Publications

a shared internal threonine-glutamic acid-threonine-proline repeat defines a family of dictyostelium discoideum spore germination specific proteins.	a cdna denoted prk270 hybridizes to two mrna species in rna blots. the mrnas specific to this clone are not expressed during vegetative growth and multicellular development. they are, however, found predominantly during early stages of spore germination, suggesting that their synthesis is rapidly and coordinately turned on during germination. two different cdnas named 270-6 and 270-11 were isolated, representing the two mrnas. dna blot analysis shows that 270 is a multigene family. four genes we ...	1990	1976383
sequence analysis of the clostridium stercorarium celz gene encoding a thermoactive cellulase (avicelase i): identification of catalytic and cellulose-binding domains.	the nucleotide sequence of the celz gene coding for a thermostable endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (avicelase i) of clostridium stercorarium was determined. the structural gene consists of an open reading frame of 2958 bp which encodes a preprotein of 986 amino acids with an mr of 109,000. the signal peptide cleavage site was identified by comparison with the n-terminal amino acid sequence of avicelase i purified from c. stercorarium culture supernatants. the recombinant protein expressed in escherichia ...	1990	2250652
studies on the cytochrome p-450 of avocado (persea [corrected] americana) mesocarp microsomal fraction.	1. because of the low concentration of cytochrome p-450 in avocado fruit, microsomal fractions were prepared using polyethylene glycol aggregation and low-speed centrifugation, thus avoiding the need for high-speed centrifugation of large volumes of post-mitochondrial supernatant. recoveries of cytochrome p-450 by this means (0.29 nmol/g tissue) were similar to those after the usual high-speed centrifugation preparation (0.26 nmol/g). the cytochrome p-450 content of tulip bulb (0.30 nmol/g) was ...	1990	2238705
3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase from avocado (persea americana) fruit mesocarp.	the nadph-linked 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) (acp) reductase (ec 1.1.1.100), also known as 'beta-ketoacyl-acp reductase', has been purified from the mesocarp of mature avocado pears (persea americana). the enzyme is inactivated by low ionic strength and low temperature. on sds/page under reducing conditions, purified 3-oxoacyl-acp reductase migrated as a single polypeptide giving a molecular mass of 28 kda. gel-filtration chromatography gave an apparent native molecular mass of 130 kda, sug ...	1990	2244875
suspected avocado (persea americana) poisoning in goats.	a herd of 15 cameroon goats was suspected of having been poisoned by eating leaves of the fuerte variety of avocado pear (persea americana). two of the affected goats were examined clinically, while necropsies were carried out on 3 of the 4 that had died. the most significant clinical findings were tachycardia, hyperpnoea and evidence of lung oedema. at necropsy severe lung oedema, hydrothorax and hydropericardium were present. severe myocardial degeneration, necrosis and fibrosis were the major ...	1991	1770497
avocado (persea americana) poisoning of horses.		1991	2025211
cardiomyopathy caused by avocado (persea americana mill) leaves.	six of 21 goats feeding on fresh avocado (persea americana) leaves from pruned trees, showed clinical signs of cardiac distress. some sheep subsequently dosed experimentally at different dosage rates with the same and other avocado varieties, showed clinical signs of respiratory or cardiac distress and myocardial lesions at autopsy.	1991	2051443
dictyostelium discoideum gene family contains a long internal amino acid repeat.	two different cdna clones denoted pto270-6 and pto270-11 represent two mrnas that are developmentally regulated during spore germination in dictyostelium discoideum. the respective mrnas are found only during early germination and are not present in other stages of growth or multicellular development. four different genomic clones that hybridize to sequences that are common to both of the 270 cdna clones were isolated from dictyostelium libraries and sequenced. two are the genes for the two cdna ...	1991	2049872
a dictyostelium discoideum cellulase is a member of a spore germination-specific gene family.	a member of the 270 spore germination-specific gene family in dictyostelium discoideum is shown to encode a cellulase (endo-(1,4)-beta-d-glucanase, ec 3.2.1.4) activity. the 270-6 deduced protein shows 38% identity and 58% similarity to an avocado (persea americana) cellulase. during spore germination in dictyostelium extracellular cellulase activity starts to accumulate coincident with the appearance of the 270-6 gene transcript. amoebae transformed by a vector containing the 270-6 mrna sequenc ...	1991	1869562
endafs, a novel family e endoglucanase gene from fibrobacter succinogenes ar1.	the complete nucleotide sequence of endafs, an endoglucanase gene isolated from the ruminal anaerobe fibrobacter succinogenes ar1, was determined. endafs encodes two overlapping open reading frames (orf1 and orf2), and it was proposed that a -1 ribosomal frameshift was required to allow contiguous synthesis of a 453-amino-acid endoglucanase. a proline- and threonine-rich region at the c terminus of orf1 and rare codons for arginine and threonine were coincident with the proposed frameshift site. ...	1991	1708767
xylanase and xylosidase activities in avocado fruit.	the activities of xylanase and xylosidase were demonstrated in mature avocado (persea americana mill.) fruits from different cultivars. when monitored on the day of harvest during the season at 1-month intervals, xylanase activity decreased and xylosidase activity increased between january and february and then remained stable until may. when monitored during the ripening process (january harvest), xylanase activity was constant, and xylosidase activity reached a peak at the climax of ethylene e ...	1991	16668079
intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme in c 3 plants.	the aim of this work was to determine the maximum catalytic activity and intracellular location of nadp(+)-linked malic enzyme (ec 1.1.1.40) in c3 plants. appreciable activities, ranging from 80 to 712 nmol · (gfw)(-1) · min(-1), were found in a wide range of tissues (roots and leaves of pisum sativum l., cotyledons of cucurbit a pepo alef., developing seeds of brassica napus l., mesocarp of persea americana gaertn., and suspension cultures of glycine max l.). overall, activity showed a rough po ...	1991	24186419
avocado fruit protoplasts: a cellular model system for ripening studies.	mesocarp protoplasts were isolated from mature avocado fruits (persea americana cv. hass) at varying stages of propylene-induced ripening. qualitative changes in the pattern of radiolabel incorporation into polypeptides were observed in cells derived from fruit at the different stages. many of these differences correlate with those observed during radiolabeling of polypeptides from fresh tissue slices prepared from unripe and ripe fruit. protoplasts isolated from fruit treated with propylene for ...	1991	24221285
suppression of cellulase and polygalacturonase and induction of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes in avocado fruit mesocarp subjected to low oxygen stress.	expression of polygalacturonase and cellulase, two hydrolytic enzymes of avocado (persea americana, cv hass) fruit which are synthesized de novo during ripening, and alcohol dehydrogenase, a known anaerobic protein, were studied under different o(2) regimes. low o(2) concentrations (2.5-5.5%) diminished the accumulation of polygalacturonase and cellulase proteins and the expression of their isoenzymes. this pattern of change in cellulase protein was also reflected in the steady-state amount of i ...	1991	16668163
metabolically driven self-restoration of energy-linked functions by avocado mitochondria: general characteristics and phosphorylative aspects.	to assess the restorative capacity of isolated avocado (persea americana) fruit mitochondria, the organelles were first aged in the absence of an energy source at 25 degrees c for several hours until respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation were greatly diminished or totally lost. energy-linked functions were then gradually restored over a period of several hours after the addition of substrate. restoration of respiratory control resulted from both an increase in state 3 and a decrease ...	1991	16668096
sequence analysis and comparison of avocado fruit and bean abscission cellulases.	a 1700 nucleotide cdna clone for a bean (phaseolus vulgaris cv red kidney) abscission cellulase (endo-(1,4)-beta-d-glucanase) has been identified and sequenced. this cdna clone contains a 1485 nucleotide open reading frame which includes coding sequences for a putative signal peptide and mature protein. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences for the bean abscission cellulase are compared to the previously reported sequences of an avocado fruit ripening cellulase. optimal alignment of th ...	1991	16668074
the effect of ethylene and propylene pulses on respiration, ripening advancement, ethylene-forming enzyme, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase activity in avocado fruit.	when early-season avocado fruit (persea americana mill. cv hass) were treated with ethylene or propylene for 24 hours immediately on picking, the time to the onset of the respiratory climacteric, i.e. the lag period, remained unchanged compared with that in untreated fruit. when fruit were pulsed 24 hours after picking, on the other hand, the lag period was shortened. in both cases, however, a 24 hour ethylene or propylene pulse induced a transient increase in respiration, called the pulse-peak, ...	1991	16668073
involvement of wound and climacteric ethylene in ripening avocado discs.	avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) discs (3 mm thick) ripened in approximately 72 hours when maintained in a flow of moist air and resembled ripe fruit in texture and taste. ethylene evolution by discs of early and midseason fruit was characterized by two distinct components, viz. wound ethylene, peaking at approximately 18 hours, and climacteric ethylene, rising to a peak at approximately 72 hours. a commensurate respiratory stimulation accompanied each ethylene peak. aminoethoxyvinyl gly ...	1991	16668458
cellulase and polygalacturonase involvement in the abscission of leaf and fruit explants of peach.	ethylene-induced abscission in leaf and fruit explants of peach involves different enzymes. in leaves abscission is accompanied by increased occurrence of cellulase forms differing in isoelectric point (pi 6.5 and 9.5). a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 51 kda gives in a western blot a strong cross-reaction with an antibody raised against a maturation cellulase from avocado fruit. cellulase activity is also found in abscising fruit explants but the amount is very low compared to that of the ...	1992	1281437
carbon dioxide exchange of developing avocado (persea americana mill.) fruit.	net efflux of co(2) from attached avocado (persea americana mill.) fruit was measured periodically from three weeks after anthesis to fruit maturity. net co(2) exchange was determined in daylight (light respiration, r(l)) at a photosynthetic photon flux (ppf) greater than 600 micromol m(-1) s(-1), and in the dark (dark respiration, r(d)). dark respiration and r(l) were highest during the early cell division stage of fruit growth (about 25 and 22 nmol co(2) g(dw) (-1) s(-1), respectively) and dec ...	1992	14969969
interactions of avocado (persea americana) cytochrome p-450 with monoterpenoids.	the microsomal fraction of avocado (persea americana) mesocarp is a rich source of cytochrome p-450 active in the demethylation of xenobiotics. cytochrome p-450 from this tissue has been purified and well characterized at the molecular level (dp o'keefe, kj leto [1989] plant physiol 89: 1141-1149; kr bozak, h yu, r sirevag, re christoffersen [1990] proc natl acad sci usa 87: 3904-3908). despite this extensive characterization, the role of the enzyme in vivo was not established. optical and elect ...	1992	16668790
characterization and kinetic parameters of ethylene-forming enzyme from avocado fruit.	biosynthesis of the phytohormone ethylene in higher plants proceeds via the following pathway: s-adenosylmethionine----1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc)----ethylene. ethylene-forming enzyme (efe), the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of acc to ethylene, has been only partially characterized in vitro. we have obtained authentic efe activity in vitro from extracts of avocado fruit (persea americana mill. cv hass). ammonium sulfate fractionation revealed the presence of two efe activi ...	1992	1556109
ripening-related gene from avocado fruit : ethylene-inducible expression of the mrna and polypeptide.	fruit ripening involves a series of changes in gene expression regulated by the phytohormone ethylene. avoe3, a ripening-related gene in avocado fruit (persea americana mill. cv hass), was characterized with regard to its ethylene-regulated expression. the avoe3 mrna and immunopositive protein were induced in mature fruit within 12 hours of propylene treatment. the avoe3 mrna levels reached a maximum 1 to 2 days before the ethylene climacteric, whereas the immunopositive protein continued to acc ...	1992	16668676
cellulase occurs in multiple active forms in ripe avocado fruit mesocarp.	the existence of multiple forms of avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) cellulase in crude protein extracts of ripe avocado fruit is reported. cellulase was separated into at least 11 multiple forms by native isoelectric focusing in the ph range between 4 and 7 and visualized by both activity staining using congo red and immunostaining. the enzyme components were acidic proteins with isoelectric points in the range of ph 5.10 to 6.80, the predominant forms having isoelectric points of 5.60, ...	1992	16668672
evaluation of selected plants for acute toxicosis in budgerigars.	pairs of budgerigars were given samples, by gavage, of plants considered potentially toxic to pet birds. samples were prepared by flash-freezing and powdering fresh plant material in liquid nitrogen and resuspending the material in deionized water for administration. of the 19 plants tested, only 6 induced clinical signs of illness; these plants included yew, oleander, clematis, avocado, black locust, and virginia creeper (taxus media, nerium oleander, clematis sp, persea americana, robinia pseu ...	1992	1577644
expression of a ripening-related avocado (persea americana) cytochrome p450 in yeast.	one of the mrnas that accumulates during the ripening of avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) has been previously identified as a cytochrome p450 (p450) monooxygenase and the corresponding gene designated cyp71a1. in this report we demonstrate that during ripening the accumulation of antigenically detected cyp71a1 gene product (cyp71a1) correlates with increases in total p450 and two p450-dependent enzyme activities: para-chloro-n-methylaniline demethylase, and trans-cinnamic acid hydroxylas ...	1992	16653226
3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase from oilseed rape (brassica napus).	3-oxoacyl-[acp] reductase (e.c. 1.1.1.100, alternatively known as beta-ketoacyl-[acp] reductase), a component of fatty acid synthetase has been purified from seeds of rape by ammonium sulphate fractionation, procion red h-e3b chromatography, fplc gel filtration and high performance hydroxyapatite chromatography. the purified enzyme appears on sds-page as a number of 20-30 kda components and has a strong tendency to exist in a dimeric form, particularly when dithiothreitol is not present to reduc ...	1992	1562581
the persistence of engineered agrobacterium tumefaciens in agroinfected plants.	several plant species, including tomato (lycopersicon esculentum), gynura aurantiaca, avocado (persea americana), and grapefruit (citrus paradisi) grafted on troyer citrange (poncirus trifoliata x c. sinensis) were "agro-infected" with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba-4404, carrying a mini-ti plasmid with a dimeric cdna of citrus exocortis viroid (cevd). extracts prepared from tissues of the agroinfected plants 38-90 days after inoculation were plated on selective media and found to contain ...	1993	8274776
chemical signals from avocado surface wax trigger germination and appressorium formation in colletotrichum gloeosporioides.	the surface wax of the host, avocado (persea americana) fruit, induced germination and appressorium formation in the spores of colletotrichum gloeosporioides. waxes from nonhost plants did not induce appressorium formation in this fungus, and avocado wax did not induce appressorium formation in most colletotrichum species that infect other hosts. bioassays of the thin-layer chromatographic fractions of the avocado wax showed that the fatty alcohol fraction was the main appressorium-inducing comp ...	1993	12231933
isolation of a ripening and wound-induced cdna from cucumis melo l. encoding a protein with homology to the ethylene-forming enzyme.	a cdna clone (pmel1) was isolated from a climacteric melon fruit cdna library using the tomato ethylene-forming-enzyme (efe) cdna, ptom13, as a probe. northern analysis of rna isolated from wounded leaf and fruit tissue and from preclimacteric and climacteric pericarp tissue was used to determine the pattern of pmel1 rna expression. pmel1 hybridized to a 1.3-kb transcript in climacteric fruit and wounded leaf tissue but was undetectable in preclimacteric fruit and unwounded leaves. maximal expre ...	1993	8444161
activation of anthocyanin synthesis genes by white light in eggplant hypocotyl tissues, and identification of an inducible p-450 cdna.	eggplant seedlings (solanum melongena) grown under red light irradiation showed a normal morphology with green, fully expanded cotyledons. when the seedlings grown under red light were irradiated with ultraviolet-containing white light, anthocyanin synthesis was induced in the hypocotyl tissues, especially when a uv light supplement was added. the accumulation of pigments was closely associated with the expression of genes involved in flavonoid synthesis. these genes include chalcone synthase (c ...	1993	8260632
cdnas sequences encoding cytochrome p450 (cyp71 family) from eggplant seedlings.	three cytochrome p450 (p450) cdnas were isolated from an eggplant hypocotyl cdna library using eggplant cyp75 cdna as a probe. these cdnas have greater than 65% identity in their amino acid sequences, indicating that they belong to the same family. comparison of these with p450 proteins from other sources showed that the protein with the greatest degree of homology is cyp71, isolated from avocado fruits (approximately 48%). we concluded that they are novel members of the cyp71 gene family (cyp71 ...	1993	8365486
ethylene and wound-induced gene expression in the preclimacteric phase of ripening avocado fruit and mesocarp discs.	whereas intact postharvest avocado (persea americana mill.) fruit may take 1 or more weeks to ripen, ripening is hastened by pulsing fruit for 24 h with ethylene or propylene and is initiated promptly by cutting slices, or discs, of mesocarp tissue. because the preclimacteric lag period constitutes the extended and variable component of the ripening syndrome, we postulated that selective gene expression during the lag period leads to the triggering of the climacteric. accordingly, we sought to i ...	1993	12231929
polyuronides in avocado (persea americana) and tomato (lycopersicon esculentum) fruits exhibit markedly different patterns of molecular weight downshifts during ripening.	avocado (persea americana) fruit experience a rapid and extensive loss of firmness during ripening. in this study, we examined whether the chelator solubility and molecular weight of avocado polyuronides paralleled the accumulation of polygalacturonase (pg) activity and loss in fruit firmness. polyuronides were derived from ethanolic precipitates of avocado mesocarp prepared using a procedure to rapidly inactivate endogenous enzymes. during ripening, chelator (cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine tetra ...	1993	12231835
ethylene-mediated posttranscriptional regulation in ripening avocado (persea americana) mesocarp discs.	discs of avocado (persea americana) fruit (15 x 3 mm thick) kept in a stream of moist air ripen within 72 h. following cutting, a modest evolution of wound ethylene that dissipates in 24 h is followed by a burst of autocatalytic ethylene production associated with a respiratory climacteric, much as in the intact fruit. aminoethoxyvinylglycine (avg), an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, and 2,5-norbornadiene (nbd) and ag+, inhibitors of ethylene action, inhibit disc ripening, as does 2,4-dichlorop ...	1993	12231832
cloning and characterization of avocado fruit mrnas and their expression during ripening and low-temperature storage.	differential screening of a cdna library made from rna extracted from avocado (persea americana mill cv. hass) fruit stored at low temperature (7 degrees c) gave 23 cdna clones grouped into 10 families, 6 of which showed increased expression during cold storage and normal ripening. partial dna sequencing was carried out for representative clones. database searches found homologies with a polygalacturonase (pg), endochitinase, cysteine proteinase inhibitor and several stress-related proteins. no ...	1993	8095163
two divergent endo-beta-1,4-glucanase genes exhibit overlapping expression in ripening fruit and abscising flowers.	two structurally divergent endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (egase) cdnas were cloned from tomato. although both cdnas (cel1 and cel2) encode potentially glycosylated, basic proteins of 51 to 53 kd and possess multiple amino acid domains conserved in both plant and microbial egases, cel1 and cel2 exhibit only 50% amino acid identity at the overall sequence level. amino acid sequence comparisons to other plant egases indicate that tomato cel1 is most similar to bean abscission zone egase (68%), whereas ce ...	1994	7994180
regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase in avocado fruit during development and ripening.	the activity, protein, and isoenzymic profiles of glutamate de-hydrogenase (gdh) and glutamine synthetase (gs) were studied during development and ripening of avocado (percea americana mill. cv hass) fruit. during fruit development, the activity and protein content of both gdh and gs remained relatively constant. in contrast, considerable changes in these enzymes were observed during ripening of avocado fruit. the specific activity of gdh increased about 4-fold, coincident with a similar increas ...	1994	12232322
avocado hypersensitivity.	the avocado (av) is a fruit that belongs to the lauraceae family. we report 17 patients with immediate hypersensitivity to avocado. clinical manifestations in relation to avocado ingestion were as follows: systemic anaphylaxis in seven patients, angioedema/urticaria in six, vomiting in two, bronchial asthma in one, and rhinoconjunctivitis in one. skin prick test (spt) with fresh avocado was positive in all patients with the strong avocado variety (sav) and in 14 patients with the hass avocado va ...	1994	8074265
endo-1,4-beta-glucanase in the cell wall of stems of auxin-treated pea seedlings.	endo-1,4-beta-glucanase induced by treatment of pea seedlings with 2,4-d was extracted from a preparation of the walls of epicotyl cells. the beta-glucanase was purified by chromatography on deae-cellulose, affinity chromatography on con a-sepharose and sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the activity of beta-glucanase was retained after removal of sds and extraction from polyacrylamide gels. the band of a protein (46 kda), that corresponded to the activity of endo-1,4-beta-glucan ...	1994	8055174
characterization and accumulation pattern of an mrna encoding an abscission-related beta-1,4-glucanase from leaflets of sambucus nigra.	a cdna library was produced using mrna extracted from ethylene-treated leaflet abscission zones of common elder (sambucus nigra). screening of the library with the insert from pbac10, which encodes an abscission beta-1,4-glucanase (cellulase) from bean (phaseolus vulgaris), resulted in the isolation of a near-full-length cdna which was designated jet 1. northern analysis, using jet 1 as a probe, detected a transcript of 1.9 kb that accumulated prior to the first visible signs of cell separation. ...	1994	8204832
partitioning of photoassimilates in avocado (persea americana mill.) during flowering and fruit set.	to assess competition for photoassimilates among developing inflorescences, fruitlets and vegetative shoots in avocado (persea americana mill.), the distribution of recent photoassimilates was examined before and during flowering, fruit set, and the transition from sink to source of developing vegetative shoots. mature leaves, located proximal to developing reproductive organs, and developing leaves, located distal to those organs, were exposed to a one-hour pulse of (14)co(2). translocation of ...	1994	14967710
purification of pectate lyase produced by colletotrichum gloeosporioides and its inhibition by epicatechin: a possible factor involved in the resistance of unripe avocado fruits to anthracnose.	pectate lyase (pl) from colletotrichum gloeosporioides was purified to apparent homogeneity by hydrophobic interaction chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing. the purified preparation showed one band corresponding to 40 kd on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. the isoelectric point of the enzyme was 7.9, and the optimum ph for activity was 8.9. the purified pl efficiently macerated unripe avocado fruit wedges. in vitro translation of mrna from an induced fungal culture revealed ...	1994	8012046
[the in vitro action of plants on vibrio cholerae].	natural products of several plants, according to the geographic location, are used by peruvian people in the popular treatment of diarrhea, with good success. when cholerae cases appeared in peru, we were interested to know the "in vitro" effect against vibrio cholerae 01, of these useful plants to treat diarrhea. the following plants were tested: cichorium intybus, althaea officinalis, psorela glandulosa, geranium maculatum, punica granatum, malus sativa, cydonia oblonga, chenopodium ambrosoide ...	1994	8018898
cytochrome p-450-catalysed monoterpenoid oxidation in catmint (nepeta racemosa) and avocado (persea americana); evidence for related enzymes with different activities.	a cytochrome p-450 present in ripening avocado (persea americana) fruit mesocarp (cyp71a1) had previously been shown to metabolize the monoterpenoids nerol and geraniol (hallahan et al. (1992) plant physiol. 98, 1290-1297). using dna encoding cyp71a1 as a hybridization probe, we have shown by southern analysis that a related gene is present in the catmint, nepeta racemosa. rna blot analysis, together with western analysis of catmint leaf polypeptides using avocado cyt p-450 antiserum, showed tha ...	1994	7918588
cardiomyopathy in ostriches (struthio camelus) due to avocado (persea americana var. guatemalensis) intoxication.	nine out of 120 ostriches died from congestive heart failure within 96 h of ingesting avocado leaves and immature fruit in an avocado orchard containing hass and fuerte cultivars. foliage and immature fruit from both cultivars dosed to ostriches (n = 4) and domestic hens (n = 8) resulted in severe cardiomyopathy in all the ostriches. in the hens, which had received a lower dose, milder lesions occurred. macroscopically the intoxication in ostriches resulted in a severe anasarca of the neck and v ...	1994	7595917
putative avocado toxicity in two dogs.	two dogs were seen at the university veterinary teaching hospital, nairobi, kenya, both having histories of dyspnoea, progressively enlarging abdomens, anasarca, ascites, pleural and pericardial effusion, and pulmonary oedema. one of the dogs had a mild neutrophilic leucocytosis, elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and proteinuria. histopathological examination of the myocardium revealed some damage to myocytes and a mononuclear cellular infil ...	1994	7898892
[in vitro effect against giardia of 14 plant extracts].	to investigate antigiardiasic activity in plants used in mexico as antidiarrheics and/or antiparasitics.	1994	7839013
structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado stigma and style.	structural changes in the pollinated and unpollinated avocado (persea americana mill) stigma and style up to 42 h after first opening of the flower were investigated using light and electron microscopy. the pollen tubes grew in the stigma secretion and intercellular substance and initial contact occurred between the plasma membrane of the male and the cuticle and stigma secretion of the female. the pollen tube wall started to develop 15 min after pollination and increased in thickness up to 24 h ...	1994	521474
isolation and characterization of genes expressed uniquely during appressorium formation by colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia induced by the host surface wax.	appressorium formation in germinating colletotrichum gloeosporioides is induced by the surface wax of the host, the avocado fruit. to elucidate the mechanism by which differentiation of appressorium formation is induced, the fungal genes specifically activated by this host signal were sought. from a cdna library of the transcripts present in appressorium-forming conidia, the clones representing nongerminating conidia were removed by hybridization with cdnas synthesized from the nongerminating co ...	1995	7770033
allergy to latex, avocado pear, and banana: evidence for a 30 kd antigen in immunoblotting.	allergens of natural latex, latex gloves, avocado pear, and banana extracts were investigated by an immunoblotting technique in sera of patients experiencing associated latex and fruit allergies. extracts were separated by sodium dodecyl-sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electroblotted onto nitrocellulose. after incubation with patients' sera, ige antibodies were revealed by a goat anti-human ige alkaline-phosphatase conjugate. seventeen serum samples from patients with well-documen ...	1995	7852672
a plant metabolic activation system from persea americana with cytochrome p450-dependent and peroxidase activities.	microsomal fractions from different tissues of various plants (potato, cauliflower, aubergine, avocado pear, courgette, cucumber, banana, kiwi and strawberry) were prepared and their content of cytochrome p-450 (cyt-p450) determined. a s117 fraction from persea americana (avocado pear) presented the highest content of cyt-p450. as a consequence of these data, we have developed and characterized this fraction as a plant metabolic activation system. the p. americana s117, used in this work, contai ...	1995	7770073
solubilisation, partial purification and properties of acyl-coa: glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from avocado (persea americana) fruit mesocarp.	glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (g3pat) activity was studied using a microsomal membrane fraction from avocado (persea americana) mesocarp. g3pat was shown to be an integral membrane protein, having an active site that appeared to be accessible to the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, in experiments using limited proteolytic digestion. chaps solubilisation (0.25%, w/v) of microsomal g3pat activity was used as an initial step in purification of this enzyme. both chaps-solubilise ...	1995	7599174
purification and properties of wall-bound endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase from suspension-cultured poplar cells.	a wall-bound endo-1, 4-beta-glucanase (ec 3.2.1.4) was obtained from a preparation of the cell walls of suspension-cultured poplar cells and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by cation-exchange, hydrophobic, and gel-filtration chromatography. the molecular mass was estimated to be 47 kda by sds-page and 48 kda by gel filtration on superdex 200 pg. the isoelectric point (pi) was 5.6. the purified enzyme catalyzed the endo-hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose with an optimal ph of 6.5, a km ...	1995	7640890
expression of a cytochrome p450 gene family in maize.	maize seedlings, like seedlings of many other plants, are rich in cytochrome p450 (p450) enzyme activity. four p450 genes (cypzm1-4), isolated from a seedling-specific cdna library, are characterized by a transient and seedling-specific expression pattern. the maximum steady state mrna levels are reached at 3 days in root and at 7 days in shoot tissue, respectively. all four genes belong to one gene family and are closely related to the cyp71 family of plant p450 genes, which includes the enzyme ...	1995	7823905
functional and dna sequence divergence of the cyp71 gene family in higher plants.	during ripening of avocado (persea americana), the cyp71a1 mrna and protein accumulate to relatively high levels. although the cyp71a1 gene was the first plant p450 to be cloned and sequenced, the functional role of this p450 remains obscure. substrate studies have shown that cyp71a1 will metabolize various monoterpenes (nerol and geraniol), although these have not been detected in ripening fruit. using dna from a conserved domain of the cyp71a1 gene, we have explored the scope of the cyp71 (or ...	1995	8820853
isolation and identification of a compound from avocado (persea americana) leaves which causes necrosis of the acinar epithelium of the lactating mammary gland and the myocardium.	it is well known that when lactating livestock eat avocado (persea americana) leaves they may develop non-infectious mastitis and agalactia. this is associated with extensive coagulation necrosis of the secretory acinar epithelium and interstitial oedema, congestion, and haemorrhage. similar lesions have been produced in mammary glands of lactating mice fed a diet containing a small percentage of freeze-dried avocado leaf. tests using these animals have been used to isolate the active principle, ...	1995	8581318
primary structure of a cysteine proteinase inhibitor from the fruit of avocado (persea americana mill).	the complete amino acid sequence of a proteinaceous cysteine proteinase inhibitor from the fruit of avocado (avocado cystatin) is presented. the protein consists of 100 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 11,300 da. comparison of this sequence with sequences of plant cysteine proteinase inhibitors (phytocystatins), including oryzacystatins i and ii from rice seeds, cowpea cystatin, and corn cystatin, showed that the avocado cystatin molecule has 60% and 54% residues identical with th ...	1995	8611758
cloning and sequencing of a cdna for poplar endo-1,4-beta-glucanase.	a cdna for poplar endo-1,4-beta-glucanase was cloned by use of a synthetic oligonucleotide as probe. the probe was designed on the basis of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of the beta-glucanase from suspension-cultured poplar cells (populus alba l.), and by complete nucleotide sequence of the cdna was determined. the 1,614-bp cdna contained an open reading frame of 1,482 base pairs, encoding 494 amino acids. removal of a putative signal sequence from the deduced amino acid sequence of the pol ...	1995	8564298
in vitro activity of extracts of persea americana leaves on acyclovir-resistant and phosphonoacetic resistant herpes simplex virus.	the lyophilized aqueous crude extract (lace) from leaves of persea americana (lauraceae) species showed a strong inhibitory effect on acyclovir (acg(r)4 and dlsp tk mutants) and paa-resistant (paa(r)5 mutant) herpes simplex virus. after exhaustive washing of lace using methanol, the soluble fraction was chromatographed on a reverse-phase column giving 11 fractions that were revealed by thin-layer chromatography. analysis of the antiviral effect of the fractions showed the extract contained compo ...	1997	23195586
metabolic control of avocado fruit growth (isoprenoid growth regulators and the reaction catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase).	the effect of isoprenoid growth regulators on avocado (persea americana mill. cv hass) fruit growth and mesocarp 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase (hmgr) activity was investigated during the course of fruit ontogeny. both normal and small-fruit phenotypes were used to probe the interaction between the end products of isoprenoid biosynthesis and the activity of hmgr in the metabolic control of avocado fruit growth. kinetic analysis of the changes in both cell number and size reveale ...	1997	12223724
activation of arylamines to mutagenic product(s) by two in vitro plant systems.	plant activation of three isomers of phenylenediamine o- m- and p-phenylenediamine, has been studied. two in vitro plant systems have been used: persea americana s117 with mixed-function oxidase (mfo) and peroxidase activities, and zea mays s9 which contains only peroxidase activity. as genetic endpoint, the classical salmonella tester strains. ta98 and ta100, their derivatives with high o-acetyltransferase levels (yg1024 and yg1029, respectively) and ta98/1.8-dnp6, deficient in this enzyme, hav ...	1997	9434842
[histopathology of anopheles gambiae s.l. giles, 1902 (diptera, culicidae) subjected to the larvicidal activity of the aqueous extract of persea americana miller, 1768 (lauraceae)].	larvae of anopheles gambiae treated with an aqueous extract of persea americana suffer important damages of the midgut. the first epithelial cells to be affected are those at the posterior part of the midgut which become hypertrophic after only 30 min. after one hour most of the cells in this part lyse. the cytoplasmic material is then rejected towards the lumen gut, between the peritrophic membrane and the midgut epithelium. subsequently, an almost total cell degeneration is observed. cells of ...	1998	9773205
identification and cloning of prs a 1, a 32-kda endochitinase and major allergen of avocado, and its expression in the yeast pichia pastoris.	avocado, the fruit of the tropical tree persea americana, is a source of allergens that can elicit diverse ige-mediated reactions including anaphylaxis in sensitized individuals. we characterized a 32-kda major avocado allergen, prs a 1, which is recognized by 15 out of 20 avocado- and/or latex-allergic patients. natural prs a 1 was purified, and its n-terminal and two tryptic peptide sequences were determined. we isolated the prs a 1 encoding cdna by pcr using degenerate primers and 5'-rapid am ...	1998	9774427
cytotoxic and insecticidal constituents of the unripe fruit of persea americana.	unripe avocado fruit (persea americana) was subjected to a bioactivity-directed fractionation, as monitored via the brine shrimp lethality assay, to isolate three major bioactive constituents (1-3). compounds 1-3 all have a 1,2,4-triol moiety and a long aliphatic chain that terminates as either an alkane, alkene, or alkyne, respectively; 1 is new, while 2 and 3 have been described previously but not as cytotoxic or pesticidal agents. all have activity against six human tumor cell lines in cultur ...	1998	9644064
a review of implications of antiquality and toxic components in unconventional feedstuffs advocated for use in intensive animal production in nigeria.	there are a number of unconventional feed resources in nigeria. most are rich sources of plant protein. since protein is the most expensive and limiting nutrient in tropical livestock nutrition, these unconventional feed resources may fill a gap in protein deficiency. however, most contain antiquality and toxic components which make them unsafe as protein and carbohydrate sources in livestock nutrition. the presence of saponins, lectins, tannins, trypsin inhibitors, cyanogenic glucoside and othe ...	1998	9467208
identification of hevein (hev b 6.02) in hevea latex as a major cross-reacting allergen with avocado fruit in patients with latex allergy.	recent studies demonstrated that allergy to natural rubber latex is frequently associated with hypersensitivity to avocado fruit. the responsible cross-sensitizing allergen has not been identified.	1998	9768591
class i chitinases with hevein-like domain, but not class ii enzymes, are relevant chestnut and avocado allergens.	several foods associated with the latex-fruit syndrome present relevant allergens of around 30 kd. neither these components nor any other responsible for the reported cross-reactions have been identified and purified.	1998	9679856
characterization of avocado (persea americana mill.) varieties of low oil content.	several avocado varieties of low oil content (6.73-8.07%) from venezuela (booth 1, booth 7, ceniap 2, figueroa, guacara morado, luiz de queiroz, princesa, quebrada seca, santa clara, santa cruz, taylor, and tonnage) were characterized for pulp oil and moisture; weight (whole fruit, seed, pulp, and peel); length, width, and fruit shape; peel characteristics (roughness, color, and hand peeling); and ripeness time. oil plus moisture percentages were between 87.62 and 93.71. pulp percentage of quebr ...	1999	10552549
class i endochitinase containing a hevein domain is the causative allergen in latex-associated avocado allergy.	in the medical literature immunoglobulin (ig)e-mediated sensitization to avocado is rarely reported. on the other hand, more than 50% of subjects having ige-mediated natural rubber latex allergy are sensitized to avocado fruit as demonstrated by skin-prick testing and/or specific ige measurements and about 10-20% report hypersensitivity reactions after ingesting avocado.	1999	10231327
[neutralization of the hemorrhagic effect induced by bothrops asper (serpentes: viperidae) venom with tropical plant extracts].	organic extracts representing 48 species included in 30 families of costa rican tropical plants were evaluated for their ability to neutralize hemorrhagic activity induced by the venom of the snake bothrops asper. a bioassay in mice was used, based on intradermal injection of either venom or venom-extract mixtures followed by the measurement of hemorrhagic areas. total inhibition of hemorrhage was observed with the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of bursera simaruba, clusia torresi ...	1999	10883329
survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994.	previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ...	1999	19270925
early events during quiescent infection development by colletotrichum gloeosporioides in unripe avocado fruits.	inoculation of avocado pericarp tissue with colletotrichum gloeospori-oides and treatment of avocado cell cultures with the cell wall elicitor of c. gloeosporioidesboth increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ros). however, whereas the production of ros could be detected within minutes in avocado cell suspensions, it was detected only after 2 h following inoculation of pericarp tissue. protein kinase inhibitors such as k-252a and staurosporine and the phosphatase inhibitor microcyst ...	2000	18944563
steady-state kinetic mechanism of recombinant avocado acc oxidase: initial velocity and inhibitor studies.	the gaseous plant hormone ethylene modulates a wide range of biological processes, including fruit ripening. it is synthesized by the ascorbate-dependent oxidation of 1-aminocyclopropyl-1-carboxylate (acc), a reaction catalyzed by acc oxidase. recombinant avocado (persea americana) acc oxidase was expressed in escherichia coli and purified in milligram quantities, resulting in high levels of acc oxidase protein and enzyme activity. an optimized assay for the purified enzyme was developed that ta ...	2000	10978157
plant activation of aromatic amines mediated by cytochromes p450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases.	to know the mechanisms involved in the activation of promutagenic aromatic amines mediated by plants, we used persea americana s117 system (s117) for the activation of 2-aminofluorene (2-af) and m-phenylenediamine (m-pda) in ames assays. in these assays, the effect of the diphenylene iodonium (dpi), an inhibitor of flavin-containing monooxygenases (fmos), of the 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-abt), an inhibitor of cytochromes p450 (cyt-p450s) and of the methimazole, a high-affinity substrate for fmos, ...	2000	11027970
ph regulation of pectate lyase secretion modulates the attack of colletotrichum gloeosporioides on avocado fruits.	growth of colletotrichum gloeosporioides in pectolytic enzyme-inducing medium (peim) increased the ph of the medium from 3. 8 to 6.5. pectate lyase (pl) secretion was detected when the ph reached 5.8, and the level of secretion increased up to ph 6.5. pl gene (pel) transcript production began at ph 5.0 and increased up to ph 5.7. pl secretion was never detected when the ph of the inducing medium was lower than 5.8 or when c. gloeosporioides hyphae were transferred from pl-secreting conditions at ...	2000	10698767
novel nitric oxide and superoxide generation inhibitors, persenone a and b, from avocado fruit.	one known, (2r)-(12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-dien+ ++-1-yl acetate (1), and two novel compounds, persenone a (2) and b (3), have been isolated from avocado fruit (persea americana p. mill), as inhibitors of superoxide (o(2)(-)) and nitric oxide (no) generation in cell culture systems. they showed marked inhibitory activities toward no generation induced by lipopolysaccharide in combination with interferon-gamma in mouse macrophage raw 264.7 cells. their inhibitory potencies of no gen ...	2000	10820058
antifungal compounds from idioblast cells isolated from avocado fruits.	(e,z,z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-5,12,15-triene was isolated from avocado, persea americana mill., idioblast cells. it inhibited spore germination of the fungal pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides. full characterization is also reported for two additional compounds that have been described and partially characterized previously.	2000	10872209
expression of pectate lyase from colletotrichum gloesosporioides in c. magna promotes pathogenicity.	to test the contribution of pectate lyase (pl) to promoting fungal pathogenicity, a pectate lyase gene (pel) from the avocado pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides, isolate cg-14, was expressed in c. magna isolate l-2.5, a pathogen of cucurbits that causes minor symptoms in watermelon seedlings and avocado fruits. isolate l-2.5 was transformed with ppcph-1 containing hph-b as a selectable marker and the 4.1-kb genomic pel clone. southern hybridization, with the 4.1-kb genomic pel clone or 2.13 ...	2000	10939261
determination of avocado and mango fruit properties by ultrasonic technique.	a nondestructive ultrasonic measurement system was developed for the assessment of some transmission parameters which might have quantitative relations with the maturity, firmness and other quality-related properties of avocado and mango fruits. the system utilizes a set of low-frequency probes arranged to measure the ultrasonic signal transmitted and received over a short distance across the peel. the attenuation of the ultrasonic waves, transmitted through the peel and the attached fruit tissu ...	2000	10829759
characterization of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene family and the regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis in avocado.	avocado (persea americana mill. cv lula) is a climacteric fruit that exhibits a rise in ethylene as the fruit ripens. this rise in ethylene is followed by an increase in abscisic acid (aba), with the highest level occurring just after the peak in ethylene production. aba is synthesized from the cleavage of carotenoid precursors. the cleavage of carotenoid precursors produces xanthoxin, which can subsequently be converted into aba via aba-aldehyde. indirect evidence indicates that the cleavage re ...	2000	10982448
non-invasive photoacoustic spectroscopic determination of relative endogenous nitric oxide and ethylene content stoichiometry during the ripening of strawberries fragaria anannasa (duch.) and avocados persea americana (mill.).	employing non-invasive photoacoustic spectrometry, emissions of nitric oxide (no) and ethylene in post-harvest strawberries and avocados were monitored. a clear-cut stoichiometric relationship was found between the two gases: unripe fruit manifesting high no and low ethylene levels-the converse in ripe fruit. findings are discussed in the light of putative control of ethylene-promoted fruit senescence by endogenous no.	2000	10944162
towards reconciliation of structure with function in plasmodesmata-who is the gatekeeper?	whilst the structure of higher plant plasmodesmata was first described by robards (1963. desmotubule-a plasmodesmatal substructure. nature 218, 784), and despite many subsequent intensive investigations, there is still much that remains unclear relating to their ultrastructure and functioning in higher plants. we have examined chemically fixed plant material, and suggest that the conformational changes seen in plasmodesmatal substructure, particularly the deposition of electron-dense extra-plasm ...	2000	10838030
inhibition by (+)-persenone [corrected] a-related compounds of nitric oxide and superoxide generation from inflammatory leukocytes.	we have previously reported that persenone a, isolated from avocado fruit, is an effective inhibitor of both nitric oxide (no) and superoxide (o2-) generation in cell culture systems. in this study, we have prepared four persenone a-related compounds and examined their inhibition of no and o2- generation from inflammatory leukocytes. some structural importance in persenone a to attenuate free radical generation is discussed.	2000	11193427
constituents of the flowers of persea gratissima.	the flowers of persea gratissima yielded an acylated flavonol 3-o-trans-p-coumaroylkaempferol (1), in addition to quercetin 3-o-rhamnoside (2) and isorhamnetin 3-o-glucoside (3).	2000	11449484
the pathway of biosynthesis of abscisic acid in vascular plants: a review of the present state of knowledge of aba biosynthesis.	the pathway of biosynthesis of abscisic acid (aba) can be considered to comprise three stages: (i) early reactions in which small phosphorylated intermediates are assembled as precursors of (ii) intermediate reactions which begin with the formation of the uncyclized c40 carotenoid phytoene and end with the cleavage of 9'-cis-neoxanthin (iii) to form xanthoxal, the c15 skeleton of aba. the final phase comprising c15 intermediates is not yet completely defined, but the evidence suggests that xanth ...	2001	11432933
avocado fruit is a rich source of beta-sitosterol.		2001	11320941
acetyl-coa carboxylase inhibitors from avocado (persea americana mill) fruits.	a methanol extract of avocado fruits showed potent inhibitory activity against acetyl-coa carboxylase, a key enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis. the active principles were isolated and identified as (5e,12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-5,12,15-trienyl (1), (2r,12z,15z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-dienyl (2), (2r,4r)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-enyl (3) and (2r,4r)-2,4-dihydroxyheptadec-16-ynyl (4) acetates by instrumental analyses. the ic50 of the compounds were 4.0 x 10(-6), 4.9 x 10(-6), 9 ...	2001	11515553
purification and catalytic properties of polygalacturonase isoforms from ripe avocado (persea americana) fruit mesocarp.	endo-polygalacturonase (pg; ec 3.2.1.15) was recovered from the cell walls of avocado mesocarp (persea americana mill cv. lula) tissue and purified by sequential ion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. two isoforms (s-i and s-ii) were recovered, exhibiting molecular masses of about 41 kd on size exclusion media and about 48 (s-i) and 46 (s-ii) kda as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). both isoforms exhibited maximum activity at ph 6.0 agai ...	2001	12060298
chronoamperometric determination of paracetamol using an avocado tissue (persea americana) biosensor.	a biosensor based on vaseline/graphite modified with avocado tissue (persea americana) as the source of polyphenol oxidase was developed and used for the chronoamperometric determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations. this enzyme catalyses the oxidation of paracetamol to n-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine whose electrochemical reduction back to paracetamol was obtained at a potential of -0.12 v. after addition of paracetamol reference solutions in glass cell and stirring for 60 s for t ...	2001	18968415
[study of the anti-icteric and hepatoprotective activity of persea gratissima gaertner (lauraceae) seeds ].	the lyophilisat of persea gratissima gaertner almonds was administered in various quantities to eighty four rats divided in three groups of twenty eight. in the first group (negative reference group), each animal was forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water on a daily basis, in the second group (positive reference group), the rats were forcefed with 5 ml of distilled water per day, after they were intoxicated with 0,3 ml of carbon tetrachloride under cutaneous injection, in the third group (experim ...	2001	15773170
liver injury suppressing compounds from avocado (persea americana).	to evaluate the protective activity of fruits against liver injury, 22 different fruits were fed to rats with liver damage caused by d-galactosamine, a powerful liver toxin. as measured by changes in the levels of plasma alanine aminotransferase (alt) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast), avocado showed extraordinarily potent liver injury suppressing activity. five active compounds were isolated and their structures determined. these were all fatty acid derivatives, of which three, namely, (2e,5 ...	2001	11368579
colletotrichum gloeosporioides pelb is an important virulence factor in avocado fruit-fungus interaction.	colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important pathogen of tropical and subtropical fruits. the c. gloeosporioides pelb gene was disrupted in the fungus via homologous recombination. three independent isolates, gd-14, gd-23, and gd-29, did not produce or secrete pectate lyase b (plb) and exhibited 25% lower pectate lyase (pl) and pectin lyase (pnl) activities and 15% higher polygalacturonase (pg) activity than the wild type. the plb mutants exhibited no growth reduction on glucose, na polypectat ...	2001	11497471
development of colletotrichum gloeosporioides restriction enzyme-mediated integration mutants as biocontrol agents against anthracnose disease in avocado fruits.	abstract reduced-pathogenicity mutants of the avocado fruit pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate cg-14 (teleomorph: glomerella cingulata) were generated by insertional mutagenesis by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) transformation. following seven transformations, 3,500 hygromycin-resistant isolates were subjected to a virulence assay by inoculation on mesocarp and pericarp of cv. fuerte avocado fruits. fourteen isolates showed a reduced degree of virulence relative comp ...	2001	18944387
biological screening of selected medicinal panamanian plants by radioligand-binding techniques.	nineteen plants from the republic of panama were selected by their traditional uses in the treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular, mental and feeding disorders and 149 extracts were screened using radioligand-receptor-binding assays. the methanol:dicloromethane extracts of the bark and leaves of anacardium occidentale l., the leaves of begonia urophylla hook., the roots of bocconia frutescens l., the stems and leaves of cecropia cf.obtusifolia bertol., the branches of clusia coclensis standl. ...	2001	11292241
the analysis of fruit protection mechanisms provided by reduced-pathogenicity mutants of colletotrichum gloeosporioides obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration.	abstract colletotrichum gloeosporioides is an important postharvest pathogen that attacks ripe avocado fruit. two reduced-pathogenicity mutants, cg-m-142 and cg-m-1150, previously obtained by restriction enzyme mediated integration, were used for the sequential analysis of the induction of biocontrol in avocado fruit. plant biochemical indicators, such as h(+)-atpase activity and levels of reactive oxygen species, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, epicatechin, and an antifungal diene, were investigat ...	2002	18944245
identification of a hard surface contact-induced gene in colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia as a sterol glycosyl transferase, a novel fungal virulence factor.	hard surface contact has been known to be necessary to induce infection structure (appressorium) formation in many phytopathogenic fungi. however, the molecular basis of this requirement is unknown. we have used a differential display approach to clone some of the genes induced in the conidia by hard surface contact. we report that one of the genes induced by hard-surface contact of the conidia of colletotrichum gloeosporioides, chip6, encodes a protein with homology to sterol glycosyl transfera ...	2002	12000454
defatted avocado pulp reduces body weight and total hepatic fat but increases plasma cholesterol in male rats fed diets with cholesterol.	the potential use of avocado as a fiber source was evaluated. the total dietary fiber content of fresh avocado fruit of the ettinger variety was 5.2 g/100 g. approximately 75% was insoluble, and 25% soluble. the water-holding capacity of dry defatted avocado pulp was similar to that of cellulose, and trypsin inhibitors were not detected. the dietary and metabolic consequences of the avocado pulp were studied in male rats fed normal and hypercholesterolemic diets. rats consumed semipurified diets ...	2002	12097685
behavior of listeria monocytogenes in avocado pulp and processed guacamole.	the potential ability of listeria monocytogenes to grow or survive in avocado pulp (ap) and processed guacamole (pg) stored at 22, 4 to 7, and -18 degrees c was studied. both products were obtained from a factory in michoacan, mexico. pg consisted of ap mixed with dehydrated vegetables, antioxidants, and preservatives. populations of l monocytogenes in ap stored at 22 degrees c increased from 2 to 6 and 9 log cfu/g after 24 and 48 h, respectively. at 4 to 7 degrees c, the growth rate of l monocy ...	2002	12430696
analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of persea americana mill (lauraceae).	the aqueous extract of persea americana leaves produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both phases of formalin pain test in mice, a reduction in mouse writhing induced by acetic acid and an elevation of pain threshold in the hot plate test in mice. the extract also produced a dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. the results obtained indicate that the extract possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.	2002	12165331