Publications

development of the human nervous system in fetuses of chinese descent--from 80 mm (4 month) to 240 mm cr (end of 7 month gestation).	important regional developments--e.g. histogenesis of areas of cortices, genesis of thalamic nuclei as well as gross morphogenesis remain to be elucidated. the present investigation is an attempt to commence a series of studies to obtain such information.	1985	4014713
population genetics of biomphalaria straminea in hong kong. a neotropical schistosome-transmitting snail recently introduced into china.	since its introduction in the early 1970s biomphalaria straminea (gastropoda: planorbidae) has spread rapidly and is locally the most abundant fresh water snail in hong kong. studies of 19 electrophoretically detected loci in four populations show that the colonists retain high levels of variability (p = 0.26, h = 0.056 - 0.097), comparable with those found in autochthonous samples of related species. genotype frequencies at the five polymorphic loci, and a comparison of maternal and progeny gen ...	1985	4056366
organization of the zeta-alpha genes in chinese.	analysis of alpha and zeta genes in 101 healthy normals and hospitalized patients with non-haematological diseases revealed a 3% incidence of alpha thalassaemia in the local chinese population of hong kong. triple alpha genes were found in only one person while triple zeta genes were more prevalent, occurring in 13 subjects. studies of 28 unselected patients with hb h disease indicated a predominance of the rightward alpha gene deletion. the extent of alpha gene deletion in homozygous alpha thal ...	1986	3756105
further observations on the first documented outbreak of trichinosis in hong kong.	the first documented report of human trichinosis in hong kong is described comprising an outbreak amongst 20 gurkha soldiers following a barbecue. the cardinal clinical features were fever, myalgia and facial oedema and the most useful laboratory tests were eosinophilia and elevated levels of creatinine phosphokinase. gastrointestinal symptoms were uncommon. seven patients who developed electrocardiographic abnormalities are the subject of an ongoing study. four patients had psychiatric manifest ...	1986	3798532
molecular epidemiology of human rotavirus infection in children in hong kong.	rotavirus was identified in 256 (28.5%) of 899 hospitalized children with diarrhea during a 12-month period in hong kong. fourteen electropherotypes were identified, and the appearance of each occurred in a sequential manner during the study period. one patient was shown to be mixedly infected with two prevalent electropherotypes. sequential stool specimens from another case showed the appearance of an extra rna band during the course of the diarrheal episode.	1986	3007572
characteristics and distribution of beta thalassemia haplotypes in south china.	eleven restriction site polymorphisms in the beta-globin gene cluster were determined in 48 chinese with homozygous beta-thalassemia and their parents. seven haplotypes were identified as associated with the beta thal chromosome and 25 with the beta a chromosome. the distribution of the various beta thal haplotypes in different regions of south china was mapped and discussed in relation to prenatal diagnosis and migration of the chinese people.	1986	3011644
hong kong and its hinterland: a case of international rural-to-urban migration?	"the historical background of migration to hong kong from china is reviewed. the focus is, however, on the 'wave' of migration that occurred in the late 1970s. two distinct streams of migration are identified, legal and illegal, each with different characteristics." data are primarily from official hong kong sources. the author notes the high levels of education among immigrants and the relative ease with which they have been absorbed into the labor force. "political conditions in china are ...	1986	12341325
the population growth of hong kong.	this paper analyzes population dynamics in hong kong in the period 1961-85. hong kong's population increased from 3.13 million in 1961 to 3.94 million in 1971 to 4.99 million in 1981. of the 1985 population of 5.42 million, 15.3% were under 10 years of age and 11.5% were 60 years of age or older. the largest proportion (31%) was represented by the 20-34-year age group, a result of both high birth rates in the late 1950s and early 1960s and the large influx of chinese immigrants in the 1970s. ...	1986	12222473
the role of husband's and wife's economic activity status in the demand for children.	data from hong kong were used to examine how the demand for children is affected by the economic returns to different types of market activities. the specific data used was a 1% sample of the 1976 "hong kong by-census of population." only women under 50 who were currently married and living with their husbands were included. the households were restricted to land-based and non-farm families with economically active husbands. there were a total of 4128 families in the sample; in 3768 families ...	1987	12269084
women's work and the demand for children in hong kong.	the relationship between fertility demand and work supply among married women in hong kong is explored using data from a 10 percent sample of the 1976 by-census. the results indicate that the presence of young children encourages women to seek work but of the kind they can do at home. the existence of this kind of work is also shown to lead to increased fertility.	1987	12280821
serological evidence of hantaan-related viruses in hong kong.	sera from rats (rattus norvegicus), domestic animals and man in hong kong were studied by immunofluorescent antibody assay and plaque reduction neutralization tests for evidence of infection by hantaan-related viruses. antibody probably arising from infection by seoul or a seoul-like virus was detected in rat and human sera (and one pig serum), highlighting the potential public health importance of this group of viruses in hong kong, and in the region.	1987	3120366
human rabies in hong kong: a case review.	five human rabies cases were reported in hong kong between 1980 and 1984. a review of their clinical data showed only 2 had a definite history of dog bite, while 3 were residents in the infected area. the human outbreak concurred with the epizootic of canine rabies. however, only two cases were diagnosed ante-mortem. two cases were not even suspected as rabies until proven by post mortem pathological examination. three of five cases presented as non-specific encephalitis. all the patients died, ...	1987	3446009
the many epidemiological faces of aids with special reference to hong kong and implications for prevention and control.	by 1987, only 3 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) had been reported in hong kong. all 3 involved males who had been infected through sexual contact with a european or north american. in 2 cases, the sexual contact was homosexual; the 3rd case involved a man who had frequent sexual contact in new york and miami with female prostitutes. the government of hong kong moved rapidly to establish an aids expert advisory committee to carry out a public educational campaign and formula ...	1987	3452402
intake of cantonese-style salted fish as a cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.	ho (1971) of hong kong first proposed consumption of cantonese-style salted fish, a traditional food among southern chinese, as a possible risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) in this high-risk population. four case-control studies have examined ho's hypothesis; all results are supportive. the most convincing evidence of a causal association between intake of salted fish and npc derives from a recent case-control study of young hong kong chinese. it is estimated that over 90% of npc ca ...	1987	3679441
scanning electron microscopy of black stain on human permanent teeth.	black stain may develop on the coronal surfaces of human teeth, and this type of stain is common in the hong kong chinese population. the present study was undertaken to ascertain if the deposit conforms in composition to the black stain found elsewhere, and to describe its ultrastructure using the scanning electron microscope. gram-stained smears were made from black stain on the teeth of 11 adult hong kong chinese and studied microscopically. from another 15 persons extracted teeth exhibiting ...	1987	2448873
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: hla-dr and -dq genotyping in three ethnic groups.	human genomic dna samples from caucasoids, chinese, and koreans of known serological dr antigen specificity were studied for iddm-associated variation in hla-dr and -dq rflps (restriction fragment length polymorphisms). genotyping allowed for accurate assignment of hla-dr types and in caucasoids drw6 as well as dr2 was unequivocally decreased in iddm. further, the universality of certain dr2-associated dq beta subtypes in protection against iddm was established. hla-dr3 was found to be increased ...	1987	2901933
manifestations and treatment of 793 cases of decompression sickness in a compressed air tunneling project in hong kong.	in the largest compressed air tunneling contract for the construction of the island line of the mass transit railway system in hong kong, 154,390 man-decompressions occurred, of which 142,140 were after exposures to 1 bar (1.97 ata, 14.7 psig) or above. the maximum working pressure (mwp) was 3.30 bar (4.26 ata, 47.9 psig). there were 792 cases of type i and 1 case of type ii decompression sickness. the manifestations of the cases were generally similar to those reported elsewhere. oxygen treatme ...	1988	3201634
the maintenance of human rights.		1988	3253158
occurrence of rotaviruses in guangzhou and hong kong.	electropherotypes of human rotavirus (hrv) isolated from hong kong and guangzhou were compared to study the transmission of hrv between the cities. forty-one electropherotypes were identified from 418 hospitalized patients with hrv infection at the queen mary hospital, and 22 were detected from 66 outpatients in community clinics at a separate area in hong kong. nineteen electropherotypes were detected in 370 hospitalized cases of hrv infection from seven hospitals in guangzhou. results showed t ...	1988	2826616
reproductive performance of patients with gestational trophoblastic disease in hong kong.	the reproductive performance of 110 patients who had had gestational trophoblastic disease was reviewed. there were 160 pregnancies and their outcomes were similar to that of the general population. the subfertility rate was also comparable to the general population. the high rate of failure of contraception resulting in a high rate of conception during the first year of follow-up warrants special attention. reasons for the high failure rate and ways of prevention are discussed. reasons for the ...	1988	2845704
epstein-barr virus infections among university students in a tropical country.		1988	2846671
genetic polymorphism of natural epstein-barr virus isolates from infectious mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers.	we analyzed epstein-barr virus (ebv) genomes from lymphoblastoid cell lines isolated from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from healthy subjects from california, hawaii, and hong kong between 1970 and 1987. using genetic polymorphism as epidemiological markers, we found that several genotypes of ebv cocirculate in a community and that although most ebv strains isolated from california and southern china may be differentiated genotypically, there was no specific association between geno ...	1988	2901499
hong kong.	the 5.7 million residents of hong kong are primarily chinese (98%), and while cantonese is prevalently spoken, the official language is english. the larger part of the work force is concentrated in the area of industry and commerce (71%) with most of the remaining work force concentrated in the area of services (28%). the literacy rate is 90%. hong kong is ruled by a governor appointed by the british monarch. hong kong is a free market open to trade and commerce; the gdp (1987) is 45 billion ...	1988	12178013
acute viral hepatitis: aetiology and evolution.	over a period of three and a half years, 348 consecutive children with acute hepatitis were studied. there were 205 boys and 143 girls aged from 3 months to 12 years old. the most common type was hepatitis a, of which there were 281 cases, 81% of the total; there were 41 in the under 4 years old age group (63% of that group), 99 in the 5-8 year old age group (87% of that group) and 141 in the 8-12 year old age group (83% of that group). hepatitis b occurred in 29 (8% of the total), and non-a, no ...	1989	2494951
reproductive and sexual risk factors and human papilloma virus infection in cervical cancer among hong kong chinese.	in this case-control study of cervical neoplasia in hong kong, 48 dysplasia and 68 cancer patients were matched with 116 surgical in-patient controls. the cases had an earlier age at first intercourse and more sex partners than the controls. the cases' husbands also had more sex partners and were less likely to use condoms regularly. in a multiple regression model the odds ratio were 6.0 (95% confidence interval 2.5-14.6) for the husband having more than one sex partner, 4.0 (1.5-10.7) for the w ...	1989	2542172
molecular epidemiology and restriction site mapping of adenovirus type 3 genome types.	one hundred thirty-eight strains of adenovirus type 3 isolated from patients in the united states, west germany, and other regions between 1961 and 1984 were analyzed with six restriction endonucleases; 18 genome types were found. bglii was the most discriminative enzyme. mapping of altered restriction sites was also performed for all six enzymes. the genome types d1 (like the prototype) and d3 prevailed among 45 and 47 strains, respectively. all genome types could be divided into two groups rel ...	1989	2546977
multiple sclerosis amongst chinese in hong kong.	a territory-wide investigation of southern chinese patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) was conducted in hong kong. there were 47 patients, 35 of whom were clinically definite (cdms), 6 laboratory-supported definite (lsdms) and 6 clinically probable (cpms). the prevalence rate was 0.88 per 10(5) population, which is of the same order as in other oriental populations but much lower than in caucasoid populations. comparisons with major oriental and caucasian series showed essentially the same cli ...	1989	2597990
irritant contact dermatitis due to the herbal oil, black man oil.		1989	2721189
analysis of some individual risk factors for decompression sickness in hong kong.	individual risk factors for decompression sickness (dcs) were studied in 932 men who had worked for 12 shifts or more at maximum working pressure (mwp) of 1 bar or above in a compressed air tunneling project in hong kong. two dependent variables were used: presence or absence of bends and number of bends experienced by a man. three hundred and fifty-six men (38.2%) had one or more bends. univariate analysis showed that many variables were associated with presence or absence of bends. logistic re ...	1989	2773160
organochlorine chemicals in human breast milk in hong kong.	the results of a small-scale survey of organochlorine contaminants in human breast milk are presented and compared to previous data from 1976 for hong kong, and to reported data from elsewhere. concentrations of p,p ddt, dieldrin and hexachlorobenzene (hcb) in recent breast milk samples were slightly but significantly lower than those in samples taken a decade previously in hong kong. however, levels of gamma-hch (hexachlorocyclohexane) were higher in the more recent samples. the concentrations ...	1989	2774666
immunophenotypic analysis of sinonasal non-hodgkin's lymphomas.	a panel of paraffin effective antibodies recognizing b cells and t cells (ln-2, mb1, l26, mt1, uchl1, kappa, lambda) was used to characterize the immunophenotypes of 26 sinonasal non-hodgkin's lymphomas. seventeen tumors were stage i, five were stage ii, one was stage iii, and three were stage iv. nine lymphomas were classified morphologically as large cell, six were large cell immunoblastic, six were small cleaved cell, two were mixed small and large cell, two were small noncleaved cell, and on ...	1989	2661407
a prospective study of primary epstein-barr virus infections among university students in hong kong.	in 1988 at the chinese university of hong kong 1,039 entering freshmen were screened for antibody against the epstein-barr virus and 71 (6.8%) were negative. one year later, 16 (25.8%) of 62 negatives converted to positive with asymptomatic infections. there was seroconversion in 14 subjects who did not give histories of deep kissing. there was an association between antibody status of epstein-barr and cytomegaloviruses, but not between epstein-barr virus and human herpes virus type 6.	1990	2158753
distinct populations of rotaviruses circulating among neonates and older infants.	we obtained three stool specimens from each of 371 neonates. two specimens were obtained between days 1 and 3 after birth, while they were in the hospital, and one specimen was obtained between days 6 and 14 after birth, after they had been discharged from the hospital. seventy neonates excreted human rotavirus (hrv) while they were in the hospital, and the incidence rate for the cohort was 0.094 episodes per infant day. the incidence rate of community-acquired neonatal infections was markedly r ...	1990	2161863
rearrangement of immunoglobulin, t-cell receptor, and bcl-2 genes in malignant lymphomas in hong kong.	the pattern of malignant lymphomas in the hong kong chinese population is characterized by a low incidence of hodgkin's disease and follicular lymphomas. the authors studied the immunoglobulin (ig), t-cell receptor (tcr), and bcl-2 gene rearrangement in 62 cases of malignant lymphoma in this population by southern blot hybridization. two cases of hodgkin's disease showed no rearrangement of the ig and tcr genes. all 42 cases of b-cell lymphoma had ig heavy chain (jh) rearrangement with or withou ...	1990	2208029
streptococcus zooepidemicus (lancefield group c) septicaemia in hong kong.	the clinical findings relating to 11 patients in hong kong (hk) and to 43 patients described elsewhere, all with streptococcus zooepidemicus septicaemia, are reviewed. there was a particular association with cardiovascular disease (27%) with seven cases of endocarditis, three of abdominal aortic aneurysm and two of deep venous thrombosis. associations not previously reported included two cases of pharyngitis and two patients with persistent post-operative fever. the overall mortality was 22%. bo ...	1990	2273271
chlorinated pesticides in foodstuffs in hong kong.	the movement of pesticides into and out of hong kong shows a high net gain of ddt and benzene hexachloride (bhc). 310 food samples were analyzed for total bhc and 1,854 food samples were analyzed for total ddt, total dde, and total tde. high levels of total bhc and total ddt were found in foodstuffs in hong kong. estimated daily ingestion of total bhc and total ddt were 10 and 9 times higher than that found in the united states of america. these results correlate with the known high body accumul ...	1990	2322022
factors that determine medical student interest in psychiatry.	our study of pre-medical and medical students attending the universities of british columbia, hong kong and otago, together with house surgeons, general practitioners, surgeons and psychiatrists in new zealand, demonstrated many agreements regarding both positive and negative factors affecting their interest in psychiatry. positive factors included: interest in human behaviour, personal aptitude, and quality of patient care. negative factors included: the stress of practising psychiatry, faculty ...	1990	2334390
lung cancer risk and mutagenicity of tea.	to study the possible association between drinking tea and lung cancer, epidemiological and experimental materials were collected from the chinese population in hong kong. in a retrospective study of 200 female lung cancer patients and 200 matched controls, all subjects were interviewed concerning their eating habits, smoking histories, and lifetime exposures to environmental pollutants. analysis of the data demonstrated an adjusted and statistically significant increased lung cancer risk of 2.7 ...	1990	2351126
human papillomavirus infection in the cervix of pregnant females in hong kong.	routine cytological examination and hpv-dna probing were performed on cervical cells obtained from 215 pregnant chinese females. the procedure utilized the specific binding of a mixture of complementary [32p]-labelled rna probes to membrane-bound target hpv dna types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35. positive results for hpv-dna were obtained in 11/215 (5%) of the cases. the cervical smears were routinely processed and in 3/215 (1.5%) cases a cytological diagnosis of wart virus infection was made. a ...	1990	1966325
a survey of work undertaken in 1 year by a medical officer working in a maternal and child health clinic in hong kong: implications for training.	a survey of child health work undertaken in 1 year by a medical officer in a typical maternal and child health (mch) clinic in hong kong is reported. the wide spectrum of physical and developmental problems encountered by the mch doctor demands sound knowledge of basic paediatrics and normal human development. the need for a comprehensive training programme in child health is highlighted.	1990	1694652
the physical state of human papillomavirus type 16 dna in cervical carcinomas of hong kong chinese.	the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) in 15 cervical carcinoma specimens obtained from hong kong chinese patients was analyzed by southern blot hybridization studies. in nine (60%) of them, hpv 16 genomes were detected, while two others (13.3%) were found to harbor hpv dna of unknown type closely related to hpv 16. all of them were classified as squamous cell carcinomas according to who guidelines. in addition, the presence of hpv 18 was shown in another two (13.3%) squamous cell carcinoma ...	1991	1653409
prevalence of low and high risk human papillomavirus types in cervical cells from hong kong pregnant chinese using filter in situ hybridization.	filter in situ hybridization, using separate probes for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid types 6, 11, 16 and 18, was used to determine the prevailing hpv types amongst a group of pregnant chinese women. this group had been previously identified using a mixture of probes for hpv types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35 (virapap). specimens from six of the eleven cases contained one hpv type (55%) while five were positive for two types (45%). the "low-risk" types (hbv6, 11) were identified as fre ...	1991	1654045
human papillomavirus 6, 11, and 16 in laryngeal papillomas.	twenty-seven cases of benign laryngeal papillomas, both single and multiple variants, were analysed for human papillomavirus (hpv) by dna slot-blot hybridization chiefly to determine the pattern of infection in hong kong chinese. dna was extracted from paraffin blocks of formalin-fixed tissue and probed separately for hpv 6, 11, 16, and 18. sixteen cases (59 per cent) showed the presence of at least one of these four hpv genomes. thirteen cases (48 per cent) were positive for hpv 11 only. three ...	1991	1662265
human xanthine oxidase antibody levels: variation between males and females in chinese and europeans.	levels of antibody specific for xanthine oxidase (xodab) of the immunoglobulin classes igg, igm and iga have been determined in the sera of blood donors of chinese and european ethnic origin by immunoassay. no significant differences were found between the two ethnic groups. significant differences were found in the distribution, of xodab igm levels between chinese males and females and european males and females (chi 2 = 8.262, p = 0.025; chi 2 = 9.423, p = less than 0.001). since the age range ...	1991	2062188
a randomised controlled trial of recombinant interferon-gamma in chinese patients with chronic hepatitis b virus infection.	nineteen chinese patients with chronic hepatitis b virus (hbv) infection, seropositive for hbv e antigen (hbeag) and hbv dna on at least three occasions in 6 months, were randomised to receive either recombinant human interferon-gamma (rifn gamma) 0.1 mg/m2 intramuscularly thrice weekly for 16 weeks (n = 11) or no anti-viral therapy (controls, n = 8). five patients in the treatment group and four patients in the control group had persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferases (alt) of ove ...	1991	1919540
penicillium marneffei: another pathogen to consider in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.		1991	1925299
comparison of the mortality and morbidity rate between proper and unconventional renal transplantation using organs from executed prisoners.		1991	1926466
an epidemiologic estimate of the critical period during which human maxillary central incisors are most susceptible to fluorosis.	the temporal relation between a declining fluorosis gradient and an abrupt downward shift in community drinking water fluoride concentration was evaluated through multiple correlation analysis to determine the critical time frame during which developing maxillary central incisors are most susceptible to fluoride challenge. fluorosis data were scrutinized through a time-related series of epidemiologic "windows" or time frames of varying lengths. the placement of these time frames was in turn rela ...	1991	1941778
hong kong. looking for livers, kidneys.		1991	1956388
summary findings of the 1991 population census.	summary results are presented from the 1991 census of hong kong together with a brief analysis of the data. topics covered include population size and growth, age and sex distribution, nationality and place of birth, marital status, language, educational status, economic characteristics, households, housing, and spatial distribution.	1991	12285145
foreign investment in asia in the 1990s: trends, problems and implications for manpower movements.	direct foreign investment (dfi) is described as an international reallocation of managerial resources through which manpower moves across borders bidirectionally. this paper describes the diversity and rapidity of change in dfi for flows among north america, western europe, japan, asean, taiwan, china, hong kong, korea, and russia, and the implications for manpower movements. the us share of dfi in the pacific rim has declined while that of japan and western europe has increased with the newly ...	1992	12285768
on the use of organs from executed prisoners.		1992	11654066
terrestrial gamma radiation dose in hong kong.	the first reactor of the daya bay nuclear power plant, 30 km from hong kong, is expected to begin operation in 1992. as a result, residents in hong kong are concerned with potential exposure to man-made and natural radiation. therefore, the radioisotope unit of the university of hong kong performed studies to estimate hong kong's natural background radiation and the potential exposure to local residents, the results of which are presented here.	1992	1727415
establishment and characterization of two new cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in chinese patients.	two new cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, t1/cuhk and t2/cuhk, have been established in culture. analysis of the morphology, ultrastructure, chromosome number, spheroid formation and immunohistochemical properties of the two cell lines demonstrated that they are both well characterized. t1/cuhk cells grew relatively faster than t2/cuhk cells. both cell lines were tumorigenic after inoculation into made mice and showed positive reactivity with hpv 16 dna probe. the re ...	1992	1280031
p53 mutation in human nasopharyngeal carcinomas.	nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is the third most common cancer in the southern provinces of china, but a rare cancer in other parts of the world. epidemiological studies suggested a multifactorial etiology of npc involving infection of epstein barr virus (ebv), genetic predisposition, environmental factors, such as consumption of salted fish, and other unknown factors. p53 mutation is a common event in many forms of human cancers but its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of npc has not be ...	1992	1295443
high frequencies in african and non-african populations of independent mutations in the mannose binding protein gene.	we have previously identified, in three british families having an index child with frequent infections, a point mutation (ggc-->gac) in codon 54 of exon 1 of the gene for the human lectin mannose binding protein (mbp). this was associated with low serum levels of this complement activating protein and would be anticipated to impair opsonization of mannose rich microorganisms. we now report a second point mutation (gga-->gaa) in gambians from west africa, involving codon 57 of exon 1. by substit ...	1992	1304173
epidemiology and aetiology of acute bronchiolitis in hong kong infants.	the epidemiological, clinical and virological features of 1220 children with acute bronchiolitis admitted to the prince of wales hospital, hong kong, from 1985 to 1988 are reported. they accounted for 6.6% of total paediatric admissions and provided a case incidence of bronchiolitis requiring admission to hospital of approximately 21 per 1000 children 0-24 months of age. the clinical course and outcome was in general benign. the average hospital stay was 5 days and there were no deaths. ten per ...	1992	1312477
epstein-barr virus dna in nasopharyngeal carcinomas from chinese patients in hong kong.	to investigate the presence of epstein-barr virus (ebv) in cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) in chinese patients living in hong kong.	1992	1317885
direct detection of epstein-barr virus in peripheral blood and comparison of epstein-barr virus genotypes present in direct specimens and lymphoblastoid cell lines established from nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and healthy carriers in hong kong.	by means of a pcr assay, ebv was demonstrated directly in peripheral blood of previously infected individuals. the virus was detected in approximately 80% of specimens from ebv-seropositive individuals, but not in cord-blood lymphocytes by this method. when virus present in peripheral blood was compared to that observed directly in npc biopsies or throat washings, it was distinct from that seen in biopsies in 4/15 cases (27%) and from that seen in throat washes in 1/22 cases (5%). the throat-was ...	1992	1325949
pickled vegetables in the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in hong kong chinese.	oesophageal cancer is common in chinese populations, but individual-based epidemiological studies have provided little explanation. a case control study with 400 cases and 1598 controls (800 hospital and 798 general practice) was conducted among hong kong chinese. in multivariate analyses, statistically significant effects on risk were detected for several potentially preventable exposures with high attributable risks (ars). these included preference for consuming drinks or soups at high tempera ...	1992	1349991
human leucocyte antigens in southern chinese with kawasaki disease.		1992	1468468
the role of appraisal in human emotions: a cross-cultural study.	several theories of emotion propose that emotional responses are largely determined by the way events are appraised. to determine whether the proposed dimensions of appraisal are consistent across cultures, 973 ss from the united states, japan, hong kong, and the people's republic of china were asked to describe emotional experiences. few differences between the 3 cultures were observed on the more primitive dimensions (pleasantness, attentional activity, certainty, coping ability, and goal/need ...	1992	1556662
disseminated penicillium marneffei infection in hiv-infected subject.	penicillium marneffei is a rare human pathogen predominantly affecting residents of south-east asia. we report four fatal cases from hong kong in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. the diagnosis was established by histological examination and confirmed by isolation of the fungus. the infection was disseminated with involvement of lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lung, intestine and bone marrow. the involved organs showed an exclusively anergic tissue reaction characterized by a diffuse i ...	1992	1577408
insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, glucose tolerance and fetal growth in human pregnancy.	two hundred chinese primigravidae had 50 g 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests (ogtts) twice in pregnancy; between 20 and 24 weeks and between 30 and 34 weeks of gestation. in 149 women, a single sample was taken for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (igfbp-1) measurement 0, 1, 2 or 3 h after the glucose load at both visits; in 55 women igfbp-1 levels were estimated in all four ogtt samples. fetal growth was assessed by ultrasound performed at the first and second visit and, if possible, ...	1993	7681467
heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of young egrets and herons from hong kong and szechuan, china.	several species of herons and egrets frequently nest in colonies in areas where humans also concentrate. since the birds feed on intermediate-sized fish that themselves concentrate pollutants, they can be used not only to assess the levels of contaminants in avian tissues but as indicators of contaminants in the environment. the concentration of heavy metals and selenium in the breast feathers of fledgling black-crowned night herons nycticorax nycticorax and chinese pond herons ardeola bacchus f ...	1993	8215588
successful treatment of amoebic meningoencephalitis in a chinese living in hong kong.	primary amoebic meningoencephalitis due to naegleria fowleri was found in a 38-year-old chinese man living in hong kong who presumably acquired the infection from swimming in a hot spring in neighbouring china. amoebic cysts were identified in tissue taken from a brain abscess. the patient responded to surgical drainage and a 6-week course of amphotericin b, rifampicin and chloramphenicol. this is one of 6 cases of successful treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis documented in the med ...	1993	8242970
bulimia nervosa in the chinese.	typical dsm-iii-r bulimia nervosa with self-induced vomiting was found in 2 women of hong kong chinese origin and a chinese man from malaysia. all 3 cases had a family history of obesity. in 2 of the cases a period of weight gain and in the third case frank obesity preceded the onset of the eating disorder. cultural transition seemed to play an important part in the onset and maintenance of the eating disorder.	1993	8293034
location on the evolutionary trees of the non-structural protein (ns) and neuraminidase (na) genes of late human influenza a (h2n2) viruses: parental viruses of the ns and na genes of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses.	the nucleotide sequences of the non-structural protein (ns) and neuraminidase (na) genes of human influenza a (h2n2) viruses isolated in 1967 and 1968 in europe, asia and north and south america were located on evolutionary trees in order to identify the parental virus of hong kong influenza a (h3n2) viruses, which appeared in the human population in 1968. from the evolutionary trees, the h2n2 viruses isolated during the 1967 to 1968 period were divided into two groups. group i includes that a/t ...	1993	8345357
short-duration in vitro interleukin-2-activated mononuclear cells for advanced cancer. a hong kong biotherapy pilot study trial.	in vitro studies have demonstrated that a brief exposure of peripherally collected mononuclear cells to high-dose human recombinant interleukin-2(ril-2) will generate a population of pulsed lymphokine-activated killer (lak) cells. these cells have similar cytotoxicity against natural killer cells and resistant and sensitive target cells as compared with the standard lak cells incubated for 3-7 days with ril-2. therefore, the authors conducted a pilot study to investigate the activity of pulsed l ...	1993	8387882
critical incident reporting in an anaesthetic department quality assurance programme.	the critical incident technique was introduced as an additional form of quality assurance to an anaesthetic department of a major hong kong teaching hospital. in one year, 125 critical incidents were reported from over 16,000 anaesthetics. the most common incidents reported concerned the airway, breathing systems, and drug administration, with inadequate checking of equipment a frequent associated factor. human error was a factor in 80% of incidents. critical incidents were reported for the time ...	1993	8434743
an epidemiological assessment of the chronological distribution of dental fluorosis in human maxillary central incisors.	the objectives of this study were: (1) to develop and test a new index, the chronological fluorosis assessment (cfa) index, for measuring variation in the chronological distribution and intensity of dental fluorosis, and (2) to determine whether the new index was sufficiently sensitive for detection of a decline in dental fluorosis corresponding to the reduction in the waterborne fluoride level in hong kong. according to the cfa index, the cervical, middle, and incisal third divisions of the lab ...	1993	8501286
cervical human papilloma virus infection of women attending social hygiene clinics in hong kong.	to find the prevalence of hpv infection in women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in hong kong.	1993	8098299
mutations in the human mannose binding protein gene: their frequencies in three distinct populations and relationship to serum levels of the protein.		1993	8167719
the effect of scale-side, indicator type, and control plane on direction-of-turn stereotypes for hong kong chinese subjects.	this study investigates the influence of scale-side, pointer type, direction-of-increase, and control plane on direction-of-turn stereotypes for chinese subjects using a variety of configurations of a linear display with a rotary control. pointer type and direction of increase did not have a significant effect on direction-of-turn expectation. strong stereotypes are found when warrick's principle and the scale-side principle do not clash. in such a configuration, the scale is on the opposite sid ...	1994	8206055
p53 gene mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinomas in hong kong chinese.	to examine the significance of mutation of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma in a high-prevalence area for hepatitis b viral infection but a low-exposure area for aflatoxin b1, the spectrum of p53 gene mutations was examined in 21 tumour samples from hong kong chinese patients, all of whom were hbsag positive. dna sequencing covering exons 5 to 9 of the p53 gene and hae iii restriction enzyme digestion for preliminary assessment of mutation at co ...	1994	8108145
genetic and antigenic analysis of the influenza virus responsible for the 1992 hong kong equine influenza epizootic.	an outbreak of influenza occurred among thoroughbred racehorses in hong kong in november-december 1992, with morbidity of 37%. all horses involved had been vaccinated against equine-1 and equine-2 influenza viruses but not against the virus responsible for the 1989 equine influenza outbreak in northern china (influenza a/equine/jilin/89, subtype h3n8). therefore the source and nature of the virus causing the hong kong outbreak was investigated. virus isolated from a horse infected during the out ...	1994	7941336
condom use among female commercial sex workers and male clients in hong kong.	the use of condoms is an aid to protection against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). in a one-and-a-half month period in mid-1993, 190 commercial female sex workers and 633 male clients of 8 social hygiene clinics in hong kong were interviewed on their practice in condom usage. for both sex workers and clients, 18.5% and 22.8% never and 55.3% and 50.3% seldom used condoms during sexual contacts with paying partners and non-paying partner ...	1994	7948161
hereditary hemolytic anemia caused by diverse point mutations of pyruvate kinase gene found in japan and hong kong.	we identified four distinct point mutations in homozygous pyruvate kinase (pk) variants in japanese and chinese patients with chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. all gene abnormalities were missense mutations that caused single amino acid substitutions. 1261a (q421k) and 1436a (r436h), which were identified in pk sendai and pk shinshu, had been found in unrelated japanese and amish pk variants, respectively. the clinical severity and extremely low residual erythrocyte pk activity of pk shin ...	1994	7949104
sequence variation of the amino-terminal antigenic domains of glycoprotein b of human cytomegalovirus strains isolated from chinese patients.	to study the genetic variation of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) in asian populations, the amino-terminal antigenic domains of glycoprotein b of hcmvs isolated from ethnic chinese transplant patients were cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequences were compared with published sequences of ad169 and towne laboratory strains. within the region sequenced, 9 out of 15 clinical isolates (60%) possessed a peptide configuration similar to that of strain ad169 while 6 isolates ( ...	1994	7979986
changing epidemiology of human salmonellosis in hong kong, 1982-93.	a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of salmonellosis in a major hospital in hong kong from 1982-93 is reported. the trend of salmonella isolations over the past 12 years and changes in the occurrence of individual serotypes are delineated. a total of 5328 isolates were analyzed. groups b (salmonella typhimurium and s. derby) and e (s. anatum) were the commonest serogroups isolated from the intestinal tract in all age groups. a significant increase in the isolation of group d salmonellae ...	1994	7995352
the spectrum of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders in chinese people. an analysis of 64 cases.	chronic lymphoproliferative disorders are considered rare in oriental patients and are thought to constitute only 2% of all leukemias in these patients, compared to 20-30% in western patients. we conducted a retrospective analysis of chinese patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders to define the frequency and spectrum of these disorders.	1994	8004573
seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesviruses in england and hong kong.	the age-related prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses was compared in england and hong kong. altogether 327 sera from england and 266 sera from hong kong were tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6). herpesvirus infections were common in both countries but generally were acquired earlier and were more prevalent in hong kong. over 90% of children in hong kong were infect ...	1994	8083655
epstein-barr virus-associated gastric lymphoma in hong kong chinese.	we report 11 cases of gastric lymphoma that harbor the epstein-barr virus (ebv) encoded small messenger rna, eber-1, detected by in situ hybridization. the cases represented 18% of 61 consecutive gastric lymphomas from three institutions in hong kong between 1988 and 1993. the mean age of patients was 62 years (range, 33 to 87). the male to female ratio was 5:6. nine of the 11 (81.8%) eber-1+ gastric lymphomas were diffuse large cell lymphomas of b-cell type without low grade components. macrosc ...	1994	8088772
htlv-i associated adult t-cell leukaemia/lymphoma in hong kong.		1994	8250007
detection of epstein-barr viral rna in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma from western and asian patients.	undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx has a well-known association with epstein-barr virus (ebv), but only an inconsistent relationship has been identified in undifferentiated carcinomas occurring at other sites. we investigated 22 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cases of sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas (snucs) occurring in western and asian patients. a highly sensitive in situ hybridization method was performed using an antisense oligonucleotide probe to the eber1 gene of ebv. w ...	1994	7511355
the migration transition in asia.	"this theoretical discussion of the migration transition in asia develops a framework to understand the turning point from labor exporter to labor importer experienced by the asian nies [newly industrialized economies] (hong kong, korea, singapore and taiwan). the author concludes that the nies' demand for labor curve shifted rapidly, primarily due to export-led growth of a labor-intensive character. because these economies are well integrated, improvements in labor market conditions in indivi ...	1994	12287679
turning points in labor migration: the case of hong kong.	"the hong kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. as a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger asian newly industrialized economies. geopolitical factors have also played a key role in 'patterns' of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evi ...	1994	12287681
the economic role of immigrant wives in hong kong.	the objectives of this study were to compare the employment pattern of immigrant wives with native-born wives in hong kong, to examine the independent influences of sociodemographic characteristics and the assimilation experience on employment behavior of immigrant wives, and to establish the extent to which immigrant wives' employment is affected by social and demographic factors and conditioned on the assimilation strategy adopted by their families. data of the 1986 census were used, based on ...	1994	12289761
[immigration and economic development in eastern asia].	this work describes recent trends in east asian migration and their economic effects. the great waves of emigration of the past have largely ceased from japan and the "dragons" of east asia, and all have become countries of illegal immigration, return of emigrants, and legal entry of professionals. all the countries except hong kong have maintained strict immigration policies in order to protect their traditional and homogeneous societies and the employment and income of their own citizens. b ...	1994	12346374
aconitine poisoning due to chinese herbal medicines: a review.	both "chuanwu", the main root of aconitum carmichaeli, and "caowu", the root of a kusnezoffii, are believed to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and cardiotonic effects and have been used in chinese materia medica mainly for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. they contain the highly toxic c19 diterpenoid alkaloids of aconitine, mesaconitine and hypaconitine. after ingestion, patients may present with signs and symptoms that are typical of aconitine poisoning. death may occur from ven ...	1994	7839574
report from hong kong.		1995	7551149
male homosexual identity in hong kong: a social construction.	this research is to explore the social and psychological forces that influence the identity of a man who has come to describe himself as a "homosexual." an attempt is made to understand the emergence of male homosexual identities in hong kong--which is predominantly a chinese community under western influence for more than one century. the results suggest that male homosexual identity arises not so much from homosexual behavior per se but from the stigma and heterosexist beliefs that encompassed ...	1995	7594409
practice of drug abuse among inmates of a drug rehabilitation centre in hong kong.	sharing of contaminated injection equipment accounts for the rapid spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) among injecting drug users (idus). the profile of drug addiction practice among inmates of the shek kwu chau drug rehabilitation centre in hong kong was studied. registers on all the new admissions to the centre during a two-year period between 1990 and 1992 were reviewed. of the 3129 drug users studied, 68.7% were aged between 21 and 40; 84.8% were idus and heroin was the commones ...	1995	7597133
the knowledge and attitude of hong kong secondary school teachers and students towards hiv infection and dentistry.	although human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) are firmly entrenched in hong kong no data are available on the knowledge and attitudes of hong kong secondary school teachers and teenage children towards this infection, and their perception of infection control measures currently undertaken by the dental profession to prevent such infectious diseases. hence a postal questionnaire survey of a total of 2,886 teenagers and 372 school teachers of ...	1995	7648410
outbreak of vibrio cholerae 01 in hong kong related to contaminated fish tank water.	an outbreak of 12 cholera cases, caused by vibrio cholerae eltor inaba, occurred in hong kong during a three week period in june-july 1994. only adults of both sexes were affected. epidemiological investigations showed linkage in all cases with consumption of seafood, including shellfish, mantis shrimps and crabs. microbiological findings demonstrated that contaminated seawater in fish tanks used for keeping alive these seafoods is the most likely vehicle of transmission. aggressive control meas ...	1995	7480605
capture-recapture and multiple-record systems estimation ii: applications in human diseases. international working group for disease monitoring and forecasting.	this article evaluates the potential epidemiologic uses of capture-recapture, which include the primary area of determining disease frequency. capture-recapture may be a means to effectively "count" new cases (incidence) or count existing cases (prevalence). specific applications of capture-recapture in epidemiology are presented, one of which is its use in estimating death rates in a region close to calcutta, india. the method also has considerable potential to assess suicides, and it may be th ...	1995	7485051
biotypes of oral candida albicans isolates in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients from diverse geographic locations.	oral candida albicans isolates from hiv-infected individuals in hong kong, australia, germany and england were characterised using a biotyping system based on enzyme profiles, carbohydrate assimilation patterns and boric acid resistance of the yeasts. a total of 44 biotypes were found amongst the 117 oral c. albicans isolates examined. the major biotype a1r accounted for 17.9% of all isolates while the second commonest biotype was a1s (11.1% of isolates). whereas these two biotypes were isolated ...	1995	7722918
mutations clustered in exon 5 of the p53 gene in primary nasopharyngeal carcinomas from southeastern asia.	mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene play an important role in the development of many common human malignancies. in nasopharyngeal carcinomas (npc), p53 gene mutations were not detected in primary tumors, with one exception for a primary tumor displaying a p53 mutation at codon 280, whereas p53 mutations were identified in some metastatic and nude mouse-passaged npc specimens. in the present report, 41 npc primary tumors of the undifferentiated carcinoma nasopharyngeal type (ucnt; 21 from ...	1995	7729941
profile of opportunistic infections among hiv-1 infected people in hong kong.	to determine the spectrum of opportunistic infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection in hong kong.	1995	7750052
a study of the association of epstein-barr virus with burkitt's lymphoma occurring in a chinese population.	there is a strong association (approximately 95%) of endemic burkitt's lymphoma with epstein-barr virus (ebv), whereas the association is weak for the sporadic form occurring in western countries (approximately 15%). in the middle east, north africa and south america, 60-80% of burkitt's lymphomas harbour ebv. these epidemiological differences suggest that either the endemicity of ebv or socio-economic conditions, or both, may influence the pathogenetic role of ebv in burkitt's lymphoma. since o ...	1995	7797201