Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| agouti locus may influence reproduction under food deprivation in the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the effect of 16-hr food deprivation on day 3 and again on day 5 of pregnancy on the fecundity of female water voles homozygous (ae/ae) or heterozygous (a/ae) for, an allele at the agouti (a) locus, non agouti extreme (ae) was studied. 63 a/ae females (mated to ae/ae males) produced 115 food-deprived and 115 control pregnancies, and 52 ae/ae females (mated to a/ae males) produced 55 food-deprived and 57 control pregnancies. regardless of the experimental group, pregnant ae/ae females weighed les ... | 1999 | 10194864 |
| agouti locus may influence reproduction under food deprivation in the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the effect of 16-hr food deprivation on day 3 and again on day 5 of pregnancy on the fecundity of female water voles homozygous (ae/ae) or heterozygous (a/ae) for, an allele at the agouti (a) locus, non agouti extreme (ae) was studied. 63 a/ae females (mated to ae/ae males) produced 115 food-deprived and 115 control pregnancies, and 52 ae/ae females (mated to a/ae males) produced 55 food-deprived and 57 control pregnancies. regardless of the experimental group, pregnant ae/ae females weighed les ... | 1999 | 10194864 |
| emmonsiosis of wild rodents and insectivores in czechland. | adiaspores of the fungus emmonsia crescens were detected microscopically in the lung tissue of 13% of 10.081 small mammals belonging to 24 species examined in 14 areas of the czech republic between 1986 and 1997; 441/1.934 (23%) clethrionomys glareolus, 1/6 (17%) arvicola terrestris, 357/2.172 (16%) apodemus flavicollis, 220/1.981 (11%). a sylvaticus, 23/265 (9%) a. microps, 11/81 (14%) microtus subterraneus, 93/1.275 (7%) m. arvalis, 98/1.439 (7%) m. agrestis, 1/3 (33%) ondatra zibethicus, 1/1 ... | 1999 | 10231750 |
| emmonsiosis of wild rodents and insectivores in czechland. | adiaspores of the fungus emmonsia crescens were detected microscopically in the lung tissue of 13% of 10.081 small mammals belonging to 24 species examined in 14 areas of the czech republic between 1986 and 1997; 441/1.934 (23%) clethrionomys glareolus, 1/6 (17%) arvicola terrestris, 357/2.172 (16%) apodemus flavicollis, 220/1.981 (11%). a sylvaticus, 23/265 (9%) a. microps, 11/81 (14%) microtus subterraneus, 93/1.275 (7%) m. arvalis, 98/1.439 (7%) m. agrestis, 1/3 (33%) ondatra zibethicus, 1/1 ... | 1999 | 10231750 |
| the response of water voles, arvicola terrestris, to the odours of predators. | we investigated the response of water voles to the odours of predators in outdoor enclosures. water voles were given access to two food cages, one containing the odour of a predator and the other containing no odour, and were videotaped for 22 h. sheep odour was also used as a control for novel odour. the predators were american mink, mustela vison, and brown rat, rattus norvegicus. there was no difference in the voles' response to sheep odour and no odour. the voles entered the treatment cages ... | 1999 | 10328797 |
| the response of water voles, arvicola terrestris, to the odours of predators. | we investigated the response of water voles to the odours of predators in outdoor enclosures. water voles were given access to two food cages, one containing the odour of a predator and the other containing no odour, and were videotaped for 22 h. sheep odour was also used as a control for novel odour. the predators were american mink, mustela vison, and brown rat, rattus norvegicus. there was no difference in the voles' response to sheep odour and no odour. the voles entered the treatment cages ... | 1999 | 10328797 |
| water vole (arvicola terrestris scherman) density as risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis. | concern is growing in europe about alveolar echinococcosis (ae) with the increase in grassland rodent and red fox populations, intermediate and definitive hosts for echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. the objective of this study was to assess the influence of rodent densities on human ae distribution. spatial poisson regression analyses were performed with geomorphologic features, landscape composition, climatic characteristics, and water vole density as independent variables. the outcome ... | 1999 | 10548289 |
| water vole (arvicola terrestris scherman) density as risk factor for human alveolar echinococcosis. | concern is growing in europe about alveolar echinococcosis (ae) with the increase in grassland rodent and red fox populations, intermediate and definitive hosts for echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. the objective of this study was to assess the influence of rodent densities on human ae distribution. spatial poisson regression analyses were performed with geomorphologic features, landscape composition, climatic characteristics, and water vole density as independent variables. the outcome ... | 1999 | 10548289 |
| high prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and voles (arvicola terrestris) in the city of zürich, switzerland. | over a period of 26 months from january 1996 to february 1998, 388 foxes from the city of zürich, switzerland, were examined for intestinal infections with echinococcus multilocularis and other helminths. the prevalence of e. multilocularis in foxes sampled during winter increased significantly from 47% in the urban to 67% in the adjacent recreational area, whereas prevalence rates of other helminths were similar in both areas. seasonal differences in the prevalence of e. multilocularis were onl ... | 2000 | 10726275 |
| high prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in urban red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and voles (arvicola terrestris) in the city of zürich, switzerland. | over a period of 26 months from january 1996 to february 1998, 388 foxes from the city of zürich, switzerland, were examined for intestinal infections with echinococcus multilocularis and other helminths. the prevalence of e. multilocularis in foxes sampled during winter increased significantly from 47% in the urban to 67% in the adjacent recreational area, whereas prevalence rates of other helminths were similar in both areas. seasonal differences in the prevalence of e. multilocularis were onl ... | 2000 | 10726275 |
| [the postnatal ontogeny of gonadal endocrine function in the water vole arvicola terrestris with differing coat colors]. | 2001 | 2193473 | |
| [the postnatal ontogeny of gonadal endocrine function in the water vole arvicola terrestris with differing coat colors]. | 2001 | 2193473 | |
| is high prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in wild and domestic animals associated with disease incidence in humans? | we investigated a focus of highly endemic echinococcus multilocularis infection to assess persistence of high endemicity in rural rodents, explore potential for parasite transmission to domestic carnivores, and assess (serologically) putative exposure versus infection frequency in inhabitants of the region. from spring 1993 to spring 1998, the prevalence of e. multilocularis in rodents was 9% to 39% for arvicola terrestris and 10% to 21% for microtus arvalis. from june 1996 to october 1997, 6 (7 ... | 2001 | 11384517 |
| is high prevalence of echinococcus multilocularis in wild and domestic animals associated with disease incidence in humans? | we investigated a focus of highly endemic echinococcus multilocularis infection to assess persistence of high endemicity in rural rodents, explore potential for parasite transmission to domestic carnivores, and assess (serologically) putative exposure versus infection frequency in inhabitants of the region. from spring 1993 to spring 1998, the prevalence of e. multilocularis in rodents was 9% to 39% for arvicola terrestris and 10% to 21% for microtus arvalis. from june 1996 to october 1997, 6 (7 ... | 2001 | 11384517 |
| spatial and temporal aspects of urban transmission of echinococcus multilocularis. | high prevalences of echinococcus multilocularis have been reported from foxes of the city of zurich, switzerland. in order to characterize transmission in urban areas, a coproantigen elisa was evaluated for diagnosing the infection in fox faecal samples collected in the environment. in addition, trapped rodents were investigated for the presence of metacestodes. faecal samples could reliably be classified as being of fox origin by assessing physical properties as shown by the different parasite ... | 2002 | 12118719 |
| spatial and temporal aspects of urban transmission of echinococcus multilocularis. | high prevalences of echinococcus multilocularis have been reported from foxes of the city of zurich, switzerland. in order to characterize transmission in urban areas, a coproantigen elisa was evaluated for diagnosing the infection in fox faecal samples collected in the environment. in addition, trapped rodents were investigated for the presence of metacestodes. faecal samples could reliably be classified as being of fox origin by assessing physical properties as shown by the different parasite ... | 2002 | 12118719 |
| co-occurrence of metacestodes of echinococcus multilocularis and taenia taeniaeformis (cestoda) in arvicola terrestris (rodentia) in france. | 2003 | 14560979 | |
| co-occurrence of metacestodes of echinococcus multilocularis and taenia taeniaeformis (cestoda) in arvicola terrestris (rodentia) in france. | 2003 | 14560979 | |
| echinococcus multilocularis: secondary poisoning of fox population during a vole outbreak reduces environmental contamination in a high endemicity area. | this paper describes the role of fox population level on echinococcus multilocularis infection in foxes in a highly endemic area in eastern france. fox population level was monitored by spotlight survey at le souillot from 1989 to 2000, and from 1992 to 2000 at chemin, a control site located in a low endemic area. the infection level of the fox population was estimated at le souillot from winter 1995 to winter 1999 using a coproantigen elisa performed on faeces collected in the field. population ... | 2003 | 12906878 |
| echinococcus multilocularis: secondary poisoning of fox population during a vole outbreak reduces environmental contamination in a high endemicity area. | this paper describes the role of fox population level on echinococcus multilocularis infection in foxes in a highly endemic area in eastern france. fox population level was monitored by spotlight survey at le souillot from 1989 to 2000, and from 1992 to 2000 at chemin, a control site located in a low endemic area. the infection level of the fox population was estimated at le souillot from winter 1995 to winter 1999 using a coproantigen elisa performed on faeces collected in the field. population ... | 2003 | 12906878 |
| [small rodents in the forest ecosystem as infectious disease reservoirs]. | due to numerousness of populations and width of ecologic valence, small rodents are important parts of almost any forest ecosystem. the represent an important animal group, which connects primary makers with higher trophic levels. they transmit various infectious diseases dangerous for the health of people and domestic and wild animals (trichinosis, leptospirosis, tick encephalitis, lyme disease, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, etc.). the following species of small rodents live in forest ... | 2003 | 15011471 |
| [small rodents in the forest ecosystem as infectious disease reservoirs]. | due to numerousness of populations and width of ecologic valence, small rodents are important parts of almost any forest ecosystem. the represent an important animal group, which connects primary makers with higher trophic levels. they transmit various infectious diseases dangerous for the health of people and domestic and wild animals (trichinosis, leptospirosis, tick encephalitis, lyme disease, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, etc.). the following species of small rodents live in forest ... | 2003 | 15011471 |
| parentage assignment detects frequent and large-scale dispersal in water voles. | estimating the rate and scale of dispersal is essential for predicting the dynamics of fragmented populations, yet empirical estimates are typically imprecise and often negatively biased. we maximized detection of dispersal events between small, subdivided populations of water voles (arvicola terrestris) using a novel method that combined direct capture-mark-recapture with microsatellite genotyping to identify parents and offspring in different populations and hence infer dispersal. we validated ... | 2003 | 12803643 |
| parentage assignment detects frequent and large-scale dispersal in water voles. | estimating the rate and scale of dispersal is essential for predicting the dynamics of fragmented populations, yet empirical estimates are typically imprecise and often negatively biased. we maximized detection of dispersal events between small, subdivided populations of water voles (arvicola terrestris) using a novel method that combined direct capture-mark-recapture with microsatellite genotyping to identify parents and offspring in different populations and hence infer dispersal. we validated ... | 2003 | 12803643 |
| an experimental field approach to parasitism and immune defence in voles. | the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis is typically perpetuated in a cycle with red foxes as definitive hosts and various rodent species as intermediate hosts. in this study, foxes were baited with a highly efficient drug against cestodes (praziquantel) in 5 blocks of 1 km2. voles, arvicola terrestris, the most abundant intermediate host species, were trapped in the 5 baited blocks and in 5 non-baited control blocks. baiting the foxes reduced the prevalence of e. multilocularis in fox faec ... | 2004 | 15267116 |
| an experimental field approach to parasitism and immune defence in voles. | the fox tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis is typically perpetuated in a cycle with red foxes as definitive hosts and various rodent species as intermediate hosts. in this study, foxes were baited with a highly efficient drug against cestodes (praziquantel) in 5 blocks of 1 km2. voles, arvicola terrestris, the most abundant intermediate host species, were trapped in the 5 baited blocks and in 5 non-baited control blocks. baiting the foxes reduced the prevalence of e. multilocularis in fox faec ... | 2004 | 15267116 |
| functional morphology of the ear in fossorial rodents, microtus arvalis and arvicola terrestris. | functionally relevant features and parameters of the outer, middle, and inner ear were studied morphologically and morphometrically in two species of voles, smaller microtus arvalis and larger arvicola terrestris. the findings in these fossorial (i.e., burrowing) rodents with components of surface activity were compared with respective findings reported for taxonomically related muroid rodents representing the same size classes but different eco-morphotypes: obligate subterranean rodents (ellobi ... | 2004 | 15487005 |
| functional morphology of the ear in fossorial rodents, microtus arvalis and arvicola terrestris. | functionally relevant features and parameters of the outer, middle, and inner ear were studied morphologically and morphometrically in two species of voles, smaller microtus arvalis and larger arvicola terrestris. the findings in these fossorial (i.e., burrowing) rodents with components of surface activity were compared with respective findings reported for taxonomically related muroid rodents representing the same size classes but different eco-morphotypes: obligate subterranean rodents (ellobi ... | 2004 | 15487005 |
| natural infection of the water vole arvicola terrestris with toxoplasma gondii, on the jura plateau, eastern france. | 2004 | 15324474 | |
| natural infection of the water vole arvicola terrestris with toxoplasma gondii, on the jura plateau, eastern france. | 2004 | 15324474 | |
| epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in southern cantal, auvergne region, france. | alveolar echinococcosis (ae) is a helminth zoonosis which is encountered only in the northern hemisphere. in central france, the auvergne region represents the most western and southern extension of this helminthiasis. in 1999, a human case of ae was diagnosed in the southern part of the cantal department, where ae was supposed absent, and an epidemiological survey was subsequently carried out. the transmission of the zoonosis in the sylvatic and peridomestic definitive hosts was studied, as wel ... | 2004 | 15469627 |
| epidemiology of alveolar echinococcosis in southern cantal, auvergne region, france. | alveolar echinococcosis (ae) is a helminth zoonosis which is encountered only in the northern hemisphere. in central france, the auvergne region represents the most western and southern extension of this helminthiasis. in 1999, a human case of ae was diagnosed in the southern part of the cantal department, where ae was supposed absent, and an epidemiological survey was subsequently carried out. the transmission of the zoonosis in the sylvatic and peridomestic definitive hosts was studied, as wel ... | 2004 | 15469627 |
| frenkelia parasites in a small mammal community. dynamics of infection and effect on the host. | a community of small mammals, clethrionomys glareolus, arvicola terrestris, microtus arvalis, m. agrestis, m. subterraneus, apodemus spp. and sorex spp., was studied as hosts of frenkelia glareoli and f. microti in fronche-comté (france). they were monitored in spring, summer and autumn on an area of about 1,350 ha comprising open field, hedgerow network and forest. among 1,714 small mammals examined between july 1992 and october 1993, 47% (178/376) of c. glareolus, 9.9% (14/139) of a. terrestri ... | 2004 | 15490755 |
| frenkelia parasites in a small mammal community. dynamics of infection and effect on the host. | a community of small mammals, clethrionomys glareolus, arvicola terrestris, microtus arvalis, m. agrestis, m. subterraneus, apodemus spp. and sorex spp., was studied as hosts of frenkelia glareoli and f. microti in fronche-comté (france). they were monitored in spring, summer and autumn on an area of about 1,350 ha comprising open field, hedgerow network and forest. among 1,714 small mammals examined between july 1992 and october 1993, 47% (178/376) of c. glareolus, 9.9% (14/139) of a. terrestri ... | 2004 | 15490755 |
| predator-induced synchrony in population oscillations of coexisting small mammal species. | comprehensive analyses of long-term (1977-2003) small-mammal abundance data from western finland showed that populations of microtus voles (field voles m. agrestis and sibling voles m. rossiaemeridionalis) voles, bank (clethrionomys glareolus) and common shrews (sorex araneus) fluctuated synchronously in 3 year population cycles. time-series analyses indicated that interspecific synchrony is influenced strongly by density-dependent processes. synchrony among microtus and bank voles appeared addi ... | 2005 | 15695211 |
| predator-induced synchrony in population oscillations of coexisting small mammal species. | comprehensive analyses of long-term (1977-2003) small-mammal abundance data from western finland showed that populations of microtus voles (field voles m. agrestis and sibling voles m. rossiaemeridionalis) voles, bank (clethrionomys glareolus) and common shrews (sorex araneus) fluctuated synchronously in 3 year population cycles. time-series analyses indicated that interspecific synchrony is influenced strongly by density-dependent processes. synchrony among microtus and bank voles appeared addi ... | 2005 | 15695211 |
| cluster of capillaria hepatica infections in non-commensal rodents from the canton of geneva, switzerland. | we trapped 664 rodents belonging to five non-commensal species in the canton of geneva, switzerland, and found a significant cluster of capillaria hepatica infections in three species in rural and urbanized areas of the northern part of the canton. c. hepatica infections were discovered in the yellow-necked mouse apodemus flavicollis (n=99) with an overall prevalence (op) of 7.0% and a clustered prevalence (cp) of 20%, in the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus (n=58, op 5.2%; cp 19%), and in the ... | 2005 | 15924224 |
| cluster of capillaria hepatica infections in non-commensal rodents from the canton of geneva, switzerland. | we trapped 664 rodents belonging to five non-commensal species in the canton of geneva, switzerland, and found a significant cluster of capillaria hepatica infections in three species in rural and urbanized areas of the northern part of the canton. c. hepatica infections were discovered in the yellow-necked mouse apodemus flavicollis (n=99) with an overall prevalence (op) of 7.0% and a clustered prevalence (cp) of 20%, in the bank vole clethrionomys glareolus (n=58, op 5.2%; cp 19%), and in the ... | 2005 | 15924224 |
| genetic structure of the cyclic fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris): landscape and demographic influences. | genetic structure can be strongly affected by landscape features and variation through time and space of demographic parameters such as population size and migration rate. the fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris) is a cyclic species characterized by large demographic fluctuations over short periods of time. the outbreaks do not occur everywhere at the same time but spread as a wave at a regional scale. this leads to a pattern of large areas (i.e. some hundreds of km2), each with different ... | 2005 | 16029484 |
| genetic structure of the cyclic fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris): landscape and demographic influences. | genetic structure can be strongly affected by landscape features and variation through time and space of demographic parameters such as population size and migration rate. the fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris) is a cyclic species characterized by large demographic fluctuations over short periods of time. the outbreaks do not occur everywhere at the same time but spread as a wave at a regional scale. this leads to a pattern of large areas (i.e. some hundreds of km2), each with different ... | 2005 | 16029484 |
| phylogeographic structure and postglacial evolutionary history of water voles (arvicola terrestris) in the united kingdom. | the phylogeographic pattern of mitochondrial dna variation in water voles (arvicola terrestris) from 57 localities across the united kingdom and representative samples from spain, france, switzerland and finland was determined from sequence variation in the central portion of the control region. twenty-seven different haplotypes were resolved which formed two distinct phylogenetic clades. this major division separated haplotypes found in scotland from those found in england and wales. nested cla ... | 2005 | 15813782 |
| phylogeographic structure and postglacial evolutionary history of water voles (arvicola terrestris) in the united kingdom. | the phylogeographic pattern of mitochondrial dna variation in water voles (arvicola terrestris) from 57 localities across the united kingdom and representative samples from spain, france, switzerland and finland was determined from sequence variation in the central portion of the control region. twenty-seven different haplotypes were resolved which formed two distinct phylogenetic clades. this major division separated haplotypes found in scotland from those found in england and wales. nested cla ... | 2005 | 15813782 |
| prevalence of anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of a fossorial rodent population. | the prevalence of macroscopic bone anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of wild rodents and, particularly, fossorial species is not well known. we examined 8,257 bones corresponding to 564 collection specimens (249 males and 315 females) of a fossorial form of water vole (arvicola terrestris monticola). animals were obtained monthly from july 1983 to december 1984 in the aran valley (pyrenees). most macroscopic anomalies were healed fractures or exostoses. the prevalence of anomalies was not s ... | 2005 | 16456161 |
| prevalence of anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of a fossorial rodent population. | the prevalence of macroscopic bone anomalies in the appendicular skeleton of wild rodents and, particularly, fossorial species is not well known. we examined 8,257 bones corresponding to 564 collection specimens (249 males and 315 females) of a fossorial form of water vole (arvicola terrestris monticola). animals were obtained monthly from july 1983 to december 1984 in the aran valley (pyrenees). most macroscopic anomalies were healed fractures or exostoses. the prevalence of anomalies was not s ... | 2005 | 16456161 |
| widespread gene flow and high genetic variability in populations of water voles arvicola terrestris in patchy habitats. | theory predicts that the impact of gene flow on the genetic structure of populations in patchy habitats depends on its scale and the demographic attributes of demes (e.g. local colony sizes and timing of reproduction), but empirical evidence is scarce. we inferred the impact of gene flow on genetic structure among populations of water voles arvicola terrestris that differed in average colony sizes, population turnover and degree of patchiness. colonies typically consisted of few reproducing adul ... | 2006 | 16629803 |
| widespread gene flow and high genetic variability in populations of water voles arvicola terrestris in patchy habitats. | theory predicts that the impact of gene flow on the genetic structure of populations in patchy habitats depends on its scale and the demographic attributes of demes (e.g. local colony sizes and timing of reproduction), but empirical evidence is scarce. we inferred the impact of gene flow on genetic structure among populations of water voles arvicola terrestris that differed in average colony sizes, population turnover and degree of patchiness. colonies typically consisted of few reproducing adul ... | 2006 | 16629803 |
| persistence of bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide in arvicola terrestris populations after field control. | this paper documents the exposure pattern of a population of small mammals to bromadiolone over time in a field-scale follow up. this is the first assessment of the field-scale effect of such control operation on the availability of bromadiolone-exposed a. terrestris prey to nontarget predator species. it indicates that an important risk of poisoning of nontarget species does exist during large-scale field control operations with bromadiolone, which is contradictory to results obtained from labo ... | 2006 | 16616915 |
| persistence of bromadiolone anticoagulant rodenticide in arvicola terrestris populations after field control. | this paper documents the exposure pattern of a population of small mammals to bromadiolone over time in a field-scale follow up. this is the first assessment of the field-scale effect of such control operation on the availability of bromadiolone-exposed a. terrestris prey to nontarget predator species. it indicates that an important risk of poisoning of nontarget species does exist during large-scale field control operations with bromadiolone, which is contradictory to results obtained from labo ... | 2006 | 16616915 |
| [ultrastructural organization of the inner medullary zone of the kidney of the water vole arvicola terrestris]. | papillary component ultrastructure and acid mucopolysaccharide distribution have been investigated in the kidney of the water vole a. terrestris. structural differences between the descending and ascending parts of the henle's loop are rather small, cell cytoplasm of these segments being poor in organells. unusual ultrastructure of the collecting duct epithelium with high level of cytoplasmic organization (elongated thin mitochondria, fairly developed golgi complex, numerous phagosomes and pinoc ... | 2006 | 159594 |
| [ultrastructural organization of the inner medullary zone of the kidney of the water vole arvicola terrestris]. | papillary component ultrastructure and acid mucopolysaccharide distribution have been investigated in the kidney of the water vole a. terrestris. structural differences between the descending and ascending parts of the henle's loop are rather small, cell cytoplasm of these segments being poor in organells. unusual ultrastructure of the collecting duct epithelium with high level of cytoplasmic organization (elongated thin mitochondria, fairly developed golgi complex, numerous phagosomes and pinoc ... | 2006 | 159594 |
| influence of geographical scale on the detection of density dependence in the host-parasite system, arvicola terrestris and taenia taeniaeformis. | infection by the cestode taenia taeniaeformis was investigated within numerous cyclic populations of the fossorial water vole arvicola terrestris sampled during 4 years in franche-comté (france). the relative influence of different rodent demographic parameters on the presence of this cestode was assessed by considering (1) the demographic phase of the cycle; (2) density at the local geographical scale (<0.1 km2); (3) mean density at a larger scale (>10 km2). the local scale corresponded to the ... | 2006 | 16329763 |
| influence of geographical scale on the detection of density dependence in the host-parasite system, arvicola terrestris and taenia taeniaeformis. | infection by the cestode taenia taeniaeformis was investigated within numerous cyclic populations of the fossorial water vole arvicola terrestris sampled during 4 years in franche-comté (france). the relative influence of different rodent demographic parameters on the presence of this cestode was assessed by considering (1) the demographic phase of the cycle; (2) density at the local geographical scale (<0.1 km2); (3) mean density at a larger scale (>10 km2). the local scale corresponded to the ... | 2006 | 16329763 |
| isolation and characterization of a mhc class ii drb locus in the european water vole (arvicola terrestris). | in so-called model species, such as human and mouse, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are characterized by extremely high levels of polymorphism, and it is considered that such diversity is maintained by balancing selection. ;there is now a recognized need to expand studies into nonmodel species to examine whether high mhc diversity is mirrored in natural populations, and to determine the ecological, ethological, and evolutionary processes that underpin balancing selection. to ... | 2006 | 16738936 |
| isolation and characterization of a mhc class ii drb locus in the european water vole (arvicola terrestris). | in so-called model species, such as human and mouse, genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are characterized by extremely high levels of polymorphism, and it is considered that such diversity is maintained by balancing selection. ;there is now a recognized need to expand studies into nonmodel species to examine whether high mhc diversity is mirrored in natural populations, and to determine the ecological, ethological, and evolutionary processes that underpin balancing selection. to ... | 2006 | 16738936 |
| emmonsia crescens infection in a british water vole (arvicola terrestris). | emmonsia crescens, a dimorphic fungus of the order onygenales, is primarily a pathogen of lower animals and rarely humans. inhaled conidia of e. crescens fail to germinate in the lungs, and instead simply enlarge in lung tissue to become giant adiaspores. we present here the case of fatal emmonsia crescens infection in a wild-caught british water vole (arvicola terrestris). histopathological examination of the animal, which died in captivity, revealed a multifocally extensive granulomatous react ... | 2006 | 16772233 |
| emmonsia crescens infection in a british water vole (arvicola terrestris). | emmonsia crescens, a dimorphic fungus of the order onygenales, is primarily a pathogen of lower animals and rarely humans. inhaled conidia of e. crescens fail to germinate in the lungs, and instead simply enlarge in lung tissue to become giant adiaspores. we present here the case of fatal emmonsia crescens infection in a wild-caught british water vole (arvicola terrestris). histopathological examination of the animal, which died in captivity, revealed a multifocally extensive granulomatous react ... | 2006 | 16772233 |
| migration and recovery of the genetic diversity during the increasing density phase in cyclic vole populations. | in cyclic populations, high genetic diversity is currently reported despite the periodic low numbers experienced by the populations during the low phases. here, we report spatio-temporal monitoring at a very fine scale of cyclic populations of the fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris) during the increasing density phase. this phase marks the transition from a patchy structure (demes) during low density to a continuous population in high density. we found that the genetic diversity was effec ... | 2006 | 16842435 |
| migration and recovery of the genetic diversity during the increasing density phase in cyclic vole populations. | in cyclic populations, high genetic diversity is currently reported despite the periodic low numbers experienced by the populations during the low phases. here, we report spatio-temporal monitoring at a very fine scale of cyclic populations of the fossorial water vole (arvicola terrestris) during the increasing density phase. this phase marks the transition from a patchy structure (demes) during low density to a continuous population in high density. we found that the genetic diversity was effec ... | 2006 | 16842435 |
| [bromadiolone poisoning in foxes]. | bromadiolone is an anticoagulant rodenticide that inhibits the reactivation of vitamin k1 by the enzyme vitamin k1-epoxide reductase. the present case report originated from the application of bromadiolone against water voles (arvicola terrestris) in northeastern switzerland. at least 40 foxes (vulpes vulpes) were found dead after the inappropriate use of a bait that contained 0.02 % bromadiolone. anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning was suspected on the basis of the postmortem examination and su ... | 2006 | 16933704 |
| [bromadiolone poisoning in foxes]. | bromadiolone is an anticoagulant rodenticide that inhibits the reactivation of vitamin k1 by the enzyme vitamin k1-epoxide reductase. the present case report originated from the application of bromadiolone against water voles (arvicola terrestris) in northeastern switzerland. at least 40 foxes (vulpes vulpes) were found dead after the inappropriate use of a bait that contained 0.02 % bromadiolone. anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning was suspected on the basis of the postmortem examination and su ... | 2006 | 16933704 |
| [echinococcus multilocularis in grisons: distribution in foxes and presence of potential intermediate hosts]. | the southern border of the european endemic area of echinococcus multilocularis runs along the alpine crest. this endemic transition area was analysed in the canton grisons on a small spatial scale. a total of 543 foxes originating from 10 areas north and 4 areas south of the main alpine divide were investigated. parasites were isolated using the sedimentation and counting technique on intestinal contents. the mean prevalence of e. multilocularis was 6.4% with significant differences between dif ... | 2006 | 17024979 |
| [echinococcus multilocularis in grisons: distribution in foxes and presence of potential intermediate hosts]. | the southern border of the european endemic area of echinococcus multilocularis runs along the alpine crest. this endemic transition area was analysed in the canton grisons on a small spatial scale. a total of 543 foxes originating from 10 areas north and 4 areas south of the main alpine divide were investigated. parasites were isolated using the sedimentation and counting technique on intestinal contents. the mean prevalence of e. multilocularis was 6.4% with significant differences between dif ... | 2006 | 17024979 |
| how environment and vole behaviour may impact rodenticide bromadiolone persistence in wheat baits after field controls of arvicola terrestris? | we aimed to evaluate whether environmental factors affect the persistence of bromadiolone in baits in field treatment. baits were distributed in three soils according to two types of distribution: (1) artificial galleries conform to agricultural practices; (2) storage cavities to mimic bait storage by voles. persistence was evaluated for 30 days in galleries and 80 days in storage cavities in autumn and spring. the decrease of bromadiolone concentrations was described by a first-order kinetic mo ... | 2007 | 17241720 |
| linking demography and host dispersal to trichuris arvicolae distribution in a cyclic vole species. | spatial structure in the distribution of pathogen infection can influence both epidemiology and host-parasite coevolutionary processes. it may result from the spatial heterogeneity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, or from the local population dynamics of hosts and parasites. in this study, we investigated the effects of landscape, host dispersal and demography (population abundance and phase of the fluctuation) on the distribution of a gastro-intestinal nematode trichuris arvicolae in the fos ... | 2007 | 17350018 |
| linking demography and host dispersal to trichuris arvicolae distribution in a cyclic vole species. | spatial structure in the distribution of pathogen infection can influence both epidemiology and host-parasite coevolutionary processes. it may result from the spatial heterogeneity of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, or from the local population dynamics of hosts and parasites. in this study, we investigated the effects of landscape, host dispersal and demography (population abundance and phase of the fluctuation) on the distribution of a gastro-intestinal nematode trichuris arvicolae in the fos ... | 2007 | 17350018 |
| identification of sperm antigens as a first step towards the generation of a contraceptive vaccine to decrease fossorial water vole arvicola terrestris scherman proliferations. | immunocontraceptive strategies have proved to be efficient in controlling fertility of various mammalian species. in the present study we have made the first steps towards the identification of arvicola terrestris sperm antigens that could be used as targets in the development of a contraceptive vaccine to limit the proliferations of this pest rodent. rabbit-raised polyclonal antisera directed against complete a. terrestris spermatozoa were used to identify and characterize on 2d-gels coupled wi ... | 2007 | 17645936 |
| identification of sperm antigens as a first step towards the generation of a contraceptive vaccine to decrease fossorial water vole arvicola terrestris scherman proliferations. | immunocontraceptive strategies have proved to be efficient in controlling fertility of various mammalian species. in the present study we have made the first steps towards the identification of arvicola terrestris sperm antigens that could be used as targets in the development of a contraceptive vaccine to limit the proliferations of this pest rodent. rabbit-raised polyclonal antisera directed against complete a. terrestris spermatozoa were used to identify and characterize on 2d-gels coupled wi ... | 2007 | 17645936 |
| [influence of the phase of the number and demographic structure of the water vole population on its infection by helminthes]. | in this work we have analyzed results of the long-term investigations of the helminthes distribution in the various demography groups of the water vole population (arvicola terrestris l.) in north baraba (novosibirsk region). the data on the dominant parasites of these rodents: trematodes notocotylus noyeri (joyeux, 1922), cestodes limnolepis transfuga spassky et merkuscheva, 1967, nematodes capillaria wioletti ruchljadeva, 1950, longistriata minuta (dujarden, 1845) and heligmosomum costellatum ... | 2007 | 16316057 |
| [influence of the phase of the number and demographic structure of the water vole population on its infection by helminthes]. | in this work we have analyzed results of the long-term investigations of the helminthes distribution in the various demography groups of the water vole population (arvicola terrestris l.) in north baraba (novosibirsk region). the data on the dominant parasites of these rodents: trematodes notocotylus noyeri (joyeux, 1922), cestodes limnolepis transfuga spassky et merkuscheva, 1967, nematodes capillaria wioletti ruchljadeva, 1950, longistriata minuta (dujarden, 1845) and heligmosomum costellatum ... | 2007 | 16316057 |
| density-related changes in selection pattern for major histocompatibility complex genes in fluctuating populations of voles. | host-pathogen interactions are of particular interest in studies of the interplay between population dynamics and natural selection. the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes of demographically fluctuating species are highly suitable markers for such studies, because they are involved in initiating the immune response against pathogens and display a high level of adaptive genetic variation. we investigated whether two mhc class ii genes (dqa1, drb) were subjected to contemporary selection ... | 2007 | 17956550 |
| density-related changes in selection pattern for major histocompatibility complex genes in fluctuating populations of voles. | host-pathogen interactions are of particular interest in studies of the interplay between population dynamics and natural selection. the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes of demographically fluctuating species are highly suitable markers for such studies, because they are involved in initiating the immune response against pathogens and display a high level of adaptive genetic variation. we investigated whether two mhc class ii genes (dqa1, drb) were subjected to contemporary selection ... | 2007 | 17956550 |
| numerical response of a helminth community in the course of a multi-annual abundance cycle of the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the impact of parasitism on population dynamics is determined in part by the numerical responses of parasites during population fluctuations of their hosts. vole populations fluctuate in multi-annual cycles allowing such responses to be studied over successive phases of population growth, abundance and decline. we investigate how a helminth community (5 nematode and 7 cestode species) evolved over a full 6-year water vole (arvicola terrestris) population cycle. brillouin and individual parasite ... | 2007 | 17234045 |
| numerical response of a helminth community in the course of a multi-annual abundance cycle of the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the impact of parasitism on population dynamics is determined in part by the numerical responses of parasites during population fluctuations of their hosts. vole populations fluctuate in multi-annual cycles allowing such responses to be studied over successive phases of population growth, abundance and decline. we investigate how a helminth community (5 nematode and 7 cestode species) evolved over a full 6-year water vole (arvicola terrestris) population cycle. brillouin and individual parasite ... | 2007 | 17234045 |
| how environment and vole behaviour may impact rodenticide bromadiolone persistence in wheat baits after field controls of arvicola terrestris? | we aimed to evaluate whether environmental factors affect the persistence of bromadiolone in baits in field treatment. baits were distributed in three soils according to two types of distribution: (1) artificial galleries conform to agricultural practices; (2) storage cavities to mimic bait storage by voles. persistence was evaluated for 30 days in galleries and 80 days in storage cavities in autumn and spring. the decrease of bromadiolone concentrations was described by a first-order kinetic mo ... | 2007 | 17241720 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in small mammals from the ardennes region, france. | serum samples from 218 small mammals trapped in forest and grassland in the ardennes region (north-eastern france) were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. using the modified agglutination test, positive results were found in 4/92 apodemus sp., 3/64 clethrionomys glareolus, 0/26 microtus agrestis, 0/4 micromys minutus, 3/5 sorex sp., 2/9 arvicola terrestris, and 7/18 talpa europaea. toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the heart of seropositive individuals after bioassay in mice. sero ... | 2007 | 18303774 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in small mammals from the ardennes region, france. | serum samples from 218 small mammals trapped in forest and grassland in the ardennes region (north-eastern france) were tested for antibodies to toxoplasma gondii. using the modified agglutination test, positive results were found in 4/92 apodemus sp., 3/64 clethrionomys glareolus, 0/26 microtus agrestis, 0/4 micromys minutus, 3/5 sorex sp., 2/9 arvicola terrestris, and 7/18 talpa europaea. toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from the heart of seropositive individuals after bioassay in mice. sero ... | 2007 | 18303774 |
| infection of foxes by echinococcocus multilocularis in urban and suburban areas of nancy, france: influence of feeding habits and environment. | this study evaluated the impact of biological and environmental factors on the infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) by echinococcus multilocularis in an endemic area of north-east france. from january 2004 to april 2006, 127 foxes were examined for e. multilocularis and their stomach contents analysed. the effect of year, season, age, sex and urbanisation level on e. multilocularis presence was estimated using a general linear model (glm) with logit link, (i.e. logistic regression). urbanisati ... | 2008 | 18416250 |
| ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in the french ardennes. | in order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (microtus sp. and arvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox, vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence of e. multilocularis in the fox population. the study was conducted in the ardennes, north-eastern france, which is an area with a high incidence of ... | 2008 | 18394209 |
| ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis in the french ardennes. | in order to identify the respective importance of the ecological and biological factors involved in the transmission of echinococcus multilocularis, we estimated grassland vole intermediate host (microtus sp. and arvicola terrestris) population densities, in relation to the diet of the definitive host (red fox, vulpes vulpes) and with the prevalence of e. multilocularis in the fox population. the study was conducted in the ardennes, north-eastern france, which is an area with a high incidence of ... | 2008 | 18394209 |
| eye morphology in some wild rodents. | the eye anatomy of six rodent species (murinae: apodemus sylvaticus, mus domesticus, and mus spretus; arvicolinae: clethrionomys glareolus, arvicola terrestris and microtus arvalis) was compared by means of light or electron microscopy to determine adaptive, and evolutive signals. our observations revealed inter-specific morphological differences, which were moderate among representatives of the same subfamily. specifically, traits that distinguished murines from arvicolines were the globe's rel ... | 2008 | 18197899 |
| eye morphology in some wild rodents. | the eye anatomy of six rodent species (murinae: apodemus sylvaticus, mus domesticus, and mus spretus; arvicolinae: clethrionomys glareolus, arvicola terrestris and microtus arvalis) was compared by means of light or electron microscopy to determine adaptive, and evolutive signals. our observations revealed inter-specific morphological differences, which were moderate among representatives of the same subfamily. specifically, traits that distinguished murines from arvicolines were the globe's rel ... | 2008 | 18197899 |
| kinetics of bromadiolone in rodent populations and implications for predators after field control of the water vole, arvicola terrestris. | we document the kinetics of bromadiolone in two rodent populations after a field control of water voles, and their implications for predator exposure. water voles and common voles were trapped aboveground and underground from 1 to 135 days after bromadiolone treatment in the field. livers, digestive tracts, and rests of the body were analyzed separately. our results indicate that 99.6% of the water voles trapped underground and 41% of the common voles trapped aboveground contain bromadiolone res ... | 2008 | 18954894 |
| kinetics of bromadiolone in rodent populations and implications for predators after field control of the water vole, arvicola terrestris. | we document the kinetics of bromadiolone in two rodent populations after a field control of water voles, and their implications for predator exposure. water voles and common voles were trapped aboveground and underground from 1 to 135 days after bromadiolone treatment in the field. livers, digestive tracts, and rests of the body were analyzed separately. our results indicate that 99.6% of the water voles trapped underground and 41% of the common voles trapped aboveground contain bromadiolone res ... | 2008 | 18954894 |
| [effect of mother's physical condition during pregnancy and lactation on postnatal growth and reproductive success of offspring in water vole arvicola terrestris l]. | postnatal growth, life span, and probability of reproduction in the adult state depended on the mother's physical condition during pregnancy and lactation in water vole. the white fat weight in the female abdominal cavity was shown to significantly increase in pregnancy and to decrease in late lactation. as an indicators for nutritional state of females, their body weight difference after parturition (or in late lactation) and expected from the regression equation relating individual body weight ... | 2008 | 18669294 |
| [effect of mother's physical condition during pregnancy and lactation on postnatal growth and reproductive success of offspring in water vole arvicola terrestris l]. | postnatal growth, life span, and probability of reproduction in the adult state depended on the mother's physical condition during pregnancy and lactation in water vole. the white fat weight in the female abdominal cavity was shown to significantly increase in pregnancy and to decrease in late lactation. as an indicators for nutritional state of females, their body weight difference after parturition (or in late lactation) and expected from the regression equation relating individual body weight ... | 2008 | 18669294 |
| effects of forage availability on growth and maturation rates in water voles. | 1. in populations of small mammals, food supplementation typically results in higher population densities, body weights, growth rates and reproductive rates. however, few studies have demonstrated a relationship between forage levels and demographic rates in wild populations in the absence of supplementation. 2. we examined the association of levels of available forage with individual growth rates and time to sexual maturity in eight re-introduced and three naturally occurring populations of wat ... | 2008 | 18624743 |
| effects of forage availability on growth and maturation rates in water voles. | 1. in populations of small mammals, food supplementation typically results in higher population densities, body weights, growth rates and reproductive rates. however, few studies have demonstrated a relationship between forage levels and demographic rates in wild populations in the absence of supplementation. 2. we examined the association of levels of available forage with individual growth rates and time to sexual maturity in eight re-introduced and three naturally occurring populations of wat ... | 2008 | 18624743 |
| echinococcus multilocularis in belgium: prevalence in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in different species of potential intermediate hosts. | echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic infection in humans. this tapeworm is known to be endemic in foxes in several countries of western and central europe. in western europe, the common vole (microtus arvalis) and the water vole (arvicola terrestris) are considered to be the most important intermediate host species of this cestode whereas the red fox is by far the most important final host. the purpose of this study was to provide data on the prevalences in w ... | 2008 | 18164551 |
| echinococcus multilocularis in belgium: prevalence in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in different species of potential intermediate hosts. | echinococcus multilocularis causes a rare but potentially lethal zoonotic infection in humans. this tapeworm is known to be endemic in foxes in several countries of western and central europe. in western europe, the common vole (microtus arvalis) and the water vole (arvicola terrestris) are considered to be the most important intermediate host species of this cestode whereas the red fox is by far the most important final host. the purpose of this study was to provide data on the prevalences in w ... | 2008 | 18164551 |
| infection of foxes by echinococcocus multilocularis in urban and suburban areas of nancy, france: influence of feeding habits and environment. | this study evaluated the impact of biological and environmental factors on the infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) by echinococcus multilocularis in an endemic area of north-east france. from january 2004 to april 2006, 127 foxes were examined for e. multilocularis and their stomach contents analysed. the effect of year, season, age, sex and urbanisation level on e. multilocularis presence was estimated using a general linear model (glm) with logit link, (i.e. logistic regression). urbanisati ... | 2008 | 18416250 |
| [semi-aquatic animals as a source of water contamination with cryptosporidium and giardia]. | cryptosporidium and giardia spp. are parasitic protozoa localized in the alimentary tract of many animal species and humans. each of these parasite species produces very resistant invasive forms (cysts and oocysts) excreted to the environment with feces of infected hosts. water contaminated with cysts/oocysts constitutes one of the main transmission routes and is responsible for the majority of infections in humans. cryptosporidium and giardia spp. were found in many different species of animals ... | 2008 | 19338222 |
| [semi-aquatic animals as a source of water contamination with cryptosporidium and giardia]. | cryptosporidium and giardia spp. are parasitic protozoa localized in the alimentary tract of many animal species and humans. each of these parasite species produces very resistant invasive forms (cysts and oocysts) excreted to the environment with feces of infected hosts. water contaminated with cysts/oocysts constitutes one of the main transmission routes and is responsible for the majority of infections in humans. cryptosporidium and giardia spp. were found in many different species of animals ... | 2008 | 19338222 |
| [the mechanism of digging in arvicola terrestris and spalax ehrenbergi: functional and evolutional studies]. | the cineradiographic study of the digging modalities in arvicola terrestris and spalax erenbergi showed important convergences in the mechanisms used by both species. head and incisors are the burrowing tools, acting as a "scraping-shovel" in spalax and as a "scratching-shovel" in arvicola. they are moved forward by a force originated by the pressure of the hind limbs against the ground, and transmitted through the vertebral axis. the myological study of these species revealed the increase of th ... | 2008 | 2686491 |
| [the mechanism of digging in arvicola terrestris and spalax ehrenbergi: functional and evolutional studies]. | the cineradiographic study of the digging modalities in arvicola terrestris and spalax erenbergi showed important convergences in the mechanisms used by both species. head and incisors are the burrowing tools, acting as a "scraping-shovel" in spalax and as a "scratching-shovel" in arvicola. they are moved forward by a force originated by the pressure of the hind limbs against the ground, and transmitted through the vertebral axis. the myological study of these species revealed the increase of th ... | 2008 | 2686491 |
| do rabbits eat voles? apparent competition, habitat heterogeneity and large-scale coexistence under mink predation. | habitat heterogeneity is predicted to profoundly influence the dynamics of indirect interspecific interactions; however, despite potentially significant consequences for multi-species persistence, this remains almost completely unexplored in large-scale natural landscapes. moreover, how spatial habitat heterogeneity affects the persistence of interacting invasive and native species is also poorly understood. here we show how the persistence of a native prey (water vole, arvicola terrestris) is d ... | 2009 | 19708968 |
| do rabbits eat voles? apparent competition, habitat heterogeneity and large-scale coexistence under mink predation. | habitat heterogeneity is predicted to profoundly influence the dynamics of indirect interspecific interactions; however, despite potentially significant consequences for multi-species persistence, this remains almost completely unexplored in large-scale natural landscapes. moreover, how spatial habitat heterogeneity affects the persistence of interacting invasive and native species is also poorly understood. here we show how the persistence of a native prey (water vole, arvicola terrestris) is d ... | 2009 | 19708968 |
| the celtic fringe of britain: insights from small mammal phylogeography. | recent genetic studies have challenged the traditional view that the ancestors of british celtic people spread from central europe during the iron age and have suggested a much earlier origin for them as part of the human recolonization of britain at the end of the last glaciation. here we propose that small mammals provide an analogue to help resolve this controversy. previous studies have shown that common shrews (sorex araneus) with particular chromosomal characteristics and water voles (arvi ... | 2009 | 19793757 |
| the celtic fringe of britain: insights from small mammal phylogeography. | recent genetic studies have challenged the traditional view that the ancestors of british celtic people spread from central europe during the iron age and have suggested a much earlier origin for them as part of the human recolonization of britain at the end of the last glaciation. here we propose that small mammals provide an analogue to help resolve this controversy. previous studies have shown that common shrews (sorex araneus) with particular chromosomal characteristics and water voles (arvi ... | 2009 | 19793757 |
| major histocompatibility complex (mhc) heterozygote superiority to natural multi-parasite infections in the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the fundamental role of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in immune recognition has led to a general consensus that the characteristically high levels of functional polymorphism at mhc genes is maintained by balancing selection operating through host-parasite coevolution. however, the actual mechanism by which selection operates is unclear. two hypotheses have been proposed: overdominance (or heterozygote superiority) and negative frequency-dependent selection. evidence for these hypoth ... | 2009 | 19129114 |
| major histocompatibility complex (mhc) heterozygote superiority to natural multi-parasite infections in the water vole (arvicola terrestris). | the fundamental role of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) in immune recognition has led to a general consensus that the characteristically high levels of functional polymorphism at mhc genes is maintained by balancing selection operating through host-parasite coevolution. however, the actual mechanism by which selection operates is unclear. two hypotheses have been proposed: overdominance (or heterozygote superiority) and negative frequency-dependent selection. evidence for these hypoth ... | 2009 | 19129114 |