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characteristics of the life cycle of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in vitro: replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure and virion morphology, and evidence of inducing autophagy.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. the aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of pdcov. time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic rna loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of pdcov takes 5 to 6 h. electron microscopy showed that pdcov infection induced the ...201931109068
porcine deltacoronavirus enters cells via two pathways: a protease-mediated one at the cell surface and another facilitated by cathepsins in the endosome.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a pathogen belonging to the genus deltacoronavirus that in 2014 caused outbreaks of piglet diarrhea in the united states. to identify suitable therapeutic targets, a more comprehensive understanding of the viral entry pathway is required, particularly of the role of proteases. here, we identified the proteases that activate the viral spike (s) glycoprotein to initiate cell entry and also pinpointed the host-cellular pathways that pdcov uses for entry. our resu ...201931068417
detection and spike gene characterization in porcine deltacoronavirus in china during 2016-2018.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been emerging in several swine-producing countries for years. in our study, 719 porcine diarrhoea samples from 18 provinces in china were collected for pdcov and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv) detection. the epidemiological survey revealed that the positive rates of pdcov, pedv and coinfection were 13.07%, 36.72% and 4.73%, respectively. the entire spike (s) genes of eleven detected pdcov strains were sequenced. phylogenetic analysis showed that the ...201931026605
expression profile analysis of 5-day-old neonatal piglets infected with porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that can cause diarrhea in nursing piglets. this study was aimed to investigate the roles of host differentially expressed genes on metabolic pathways in pdcov infections.201930992015
analysis of long non-coding rnas in neonatal piglets at different stages of porcine deltacoronavirus infection.pdcov (porcine deltacoronavirus) is a novel porcine coronavirus that causes intestinal necrosis of piglets, thinning of the intestinal wall and severe villus atrophy in the small intestine. pdcov is a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by diarrhea, dehydration and vomiting. it has been reported that lncrna has a significant effect on viral replication and increased or decreased virulence. at present, there is almost no research on lncrna related to pdcov infection. with the devel ...201930971240
first report and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in mexico.porcine deltacoronavirus has caused great economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. in this study, we carried out the first detection, sequencing and characterization of this virus in mexico. we analysed 885 rectal samples by multiplex rt-pcr to determine coinfections. in addition, the spike gene was amplified, sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. we found 85 positive samples for porcine deltacoronavirus, representing 9.6% of the total samples, and we determined that the most frequent ...201930941894
complete genome sequences of two porcine deltacoronavirus strains from henan province, china.in 2016 and 2018, two porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strains, ch-01 and hnzk-02, were identified from fecal samples of piglets with diarrhea in henan province, china. the full-length genomic sequence analysis indicated that these two strains had high nucleotide identities with the other chinese pdcov epidemic strains.201930863822
pedv and pdcov pathogenesis: the interplay between host innate immune responses and porcine enteric coronaviruses.enteropathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), members of the coronavirus family, account for the majority of lethal watery diarrhea in neonatal pigs in the past decade. these two viruses pose significant economic and public health burdens, even as both continue to emerge and reemerge worldwide. the ability to evade, circumvent or subvert the host's first line of defense, namely the innate immune system, is the key determinant for pathogen virulence ...201930854373
point-of-care diagnostic assay for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus using the recombinase polymerase amplification method.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has emerged and spread throughout the porcine industry in many countries over the last 6 years. pdcov caused watery diarrhoea, vomiting and dehydration in newborn piglets. a sensitive diagnostic method would be beneficial to the prevention and control of pdcov infection. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) is an isothermal amplification method which has been widely used for virus detection. a probe-based reverse transcription rpa (rt-rpa) assay was develop ...201930801935
emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses in pigs.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (sads-cov) are emerging/reemerging coronaviruses (covs). they cause acute gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. sequence analyses suggest that pedv and sads-cov may have originated from bat covs and pdcov from a sparrow cov, reaffirming the interspecies transmission of covs. the clinical signs and pathogenesis of the three viruses are similar. necrosis of infected intestinal epi ...201930654269
porcine deltacoronavirus induces tlr3, il-12, ifn-α, ifn-β and pkr mrna expression in infected peyer's patches in vivo.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets and results in significant economic losses to the pig industry. currently there are no effective treatments or vaccines for pdcov. in particular, the pathogenesis of pdcov infection is still largely unknown. in this study, we reported that inoculating conventional weaned piglets with 1 × 109 tcid50 of the pdcov chn-gd-2016 strain by oral feeding could cause severe diar ...201930593372
broad spectrum antiviral remdesivir inhibits human endemic and zoonotic deltacoronaviruses with a highly divergent rna dependent rna polymerase.the genetically diverse orthocoronavirinae (cov) family is prone to cross species transmission and disease emergence in both humans and livestock. viruses similar to known epidemic strains circulating in wild and domestic animals further increase the probability of emergence in the future. currently, there are no approved therapeutics for any human cov presenting a clear unmet medical need. remdesivir (rdv, gs-5734) is a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog with potent activity aga ...201931233808
functional characterization and proteomic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns7.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets. like other coronaviruses, pdcov encodes at least three accessory or species-specific proteins; however, the biological roles of these proteins in pdcov replication remain undetermined. as a first step toward understanding the biology of the pdcov accessory proteins, we established a stable porcine cell line constitutively expressing the pdcov ns7 protein in order to investigate the ...201931546302
susceptibility of porcine ipi-2i intestinal epithelial cells to infection with swine enteric coronaviruses.swine enteric coronavirus (cov) is an important group of pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets. at least four kinds of swine enteric covs have been identified, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and the emerging hku2-like porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (peav). the small intestines, particularly the jejunum and ileum, are the most common targets of these four covs in vivo, and co-infections by these cov ...201931176408
a taqman-probe-based multiplex real-time rt-qpcr for simultaneous detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses.swine enteric coronaviruses are a group of most significant pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets with similar clinical symptoms and pathological changes. to develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and high-throughput detection method for diagnosis and differential diagnosis on swine enteric coronaviruses, specific primers and probes were designed based on the highly conserved regions of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) n, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) m, porcine deltacoronavirus ( ...201931025076
prevalence, phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in henan province, china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel porcine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration in piglets. this newly virus has spread rapidly and has caused serious economic losses for pig industry since the outbreak in usa in 2014. in this study, 430 faecal and intestinal samples (143 faecal samples and 287 intestinal samples) were collected from individual pigs with diarrhea and 211 serum samples were also collected from the sows with mild diarrhea in 17 regions in hen ...201930935509
significant inhibition of re-emerged and emerging swine enteric coronavirus in vitro using the multiple shrna expression vector.swine enteric coronaviruses (secovs), including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) have emerged and been prevalent in pig populations in china for the last several years. however, current traditional inactivated and attenuated pedv vaccines are of limited efficacy against circulating pedv variants, and there are no commercial vaccines for prevention of pdcov and sads-cov. rna interference (rnai) is a ...201930905822
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine diarrhea associated viruses in southern china from 2012 to 2018.in china, large-scale outbreaks of severe diarrhea caused by viruses have occurred in pigs since late 2010. to investigate the prevalence and genetic evolution of diarrhea-associated viruses responsible for the outbreaks, a total of 2987 field diarrheal samples collected from 168 pig farms in five provinces in southern china during 2012-2018 were tested.201931881873
characterization and pathogenicity of the porcine deltacoronavirus isolated in southwest china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging enteric pathogen in swine that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets and creates an additional economic burden on porcine industries in asia and north america. in this study, a pdcov isolate, chn-sc2015, was isolated from sichuan province in southwest china. the isolate was characterized by a cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. chn-sc2015 titers in llc-pk cells ranged from 104.31 to 108.22 tcid50/ml during the first 3 ...201931752115
the porcine deltacoronavirus replication organelle comprises double-membrane vesicles and zippered endoplasmic reticulum with double-membrane spherules.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was first identified in hong kong in 2012 from samples taken from pigs in 2009. pdcov was subsequently identified in the usa in 2014 in pigs with a history of severe diarrhea. the virus has now been detected in pigs in several countries around the world. following the development of tissue culture adapted strains of pdcov, it is now possible to address questions regarding virus-host cell interactions for this genera of coronavirus. here, we presented a detailed s ...201931694296
retrospective detection and phylogenetic analysis of swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus in pigs in southern china.swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov), a novel coronavirus, was first discovered in southern china in january 2017 and caused a large scale outbreak of fatal diarrheal disease in piglets. here, we conducted a retrospective investigation of 236 samples from 45 swine farms with a clinical history of diarrheal disease to evaluate the emergence and the distribution of sads-cov in pigs in china. our results suggest that sads-cov has emerged in china at least since august 2016. meanwhi ...201930171801
susceptibility of chickens to porcine deltacoronavirus infection.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus with worldwide distribution. pdcov belongs to the deltacoronavirus (dcov) genus, which mainly includes avian coronaviruses (covs). pdcov has the potential to infect human and chicken cells in vitro, and also has limited infectivity in calves. however, the origin of pdcov in pigs, the host range, and cross-species infection of pdcov still remain unclear. to determine whether pdcov really has the ability to infect chick ...201931234434
tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteome analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov)-infected llc porcine kidney cells.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging porcine pathogenic enteric coronavirus that can cause diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and a high mortality rate in piglets. at present, the understanding of pdcov pathogenesis is very limited, which seriously hinders effective prevention and control. in this study, liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) combined with tandem mass tag (tmt) labeling was performed to compare the differential expression of proteins in pdcov-inf ...202032923756
isolation and tissue culture adaptation of porcine deltacoronavirus: a case study.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has emerged as a novel, contagious swine enteric coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea and/or vomiting and intestinal villous atrophy in nursing piglets. pdcov-related diarrhea first occurred in the usa in 2014 and was subsequently reported in south korea, china, thailand, vietnam, and lao people's democratic republic, leading to massive economic losses and posing a threat to the swine industry worldwide. currently, no treatments or vaccines for pdcov are avail ...202032833205
utility evaluation of porcine enteroids as pdcov infection model in vitro.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel emerging enteric coronavirus found in pigs. intestinal enteroids, which partially recreate the structure and function of intestinal villi-crypts, have many physiological similarities to the intestinal tissues in vivo. enteroids exhibit advantages in studying the interactions between intestines and enteric pathogens. to create a novel infection model for pdcov, we developed an in vitro system to generate porcine intestinal enteroids from crypts of duode ...202032390999
assessment of hemagglutination activity of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteric coronavirus that causes diarrhea in piglets. however, the biological characteristics of pdcov are unclear. in this study, the hemagglutination (ha) abilities of two pdcov strains (ch-01 and hnzk-04) were investigated. our results showed that pdcov has the ability to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes after virion pretreatment with trypsin or neuraminidase. additionally, the ha assay results showed a significant positive correlation with ...202031940691
identification of a novel linear b-cell epitope on the nucleocapsid protein of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), first identified in 2012, is a swine enteropathogen now found in many countries. the nucleocapsid (n) protein, a core component of pdcov, is essential for virus replication and is a significant candidate in the development of diagnostics for pdcov. in this study, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated and tested for reactivity with three truncations of the full protein (n1, n2, n3) that contained partial overlaps; of the five monoclonals chosen tested, each ...202031963776
prevalence and genomic characteristics of a novel reassortment mammalian orthoreovirus type 2 in diarrhea piglets in sichuan, china.mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv), which can infect almost all mammals, is a zoonotic virus. in this study, six strains of type 2 mrv (mrv2) were isolated from 7 diarrhea piglets from a farm that had an outbreak of diarrhea in piglets in 2018, which tested negative for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and porcine group a rotavirus (rav). the mrv2 isolate infected neonatal piglets, in which it induced severe ...202032544614
porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein species-specifically suppressed irf7-induced type i interferon production via ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway.coronaviruses (covs) is showing obvious interspecies transmission, such as the sars-cov, mers-cov and sars-cov-2. here, the emerging porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain, isolated from shanghai, china, broadly infects porcine, human and chicken cells in vitro. previously studies by our group and others have confirmed that pdcov nucleocapsid (n) protein performs an important role in antagonizing retinoic acid-induced gene i-like receptor (rlr) activation. however, the mechanism of pdcov n prot ...202032992291
aminopeptidase n expression, not interferon responses, determines the intestinal segmental tropism of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an economically important enteropathogen of swine with worldwide distribution. pdcov primarily infects the small intestine instead of the large intestine in vivo however, the underlying mechanism of pdcov tropism to different intestinal segments remains poorly understood as a result of the lack of a suitable in vitro intestinal model that recapitulates the cellular diversity and complex functions of the gastrointestinal tract. here, we established the pdcov in ...202032376622
cd163 and papn double-knockout pigs are resistant to prrsv and tgev and exhibit decreased susceptibility to pdcov while maintaining normal production performance.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) are two highly infectious and lethal viruses causing major economic losses to pig production. here, we report generation of double-gene-knockout (dko) pigs harboring edited knockout alleles for known receptor proteins cd163 and papn and show that dko pigs are completely resistant to genotype 2 prrsv and tgev. we found no differences in meat-production or reproductive-performance traits betw ...202032876563
cross-species transmission of deltacoronavirus and the origin of porcine deltacoronavirus.deltacoronavirus is the last identified coronaviridae subfamily genus. differing from other coronavirus (cov) genera, which mainly infect birds or mammals, deltacoronaviruses (δ-covs) reportedly infect both animal types. recent studies show that a novel δ-cov, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), can also infect calves and chickens with the potential to infect humans, raising the possibility of cross-species transmission of δ-covs. here, we explored the deep phylogenetic history and cross-species t ...202032837537
genomic epidemiology, evolution, and transmission dynamics of porcine deltacoronavirus.the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has shown once again that coronavirus (cov) in animals are potential sources for epidemics in humans. porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging enteropathogen of swine with a worldwide distribution. here, we implemented and described an approach to analyze the epidemiology of pdcov following its emergence in the pig population. we performed an integrated analysis of full genome sequence data from 21 newly sequenc ...202032407507
porcine deltacoronavirus infection and transmission in poultry, united states1.coronaviruses cause respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in diverse host species. deltacoronaviruses (dcovs) have been identified in various songbird species and in leopard cats in china. in 2009, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) was detected in fecal samples from pigs in asia, but its etiologic role was not identified until 2014, when it caused major diarrhea outbreaks in swine in the united states. studies have shown that pdcov uses a conserved region of the aminopeptidase n protein to in ...202031961296
quantitative proteomic analysis of porcine intestinal epithelial cells infected with porcine deltacoronavirus using itraq-coupled lc-ms/ms.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emergent enteropathogenic coronavirus associated with swine diarrhea. porcine small intestinal epithelial cells (ipec) are the primary target cells of pdcov infection in vivo. here, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) labeling coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms) was used to quantitatively identify differentially expressed proteins (deps) in pdcov-infected ipec-j2 cells. a total of 78 deps, includin ...202033045833
a strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full-length cdna infectious clone.as a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) warrants further investigation. in this study, a chinese pdcov strain, designated chn-hn-1601, was isolated from the faeces of a diarrhoeic piglet. after plaque purification, the genome was determined which shared 97.5%-99.5% nucleotide identities with 71 representative pdcov strains available in the genbank. the pathogenic properties of chn-hn-1601 were evaluated using 5-day-old piglets. all inoculated piglets developed s ...202033012120
rhodanine derivative lj001 inhibits tgev and pdcov replication in vitro.transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are members of the family coronaviridae and mainly cause acute diarrhea/vomiting, dehydration and mortality in piglets, which lead to huge economic losses to the swine industry. rhodanine derivative lj001 has been verified to be effective against some enveloped virus infections in vitro. in this study, we evaluated the antiviral activity of lj001 towards tgev and pdcov replication on swine testicular(st) cells. our r ...202032956749
subcellular localization of the porcine deltacoronavirus nucleocapsid protein.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been recently identified as an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that mainly infects newborn piglets and causes enteritis, diarrhea and high mortality. although coronavirus n proteins have multifarious activities, the subcellular localization of the pdcov n protein is still unknown. here, we produced mouse monoclonal antibodies against the pdcov n protein. experiments using anti-haemagglutinin antibodies and these monoclonal antibodies revealed that the p ...202032944812
prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus in sichuan province, china.in order to understand the prevalence and genetic diversity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in diarrhoeal pigs in sichuan province, 634 clinical samples were collected from individual pigs with diarrhoea in 13 regions of sichuan province, china, from january 2017 and june 2019. the detection results showed that the infection rate of pdcov was relatively low in diarrhoeal pigs, 13.25% (84/634), but the infection rate of pedv (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus) was high, 32.18% (204/634). coinfe ...202032892248
porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) infection antagonizes interferon-λ1 production.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting and mortality in nursing piglets. type iii interferons (ifn-λs) are the major antiviral cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells, the target cells in vivo for pdcov. in this study, we found that pdcov infection remarkably inhibited sendai virus-induced ifn-λ1 production by suppressing transcription factors irf and nf-κb in ipi-2i cells, a line of porcine intestinal mucosal epithel ...202032768229
postweaning mortality in commercial swine production ii: review of infectious contributing factors.postweaning mortality is extremely complex with a multitude of noninfectious and infectious contributing factors. in the current review, our objective is to describe the current state of knowledge regarding infectious causes of postweaning mortality, focusing on estimates of frequency and magnitude of effect where available. while infectious mortality is often categorized by physiologic body system affected, we believe the complex multifactorial nature is better understood by an alternative stra ...202032705048
microfluidic-rt-lamp chip for the point-of-care detection of emerging and re-emerging enteric coronaviruses in swine.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome-coronavirus (sads-cov) are three emerging and re-emerging coronaviruses (covs). symptoms caused by these three viruses are extremely similar, including acute diarrhea, vomiting and even death in piglets. to date, strict biosecurity is still the most effective disease prevention and control measures, and the early detection of pathogens is the most important link. here, we developed a micro ...202032674781
porcine deltacoronavirus accessory protein ns7a antagonizes ifn-β production by competing with traf3 and irf3 for binding to ikkε.as an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) not only causes serious diarrhea in suckling piglets but also possesses the potential for cross-species transmission, which has sparked growing interest when studying this emerging virus. we previously identified a novel accessory protein ns7a encoded by pdcov; however, the function of ns7a was not resolved. in this study, we demonstrated that pdcov ns7a is an interferon antagonist. overexpression of ns7a notably ...202032656094
modulation of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acid production, and inflammatory cytokine expression in the cecum of porcine deltacoronavirus-infected chicks.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea and induces proinflammatory cytokine responses in piglets. our previous research showed that the specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks exhibited mild diarrhea and low fecal viral shedding, along with cecum lesions after pdcov infection. disturbances in the homeostasis of the gut microbiota have been associated with various diseases. we aimed to explore the effects of pdcov infection on chick ...202032582042
agrodiag porcov: a multiplex immunoassay for the differential diagnosis of porcine enteric coronaviruses.three different porcine enteric coronaviruses (pecs), i.e., porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) are currently circulating in u.s. commercial swine herds. differential diagnosis of pecs relies on laboratory methods. this study describes the development of an elisa-like multiplex planar immunoassay based on virus-specific recombinant s1 proteins printed in an array of spots at the bottom of a 96-well microplate for ...202032562689
development of a taqman-probe-based multiplex real-time pcr for the simultaneous detection of emerging and reemerging swine coronaviruses.with the outbreak of the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in 2019, coronaviruses have become a global research hotspot in the field of virology. coronaviruses mainly cause respiratory and digestive tract diseases, several coronaviruses are responsible for porcine diarrhea, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), and emerging swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov). those viruses have caused huge economic lo ...202032490723
porcine deltacoronavirus nsp5 cleaves dcp1a to decrease its antiviral activity.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. the nonstructural protein nsp5, also called 3c-like protease, is responsible for processing viral polyprotein precursors in coronavirus (cov) replication. previous studies have shown that pdcov nsp5 cleaves the nf-κb essential modulator and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 to disrupt interferon (ifn) production and signaling, respectively. whether pdcov nsp5 also cleaves ifn-stimulated genes ...202032461317
emergence of thailand-like strains of porcine deltacoronavirus in guangxi province, china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has been detected sporadically in china since its first description in 2012. in our study, 62 faecal and intestinal samples from pigs with diarrhoea were collected in guangxi province, china, during 2017 and 2018. twelve samples (19.4%, 12/62) were positive for pdcov. five complete genomes of pdcov were then determined, and sequence alignment revealed that the five strains had discontinuous deletions at 400-401 aa in non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) and 758-760 aa ...202032419393
replicative capacity of porcine deltacoronavirus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in primary bovine mesenchymal cells.unlike porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv) that infects only pigs, porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) has the capacity to infect different animal species. in vivo gnotobiotic calves were previously confirmed to be susceptible to infection with pdcov, but not with pedv. we next investigated in vitro whether primary bovine cells are susceptible to pdcov or pedv infection. we conducted quantification of viral rna in cell culture supernatants and immunofluorescent staining for the detection of pdco ...202032402338
evaluation of the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with porcine deltacoronavirus.although porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a significant pandemic threat in the swine population and has caused significant economic losses, information regarding the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with pdcov is scarce. hence, the immune response in conventionally weaned pigs infected with pdcov was assessed after challenge and rechallenge. after the first challenge, obvious diarrhea and viral shedding developed successively in all pigs in the four inoculation dose grou ...202032399787
rapid and visual detection of porcine deltacoronavirus by recombinase polymerase amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging coronavirus that was first identified in 2012 in hong kong, china. since then, pdcov has subsequently been reported worldwide, causing a high number of neonatal piglet deaths and significant economic losses to the swine industry. therefore, it is necessary to establish a highly sensitive and specific method for the rapid diagnosis of pdcov.202032381014
detecting and monitoring porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, an underresearched betacoronavirus.members of family coronaviridae cause a variety of diseases in birds and mammals. porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (phev), a lesser-researched coronavirus, can infect naive pigs of any age, but clinical disease is observed in pigs ≤4 weeks of age. no commercial phev vaccines are available, and neonatal protection from phev-associated disease is presumably dependent on lactogenic immunity. although subclinical phev infections are thought to be common, phev ecology in commercial sw ...202032376700
porcine deltacoronavirus activates the raf/mek/erk pathway to promote its replication.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerged swine coronavirus that causes acute enteritis in neonatal piglets. to date, little is known about the host factors or cellular signaling mechanisms associated with pdcov replication. since the raf/mek/erk pathway is involved in modulation of various important cellular functions, numerous dna and rna viruses coopt this pathway for efficient propagation. in the present study, we found that pdcov induces the activation of erk1/2 and its downstream ...202032283129
characterization, pathogenicity and protective efficacy of a cell culture-derived porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration and mortality in neonatal piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the pig industry. however, there is currently little information on vaccine studies and commercially available vaccines for pdcov. hence, herein, a pdcov strain, ch/xjyn/2016, was successfully isolated and serially propagated in vitro, and its biological characteristics were determined. comp ...202032247757
porcine deltacoronavirus infection alters bacterial communities in the colon and feces of neonatal piglets.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in piglets. little is known regarding the alteration of the gut microbiota in pdcov-induced diarrhea piglets. in this study, 5-day-old piglets were experimentally infected with pdcov strain ch-01, and all piglets developed typical clinical disease, characterized by acute and severe watery diarrhea. histologic lesions were limited to the villous epithelium of the duodenum and ileum. gut microbiota ...202032239666
trypsin promotes porcine deltacoronavirus mediating cell-to-cell fusion in a cell type-dependent manner.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a newly emerging threat to the global porcine industry. pdcov has been successfully isolated using various medium additives including trypsin, and although we know it is important for viral replication, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. here, we systematically investigated the role of trypsin in pdcov replication including cell entry, cell-to-cell membrane fusion and virus release. using pseudovirus entry assays, we demonstrated that pdcov entry is ...202032090689
the use of cells from anpep knockout pigs to evaluate the role of aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov).the coronaviruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) represent important sources of neonatal diarrhea on pig farms. the requirement for aminopeptidase n (apn) as a receptor for tgev, but not for pedv, is well established. in this study, the biological relevance of apn as a receptor for pdcov was tested by using crispr/cas9 to knockout the apn gene, anpep, in pigs. porcine alveolar macrophages (pams) from anpep ...202032056711
development of an indirect elisa for detecting porcine deltacoronavirus iga antibodies.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a novel coronavirus that can cause vomiting and watery diarrhea in pigs and death in piglets. since pdcov was first detected in 2009 in hong kong, the prevalence of pdcov has increased in recent years, resulting in serious economic losses to the swine industry. the coronavirus spike (s) protein is an antigen that has been demonstrated to contain epitopes that induce neutralizing antibodies. the presence of serum and milk iga antibodies against pathogens that r ...202032052195
genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) in shandong province, china.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is the etiological agent of acute diarrhoea and vomiting in pigs, threatening the swine industry worldwide. although several pdcov studies have been conducted in china, more sequence information is needed to understand the molecular characterization of pdcov. in this study, the partial orf1a, spike protein (s) and nucleocapsid protein (n) were sequenced from shandong province between 2017 and 2018. the sequencing results for the s protein from 10 pdcov strains sh ...202031962065
isolation and identification of porcine deltacoronavirus and alteration of immunoglobulin transport receptors in the intestinal mucosa of pdcov-infected piglets.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea, vomiting, and frequently death in piglets, causing serious economic losses to the pig industry. the strain chn-js-2017 was isolated and identified by cytopathology, immunofluorescence assays, transmission electron microscopy, and sequence analysis. a nucleotide sequence alignment showed that the whole genome of chn-js-2017 is 97.4%-99.6% identical to other pdcov strains. the pathogenicity of t ...202031936476
porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) modulates calcium influx to favor viral replication.ionic calcium (ca2+) is a versatile intracellular second messenger that plays important roles in cellular physiological and pathological processes. porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes serious vomiting and diarrhea in suckling piglets. in this study, the role of ca2+ to pdcov infection was investigated. pdcov infection was found to upregulate intracellular ca2+ concentrations of ipi-2i cells. chelating extracellular ca2+ by egta inhibited pdcov ...202031670218
development of a multiplex rt-pcr for the detection of major diarrhoeal viruses in pig herds in china.the major enteric rna viruses in pigs include porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), porcine rotavirus a (prv-a), porcine kobuvirus (pkv), porcine sapovirus (psav) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov). for differential diagnosis, a multiplex rt-pcr method was established on the basis of the n genes of tgev, pedv and pdcov, the vp7 gene of prv-a, and the polyprotein genes of pkv and psav. this multiplex rt-pcr could specifically detect tgev, pedv, pdc ...202031597013
genetic manipulation of porcine deltacoronavirus reveals insights into ns6 and ns7 functions: a novel strategy for vaccine design.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) is an emerging swine coronavirus that causes severe diarrhea, resulting in high mortality in neonatal piglets. despite widespread outbreaks in many countries, no effective pdcov vaccines are currently available. here, we generated, for the first time, a full-length infectious cdna clone of pdcov. we further manipulated the infectious clone by replacing the ns6 gene with a green fluorescent protein (gfp) to generate rpdcov-δns6-gfp; likewise, rpdcov-δns7 was const ...202031859605
reviewing the risk of feed as a vehicle for swine pathogen transmission.while porcine biological hazards have had the potential to be transmitted through feed and feed mills for decades, the emerging threat of foreign animal disease has elevated the concern that these may enter or be transmitted throughout the domestic swine herd via a feed vehicle.202031854118
identification of the immunodominant neutralizing regions in the spike glycoprotein of porcine deltacoronavirus.porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov), is an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus in pigs, that poses a novel threat to swine husbandry worldwide. crucial to halting pdcov transmission and infection is the development of effective therapies and vaccines. the spike (s) protein of coronavirus is the major target of host neutralizing antibodies, however the immunodominant neutralizing region in the s protein of pdcov has not been defined. here, three truncations of the pdcov s protein were generated, t ...202031816342
nucleocapsid proteins from other swine enteric coronaviruses differentially modulate pedv replication.porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (pedv), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) share tropism for swine intestinal epithelial cells. whether mixing of viral components during co-infection alters pathogenic outcomes or viral replication is not known. in this study, we investigated how different coronavirus nucleocapsid (cov n) proteins interact and affect pedv replication. we found that pdcov n and tgev n can competitively interact with pedv n. however, the ...202031756532
porcine epidemic diarrhea virus deficient in rna cap guanine-n-7 methylation is attenuated and induces higher type i and iii interferon responses.the 5' cap methylation of viral rna plays important roles in rna stability, efficient translation, and immune evasion. thus, rna cap methylation is an attractive target for antiviral discovery and development of new live attenuated vaccines. for coronaviruses, rna cap structure is first methylated at the guanine-n-7 (g-n-7) position by nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), which facilitates and precedes the subsequent ribose 2'-o methylation by the nsp16-nsp10 complex. using porcine epidemic diarrhe ...202032461321
retrospective study, full-length genome characterization and evaluation of viral infectivity and pathogenicity of chimeric porcine deltacoronavirus detected in vietnam.increased evidence of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) causing diarrhoea in pigs has been reported in several countries worldwide. the virus has currently evolved into three separated groups including us, china and southeast asia (sea) groups. in vietnam, pdcov was first reported in 2015. based on phylogenetic analyses of spike, membrane and nucleocapsid genes, it is suggested that vietnam pdcov is chimeric virus. in the present study, we retrospectively investigated the presence of pdcov in vie ...202031469947
pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain nh and immunization of pregnant sows with an inactivated pdcov vaccine protects 5-day-old neonatal piglets from virulent challenge.in this study, the pathogenicity of porcine deltacoronavirus (pdcov) strain nh (passage 10, p10) was evaluated. we found that pdcov strain nh is enteropathogenic in 5-day-old pigs. pathogenicity experiments provided a challenge model for studying the protection efficiency of passive immunity. in order to investigate the protective efficacy of passive immunity in newborn piglets, pregnant sows were vaccinated with either a pdcov-inactivated vaccine at the houhai acupoint (n = 5) or dmem as a nega ...202031541590
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