Publications

immunosuppression in progeny of chinook salmon infected with renibacterium salmoninarum: re-analysis of a brood stock segregation experiment.	female spawner infection level and temperature variation through rearing are sufficient to explain in-hatchery mortality rates and infection levels and smolt to adult return ratios (sars) of progeny of renibacterium salmoninarum infected spring chinook salmon. data from published reports and manuscripts regarding a 1988 brood stock segregation experiment that held progeny of highly infected female spring chinook salmon spawners separate from progeny of other spawners during 16 mo of hatchery rea ...	2005	16042041
detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), using quantitative pcr.	a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay has been developed to detect varying levels of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. this assay allows for the direct enumeration of bacterial dna or rna copy number within tissues and body fluids. the assay can be applied non-lethally and can be used to determine whether r. salmoninarum is transcriptionally active. the presence of r. salmoninarum in kidney tissues from 430 chinook salmon collected from ...	2005	16302955
application of isotope coded affinity tag (icat) analysis for the identification of differentially expressed proteins following infection of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or renibacterium salmoninarum (bkd).	aquaculture and commercial fisheries worldwide suffer from significant economic loss due to diseases of net-pen reared fish. in british columbia, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and bacterial kidney disease (bkd) epidemics occur because there are currently no commercially available drugs or fully licensed vaccines to treat these diseases. with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases, this circumstance might be significantly improved. in the present st ...	2005	15822907
both msa genes in renibacterium salmoninarum are needed for full virulence in bacterial kidney disease.	renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus that causes bacterial kidney disease among salmon and trout, has two chromosomal loci encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) gene. because the msa protein is widely suspected to be an important virulence factor, we used insertion-duplication mutagenesis to generate disruptions of either the msa1 or msa2 gene. surprisingly, expression of msa protein in broth cultures appeared unaffected. however, the virulence of either mutant in ju ...	2006	16597972
detection and quantification of renibacterium salmoninarum dna in salmonid tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis.	renibacterium salmoninarum is an important salmonid pathogen that is difficult to culture. we developed and assessed a real-time, quantitative, polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay for the detection and enumeration of r. salmoninarum. the qpcr is based on taqman technology and amplifies a 69-base pair (bp) region of the gene encoding the major soluble antigen (msa) of r. salmoninarum. the qpcr assay consistently detected as few as 5 r. salmoninarum cells per reaction in kidney tissue. the spec ...	2006	16921877
prevalence and analysis of renibacterium salmoninarum infection among juvenile chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha in north puget sound.	renibacterium salmoninarum causes bacterial kidney disease (bkd), a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of salmon and trout that could lower fitness in populations with high prevalences of infection. prevalence of r. salmoninarum infection among juvenile chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabiting neritic marine habitats in north puget sound, washington, usa, was assessed in 2002 and 2003. fish were collected by monthly surface trawl at 32 sites within 4 bays, and kidney infections were d ...	2006	17058599
first record of renibacterium salmoninarum in the sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus).	bacterial kidney disease (bkd), caused by renibacterium salmoninarum, is a widespread problem with major implications for salmonid fish species. the mechanisms by which the bacterium has reached high levels of infection previously unrecorded in the laurentian great lakes are presently unknown. research involving reservoirs and mechanisms of r. salmoninarum transmission in fish is lacking because of the ecologic complexity of heterogeneous habitats and the lack of adequate funding. herein, we rep ...	2006	17092886
atypical growth of renibacterium salmoninarum in subclinical infections.	two growth types of renibacterium salmoninarum were isolated from subclinically infected rainbow trout, one producing the smooth colonies typical of r. salmoninarum and the other forming a thin film on the surface of the agar with no separate colonies. the atypical growth was present on kidney disease medium agar in primary cultures of the kidney but not on selective kidney disease medium (skdm). fluorescent antibody staining of the fresh isolate and polymerase chain reaction amplification were ...	2006	16351695
acaricomes phytoseiuli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the predatory mite phytoseiulus persimilis.	a gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain csct, was isolated from diseased, surface-sterilized specimens of the predatory mite phytoseiulus persimilis athias-henriot and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. comparative analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence revealed that the strain was a new member of the family micrococcaceae. nearest phylogenetic neighbours were determined as renibacterium salmoninarum (94.0%), arthrobacter globiformis (94.8%) and arthrobacter rus ...	2006	16449459
in vitro competitive adhesion and production of antagonistic compounds by lactic acid bacteria against fish pathogens.	the present study describes the screening of five lactic acid bacteria (lab) for use as probiotics based on their competitive adhesion and production of antagonistic substances against some fish pathogens. a reduction of adhesion of all pathogenic strains tested was obtained with three of the lab strains (lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis clfp100, lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris clfp102 and lactobacillus curvatus clfp150). with the exception of fish pathogens flavobacterium psychrophilum and r ...	2007	17336468
real-time pcr for quantification of viable renibacterium salmoninarum in chum salmon oncorhynchus keta.	quantification of msa gene mrna of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd), was investigated using reverse transcription followed by real-time pcr assay on r. salmoninarum in culture, and in experimentally challenged chum salmon oncorhynchus keta fry kidney tissues (total of 70 samples) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and bath infection. correlations of msa gene mrna concentrations with culturable cell concentrations (as colony forming units [cfu] ...	2007	17465306
sortase inhibitor phenyl vinyl sulfone inhibits renibacterium salmoninarum adherence and invasion of host cells.	renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes, is a gram-positive diplococcobacillus belonging to the family micrococcaceae. analysis of the genome sequence of the bacterium demonstrated the presence of a sortase homolog (srtd), a gene specifying an enzyme found in gram-positive bacteria and required for covalent anchoring of cell surface proteins. interference of sortase activity is being examined as a target for therapeutic prevention of infecti ...	2007	18286808
antimicrobial activity of tissue and associated bacteria from benthic sea anemone stichodactyla haddoni against microbial pathogens.	associated bacteria from stichodactyla haddoni are found maximum in tentacle tissues than the body tissue. there are eight associated bacterial species viz., alcaligenes sp, corynebacterium sp, aeromonas sp, sporosarcina sp, renibacterium sp, camobacterium sp1, camobacterium sp2 and salinococcus sp were recorded. the culture extracts from the associated bacterial species showed sensitivity against human bacterial and fungalpathogens. however, the hexane tissue extract of sea anemone showed maxim ...	2007	18405113
zygosity at the major histocompatibility class iib locus predicts susceptibility to renibacterium salmoninarum in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.).	major histocompatibility (mh) class ii genes play an important role in the vertebrate immune response. here, we investigate the relationship between atlantic salmon (salmo salar) mh class iib zygosity and susceptibility to renibacterium salmoninarum, the causal agent of bacterial kidney disease. by combining dna sequences from the salmon mh class iib gene with quantitative elisa data on r. salmoninarum antigen levels, we found that mh class iib homozygotes were significantly more susceptible to ...	2007	17627802
use of elisa to monitor bacterial kidney disease in naturally spawning chinook salmon.	bacterial kidney disease (bkd) caused by renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) is a serious problem among pacific northwest salmon hatcheries and has raised concerns that salmon reared in hatcheries may spread bkd to natural populations. in order to monitor the potential spread of this disease to salmon spawning in nature, a method must be available to collect and analyze tissues from naturally spawning salmon. kidney tissue analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is the standard method ...	2007	17972755
an investigation into the prevalence of renibacterium salmoninarum in farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and wild fish populations in selected river catchments in england and wales between 1998 and 2000.	a cross-sectional survey of renibacterium salmoninarum infection in farmed rainbow trout (rbt) and wild fish populations was carried out in 10 farms and six river catchments, respectively, in england and wales. the majority of the wild fish were sampled in 1998 and the farmed fish in 2000. grayling, thymallus thymallus, and brown trout, salmo trutta, were the main wild species sampled. two fish, one grayling and one salmon, salmo salar, were r. salmoninarum culture-positive, compared with 40 con ...	2008	18234016
diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease by detection of renibacterium salmoninarum by real-time pcr.	bacterial kidney disease (bkd), caused by renibacterium salmoninarum (rs), is a serious threat to salmon in aquaculture as well as to wild populations. we have developed a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of rs in kidney samples. the pcr is based on detection of unique parts of the 16s rrna gene of rs and dna equivalent to 1-10 rs genomes was detected per reaction. no cross-reactivity with other fish pathogenic or related bacteria could be demonstrated. analysis of individ ...	2008	18681904
an immune-complex glomerulonephritis of chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum).	chinook salmon from new zealand were shown to have a generalized membranous glomerulonephritis that was most severe in large fish. marked thickening of the glomerular basement membrane was the most consistent lesion, with the presence of an electron-dense deposit beneath the capillary endothelium.severely affected glomeruli also had expansion of the mesangium and loss of capillaries,synechiae of the visceral and parietal epithelium and mild fibrosis of bowmans capsule. chinook salmon from britis ...	2008	18752546
decreased mortality of lake michigan chinook salmon after bacterial kidney disease challenge: evidence for pathogen-driven selection?	in the late 1960s, chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the green river, washington, were successfully introduced into lake michigan. during spring from 1988 to 1992, large fish die-offs affecting chinook salmon occurred in the lake. multiple ecological factors probably contributed to the severity of the fish kills, but the only disease agent found regularly was renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. in this study, survival after challenge by r. salm ...	2008	19306612
development of multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of five bacterial fish pathogens.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of the five major fish pathogens, aeromonas hydrophila, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, flavobacterium columnare, renibacterium salmoninarum, and yersinia ruckeri. each of the five pairs of oligonucleotide primers exclusively amplified the targeted gene of the specific microorganism. the detection limits of the multiplex pcr was in the range of 2, 1, 1, 3, and 1cfu for a. hydrophila, a. salmo ...	2008	18499358
surveillance of health status on eight marine rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), farms in denmark in 2006.	the health status of eight marine rainbow trout farms was followed from mid-june to mid-september 2006 by sampling both dead and healthy fish approximately every 2 weeks for bacteriological and virological investigation. no fish pathogenic viruses were detected, but all farms experienced disease and mortality as a result of various bacterial infections. yersinia ruckeri was found on four and renibacterium salmoninarum on five of the farms, but only during the first part of the surveillance perio ...	2008	18786028
genome sequence of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum suggests reductive evolution away from an environmental arthrobacter ancestor.	renibacterium salmoninarum is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease and a significant threat to healthy and sustainable production of salmonid fish worldwide. this pathogen is difficult to culture in vitro, genetic manipulation is challenging, and current therapies and preventative strategies are only marginally effective in preventing disease. the complete genome of r. salmoninarum atcc 33209 was sequenced and shown to be a 3,155,250-bp circular chromosome that is predicted to contain ...	2008	18723615
the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum: growth in a microaerophilic atmosphere.	renibacterium salmoninarum is the etiologic agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) occurring worldwide in salmonid fish. this bacterium has previously been regarded as a strict aerobic species. however, in this study it is shown that r. salmoninarum grows well in microaerophilic atmosphere, the colony size being larger and the colonies being more mucoid than in aerobic conditions. microaerophilic cultivation might be one possibility to increase the sensitivity of the cultivation method for the ...	2008	17884309
characterization of renibacterium salmoninarum with reduced susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics by a standardized antibiotic susceptibility test.	three cohorts of juvenile and subadult chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha received multiple treatments with macrolide antibiotics for bacterial kidney disease (bkd) during rearing in a captive broodstock program. a total of 77 mortalities among the cohorts were screened for renibacterium salmoninarum, the etiologic agent of bkd, by agar culture from kidney, and isolates from 7 fish were suitable for growth testing in the presence of macrolide antibiotics. the minimum inhibitory concentratio ...	2008	18814542
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) for rapid detection of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease.	a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay was developed for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in 1 h without thermal cycling. a fragment of r. salmoninarum p57 gene was amplified at 63 degrees c in the presence of bst polymerase and a specially designed primer mixture. the specificity of the bkd-lamp assay was demonstrated by the absence of any cross reaction with other bacterial strains, followed by restriction digestion of the amplified products. ...	2008	18924379
a sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for detection of renibacterium salmoninarum, causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids.	loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a novel technique for nucleic acid amplification with high specificity, sensitivity and rapidity and does not require expensive equipment or reagents. in the present study, we developed and evaluated a lamp method for the rapid detection of renibacterium salmoninarum causing the bacterial kidney disease in salmonids. this method was more sensitive than quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). using dna template extracted from cultu ...	2009	19538642
diagnostic testing patterns of renibacterium salmoninarum in spawning salmonid stocks in michigan.	bacterial kidney disease (bkd), caused by renibacterium salmoninarum, is a slowly progressing disease that threatens salmon conservation and restoration programs in north america. the purpose of this study was to track naturally occurring r. salmoninarum infection in representative, michigan, usa, salmonid stocks using nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr), quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (q-elisa), and culture. the q-elisa test detected 67.6% infection prevalence, which is lowe ...	2009	19395754
genes associated with an effective host response by chinook salmon to renibacterium salmoninarum.	an effective host response to renibacterium salmoninarum, the etiologic agent of bacterial kidney disease, is poorly characterized. using suppression subtractive hybridization, we exploited the difference in early host response in the pronephros of fish challenged by an attenuated strain (mt239) or a virulent strain (atcc 33209) of r. salmoninarum. among the 132 expressed sequence tag (est) clones that were sequenced, 20 were selected for expression analysis at 24 and 72h after challenge. ests m ...	2009	18793667
renibacterium salmoninarum p57 antigenic variation is restricted in geographic distribution and correlated with genomic markers.	the 57 kda protein (p57) is an important diagnostic antigen that is implicated in the pathogenesis of salmonid bacterial kidney disease. little is known about the nature and extent of antigenic variation in p57. previously, we reported that p57 produced by renibacterium salmoninarum strain 684 contains a mutation that disrupts monoclonal antibody (mab) 4c11 binding. in the present study, we examined mab binding to a panel of 23 additional r. salmoninarum isolates obtained from diverse geographic ...	2009	19326793
modeling fish health to inform research and management: renibacterium salmoninarum dynamics in lake michigan.	little is known about the interaction between fish pathogens and managed freshwater fish populations. we develop a model of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tschawytscha)-renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) dynamics based on free-swimming lake michigan fish by synthesizing population and epidemiological theory. using the model, we expose critical uncertainties about the system, identify opportunities for efficient and insightful data collection, and pose testable hypotheses. our simulation results sugge ...	2009	19425436
a new real time pcr-based assay for diagnosing renibacterium salmoninarum in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and comparison with other techniques.	bacterial kidney disease of salmonid is caused by a slow-growing gram-positive bacterium, renibacterium salmoninarum. this bacterium lives both extra-cellular and intra-cellular in the host. serological and molecular diagnostic methods to detect the bacterium major surface protein antigen p57 have been developed. in the present work, a newly developed quantitative reverse transcriptase-pcr (rt-qpcr), using self-quenched fluorescent primer (lux), a nested pcr (npcr), a commercial elisa and recent ...	2009	18938198
interpreting dual elisa and qpcr data for bacterial kidney disease of salmonids.	although there are a variety of methods available for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmon and trout, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is probably the most widely used method. however, elisa measures bacterial antigen, which does not necessarily reflect the number of cells present. we hypothesized that dual analysis of kidney tissue by elisa and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (qpcr) would pro ...	2010	21387990
isolation and distribution of bacterial flora in farmed rainbow trout from mexico.	trout farming is a growing aquaculture industry in mexico, with stock mainly supplied by the importation of eyed eggs. the aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of bacterial isolations in farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss from mexico. sixty-five farms distributed among seven states of mexico were included in the study. individual samples from gills, liver, spleen, intestine, and kidney were obtained from 563 apparently healthy fish. in total, 371 bacterial isolates were ...	2010	21413508
characterization of susceptibility and carrier status of burbot, lota lota (l.), to ihnv, ipnv, flavobacterium psychrophilum, aeromonas salmonicida and renibacterium salmoninarum.	in this study, susceptibility and potential carrier status of burbot, lota lota, were assessed for five important fish pathogens. burbot demonstrated susceptibility and elevated mortality following challenge with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) by immersion and to aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. ihnv persisted in fish for at least 28 days, whereas a. salmonicida was not re-isolated beyond 17 days post-challenge. in contrast, burbot appeared refractory t ...	2010	20367740
pathological and immunological responses associated with differential survival of chinook salmon following renibacterium salmoninarum challenge.	chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha are highly susceptible to renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). previously we demonstrated that introduced chinook salmon from lake michigan, wisconsin (wi), usa, have higher survival following r. salmoninarum challenge relative to the progenitor stock from green river, washington, usa. in the present study, we investigated the pathological and immunological responses that are associated with differential surviv ...	2010	20597428
survey of pathogens in hatchery chinook salmon with different out-migration histories through the snake and columbia rivers.	the operation of the federal columbia river power system (fcrps) has negatively affected threatened and endangered salmonid populations in the pacific northwest. barging snake river spring chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha through the fcrps is one effort to mitigate the effect of the hydrosystem on juvenile salmon out-migration. however, little is known about the occurrence and transmission of infectious agents in barged juvenile salmon relative to juvenile salmon that remain in-river to n ...	2011	21834329
modelling management strategies for a disease including undetected sub-clinical infection: bacterial kidney disease in scottish salmon and trout farms.	disease is a major constraint on animal production and welfare in agriculture and aquaculture. movement of animals between farms is one of the most significant routes of disease transmission and is particularly hard to control for pathogens with subclinical infection. renibacterium salmoninarum causes bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in salmonid fish, but infection is often sub-clinical and may go undetected with major potential implications for disease control programmes. a susceptible-infected m ...	2011	22094340
comparison and evaluation of renibacterium salmoninarum quantitative pcr diagnostic assays using field samples of chinook and coho salmon.	renibacterium salmoninarum is a gram-positive bacterium causing bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in susceptible salmonid fishes. several quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays to measure r. salmoninarum infection intensity have been reported, but comparison and evaluation of these assays has been limited. here, we compared 3 qpcr primer/probe sets for detection of r. salmoninarum in field samples of naturally exposed chinook and coho salmon first identified as positive by nested pcr (npcr). additional sam ...	2011	21381519
Bacterial infections of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), returning to gamete collecting weirs in Michigan.	Herein, we describe the prevalence of bacterial infections in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), returning to spawn in two tributaries within the Lake Michigan watershed. Ten bacterial genera, including Renibacterium, Aeromonas, Carnobacterium, Serratia, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Hafnia, Salmonella, Shewanella and Morganella, were detected in the kidneys of Chinook salmon (n = 480) using culture, serological and molecular analyses. Among these, Aeromonas salmonicida was detected at ...	2012	22168454