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evaluation of the risks of shedding salmonellae and other potential pathogens by therapy dogs fed raw diets in ontario and alberta.dogs that participate in animal-assisted interventions (aais), often called 'therapy dogs', commonly interact with humans whose immune systems are not functioning optimally. the advisability of feeding raw meat (including poultry) to these animals remains a highly contentious issue, in spite of increasing evidence that raw meat is frequently contaminated with salmonella. we set out to determine if consuming raw meat influences the risk of therapy dogs shedding salmonella and other pathogens. two ...200818811908
distribution of salmonella serovars and phage types on 80 ontario swine farms in 2004.the objective of this study was to describe the distribution of salmonella spp. on ontario grower-finisher pig farms. eighty swine farms were visited from january through july 2004. on each farm, fecal samples were collected from 5 pens, 2 rectal samples and 1 pooled sample from fresh manure on the floor per pen. salmonella was isolated from 91 (11%) of the 800 rectal samples and 73 (18%) of the 397 pooled samples. overall, salmonella was recovered from 37 (46%) of the 80 farms. on each positive ...200818214155
prevalence of and risk factors for influenza in southern ontario swine herds in 2001 and 2003.this research included 2 prevalence studies and a risk-factor investigation conducted in 2001 at 93 sites with sows only, finishers only, or both. in 2001, 1300 serum samples from sows in 65 herds and 720 serum samples from finisher pigs in 72 herds were tested for antibodies to swine influenzavirus (siv) of h1n1 subtype with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2003, 1140 serum samples from sows in 76 herds were tested for antibodies to siv of h3n2 subtype with a hemagglutination-in ...200818214156
an investigation of the presence of escherichia coli o149:k91:f4 on pig farms in southern ontario and the use of antimicrobials and risk factors associated with the presence of this serogroup.prevalence, causative factors, treatment, and preventative measures for o149:k91:f4 escherichia coli infection of postweaning pigs was determined by using a cross-sectional study including 70 farms in ontario. surveys were distributed and samples cultured bacteriologically, resulting in 30% of farms testing positive to e. coli 0149:k91:f4. possible causative factors, such as housing or nutrition, were not significantly different between positive and negative farms. use of injectable antibiotics ...200818320976
molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella typhimurium dti04 on ontario swine farms.this study was conducted to examine antimicrobial resistances, plasmid profiles, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of 80 salmonella typhimurium (including var. copenhagen) dt104 strains (including dt104a and dt104b) recovered from pig and environmental fecal samples on 17 swine farms in ontario. no resistance was observed to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, apramycin, carbadox, cephalothin, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim, and tobramycin. ho ...200818505209
a longitudinal study of the salmonella status on ontario swine farms within the time period 2001-2006.in order to describe the farm-level salmonella status, 113 ontario swine farms were tested for salmonella one to five times within the time period 2001-2006. during 422 visits, 6844 fecal samples were collected and cultured for salmonella. salmonella was recovered from 437 (6.38%) of the fecal samples, and 69 (61%) of the farms had at least one positive sample over the entire period of the study. salmonella was not recovered on 11 farms of the 54 farms visited five times, nor from 7 of the 17 fa ...200818681793
bone weathering patterns of metatarsal v. femur and the postmortem interval in southern ontario.twenty-five defleshed pig femora and 25 metatarsals were placed outdoors and observed over 291 days to establish: (1) bone weathering patterns for use in estimating time since death in southern ontario and (2) whether larger (femora) or smaller (metatarsals) bones provide a better indicator of time since death. pig hind limbs were observed to determine a timeline for decomposition of soft tissues during the fall and winter. ambient air temperature, humidity, precipitation, sunlight, soil ph, and ...200818359589
pre-clinical remote telesurgery trial of a da vinci telesurgery prototype.the objective of this study was to perform a pre-clinical remote telesurgery trial of a da vinci telesurgery prototype on a surgical-grade virtual private network.200818803341
factors associated with in-transit losses of market hogs in ontario in 2001.in-transit losses and stage of transport when deaths occurred were determined for 4 760 213 market-weight pigs produced in 2001 by 4159 ontario producers and marketed through 117 transport companies to 33 packers located in canada (96%) and the united states. approximately 73% and 21% of producers marketed < 2000 pigs and < 500 pigs, respectively. in-transit loss was 0.017%, with 75% of producers losing < or = 5 pigs annually. approximately half of in-transit losses occurred on the truck, with 1 ...200819086368
association between in-transit loss, internal trailer temperature, and distance traveled by ontario market hogs.an observational study was conducted from july to october 2004 to determine the association between in-transit losses of swine and internal trailer temperature after controlling for loading density, trip distance, herd size, and random trip effect. a convenience sample of 3 trucking companies was used to collect temperature, relative humidity, and global positioning data for 104 trips that delivered 21,834 pigs from 371 producers to ontario abattoirs. the association between in-transit loss and ...200819086369
pig and herd level prevalence of toxoplasma gondii in ontario finisher pigs in 2001, 2003, and 2004.the objective of this study was to estimate the apparent and true prevalence of exposure to toxoplasma gondii in ontario finisher pigs. during the study period (2001 to 2004), sera from 6048 pigs were tested with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa); 103 farms were included 1 to 3 times in the study. true prevalence was estimated using a bayesian approach. apparent prevalence at the pig level was 1.59% [95% confidence interval (ci): 0.45, 2.99] in 2001, 0.06% (95% ci: 0.00, 0.4 ...200818783018
occurrence of campylobacter spp. in raw and ready-to-eat foods and in a canadian food service operation.the occurrence of campylobacter spp. in a variety of foods from ottawa, ontario, canada, and raw milk samples from across canada was determined over a 2-year period. the samples consisted of 55 raw foods (chicken, pork, and beef), 126 raw milk samples from raw milk cheese manufacturers, and 135 ready-to-eat foods (meat products, salads, and raw milk cheeses). campylobacter jejuni was detected in 4 of the 316 samples analyzed: 1 raw beef liver sample and 3 raw chicken samples. an isolation rate o ...200818939758
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization in pigs and pig farmers.methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) colonization has recently been identified in pigs and people that work with pigs, raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of mrsa for human infection. the objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of mrsa colonization in pigs and pig farmers in ontario, canada and to characterize mrsa strains. nasal and rectal swabs were collected from 285 pigs from three different age groups from 20 pig farms. nasal swabs were colle ...200818023542
molecular characterization of hepatitis e virus detected in swine farms in the province of quebec.swine hepatitis e virus (hev) could be a zoonotic agent for hev infection in humans. in canada, approximately 60% of 6-mo-old commercial pigs are seropositive for hev; the prevalence is higher in the provinces of quebec and ontario. a study was set up to evaluate the presence of swine hev in quebec farms and to compare the strains detected in fecal samples with human and swine hev strains reported worldwide. fecal samples were collected randomly from may 2003 to january 2004 from 70 swine farms ...200818214158
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolates from swine and wild small mammals in the proximity of swine farms and in natural environments in ontario, canada.wild animals not normally exposed to antimicrobial agents can acquire antimicrobial agent-resistant bacteria through contact with humans and domestic animals and through the environment. in this study we assessed the frequency of antimicrobial resistance in generic escherichia coli isolates from wild small mammals (mice, voles, and shrews) and the effect of their habitat (farm or natural area) on antimicrobial resistance. additionally, we compared the types and frequency of antimicrobial resista ...200919047381
risk factors associated with escherichia coli o157:h7 in ontario beef cow-calf operations.the aim of this study was to identify farm management factors associated with the prevalence of escherichia coli o157:h7 among cattle in ontario beef cow-calf operations. a total of 119 cow-calf operations with more than 50 cows in southern ontario were visited between june and december 2002. from each farm, 65 fresh fecal samples were collected and cultured for e. coli o157:h7. colonies of e. coli o157:h7 were isolated using immunomagnetic separation and standard microbiological techniques. fin ...200919692131
distribution of sulfonamide resistance genes in escherichia coli and salmonella isolates from swine and chickens at abattoirs in ontario and québec, canada.sulfonamide-resistant escherichia coli and salmonella isolates from pigs and chickens in ontario and québec were screened for sul1, sul2, and sul3 by pcr. each sul gene was distributed differently across populations, with a significant difference between distribution in commensal e. coli and salmonella isolates and sul3 restricted mainly to porcine e. coli isolates.200919633109
using data collected for production or economic purposes to research production animal welfare: an epidemiological approach.epidemiologists use the analyses of large data sets collected for production or economic purposes to research production nonhuman animal welfare issues in the commercial setting. this approach is particularly useful if the welfare issue is rare or hard to reproduce. however, to ensure the information is accurate, it is essential to carefully validate these data. the study used economic data to research in-transit deaths of finishing pigs. the most appropriate model to fit the distribution of the ...200919319713
intensive hog farming operations and self-reported health among nearby rural residents in ottawa, canada.in 2004, hog farming operations were introduced in the village of sarsfield in the eastern part of ottawa, canada. this study evaluates the health-related quality of life (hrqol), and the prevalence of respiratory conditions among adults and children who lived in proximity to this farm.200919744310
parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza a virus in canada in 2007.swine h3n2 influenza virus designated a/ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. a/ontario/1252/2007 was related to h3n2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the united states in 1998. three of five tested household members were also seropositive for a/ontario/1252/2007.200919339469
spread of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in ontario (canada) swine herds: part ii. matched case-control study.the emergence of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) was associated with high mortality in swine populations worldwide. studies performed in different regions identified spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal trends as factors contributing to patterns of the disease spread. patterns consistent with spatial trend and spatio-temporal clustering were already identified in this dataset. on the basis of these results, we have further investigated the nature of local spread in this report. t ...201021190586
spread of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in ontario (canada) swine herds: part i. exploratory spatial analysis.the systemic form of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad), also known as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws) was initially detected in the early 1990s. starting in 2004, the canadian swine industry experienced considerable losses due to pcvad, concurrent with a shift in genotype of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2). objectives of the current study were to explore spatial characteristics of self-reported pcvad distribution in ontario between 2004 and 2008, and to investigate ...201021190587
longitudinal investigation of clostridium difficile shedding in piglets.a longitudinal study of clostridium difficile colonization in piglets was performed on a conventional swine farm in ontario, canada. fecal samples were collected from 10 sows prior to their expected farrowing date, and then from all their piglets on days 2, 7, 30, 44 and 62 of life. c. difficile was isolated from 4/10 (40%) of sows prior to farrowing, 90/121 (74%) piglets on day 2, 66/117 (56%) on day 7, 45/113 (40%) on day 30, 23/101 (23%) on day 44 and 2/54 (3.7%) on day 62. there was a signif ...201020708700
clinical signs and their association with herd demographics and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) control strategies in prrs pcr-positive swine herds in ontario.the purposes of this study were to describe the clinical signs observed in prrs positive herds during a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) outbreak in ontario and to determine associations between these clinical signs and herd demographics and prrs control strategies. all prrs polymerase chain reaction-(pcr)-positive submissions to a diagnostic laboratory between september 1, 2004 and august 31, 2007 were identified (n = 1864). after meeting eligibility requirements and agreein ...201020885840
distribution of genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in ontario during 2004-2007 and the association between genotype and clinical signs of disease.restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) was first proposed to classify porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) in 1998. the primary objective of this study was to identify associations between different prrsv rflp types in swine herds in southern ontario and clinical signs of disease in those herds. herds included in the study submitted samples to the animal health laboratory at the university of guelph between september 2004 and august 2007. each farm owner was surve ...201020592841
potential pediatric intensive care unit demand/capacity mismatch due to novel ph1n1 in canada.to investigate the possibility of pediatric intensive care unit shortfalls, using pandemic models for a range of attack rates and durations. the emergence of the swine origin ph1n1 virus has led to concerns about shortfalls in our ability to provide pediatric ventilation and critical care support.201020473239
occurrence of salmonella, campylobacter, yersinia enterocolitica, escherichia coli o157 and listeria monocytogenes in swine.the objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of major bacterial foodborne pathogens in swine. in total, 359 samples from manure storage tanks (91) and fresh pooled faeces (268) obtained from finisher (110), sows (78) and weanlings (80) were collected and tested. campylobacter, salmonella, yersinia enterocolitica, escherichia coli o157 and listeria monocytogenes were isolated from 36.5%, 31.5%, 5.8%, 3.3% and 3.3% of samples respectively. all e. coli o157 isolates found on 10 far ...201019638163
prevalence of yersinia enterocolitica shedding and bioserotype distribution in ontario finisher pig herds in 2001, 2002, and 2004.we investigated characteristics of yersinia enterocolitica infection in ontario finisher pig herds. our specific objectives were to estimate or test: prevalence of y. enterocolitica shedding in finisher pigs, bioserotype distribution, agreement between the herd-level tests based on sampling pig and pooled fecal samples, whether bioserotypes cluster by farms, and whether y. enterocolitica-positive herds cluster spatially. in total, 3747 fecal samples were collected from 100 farms over the years 2 ...201019926152
evaluation of a veterinary-based syndromic surveillance system implemented for swine.practicing veterinarians play an important role in detecting the initial outbreak of disease in animal populations. a pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of a veterinary-based surveillance system for the ontario swine industry. a total of 7 practitioners from 5 clinics agreed to submit information from july 1, 2007 to june 30, 2008. the surveillance program was evaluated in terms of timeliness, compliance, geographic coverage, and data quality. our study showed that the veteri ...201021197223
antimicrobial resistance in generic escherichia coli isolates from wild small mammals living in swine farm, residential, landfill, and natural environments in southern ontario, canada.to assess the impacts of different types of human activity on the development of resistant bacteria in the feces of wild small mammals, we compared the prevalences and patterns of antimicrobial resistance and resistance genes in generic escherichia coli and salmonella enterica isolates from fecal samples collected from wild small mammals living in four environments: swine farms, residential areas, landfills, and natural habitats. resistance to antimicrobials was observed in e. coli isolates from ...201021131524
knowledge of zoonoses among those affiliated with the ontario swine industry: a questionnaire administered to selected producers, allied personnel, and veterinarians.zoonoses are diseases caused by infectious agents that are transmitted from animals to humans. some zoonoses have been associated with the pig and pork industry. to ensure the safety of pigs and pork and to improve public health it is essential to understand the level of knowledge of those affiliated with the swine industry. the purpose of our study was to assess the knowledge of and attitude toward zoonotic and other microbial hazards among targeted groups of stakeholders associated with the on ...201019895261
preliminary studies into the characterization of chemical markers of decomposition for geoforensics.in this paper, we report the results of our preliminary studies into chemical characterization of the fluids produced during decomposition in the absence of a soil matrix. pig (sus domestica) carcasses were used to model the human decomposition process in two separate locations, western australia (perth) and canada (oshawa). analysis involved simple dilution and filtration of the decomposition fluids followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. several previously unreported compounds were d ...201020070470
management factors associated with farrowing rate in commercial sow herds in ontario.the objectives of this study were to determine associations between low farrowing rate and various management factors in sow herds. in 30 sow herds, a management survey, breeding observations, semen evaluation, and semen storage temperature monitoring were completed. herds with an average farrowing rate of < 85% were classified as low farrowing rate herds while those with an average farrowing rate of > or = 85% were classified as good farrowing rate herds. low farrowing rate herds were more like ...201020436865
examination of adipocere formation in a cold water environment.adipocere is a late-stage postmortem decomposition product that forms from the lipids present in soft tissue. its formation in aquatic environments is typically related to the presence of a moist, warm, anaerobic environment, and the effect of decomposer microorganisms. the ideal temperature range for adipocere formation is considered to be 21-45 degrees c and is correlated to the optimal conditions for bacterial growth and enzymatic release. however, adipocere formation has been reported in coo ...201020437052
optimal pandemic influenza vaccine allocation strategies for the canadian population.the world is currently confronting the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. influenza vaccination is an effective preventive measure, but the unique epidemiological features of swine-origin influenza a (h1n1) (ph1n1) introduce uncertainty as to the best strategy for prioritization of vaccine allocation. we sought to determine optimal prioritization of vaccine distribution among different age and risk groups within the canadian population, to minimize influenza-attributable morbidity a ...201020463898
ammonia emissions from livestock industries in canada: feasibility of abatement strategies.an updated national ammonia (nh(3)) emissions inventory was employed to study the relationship between nh(3) emissions and livestock industries in canada. emissions from animal agriculture accounted for 322kilotonnes (kt) or 64% of canadian nh(3) emissions in 2002. cattle and swine accounted for the bulk of livestock emissions. the provinces of alberta, ontario, quebec, and saskatchewan accounted for 28.1%, 22.0%, 18.7%, and 13.1% of total livestock emissions, respectively. emissions from ontari ...201020542610
prevalence of salmonella infecting bacteriophages associated with ontario pig farms and the holding area of a high capacity pork processing facility.there is interest in applying bacteriophages to control salmonella in pig production and pork processing. the following reports on the prevalence of salmonella infecting bacteriophages within ontario pig farms and associated with the holding area of a pork slaughterhouse.201020661898
relationship between estimated finishing-pig space allowance and in-transit loss in a retrospective survey of 3 packing plants in ontario in 2003.the objective of this study was to determine the association between space allowance and in-transit loss of finishing pigs going to select abattoirs in ontario during summer weather conditions. the study included data from 2- or 3-tiered trailers transporting ≥ 130 pigs in june, july, and august 2003 to 3 packers that processed 76% of ontario market pigs. daily in-transit loss data were merged with packer data to determine the number of pigs on each trailer. space allowance (in square meters per ...201020885841
canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) farm program: results from finisher pig surveillance.in 2006, the canadian integrated program for antimicrobial resistance surveillance (cipars) farm program was implemented in sentinel grower-finisher swine herds in québec, ontario, manitoba, saskatchewan and alberta. herds were visited 1-3 times annually. faecal samples were collected from pens of close-to-market (ctm) weight (>80 kg) pigs and antimicrobial use (amu) data were collected via questionnaires. samples were cultured for generic escherichia coli and salmonella and tested for antimicro ...201021083820
evaluation of the risk factors for shedding salmonella with or without antimicrobial resistance in swine using multinomial regression method.a multinomial logistic regression method was used to investigate the risk factors for antimicrobial resistance (amr) in salmonella isolated from faecal samples collected on 80 ontario swine farms in canada. the samples were classified into three groups including salmonella-negative samples (s-), salmonella-positive samples without amr (s+amr-) and salmonella-positive samples with amr (s+amr+). the samples collected directly from pigs had a greater chance to be positive for salmonella with amr co ...201021083821
estimating background rates of guillain-barre syndrome in ontario in order to respond to safety concerns during pandemic h1n1/09 immunization campaign.abstract: background: the province of ontario, canada initiated mass immunization clinics with adjuvanted pandemic h1n1 influenza vaccine in october 2009. due to the campaign's scale, temporal associations with guillain-barre syndrome (gbs) and vaccination were expected. the objectives of this analysis were to estimate the number of background gbs cases expected to occur in the projected vaccinated population and to estimate the number of additional gbs cases which would be expected if an associ ...201121586163
analytical and clinical validation of novel real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assays for the clinical detection of swine-origin h1n1 influenza viruses.during the early stages of the 2009/2010 swine-origin h1n1 influenza a (s-oiv h1n1 flua) outbreak, the development and validation of sensitive and specific detection methods were a priority for rapid and accurate diagnosis. between may and june 2009, 2 real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr) assays targeting the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the s-oiv h1n1 flua virus were developed. these assays are highly specific, showing no cross-reactivity against a pan ...201121251560
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in ontario, canada 1999 to 2010: genetic diversity and restriction fragment length polymorphisms.classification of ontario porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) field isolates (n?=?505) from 1999 to 2010, based on a global type 2 prrsv orf5 phylogenetic framework, revealed genetic diversity comparable to prrsv in the usa, with sequences assigned to five of nine lineages (1, 2, 5, 8 and 9). importantly, the tree topology indicated a canadian ancestry for the highly virulent mn184-related strains that first emerged in 2001 in the usa. mapping of the rflp patterns onto th ...201121346028
microbiological identification and analysis of swine tonsils collected from carcasses at slaughter.the primary objective of this 7-month study was to determine the prevalence of porcine pathogens of the tonsil of the soft palate of swine at slaughter. additional objectives were to determine if sampling the carcasses of normal or abnormal hogs provided different microbiological profiles and if the slaughter plant provides a feasible sampling frame and environment for detecting and monitoring important pathogens in tonsils that have health implications for both swine and humans. a total of 395 ...201121731180
antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium perfringens isolates of bovine, chicken, porcine, and turkey origin from ontario.antimicrobial susceptibilities and toxin types were determined for 275 clostridium perfringens isolates collected in ontario in the spring of 2005. minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of c. perfringens isolates for 12 antimicrobials used in therapy, prophylaxis, and/or growth promotion of cattle (n = 40), swine (n = 75), turkeys (n = 50), and chickens (n = 100) were determined using the microbroth dilution method. statistical analyses and mic distributions showed reduced susceptibility to b ...201121731178
preliminary investigations of the distribution of escherichia coli o149 in sows, piglets, and their environment.little is known about the sources and kinetics of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization in pigs during the pre-and post-weaning period. in this study, farrowing pens, sows, and piglets were tested for the presence of e. coli o149 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) after bacterial culture pre-enrichment on 2 farms, one with a history of post-weaning diarrhea (problem farm - pf) and the other without such a history (non-problem farm - npf). unlike those on the pf, the sows from t ...201121461196
patterns of condemnation rates in swine from a federally inspected abattoir in relation to disease outbreak information in ontario (2005-2007).strong correlations between clinical signs on farms and the presence of lesions at slaughter have been reported. the objective of this study was to determine if changes in condemnation rates provide a data source for surveillance of disease outbreaks in pigs. the data were obtained from 1 abattoir in ontario (2005-2007). the epidemiological relevance of the results was based on an outbreak of porcine circovirus associated disease (pcvad) in ontario in 2005. the total condemnations and condemnati ...201121461204
phylogenetic networks to study the origin and evolution of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) in cuba.porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) is the essential etiological infectious agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (pmws), which is considered one of the most economically important swine diseases worldwide. in this study, a comparison between methodologies based on classical phylogenetic trees and networks to infer the origin of pcv2 in cuba was performed. in addition, the mechanisms supporting the genetic variability of cuban pcv2 populations were investigated. a retrospective study, ...201121507587
an observational study on the prevalence and impact of isospora suis in suckling piglets in southwestern ontario, and risk factors for shedding oocysts.an observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence of isospora suis oocysts in fecal samples from suckling piglets in ontario, and to evaluate the relationship between the presence of i. suis oocysts and diarrhea. fifty farms and 709 litters of piglets were included in the study. oocysts were detected on 70% of farms, with 187 litters infected. a litter of pigs that was positive for oocysts was significantly more likely to exhibit diarrhea than a litter that was negative [odds rati ...201121532828
suitability and limitations of portion-specific abattoir data as part of an early warning system for emerging diseases of swine in ontario.abstract: background: abattoir data have the potential to provide information for geospatial disease surveillance applications, but the quality of the data and utility for detecting disease outbreaks is not well understood. the objectives of this study were to 1) identify non-disease factors that may bias these data for disease surveillance and 2) determine if major disease events that took place during the study period would be captured using multi-level modelling and scan statistics. we analy ...201222225910
prevalence of antibodies to leptospira in wild mammals trapped on livestock farms in ontario, canada.to determine the prevalence and diversity of leptospira serogroups circulating in wildlife on farms in ontario, we tested samples from 51 raccoons (procyon lotor), seven skunks (mephitis mephitis), four rats (rattus norvegicus), and three opossums (didelphis virginiana) that were trapped on 27 livestock (swine [sus scrofa], cattle [bos taurus]) farms in 2010. seventeen of 51 raccoons (33%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 21-48%) sampled were positive for at least one leptospira serogroup using the ...201424807356
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