota) discs are labeled with radioactive proline or arabinose. the ferrous chelator alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl prevents the synthesis of this protein. a new proline-labeled protein is made in the presence of alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl and is secreted to the cell wall. the protein has little, if any, carbohydrate attached to it and has a molecular weight of 55,000 daltons. this prote ...	1981	16662033
biotransformation of cardenolides by plant cell cultures1.	a culture of daucus carota cell line ca68, previously shown to specifically hydroxylate digitoxigenin at the c-5 position, has been shown also to convert gitoxigenin and oleandrigenin to their corresponding 5beta-hydroxy derivatives. these two products have not been identified previously. 5beta-hydroxygitoxigenin has been identified by physico-chemical methods and data on its mass spectrum and (13)c-nmr spectrum are reported. 5beta-hydroxyoleandrigenin was identified from its high resolution mas ...	1981	17401955
parameters influencing the liposome-mediated insertion of fluorescein diacetate into plant protoplasts.	maximum uptake of liposome-encapsulated fluorescein diacetate by daucus carota protoplasts was observed when 6 x 10(6) protoplasts per milliliter were incubated with 2.4 x 10(7) liposomes per milliliter for 1 hour. in the case of nicotiana glutinosa protoplasts, optimum ratio of protoplasts to liposomes was 1:10, where 2.3 x 10(5) protoplasts per milliliter were provided. neutral and positive liposomes were found to be efficient vehicles to transfer their contents into plant protoplasts. when pr ...	1981	16661727
predictions of fate from rosette size in four "biennial" plant species: verbascum thapsus, oenothera biennis, daucus carota, and tragopogon dubius.	individual plants were marked in field populations of four biennial plant species, verbascum thapsus l., oenothera biennis l., daucus carota l., and tragopogon dubius scop., and followed for 2 or 3 years. the relationship of both rosette size and age to the probability of an individual dying, remaining vegetative, or flowering was determined for each species. in all four species, a minimum size must be reached before flowering can be induced and above that minimum the probability of flowering in ...	1981	28309802
liposome-mediated delivery of dna to carrot protoplasts.	the encapsulation of dna within liposomes and subsequent fusion of the liposomes with carrot (daucus carota l.) protoplasts were examined to determine optimum conditions for effective liposome-mediated delivery of dna to protoplasts. escherichia coli [(3)h]dna could be encapsulated with 50% efficiency using encapsulation volumes as low as 0.5 ml. incorporation of liposome-encapsulated [(3)h]dna by carrot protoplasts increased linearly for 2.5 h, and increasing the ratio of protoplasts to liposom ...	1981	24276711
isolation and partial characterization of a substance from carrots, daucus carota, with ability to agglutinate cells of streptococcus mutans.		1982	6184165
research on plants for fertility regulation in india.	this present review of indian plants investigated for fertility regulation includes published literature of the country and unpublished data of the central drug research institute (cdri), located in lucknow, india. publications without supportive experimental data have not been included. it is evident from the data presented in the tables that most of the investigators have failed to include the valuable information on the time and place of collection and proper botanical authentication, if co ...	1982	6752588
active polypeptide fragments common to prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and mitochondrial dna polymerases.	with a procedure that allows the renaturation of the dna polymerase catalytic activity in situ after sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have compared the active polypeptides present in extracts from organisms covering a wide evolutionary range from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, namely: escherichia coli, oryza sativa, daucus carota , neurospora crassa, dictyostelium discoideum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, ceratitis capitata, leucophaea maderae , xenopus laevis, rat tissues and human lymphoblas ...	1982	6765191
studies on the pectic substances of plant cell walls: iii. degradation of carrot root cell walls by endopectate lyase purified from erwinia aroideae.	pectate lyase was isolated from the cell extract of erwinia aroideae. the enzyme was further purified to a high degree by a procedure involving ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on cm-sephadex c-50 and on sephadex g-200. the enzyme attacked its substrate in an endo fashion and was more active on the sodium salt of acid-insoluble polygalacturonate or pectic acid than it was on the methoxylated pectin. the enzyme had an optimum ph at 9.3, was stimulated by calcium ions, and was com ...	1982	16662310
potentiating effect of pure oxygen on the enhancement of respiration by ethylene in plant storage organs: a comparative study.	a number of fruits and bulky storage organs were studied with respect to the effect of pure o(2) on the extent and time-course of the respiratory rise induced by ethylene. in one group, of which potato (solanum tuberosum var. russet) and carrot (daucus carota) are examples, the response to ethylene in o(2) is much greater than in air. in a second group, of which avocado (persea americana mill. var. hass) and banana (musa cavendishii lambert var. valery) are examples, air and o(2) are equally eff ...	1982	16662339
cryostorage of cloned amino acid analog-resistant carrot and tobacco suspension cultures.	five clones were isolated from five different amino acid analog-resistant daucus carota l. var. sativa and nicotiana tabacum l. cv. xanthi cell lines. the individual clones were similar in their resistance to dl-5-methyltryptophan, s-(2-aminoethyl)-l-cysteine, or azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, and in their corresponding free amino acid levels.the cell suspensions were stored using a controlled freezing rate at -196 degrees c with concentrations up to 40% of the four cryoprotectants: mannitol, prol ...	1982	16662465
ethylene regulation of gene expression in carrots.	the respiration of carrot (daucus carota l.) roots is stimulated by ethylene. polyribosomes were shown to proliferate concomitantly with the increase in respiration, and the extent of polyribosome augmentation was closely correlated to the amount of respiratory stimulation. in addition to the increase in quantity, ethylene caused a 2-fold increase in the average polyribosome size, suggesting tighter packing of ribosomes on rna. in vitro translation of carrot polyadenylylated rna with the rabbit ...	1982	16593207
homology of plant peroxidases: an immunochemical approach.	antisera specific for the basic peroxidase from horseradish (amoracea rusticana) were used to examine homology among horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes and among basic peroxidases from root plants. the antisera cross-reacted with all tested isoperoxidases when measured by both agar diffusion and quantitative precipitin reactions. precipitin analyses provided quantitative measurements of homology among these plant peroxidases. the basic radish (raphanus sativus l. cv. cherry belle) peroxidase had ...	1982	16662176
a new flavone glycoside from seeds of daucus carota.	phytochemical examination of seeds of daucus carota l. resulted in the isolation of apigenin -4'-o-beta-d-glucoside, kaempferol-3-o-beta-d-glucoside and a new flavone glycoside which was characterised as apigenin-7-o-beta-d-galactopyranosyl-(1-->4)-o-beta-d-mannopyranoside.	1982	17396982
comparative studies of the phytochrome system in cell cultures from different plants.	phytochrome contents have been assayed in vivo in cell suspension cultures of petroselinum hortense, daucus carota and glycine max. after transferring the cells to fresh medium phytochrome increased in parallel with the increase in cell number, whereas the amount of phytochrome per cell remained constant. the rate of phytochrome reaccumulation after pretreatment with 15 h red light was very similar in all three systems (2.8-3.6 δ(δe) 10(-5)/h). dark reversion and a fast and slow pfr destruction ...	1982	24257714
quantitation of gibberellins and the metabolism of [(3)h]gibberellin a 1 during somatic embryogenesis in carrot and anise cell cultures.	in a carrot (daucus carota l.) cell line lacking the ability to undergo somatic embryogenasis, and in carrot and anise (pimpinella anisum l.) cell lines in which embryogenesis could be regulated by presence or absence of 2,4-dichlorophen-oxyacetic acid (2,4-d), in the medium (+2,4-d=no embryogenesis,-2,4-d=embryo differentiation and development), the levels of endogenous gibberellin(s) (ga) were determined by the dwarfrice bioassay, and the metabolism of [(3)h]ga1 was followed. embryos harvested ...	1982	24271967
effect of parental flowering and dispersal times on offspring fate in daucus carota (apiaceae).	seeds collected from parents that flowered at different times were dispersed onto experimental plots at different times during the normal dispersal season. parental flowering and dispersal times, which are correlated with each other, independently affected offspring germination, growth, and time of reproduction. estimated population growth rates were highest for offspring that were dispersed early in the dispersal season and that came from early flowering parents. the data provide evidence that ...	1983	28310498
inactivation of aphidicolin by plant cells.	plant cells are endowed with an aphidicolin inactivating activity. data on cultured cells show that the rate of inactivation depends on the cell type, daucus carota cells being the most effective among the other tested materials (oryza sativa and nicotiana plumbaginifolia). also germinating seedling of haplopappus gracilis and of citrullus vulgaris inactivate aphidicolin.inactivation, which may lead to unexpected results when a prolonged incubation with the drug is required, as in the case of th ...	1983	24258125
orientation and integrity of plasma membrane vesicles obtained from carrot protoplasts.	two fractions enriched in plasma membrane derived from suspension-cultured carrot (daucus carota l.) cells were examined to determine if they differed from each other either in physical nature or in orientation. parameters studied included the protein composition of purified membranes derived from trypsinized and nontrypsinized protoplasts as well as from trypsinized purified plasma membranes, the effect of inhibitors and membrane perturbants on atpase activity, the binding of [acetyl-(14)c]conc ...	1983	16663225
selective inhibition of proline hydroxylation by 3,4-dehydroproline.	the effect of proline analogs on peptidyl proline hydroxylation has been studied in vivo using aerated root slices of daucus carota. one analog, 3,4-dehydroproline, acted at micromolar concentrations to rapidly and selectively inhibit peptidyl proline hydroxylation. a structurally altered hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoprotein was synthesized and secreted by dehydroproline-treated tissue. the capacity to hydroxylate proline recovered slowly following a short pulse treatment with the analog, ...	1983	16663215
ozone degrades into hydroxyl radical under physiological conditions : a spin trapping study.	defining the reactants is a critical step towards elucidating the mechanism of ozone toxicity to biomembranes. to document ozone-induced ho.radicals, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-n-oxide was used and the resulting spin adduct was monitored with electron spin resonance spectroscopy. chelexed potassium phosphate buffer (10 millimolar and 0.2 molar) at ph 7.2 and 7.8 was exposed to ozone (1-40 microliters per liter) by directing a stream of ozone over the surface for 60 seconds. under the ...	1983	16663113
changes in non-cellulosic cell-wall polysaccharides during the growth of carrot cells in suspension cultures.	the cell-wall composition of carrot (daucus carota l.) cells has been studied during their growth in suspension culture. pectic and hemicellulosic polymers were fractionated according to molecular size by a sepharose 4b column. polyuronides in the pectic fraction were resolved into high- and low-molecular-weight components. the low-molecular-weight polyuronides were relatively free of neutral sugars and showed a marked increase during the growth of the cell wall. hemicellulosic polysaccharides w ...	1983	24264546
characteristics of sulfate transport across plasmalemma and tonoplast of carrot root cells.	compartmental analysis of (35)so(4) (2-) exchange kinetics is used to obtain so(4) (2-) fluxes and compartment contents in carrot (daucus carota l.) storage root cells, where 2 to 5% of the so(4) (2-) taken up is reduced to organic form. the necessary curve fitting is verified by (a) consistency between ;content versus time' and ;rate versus time' plots of washout data; (b) agreement between loading and washout kinetics; and (c) correct identification of the fastest exchange phase as being from ...	1983	16662961
effects of aspartate and other compounds on glyphosate uptake and growth inhibition in cultured carrot cells.	the strong correlation between glyphosate uptake and growth inhibition of cultured carrot (daucus carota l. cv danvers) cells incubated in the presence of aspartate suggests that aspartate reverses glyphosate inhibition of growth primarily by reducing intracellular glyphosate concentration. other compounds which reverse glyphosate inhibition of cell growth gave a range of effects on glyphosate uptake: succinate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, pyruvate, and malate at 10 millimolar and phenylalan ...	1983	16662877
characterization of a selenocystine-resistant carrot cell line : alterations in cystine and sulfate uptake.	a selenocystine-resistant carrot cell line, c-1, was isolated from a haploid carrot (daucus carota) cell culture, ha. the c-1 variant takes up cystine, but not cysteine, more slowly than does ha. the selenocystine resistance is maintained in culture in the absence of selection and is expressed in regenerated plants. results based on chromatographic separation of sulfur metabolites from cells fed with [(35)s]cystine suggest a block either in the uptake or reduction of cystine in the variant. both ...	1983	16662864
kinetics of golgi apparatus membrane flux following monensin treatment of embryogenic carrot cells.	ultrastructural changes resulting from treatment with the sodium selective ionophore, monensin, were studied in embryogenic suspension cultures of carrot, daucus carota (l.) in the presence of 10 microm monensin, an early change in the golgi apparatus was an increase in the number of cisternae per stack (dictyosome). an average of one additional cisterna per stack was formed within the first 2 to 4 min of monensin treatment; in some experiments a second cisterna was formed within about 8 min. th ...	1983	6852059
inhibition of cultured cell growth by tungstate and molybdate.	the growth of suspension cultured cells of nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) was inhibited completely by 100 μm tungstate. even though molybdate reversed the tungstate inactivation of nitrate reductase activity, the growth inhibition was not reversed. the growth inhibition of n. tabacum, daucus carota, glycine max and solanum tuberosum suspension cultured cells by tungstate was similar in media with or without amino acids as a source of reduced nitrogen. only in the case of g. max was a slight reversa ...	1983	24257847
structure of t-dna in roots transformed by agrobacterium rhizogenes.	dna isolated from hairy roots incited on daucus carota by agrobacterium strains harboring the ri plasmid was probed with ri plasmid fragments to identify plasmid sequences transferred and integrated into the plant genome. one hairy root line was incited by an a. rhizogenes natural isolate strain harboring two large plasmids in addition to the ri plasmid. dna from hairy roots incited by this strain contained a total of five nonidentical copies of t-dna which together comprised a t-dna complement ...	1983	6875427
tubulins from different higher plant species are immunologically nonidentical and bind colchicine differentially.	we have initiated immunological and drug-binding studies on the tubulins from different higher plant species. antibodies were raised against electrophoretically separated rose (rosa sp.) tubulin alpha- and beta-subunits and characterized by immunoblot autoradiographic assays. each igg preparation bound to its antigen and cross-reacted differentially with the respective tubulin subunits from an alga, sea urchin, rabbit, and cow. antigenic determinants were shared more among the beta-subunits than ...	1984	16593430
cropping effects of marigolds, corn, and okra on population levels of meloidogyne javanica and on carrot yields.		1984	19294045
use of an electrochemical technique to study plasmamembrane redox reactions in cultured cells of daucus carota l.	by exploiting the electron transfer reactions of ferricyanide-ferrocyanide at a gold electrode, an electrochemical technique was devised and successfully employed for the measurement of extracellular ferricyanide reduction or ferrocyanide oxidation by carrot (daucus carota l.) cells grown in suspension culture. this technique eliminated problems of cell damage and insensitivity encountered when these activities are measured spectrophotometrically in magnetically stirred cell suspensions. cells h ...	1984	24253577
developmental regulation of polyamine metabolism in growth and differentiation of carrot culture.	polyamine levels and the activities of two polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, arginine decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.19) and s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.50), were determined during somatic embryogenesis of carrot (daucus carota l.) cell cultures. embryogenic cultures showed severalfold increases in polyamine levels over nondifferentiating controls. a mutant cell line that failed to form embryos but grew at the same rate as the wild-type line also failed to show increases in polyamine lev ...	1984	24253270
relative resistance of and delayed toxicity in undifferentiated plant cells to methyl mercury.	meristematic cells of carrot (daucus carota l., ca68-10) and lettuce (lactuca sativa l., le-67) cultured in 71-v medium (with 0.15 microgram/ml 2, 4-d) were given one initial dose (0.0001, 0.001, or 0.01 microgram/ml) of methyl mercury (mehg) at 0 hr, cultured for 288 hr. and then subcultured for 4 weeks. in another experiment, mehg was added in four daily doses (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 micrograms/ml) starting at 72 hr for 120 hr and then subcultured for 168 hr. the resulting 50% grow ...	1984	6510322
selection and characterization of a carrot cell line tolerant to glyphosate.	cultured carrot (daucus carota l.) cells were adapted to growing in 25 millimolar glyphosate by transfer into progressively higher concentrations of the herbicide. tolerance was increased 52-fold, and the adaptation was stable in the absence of glyphosate. the uptake of glyphosate was similar for adapted and nonadapted cells. activity of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase was 12-fold higher in the adapted line compared to nonadapted cells, while activities of shikimate de ...	1984	16663884
stimulation of carrot somatic embryogenesis by proline and serine.	serine and proline, when added in a wide range of concentrations to daucus carota cultures during pre-growth in the presence of 2,4-d(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), extended in time and quantity the mitotic divisions and stimulated significantly the number of embryos regenerated when the hormone subsequently was omitted from the medium. a specific effect of these amino acids on regeneration is suggested, since proline (as hydroxyproline) and serine are the two major constituents of the cell wa ...	1984	24253519
cross-linking of soluble extensin in isolated cell walls.	the extensin component of primary cell walls has generally been considered to be an intrinsically insoluble cell wall glycoprotein. recent data have established that cell wall extensin is in fact secreted in a soluble monomeric form which slowly becomes insolubilized in the cell wall probably through the oxidative formation of isodityrosine cross-links. we now show that isolated cell walls from aerated root slices of daucus carota have the capacity to insolubilize extensin through the formation ...	1984	16663856
electrical polarity in embryos of wild carrot precedes cotyledon differentiation.	endogenous electrical currents traverse embryos of a higher plant, the wild carrot daucus carota l. current enters the apical pole and leaves the region near the presumptive radicle in the radially symmetric globular embryo. current also enters the exposed surfaces of incipient globular embryos. this electrical polarity precedes differentiation of vascular tissue and cotyledon development. localized current is observed at both growing ends of the embryos in subsequent stages of embryogenesis. in ...	1984	16593519
fusion of spinach mesophyll protoplasts with carrot root parenchyma protoplasts and the effect on spinach chloroplasts.	mesophyll protoplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) have been fused, using polyethylene glycol, with root parenchyma protoplasts of carrot (daucus carota l.) to enable studies of spinach chloroplasts in a foreign cytoplasm. after 24 h culture, electron microscopy of the fused protoplasts showed many intact chloroplasts, but some chloroplasts were completely disrupted, showing loss of chloroplast envelope and stroma. spinach protoplasts showed normal chloroplast structure 24 h after peg treat ...	1984	23196088
regulation of the shikimate pathway of carrot cells in suspension culture.	the activity of the first enzyme of the shikimate pathway, 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase, is demonstrated in extracts of daucus carota cells grown in suspension culture. maximum specific enzyme activity is found midway through the logarithmic growth of the culture; cells in lag and stationary phases of growth have lower enzyme levels. the enzyme is activated by tyrosine and tryptophan. the extent of activation varies during cell growth.	1984	16663628
comparative effects of ethylene and cyanide on respiration, polysome prevalence, and gene expression in carrot roots.	treatment of carrot roots (daucus carota l.) with 10 microliters per liter ethylene in o(2) evokes a three- to four-fold increase in polysome prevalence and associated poly(a)(+) rna. the increase in polysome prevalence is attended by a similar change in co(2) evolution. the increase in polysomal poly(a)(+) mrna constitutes primarily a generic increase in constitutive mrnas as assayed by in vitro translation. however, changes in the relative abundance of several in vitro translatable ethylene sp ...	1984	16663623
inhibition of flavonoid biosynthesis by gibberellic acid in cell suspension cultures of daucus carota l.	in carrot cells (daucus carota l.), cultured in the presence of gibberellic acid, anthocyanin synthesis is blocked at the level of chalcone synthase. by feeding suitable precursors for anthocyanins (naringenin, eriodictyol, dihydroquercetin) biosynthesis of cyanidin glycosides can be restored. after addition of these substrates to the culture medium in the presence of gibberellic acid, the activity of chalcone synthase remained as low as in the control without precursors. the highest increase in ...	1984	24258782
pectic polysaccharides in carrot cells growing in suspension culture.	pectic polysaccharides in the cell wall of suspension-cultured carrot cells (daucus carota l.) were fractionated into high- and low-molecular-weight components by molecular-sieve chromatography with a sepharose 4b column. during the phase of cell-wall expansion, the relative content of low-molecular-weight polymers rapidly increased. electrophoretic analyses of these fractions showed that the high-molecular-weight components were largely composed of neutral and weakly acidic polymers while the l ...	1984	24258676
the effect of aldicarb on nematode population and its persistence in carrots, soil and hydroponic solution.	aldicarb, temik 15 g, was incorporated in furrows at 3.37 and 6.73 kg ai (active ingredient)/ha and carrots (daucus carota l.) were directly seeded on the same day. the numbers of nematode larvae were significantly suppressed in the treated plots; averages were 249, 74, and 51/50 cc soil samples for control (0), 3.37 and 6.73 kg ai/ha, respectively. aldicarb treatment resulted in a 28% yield increase as compared to the untreated. aldicarb residue in carrots was 28 ppb for the low treatment and 4 ...	1984	6747220
a link between transport and plasma membrane redox system(s) in carrot cells.	carrot (daucus carota l.) cells grown in suspension culture oxidized exogeneous nadh. the nadh oxidation was able to stimulate k+ (86rb+) transport into cells, but it did not affect sucrose transport. n,n'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide, diethylstilbestrol, and oligomycin, which only partially inhibited nadh oxidation, almost completely collapsed the k+ (86rb+) transport. vanadate, which is less effective as an ion transport inhibitor, was less effective in inhibiting the nadh-driven transport of k+ ...	1984	6242153
arginine decarboxylase and polyamines required for embryogenesis in the wild carrot.	embryogenic cultures of daucus carota treated with 1 millimolar alpha-difluoromethylarginine, a specific inhibitor of arginine decarboxylase, exhibited nearly a 50 percent reduction in embryo formation compared with controls. putrescine and spermidine concentrations in the treated cells were greatly reduced. addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine to the culture medium restored embryogenesis in the treated cultures. embryogenesis was not significantly affected by alpha-difluoromethylorni ...	1984	17746056
reinforced polyproline ii conformation in a hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoprotein from carrot root.	the salt-extractable hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoprotein from carrot (daucus carota l.) roots is composed of 35% (w/w) protein, 3% (w/w) galactose, and 62% (w/w) arabinose. the arabinose is attached to hydroxyproline as tetra- and trisaccharides. the circular dichroism of the glycoprotein shows that it is completely in the polyproline ii conformation. after deglycosylation of the glycoprotein, the polyproline ii conformation of the peptide backbone was lost. this indicates that the carboh ...	1984	16663405
influence of a loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.). culture medium and its components on growth and somatic embryogenesis of the wild carrot (daucus carota l.).	a new culture medium, originally designed and shown to grow cell suspensions from a variety of loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.) explants, was used to study growth and somatic embryogenesis of the wild carrot (daucus carota l.) in cell suspensions. the new loblolly pine medium (lm) differed from the standard wild carrot medium (wcm) in having very low ca(2+), very high mg(2+), and enrichment with po inf4 (sup3-) and microelements. when wcm was altered to contain levels of ca(2+) or ca(2+) and mg(2+ ...	1985	24254074
identification and isolation of single cells that produce somatic embryos at a high frequency in a carrot suspension culture.	a system was established in which single cells differentiated to embryos at a high frequency. small spherical single cells from a carrot (daucus carota l. cv "kurodagosun") cell suspension culture were obtained by fractionation through sieving, using nylon screens and then density gradient centrifugation in percoll solutions. eighty-five to 90% of these small single cells differentiated to embryos when they were cultured in a medium containing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (5 x 10(-8) molar), z ...	1985	16664558
dihydrofolate reductase from daucus carota cell suspension cultures: purification, molecular and kinetic characterization.	the purification of dihydrofolate reductase (5, 6, 7, 8 tetrahydrofolate: nadp(+) oxidoreductase, e.c.: 1.5.1.3) from daucus carota to apparent homogeneity, is described. the enzyme is a soluble protein with a molecular weight of 183 000±2 500, composed of identical subunits of 58 400±1 000. the enzyme is only weakly recognized by antibodies against human dhfr. the carrot dhfr is characterized by a ph optimum of 5.9, km values for dihydrofolate and nadph of 3.7 μm and 2.2 μm, respectively and a ...	1985	24306990
detoxification of n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate by carrot cells in suspension culture.	in bacterial and mammalian cells, n-(phosphonoacetyl)-l-aspartate (pala) suppresses growth by strongly inhibiting aspartate transcarbamoylase (atcase; ec 2.1.3.2), a key enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. at a concentration that would suppress growth in mammalian or bacterial cells, and that is nearly a million-fold greater than the inhibition constant (k i ) for atcase in carrot (daucus carota) seedling extracts, pala does not suppress growth of carrot cells in suspension culture. t ...	1985	24241524
3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from carrot root (daucus carota) is a hysteretic enzyme.	roots of carrots (daucus carota) contain three activities of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (dahp) synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the shikimate pathway. the three activities, enzymes i, ii, and iii, are separated by chromatography on phosphocellulose. enzyme iii, purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, has a native molecular weight of 103,000 and consists of two identical subunits of 53,000 daltons each. double reciprocal plots of reaction velocity versus sub ...	1985	16664489
intracellular calcium and calmodulin involvement in protoplast fusion.	(45)ca(2+) uptake was compared between fusogenic and nonfusogenic daucus carota l. protoplasts. fusogenic protoplasts took 10 minutes to reach calcium equilibrium compared to 5 minutes in the nonfusogenic protoplasts. intracellular stores of calcium were manipulated by isolating protoplasts in different calcium regimes. lowering of intracellular calcium lowered fusion potential, while raising intracellular stores of calcium enhanced fusion potential. regardless of the amount of calcium sequester ...	1985	16664381
localization of cytokinin biosynthetic sites in pea plants and carrot roots.	the biosynthesis of cytokinins was examined in pea (pisum sativum l.) plant organs and carrot (daucus carota l.) root tissues. when pea roots, stems, and leaves were grown separately for three weeks on a culture medium containing [8-(14)c]adenine without an exogenous supply of cytokinin and auxin, radioactive cytokinins were synthesized by each of these organs. incubation of carrot root cambium and noncambium tissues for three days in a liquid culture medium containing [8-(14)c]adenine without c ...	1985	16664274
effect of brassinosteroid on cell division and enlargement in cultured carrot (daucus carota l.) cells.	when added at 3.10(-6) mm to auxin-starved suspension cultured carrot (daucus carota l.) cells, the steroid hormone 24-epibrassinolide (br) induces cell enlargement but not cell division.this is at variance from the effect of 2,4-d which, in the same experimental conditions, restores cell division without having any effect on cell enlargement.furthermore, in the tested experimental conditions, the effect of br is dominant over the effect of 2,4-d when the two hormones are simultaneously supplied ...	1985	24253747
benomyl: a broad spectrum fungicide for use in plant cell and protoplast culture.	the systemic fungicide methyl-1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl), is a broad spectrum fungicide. benomyl at concentrations up to 50 mg/l does not inhibit the growth of suspension cultures ofnicotiana tabacum, datura innoxia, daucus carota, glycine canescens, andsolanum tuberosum nor growth ofn. tabacum orn. plumbaginifolia protoplasts if benomyl is dissolved by autoclaving or boiling. addition of benomyl dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide results in a visible toxicity. benomyl, ...	1985	24253743
influence of boron nutrition on net uptake and efflux of (32)p and (14)c-glucose in helianthus annuus roots and cell cultures of daucus carota.	(32)p and (14)c-glucose uptake were reduced under b deficiency in both daucus cell suspensions and helianthus roots. similarly, efflux rates were found to be smaller in b deficient material. efflux rates tended to be more affected than net uptake of both (32)p and glucose. this may explain why sunflower roots showed a higher glucose net uptake immediately after transferring from a b sufficient to a b deficient nutrient solution. the data confirm earlier findings of b as an essential element for ...	1985	23196176
selection and nuclear dna analysis of cell hybrids between daucus carota and oryza sativa.	in order to study the fate of the parental genomes in somatic cell hybrids between distantly related species, protoplasts from cultured cells of daucus carota and oryza sativa were fused. selective conditions resulted, exclusively, in the growth of hybrid colonies which combined the capacity to multiply of carrot cells with the natural resistance to a2ca of rice cells. a methodology for measuring the relative contribution of the parental cells to the hybrid nuclear genome has been worked out. th ...	1985	23196174
sensitivity of carrot cell cultures and rna polymerase ii to amatoxins : evidence for the inactivation of 6'-hydroxyamatoxins.	protoplast and cell suspension cultures of daucus carota l. were evaluated for their sensitivity toward the three amatoxin derivatives, alpha-amanitin, 6'-deoxy-alpha-amanitin, and 6'-o-methyl-alpha-amanitin using inhibition of dna synthesis to measure cell viability. protoplasts appeared approximately 10-fold more refractory than suspension cells and alpha-amanitin was much less effective than the other two amatoxins, even though k(i) values for isolated rna polymerase ii were similar (4-5 nano ...	1985	16664072
transmembrane ferricyanide reduction in carrot cells.	carrot cells (daucus carota) grown in tissue culture are capable of reducing the non-permeable electron acceptor, ferricyanide, with concomitant proton extrusion from the cell. optimum conditions for transmembrane ferricyanide reduction include a ph of 7.0-7.5 in a medium containing 10 mm each kcl, nacl and cacl2. data are shown to prove that transmembrane ferricyanide reduction is an enzymatic process. it does not depend on the secretion of phenolics from the cell within the time limits of the ...	1985	3967015
virulence properties of strains of agrobacterium on the apical and basal surfaces of carrot root discs.	most pathogenic strains of agrobacterium are able to induce crown gall or hairy root on both the apical surface (facing the root tip) and the basal surface (facing the shoot) of carrot (daucus carota l.) root discs. tumorigenic strains carrying mutations in the shoot inhibition region of the t-dna (tl-dna genes 1 and 2) are markedly attenuated on the basal surface but remain virulent on the apical surface. coinoculation of two attenuated tumorigenic strains, with mutations in gene 1 and gene 2, ...	1985	16664012
trehalose as cryoprotectant for the freeze preservation of carrot and tobacco cells.	suspension cultures of carrot (daucus carota, line c1), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum, line tx1), and nicotiana plumbaginifolia (line np) were frozen under controlled conditions with trehalose as the sole cryoprotectant. maximal post-thaw viability (71-74%), measured by phenosafranin dye exclusion, was obtained with the c1 cells following a 24hour pretreatment with 5 or 10% trehalose and with 40% trehalose as the cryoprotectant during freezing. tx1 cells pretreated for 24 hours with 10% trehalose a ...	1985	16664260
isolation and partial purification of prophenoloxidase from daucus carota l. cell cultures.	the enzyme, phenoloxidase, was isolated and partially purified as an inactive enzyme, a proenzyme, from plant cell cultures of daucus carota, nicotiana tabacum, and haplopappus gracilis. the prophenoloxidase was found to be specifically activated by ca(2+) or mn(2+) ions in concentrations above 1 millimolar. calmodulin was not involved in this activation. concentrations of ca(2+) or mn(2+) below 1 millimolar could not induce activation of the prophenoloxidase, but if trypsin was added simultaneo ...	1985	16664316
chalcone synthase from cell suspension cultures of daucus carota l.	chalcone synthase (chs) has been partially purified about 35-fold. withdrawal of 2-mercaptoethanol after precipitation with ammonium sulfate led to higher stability during further purification steps. in order to determine chs activity, two procedures [according to schröder et al. (1979) plant sci. lett. 14, 281-286] were applied. the radioactivity extracted with ethyl acetate from the assay mixture (total products) was compared to 14c-labeled flavanone purified by tlc. the activity of chs increa ...	1985	4015104
a phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance study of phosphate uptake and storage in cultured catharanthus roseus and daucus carota plant cells.	high resolution 31p nmr spectra (103.2 mhz) of oxygenated catharanthus roseus and daucus carota cells grown in suspension cultures were obtained using a solenoidal perfusion probe. the spectra showed resonances for various phosphorylated metabolites such as atp, adp, nad(p)(h), nucleoside diphosphoglucose, and sugar phosphates. the relative levels of the phosphorylated metabolites remained constant throughout the growth curve. no resonances for storage compounds such as polyphosphates, pyrophosp ...	1985	3972837
immobilization of plant protoplasts: viability studies.	protoplasts of daucus carota ca68 and catharanthus roseus have been immobilized by entrapment in gelforming polysaccharides (kappa-carrageenan, agarose and alginate). uniform spherical beads of carrageenan and agarose containing the protoplasts have been prepared by utilizing an inert hydrophobic phase (vegetable oil). the entrapped protoplasts are viable and stabilized towards osmotic shock by the polymeric backbone. standard methods have been used to study the viability and integrity of the en ...	1985	24253638
multiple mutations in the transferred regions of the agrobacterium rhizogenes root-inducing plasmids.	agrobacterium rhizogenes induces root formation at the site of inoculation in plants and inserts fragments of its ri plasmid into the plant nuclear dna. the transferred region (t-dna) of the ri plasmid of the a. rhizogenes strain a4 is made of two fragments, namely tl and tr; the latter harbors a sequence homology with the tms loci (responsible for auxin synthesis) of a. tumefaciens. on daucus carota slices, single insertion mutations on the tl region of a. rhizogenes do not confer a mutant phen ...	1986	3012616
transient and stable expression of the firefly luciferase gene in plant cells and transgenic plants.	the luciferase gene from the firefly, photinus pyralis, was used as a reporter of gene expression by light production in transfected plant cells and transgenic plants. a complementary dna clone of the firefly luciferase gene under the control of a plant virus promoter (cauliflower mosaic virus 35s rna promoter) was introduced into plant protoplast cells (daucus carota) by electroporation and into plants (nicotiana tabacum) by use of the agrobacterium tumefaciens tumor-inducing plasmid. extracts ...	1986	17758108
varietal response and estimates of heritability of resistance to meloidogyne javanica in carrots.	with methods developed in this study, varietal responses to m. javanica were evaluated and heritability of resistance of two promising carrot cultivars was estimated. more egg masses were found on root systems inoculated with eggs added to the soil in three holes in 250 cm(3) cups than by mixing the inoculum with soil in the cups. a resistant breeding line, cnph 1437, was discriminated from susceptible cultivar nova kuroda with inoculum levels higher than 2,000 eggs per cup. greenhouse and field ...	1986	19294218
penetration, development, reproduction, and sex ratio of meloidogyne javanica in three carrot cultivars.		1986	19294200
a semicontinuous culture model that links cell growth to extracellular nutrient concentration.	during semicontinuous culture, a sample of fixed volume is removed at regular time intervals to make measurements and/or harvest culture components, and an equal volume of fresh medium is immediately added to the culture, thereby instantaneously enhancing nutrient concentrations and diluting cell concentration. the resulting cell concentration versus time curve (i.e., the actual cell growth curve) has a saw-toothed appearance because of the periodic dilution of cell concentration. the observed c ...	1986	18553861
identification of hairy root loci in the t-regions of agrobacterium rhizogenes ri plasmids.	agrobacterium rhizogenes induces root formation at the wound site of inoculation in plants and inserts a fragment of its plasmid (ri) into the plant nuclear dna. parts of the transferred region (t-region) of the ri plasmid of a. rhizogenes strain a4 or 8196 are cloned in escherichia coli. insertions of the e. coli lacz coding region into the hybrid plasmids were made in vivo using transduction by minimu. twenty insertions localized in the tl-dna of pria4 (or pri1855) and 2 inserts in the t-dna o ...	1986	24307326
3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase from potato tuber (solanum tuberosum l.).	3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase, the first enzyme of the shikimate pathway, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from tubers of solanum tuberosum l. cv superior. the enzyme is a dimer with a native molecular weight of 110,000. the enzyme appears to be hysteretic. the enzyme activity is stimulated by mn(2+) and l-tryptophan. chromatofocusing resolved two forms of the enzyme with isoelectric points of 7.8 and 8.4, respectively. the enzyme closely resembles an analogous ...	1986	16665132
carbon assimilation in carrot cells in liquid culture.	assimilation of carbohydrates by carrot (daucus carota l. cv danvers) cells in liquid culture was studied to delineate the major metabolic pathways used in transformation of external carbohydrates to udp-glucose. the cells grown on either sucrose or glucose for several years proved equally capable of utilizing each of these sugars. sucrose was rapidly hydrolyzed extracellularly to glucose and fructose, and glucose was preferentially taken up. uptake of fructose was slower and delayed until gluco ...	1986	16665036
microcallus formation from maize protoplasts prepared from embryogenic callus.	conditions have been developed that induce maize (zea mays l.) protoplasts to re-synthesize cell walls and to initiate cell divisions. two types of embryogenic maize callus were used as a source of protoplasts: a heterogeneous callus (type i) derived from immature embryos after three weeks in culture, and a friable, rapidly growing callus (type ii) selected from portions of the type i callus. many variables in the growth conditions of the donor tissue (type of medium, transfer schedule, age of c ...	1986	24232151
the effect of fluorescent labeling on calcium-induced fusion of fusogenic carrot protoplasts.	various fluorescent compounds - carboxyfluorescein, scopoletin, fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc), rhodamine b isothiocyanate (ritc), rhodamine 123, and rhodamine b ethyl ester - were used to study their effects on calcium-induced fusion of fusogenic carrot (daucus carota l.) protoplasts. these protoplasts normally fused at a high percentage (50-60%) in response to 10 mm calcium, ph 6.0; however, if cells had been labeled with scopoletin, fitc, or ritc, fusion was greatly reduced. in contrast, l ...	1986	24248239
potassium transport in suspension culture cells and protoplasts of carrot.	the properties of potassium transport in carrot (daucus carota l.) suspension culture cells and their isolated protoplasts were examined. cells cultured in murashige and skoog (ms) medium (plant physiol 15: 473-497) were potassium saturated and, consequently, they exhibited little net potassium accumulation. cells that transport and accumulate potassium were derived from the ms-grown cells by culturing them in a potassium-free modified medium. the transport properties of the modified medium cell ...	1986	16664937