Publications

purification and biochemical characterization of recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus protease and comparison to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease.	simian immunodeficiency virus protease (siv-pr) was produced in escherichia coli with a recombinant expression system in which the mature enzyme autoprocessed from a precursor form. recombinant siv and hiv-1 (human immunodeficiency virus, type 1) proteases were purified from bacterial cell lysates by use of sequential steps of ammonium sulfate precipitation and size-exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography. the amino acid composition, amino-terminal sequence, and molecular weight (monomer) of t ...	1991	1883829
phenotypic analysis of malignant lymphoma in simian immunodeficiency virus infection using anti-human antibodies.	primates infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a condition similar to the human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the close resemblance between the simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (saids) and the human disease has led to the widespread use of siv-infected monkeys as an animal model in the study of acquired immunodeficiency. we have investigated the use of standard anti-human antibodies for the immunohistochemical analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedde ...	1991	1919870
disseminated histoplasmosis in a siv-infected rhesus monkey.	disseminated histoplasmosis due to histoplasma capsulatum was diagnosed in a rhesus monkey inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). immunohistochemical staining of tissues for viral core antigens revealed that those macrophages that expressed viral antigen contained few or no fungal organisms, while those that were filled with fungal organisms did not express viral antigen. this is a previously undocumented condition in a siv-infected macaque, and suggests that siv infection of indiv ...	1991	1920380
identification of viral determinants of macrophage tropism for simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac.	simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), a lymphocytopathic lentivirus, induces an aids-like disease in rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta). a pathogenic molecular clone of rhesus macaque siv (sivmac), sivmac-239, replicates and induces cytopathology in t lymphocytes but is restricted for replication in macrophages. in contrast, a nonpathogenic molecular clone of sivmac, sivmac-1a11, replicates and induces syncytia (multinucleated giant cells) in cultures of both t lymphocytes and macrophages. sivmac-1 ...	1991	1920617
thymus in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys.	the thymuses from 20 simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected and 4 uninfected rhesus monkeys were examined at intervals after infection to determine whether there were specific siv-induced lesions, to document the serial distribution of siv antigens, mrna, and dna, to quantitate the number of infected cells, and to correlate thymic changes with other parameters of infection. the following techniques were used: gross pathology, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, in si ...	1991	1921330
psychosocial factors and disease progression in simian aids: a preliminary report.	infection of macaques by the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), like hiv infection in humans, results in a variable time course to clinical disease. developmental studies of macaques have shown that psychosocial disruption, including social separations, can result in both immediate and long-term immunological consequences. using colony records on a subset of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) inoculated with siv at the california primate research center, davis, california, usa, we constructed re ...	1991	1930772
development of simian immunodeficiency virus isolation, titration, and neutralization assays which use whole blood from rhesus monkeys and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	assays that use rhesus macaque whole blood and an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) p27 core protein were developed for the isolation of siv from the blood of infected animals, the titration of infectivity of siv inocula, and the quantitation of virus neutralizing antibodies in serum. these assays required small amounts of whole blood, were adaptable to a microtiter format, and used substrates mainly of rhesus macaque origin.	1991	1939569
infection of rhesus monkeys with topical instillation of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)b670 into the conjunctival sac.	we tested the ability of siv to cause local and systemic infection in three rhesus monkeys after topical instillation of cell-free virus into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. conjunctivitis or other signs of infection were monitored after inoculation. conjunctiva were swabbed for virus culture and biopsied for pcr. changes in lymphocyte subsets, seroconversion, antigenemia, and virus isolation from pbl were assessed systemically postinoculation. viral dna was detected in conjunctival biopsy by pcr i ...	1991	1942004
a highly divergent simian immunodeficiency virus (sivstm) recovered from stored stump-tailed macaque tissues.	we report here the results of molecular analysis of a simian immunodeficiency virus (designated sivstm) which was isolated from a rhesus monkey inoculated with stored lymph node tissue of an asian stump-tailed macaque. the latter monkey had died in 1977 during an epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency and lymphoma at the california regional primate research center (l. j. lowenstine, n. w. lerche, p. a. marx, m. b. gardner, and n. c. pedersen, p. 174-176, in m. girard and l. valette, ed., retrovir ...	1991	1942258
liver disease in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.	rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a syndrome very similar to patients with acquired immune deficiency (aids), including liver disease. this prospective study was undertaken to define the pathology, course, and pathogenesis of liver disease in 20 rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) after intravenous inoculation with the standardized isolate siv/deltab670. tissue samples from liver and gallbladder between 2 and 24 weeks after inoculation were examined histologica ...	1991	1951627
transmission studies with simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques; persistent infection of baboons.	the host range of sivmac was investigated in three monkey species. blood-borne and cell-adapted virus inocula obtained from a rhesus macaque infected with sivmac251 were compared. african green monkeys were not susceptible to infection, whereas baboons and rhesus macaques became persistently infected and showed similar patterns of seroconversion. however, in contrast to the macaques, no clinical or histopathological evidence of disease was seen in the baboons 2 years after virus inoculation. thu ...	1992	1293067
detection of simian t-lymphotropic virus type i using the polymerase chain reaction.	to develop the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of simian t-lymphotropic virus type i (stlv-i) infection, cell lines or peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from 2 non-human primate species [african green monkeys (agm), cercopithecus aethiops; baboon, papio cynocephalus] were evaluated for their stlv-i status using oligonucleotide primer pairs and probes specific for the tax and pol gene regions of the closely related human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i). these pcr re ...	1992	1312066
the effect of contraceptives containing nonoxynol-9 on the genital transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques.	the ability of two nonoxynol-9 spermicide preparations to prevent the genital transmission of siv in rhesus macaques was compared. administration of one ml of contraceptive foam before the intravaginal inoculation of cell-free siv prevented the genital transmission of siv to three of six animals, and using one ml of contraceptive gel prevented the genital transmission of siv to two of six animals. thus, both contraceptive foams and gels containing nonoxynol-9 provided protection against the geni ...	1992	1315297
predominant use of a t-cell receptor v beta gene family in simian immunodeficiency virus gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in a rhesus monkey.	to explore the structural basis for aids virus recognition by cd8+ lymphocytes, we sought to determine whether there is a diverse or restricted usage of t-cell receptors (tcr) by simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) gag-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) in the rhesus monkey. six gag-specific ctl clones were independently generated from an sivmac-infected rhesus monkey. all six ctl clones recognized a single sivmac gag peptide in association with a single major histocompatibili ...	1992	1316491
genetic analysis of simian virus 40 from brains and kidneys of macaque monkeys.	simian virus 40 (sv40) was isolated from the brains of three rhesus monkeys and the kidneys of two other rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus-induced immunodeficiency. a striking feature of these five cases was the tissue specificity of the sv40 replication. sv40 was also isolated from the kidney of a taiwanese rock macaque with immunodeficiency probably caused by type d retrovirus infection. multiple full-length clones were derived from all six fresh sv40 isolates, and two separate ...	1992	1328671
intrarectal challenge of macaques vaccinated with formalin-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus.	macaques can be protected from intravenous infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) by vaccination with chemically inactivated virus. however, protection against infection via a mucosal surface has not been demonstrated. we vaccinated four rhesus macaques with formalin-inactivated siv given intramuscularly. these monkeys, which had remained virus free for 10 months after intravenous challenge with siv, were given a further dose of vaccine and together with four unvaccinated controls we ...	1992	1346285
cytotoxic t lymphocyte response against multiple simian immunodeficiency virusa (siv) proteins in siv-infected macaques.	to identify the target proteins of cd8+ t lymphocytes we have explored the cytolytic immune responses of 12 rhesus macaques experimentally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac). target cells were autologous b cell lines presenting sivmac proteins after infection with recombinant vaccinia viruses. the eight following proteins were studied: env, pol, gag, nef, vif, rev, tat, and vpx. macaque pbmc stimulated with con a and expanded in t cell growth factor-containing medium produc ...	1992	1349322
potential significance of the cellular immune response against the macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) in immunized and infected rhesus macaques.	the cellular immune response of seven rhesus macaques immunized with tween-ether-treated macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) and three non-vaccinated control animals was investigated. immunization elicited antigen-specific proliferating cd4+ cells in five of seven monkeys. proliferating t cells were found in all animals protected from a first virus challenge. cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) were not induced by the immunization. after the second challenge, the four formerly pr ...	1992	1357081
three epitopic peptides of the simian immunodeficiency virus nef protein recognized by macaque cytolytic t lymphocytes.	in 8 of 12 experimentally infected macaques, the nef sivmac 251 protein was recognized by cytolytic t lymphocytes (ctl) and appeared strongly immunogenic. here, we report experiments which have been performed by using synthetic peptides to precisely determine the epitopes recognized by macaque ctl. three epitopes of the nef protein have been defined as ctl targets in three macaques. the epitopic peptides are located in the central region of the protein, and all of them show high homology with pe ...	1992	1370557
interstitial pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	interstitial pneumonia unrelated to pneumocystis carinii or other infections was observed histopathologically in 5 of 25 rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). the predominant lesion was lymphocytic infiltration of interalveolar septa and hyperplasia of peribronchial and perivascular lymphoid tissue. immunohistochemical staining using a panel of antibodies against human t and b lymphocytes, macrophages, and immunoglobulins showed that peribronchial aggregates and inter ...	1992	1378892
pathological changes in the reproductive tract of male rhesus monkeys associated with age and simian aids.	the pathological changes associated with ageing and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection in groups of immature, adult and ageing rhesus monkeys were studied. eighty three per cent (5 of 6) of uninfected ageing animals had hyperplasia of the prostate, 33 per cent (2 of 6) had mild prostatitis and in 66 per cent (4 of 6) there were calcified concretions in the seminal vesicles. the testes were normal and showed active spermatogenesis. in the siv-infected animals, two types of lesion occur ...	1992	1385497
sera from simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques inhibit lymphocyte proliferation.	rhesus macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) develop a syndrome mimicking acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in humans. we had demonstrated previously that sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes from healthy noninfected subjects and that this phenomenon was associated with the development of clinical aids. thus, we sought to determine whether sera from siv-infected monkeys would also i ...	1992	1403349
arteriopathy in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.	an arteriopathy characterized by intimal and medial thickening and fibrosis was seen in 19 of 85 rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), a lentivirus with morphologic, genetic, and biologic similarities to hiv-1 and hiv-2.	1992	1405492
cloning and sequences of primate cd4 molecules: diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus.	to study the interaction between the primate lentiviruses simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the cd4 receptor we have cloned and sequenced the cd4 molecule from six non-human primate species: african green monkeys (three subspecies: sabeus, pytherethrus, aethiops), sooty mangabeys, patas monkeys, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and pig-tail macaques. molecular cdna clones representing cd4 mrna were generated from total rna from peripheral blood mononucle ...	1992	1425921
detection of simian immunodeficiency virus dna in macrophages from infected rhesus macaques.	we have examined the frequency of infection of monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages isolated from rhesus macaques inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) utilizing a semiquantitative pcr methodology. animals were inoculated with either pathogenic (sivmac239) or nonpathogenic (sivmac1a11) molecularly cloned viruses of sivmac, or with uncloned pathogenic sivmacbiol. the frequency of siv dna in macrophages was highest early after infection and at terminal stages of disease, wher ...	1992	1433270
efficacy of live-attenuated and whole-inactivated simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines against vaginal challenge with virulent siv.	the ability of two vaccine preparations (uv-psoralen inactivated siv administered intramuscularly and live-attenuated siv inoculated intravaginally) to prevent genital transmission of virulent siv in rhesus macaques was tested. two of six whole-inactivated siv vaccinated macaques, three of five live-attenuated siv vaccinated macaques, and four of six controls became persistently infected after two separate intravaginal inoculations with a 50% animal infectious dose of virulent siv. no associatio ...	1992	1433273
specific and non-specific immunity and protection of macaques against siv infection.	the simian immunodeficiency virus is a retrovirus closely related to the human immunodeficiency viruses; it induces an aids-like disease in macaques, and provides therefore an obvious animal model for anti-lentiviral drug and vaccine strategy assessments. in our experiment, we immunized rhesus macaques with a purified and formalin-inactivated whole sivmac251 antigen preparation. most of these monkeys were still protected for more than 4 months following a heterologous sivsm intravenous challenge ...	1992	1455913
infection of rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a rapidly fatal siv (sivsmm/pbj) isolate from sooty mangabeys.	a variant of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsmm/pbj), isolated from a chronically infected pig-tailed macaque has been shown in previous studies to produce acutely fatal disease uniformly in pig-tailed macaques and in some rhesus macaques. the present study extends investigation of sivsmm/pbj pathogenesis in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. cynomolgus and rhesus macaques were found to be uniformly susceptible to infection, but as previously reported, the rhesus were found to not be uniform in t ...	1992	1457209
cytotoxic t lymphocytes do not appear to select for mutations in an immunodominant epitope of simian immunodeficiency virus gag.	studies to date assessing hiv escape from ctl in vivo have yielded conflicting results. previous studies have demonstrated that simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys expressing the mhc class i allele mamu-a*01 reproducibly develop a gag-specific ctl response limited to a 9-amino acid epitope of the sivmac gag protein (residues 182-190 within peptide 11c). to determine whether ctl have a role in selecting for aids virus mutants, we examined mutations in sivmac ...	1992	1460291
vaccination of rhesus monkeys with synthetic peptide in a fusogenic proteoliposome elicits simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes.	an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus should be capable of eliciting both an antibody and a cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response. however, when viral proteins and peptides are formulated with traditional immunological adjuvants and inoculated via a route acceptable for use in humans, they have not been successful at eliciting virus-specific, major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i-restricted ctl. we have designed a novel viral subunit vaccine by encapsulating a pr ...	1992	1460429
protective effects of a live attenuated siv vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene.	vaccine protection against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in animal models is proving to be a difficult task. the difficulty is due in large part to the persistent, unrelenting nature of hiv and siv infection once infection is initiated. siv with a constructed deletion in the auxiliary gene nef replicates poorly in rhesus monkeys and appears to be nonpathogenic in this normally susceptible host. rhesus monkeys vaccinated with live siv d ...	1992	1470917
the simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaque: a model for pediatric aids.	maternal-to-infant transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) has been demonstrated in the rhesus macaque following experimental infection of pregnant rhesus monkeys, either parenterally or by inoculation of virus into the amniotic fluid. virus infection occurred in 3 of 12 (25%) rhesus infants born to mothers with siv infection induced by parenteral inoculation of virus during gestation. however, these infants did not become seropositive or virus positive until they were 9-15 months ol ...	1992	1480404
simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of infant rhesus macaques as a model to test antiretroviral drug prophylaxis and therapy: oral 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine prevents siv infection.	the prophylactic and therapeutic properties of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt) against simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection were tested in four 3-month-old rhesus macaques. the infant monkeys were inoculated intravenously with a low dose (1 to 10 100% animal infectious doses) of uncloned sivmac. the monkeys were treated orally with 50 mg of azt per kg of body weight every 8 h; two animals were started on treatment 2 h prior to virus inoculation, and two animals were started on treatmen ...	1992	1489181
the nef gene of simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac1a11.	the role of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) nef gene in viral replication was investigated in several tissue culture systems. sivmac1a11 is a molecularly cloned virus which replicates in both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and macrophages, although no disease is observed in infected rhesus macaques. in this report, we demonstrate that sivmac1a11 contains a full open reading frame for nef which specifies a 37-kda protein. to investigate the effects of nef on viral replication, ...	1992	1501282
localization of siv in the genital tract of chronically infected female rhesus macaques.	despite the fact that human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is transmitted primarily by sexual contact, the biology of the sexual transmission of hiv is poorly understood. simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) can be transmitted to female rhesus macaques by placing cell-free virus into the vaginal canal, and siv can be isolated from the vaginal secretions of infected rhesus macaques. the authors examined the genital tracts from 16 chronically infected female rhesus macaques and localized siv-infected ...	1992	1519670
pathogenesis of acute infection in rhesus macaques with a lymphocyte-tropic strain of simian immunodeficiency virus.	the simian immunodeficiency virus, sivmac, causes disease affecting multiple organ systems in macaques similar to human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans. molecularly cloned sivmac with a strong lymphocyte tropism was used in pathogenesis experiments to correlate viral cell tropism with disease. in 5 animals, exhaustive analyses on viruses from tissues and identification of infected precursor cells were done at multiple times during infection to ensure the virus had not mutated into a m ...	1992	1527409
relationship of neurologic status in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus to cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid and kynurenic acid.	increased concentrations of the excitotoxin quinolinic acid (quin) have been implicated in the neurologic deficits and brain atrophy that may accompany infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type-1. key neuropathologic features of the aids encephalitis are replicated in some macaques following infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). in the present studies, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) quin concentrations increased within 2 weeks following infection of 11 rhesus macaques (ma ...	1992	1535532
cognitive and motor impairments associated with siv infection in rhesus monkeys.	cognitive and motor deficits are now recognized as significant clinical features of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). juvenile rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were found to exhibit cognitive and motor deficits characteristic of hiv infection. impairment on a motor skill task was the most reliable indicator of infection. various cognitive impairments were also evident. these deficits were related to siv infection of the brain but not to infla ...	1992	1546323
acute lymphoid changes and ongoing immune activation in siv infection.	two features of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection are emphasized: a transitory decrease in cd4 t cells in the first 2 weeks of infection followed by cd8 t-cell rise, and immune cell activation occurring by 4 weeks and persisting throughout the illness. the short-term changes included a fall in cd4 t cells by 2 weeks with partial recovery by 4 weeks and a cd8 rise that starts at 2 weeks. subsequent characterization of cd4 t cells showed reduced expression of hla-dr and cd25 (il-2 rece ...	1992	1548574
complex determinants of macrophage tropism in env of simian immunodeficiency virus.	macrophage-tropic virus variants evolved during the course of infection of individual rhesus monkeys with cloned, non-macrophagetropic simian immunodeficiency virus. specific changes in the envelope gene (env) were found to be primarily responsible for the dramatic increase in the ability of the virus to replicate in macrophages. cloned viruses differing at nine amino acid positions in env exhibited a more than 100-fold difference in replicative capacity for primary cultures of rhesus monkey alv ...	1992	1548752
vaccine protection against sivmac infection by high- but not low-dose whole inactivated virus immunogen.	eight rhesus macaques were immunized intramuscularly four times (0, 1, 2, and 4 months) over a period of 4 months with a formalin-inactivated whole simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) vaccine in the presence of muramyl dipeptide (mdp) as adjuvant. four animals received 0.5 mg and the other four received 0.1 mg immunogen per injection. three weeks after the final immunization, the vaccinated monkeys along with two control monkeys were challenged intravenously with 50 mid50 of sivmac251-32h. at th ...	1992	1560342
pathologic features of siv-induced disease and the association of macrophage infection with disease evolution.	since the original isolation of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from a macaque with an aids-like disease, numerous studies have demonstrated the close biologic and genetic relationship of the sivs to the hivs. probably most important, the clinical spectrum of disease associated with sivmac/sivsmm infection in rhesus monkeys is strikingly similar to aids in hiv-1-infected human beings. herein are summarized the pathologic features of sivmac-induced disease in a cohort of rhesus monkeys, with ...	1992	1571193
the use of siv-infected rhesus monkeys for the preclinical evaluation of aids drugs and vaccines.	macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) can be used for preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) as well as for the study of aids pathogenesis. a number of pathogenic siv strains that have been well characterized molecularly and biologically are available for animal infection studies. data generated from in vitro drug sensitivity assays have established, for many classes of compounds, a similar degree of antiviral e ...	1992	1571195
genetic and biological comparisons of pathogenic and nonpathogenic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac).	simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is a designation for a group of related but unique lentiviruses identified in several primate species. a viral isolate from a rhesus macaque (i.e., sivmac) causes a fatal aids-like disease in experimentally infected macaques, and several infectious molecular clones of this virus have been characterized. this report presents the complete nucleotide sequence of molecularly cloned sivmac1a11, and comparisons are made with the sequence of molecularly cloned sivmac ...	1992	1571198
neuroscience findings in aids: a review of research sponsored by the national institute of mental health.	1. the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infects cells in both the immune system and the brain, but these effects are not independent. 2. research funded by the national institute of mental health (nimh) has been directed at identifying some of the mechanisms by which hiv-1 infects the brain, produces pathology, causes behavioral changes, and alters immune responses. 3. hiv-1-associated peptides have been shown to produce immunological changes without active virus present and there is also ev ...	1992	1579634
alterations in the course of experimental syphilis associated with concurrent simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	case reports suggest that the course of syphilis is altered in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). to investigate this issue, a model of syphilis in rhesus macaques with and without simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was developed. after intradermal inoculation with treponema pallidum, 2 siv-infected monkeys had persistent ulcerative primary lesions and 1 developed secondary syphilis. two siv-uninfected controls developed transient nonulcerative primary lesions. only the ...	1992	1583318
detection of simian immunodeficiency virus rna from infected rhesus macaques by the polymerase chain reaction.	a rapid method for the detection of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) rna from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of experimentally infected rhesus macaques by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is reported. the pcr was carried out with a complementary dna (cdna) template using 3 pairs of primers that were designed to anneal to homologous sequences in conserved regions of 3 molecular clones of sivmac. the specificity of the primers was confirmed by performing the pcr with template dna ...	1992	1597502
genital secretory immune response to chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection: a comparison between intravenously and genitally inoculated rhesus macaques.	the humoral and genital secretory immune response to chronic siv infection was compared between female rhesus macaques inoculated by i.v. or intravaginal routes. total igg levels in serum were 10-fold higher in siv-infected animals when compared with uninfected controls. vaginal washes from normal macaques contained predominantly iga and igg, while those from siv-infected animals contained high levels of igg. the siv-infected animals had high titres of siv-specific igg in serum, with lower but d ...	1992	1606737
simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes are present in the aids-associated skin rash in rhesus monkeys.	an infiltration of cd8+ lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis underlies the skin rash that commonly occurs as a primary manifestation of an aids virus infection. these cutaneous lymphocytes were characterized in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. skin rash-associated lymphocytes exhibited greater lysis of sivmac-expressing target cells and a higher cloning efficiency for sivmac-specific effector t cells than pbl. moreover, both sivmac envelope- and gag- ...	1992	1624810
role of tar rna splicing in translational regulation of simian immunodeficiency virus from rhesus macaques.	the untranslated leader sequences of rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus mrnas form a stable secondary structure, tar. this structure can be modified by rna splicing. in this study, the role of tar splicing in virus replication was investigated. the proportion of viral rnas containing a spliced tar structure is high early after infection and decreases at later times. moreover, proviruses containing mutations which prevent tar splicing are significantly delayed in replication. these muta ...	1992	1629957
isolation of uninfected immature hematopoietic cells from bone marrow of simian immunodeficiency virus infected rhesus monkeys.		1993	7680153
restricted replication of simian immunodeficiency virus strain 239 in macrophages is determined by env but is not due to restricted entry.	virus derived from the infectious, pathogenic, molecular clone of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) called sivmac239 replicates poorly in primary rhesus monkey alveolar macrophage cultures. variants with three to nine amino acid changes in the envelope replicate 100 to 1,000 times more efficiently in these macrophage cultures than parental sivmac239. early events, including virus entry into cells, were analyzed by measuring the amounts of newly synthesized viral dna 14 to 16 h after infection ...	1993	7682627
an immunohistologic study of granulomatous inflammation in siv-infected rhesus monkeys.	we studied granulomatous inflammation in simian aids using histologic, immunohistologic, and in situ hybridization techniques. complete freund's adjuvant was used to induce granulomas in two control animals and two macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and having low peripheral cd4+ t cell counts. control animals developed large (> 2 cm diameter) epithelioid granulomas containing cd68+ macrophages (m phi s), epithelioid m phi s and multinucleated giant cells (mngcs), cd4+ an ...	1993	7684765
comparison of serum antibody reactivities to a conformational and to linear antigenic sites in the external envelope glycoprotein of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) induced by infection and vaccination.	forty-six overlapping peptides (20-mers) representing the amino acid sequence of the external envelope glycoprotein of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac; 32h isolate) were used to investigate linear antigenic sites recognized by antibodies in sera from siv-infected rhesus macaques and in animals vaccinated with formalin-inactivated siv. the reactivity to a discontinuous antigenic site as defined by a neutralizing monoclonal antibody was measured by competition assay. the majority of infected ...	1993	7685372
an epitope on the surface envelope glycoprotein (gp130) of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) involved in viral neutralization and t cell activation.	sivmac infection of macaques is an important animal model for hiv infection and aids; this model is being utilized for development of antiviral therapies and vaccines. in the present article, we sought to identify neutralization epitopes of sivmac envelope surface glycoprotein (gp130). algorithms were used to predict antigenicity of specific regions. four regions from the primary amino acid sequence of the viral surface glycoprotein were selected. a synthetic peptide representing one of these re ...	1993	7686386
detection of simian immunodeficiency virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid antigens by a monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture assay.	we have tested the ability of a monoclonal antibody-based simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) p27 capsid antigen assay to detect siv antigen in supernatants from a variety of infected cell cultures. the antigen capture assay has a sensitivity of approximately 30 pg of siv p27 capsid antigen/ml. the assay detected siv p27 capsid antigen in cell culture supernatants from all six strains tested, detected the replication of siv following the inoculation of the virus in peripheral blood mononuclear c ...	1993	7688521
cd34+ and cfu-gm progenitors are significantly decreased in sivsmm9 infected rhesus macaques with minimal evidence of direct viral infection by polymerase chain reaction.	hematologic abnormalities in the peripheral blood and bone marrow are associated with human immunodeficiency and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv, siv) infection. the reasons for these abnormalities remain unclear. bone marrow specimens collected from uninfected animals (group a, controls) and from rhesus macaques experimentally infected with sivsmm9 during the asymptomatic stage (group b, siv+ "well") and during the clinically ill stage (group c, siv+ "sick"), underwent a variety of in vitro ...	1993	7690518
effects of initiation of 3'-azido,3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) treatment at different times after infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus.	the effects of initiating treatment with 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine) at different times after inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) were investigated in rhesus monkeys. zidovudine treatments of 100 mg/kg/day (25 mg/kg, subcutaneously every 6 h) were initiated 1, 8, 24, or 72 h after intravenous inoculation of 10 id50 of siv. treatments continued for 28 days, and results were compared with those of saline-treated controls. serum infectious virus titers 14 days after inocu ...	1993	7690823
synthetic peptide in mineral oil adjuvant elicits simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys.	in view of the importance of cell-associated virus in aids virus transmission, an hiv vaccine should be able to induce a virus-specific ctl response. traditional subunit vaccines have not elicited virus-specific cd8+ mhc class i-restricted ctl. we have used the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)/rhesus monkey model to explore the use of ctl epitope peptide-helper peptide conjugates for the vaccine elicitation of aids virus-specific ctl. we found that both the ctl epitope peptide- ...	1993	7691965
[the immunological manifestations and cytological characteristics of infection caused by the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in rhesus monkeys].	the results of immunological and morphological studies of asian macaques (macaca mulatta) infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) are summarized in this review of literature. this virus causes development of the immunodeficiency disease that closely resembles human aids. immunological parameters (cd count, antibody response etc.) are described promoting prediction of progression of immunodeficiency in monkeys. the morphological features of injury of internal organs indicate that siv-indu ...	1993	8066812
cytotoxic t-cell response and aids-free survival in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.	to determine whether cytotoxic t lymphocytes have a beneficial effect during infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in macaques.	1993	7909229
increased replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in cem x174 cells by morphine sulfate.	infection with simian immunodeficiency virus induces cytopathic effects on cem x174 cells in vitro. syncytium formation of siv-infected cem x174 cells was significantly enhanced in the presence of morphine sulfate, with a concomitant increase in the activity of cellular reverse transcriptase and in the expression of siv p27 core antigen. parallel establishment of the viability of the morphine-treated cells indicates that the short-acting opioid protects against cell lysis induced by siv so that ...	1993	8216245
virus isolation and quinolinic acid in primary and chronic simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	in this 2.5-year study of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) infection in rhesus monkeys, quinolinic acid (quin) levels and virus isolation determinations were made in serial cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and blood samples to evaluate the relationship between these parameters over the course of infection.	1993	8216973
different patterns of neuropathological disease in rhesus monkeys infected by simian immunodeficiency virus, and their relation to the humoral immune response.	the brains of 21 rhesus monkeys inoculated with sivmac251 were examined after intervals ranging from 3 to 27 months and compared with five uninoculated controls. eighteen animals became infected and individually exhibited several distinct patterns of disease. nine (50%) had largely intramural leptomeningeal venous infiltrates (lmvi) without multinucleate giant cells (mgc) or foamy macrophages. three (17%) had only mgc lesions, involving the cerebral parenchyma. one had both patterns and five (33 ...	1993	8232754
langerhans cells in oral mucosa of rhesus monkeys before and after infection by simian retrovirus-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus.	to study the influence of experimental infection with simian retrovirus-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus on the number and distribution of langerhans cells in oral mucosa of rhesus monkeys, 10 monkeys were intravenously inoculated with simian retrovirus-1, 7 with simian immunodeficiency virus, and 2 were mock-inoculated. biopsies were taken from gingiva and cheek pouch before infection and at 1 (simian immunodeficiency virus group only), 4, and 7 months after infection. langerhans cells were ...	1993	8284080
spermatogenesis and hormone levels in rhesus macaques inoculated with simian immunodeficiency virus.	the presence of sperm in testicular tissue of rhesus macaques that died as a result of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was related to age and body weight. depressed testosterone levels were not associated with elevated lh levels. the data suggest that azoospermia in the siv-infected macaques was due to cachexia and not a direct effect of virus on the testis, supporting a similar hypothesis regarding azoospermia in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	1993	8289223
severe pulmonary pneumocystosis in simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome induced by simian immunodeficiency virus: its characterization by the polymerase-chain-reaction method and failure of experimental transmission to immunodeficient animals.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) infection was observed in three of five rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac251). they showed severe symptoms similar to those associated with human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). histopathology revealed severe pulmonary pneumocystosis in one of three pc-positive monkeys, and anti-pc antibodies were detected in sera from two of the three monkeys. localization of pc organisms in various organs of the monkeys was examined by the p ...	1993	8295897
new advances in vaccine delivery systems.	successful application of the next generation of vaccines will require that protection be induced with a minimal number of administrations, and that a practical approach to inducing immunity at mucosal surfaces be developed. for these reasons, vaccine-containing microspheres were formulated from the biodegradable and biocompatible copolymer poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) [dl-plg]. subcutaneous immunization of mice with 1- to 10-microns microspheres containing a toxoid vaccine of staphylococcal en ...	1993	8303306
in vitro and in vivo infection of rhesus monkey microglial cells by simian immunodeficiency virus.	the observation that microglial cells in brain tissue are probably a major target for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has raised interest in the pathogenic role of this cell population for the development of neuro-aids. since it is very difficult to obtain microglia from normal or diseased human brain we studied microglial cells isolated from fresh brain tissue of uninfected and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infected rhesus monkeys (macacca mulatta) in comparison to peripheral ...	1993	8337831
serum inhibitors precede the development of saids.	rhesus macaque monkeys infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus develop a syndrome mimicking aids in humans. we have demonstrated previously that sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibit the proliferation of lymphocytes from healthy noninfected subjects and that this phenomenon is associated with the development of clinical aids. we have also shown that sera from monkeys infected with siv also have such inhibitors. in this body of work, we attempted ...	1993	8340901
alterations of thymus cortical epithelium and interdigitating dendritic cells but no increase of thymocyte cell death in the early course of simian immunodeficiency virus infection.	the role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of simian acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was investigated in 18 juvenile rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). the thymus was infected from the first week post-sivmac inoculation, but the amount of virus-positive cells was very low (< 1 in 10(4) t cells) as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. first morphological alteration was a narrowing of the cortex at 12 and 24 wpi. morphometry revealed no increase of pyknotic t cells ...	1993	8362972
protection of monkeys by a split vaccine against sivmac depends upon biological properties of the challenge virus.	to investigate the role of the anti-cellular immune response in the protection of rhesus macaques against infection with the simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac. to determine the biological differences between siv challenge stocks grown either on human t-cell lines or on monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mpbmc).	1993	8363756
viral determinants of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) virulence in rhesus macaques assessed by using attenuated and pathogenic molecular clones of sivmac.	to identify viral determinants of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) virulence, two pairs of reciprocal recombinants constructed from a pathogenic (sivmac239) and a nonpathogenic (sivmac1a11) molecular clone of siv were tested in rhesus macaques. a large 6.2-kb fragment containing gag, pol, env, and the regulatory genes from each of the cloned (parental) viruses was exchanged to produce one pair of recombinant viruses (designated sivmac1a11/239gag-env/1a11 and sivmac239/1a11gag-env/239 to indic ...	1993	8371353
evidence of horizontal transmission of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques.	this retrospective study used sensitive immunohistochemical methods to detect pneumocystis carinii infections in fixed lung tissues collected from 107 simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected and 10 noninfected rhesus macaques during a 4-year period. p. carinii were detected in 51% of 85 terminally ill siv-infected macaques but in only 2 of 22 macaques killed at earlier stages of siv infection. p. carinii were not detected in any siv-infected macaques held in isolators or in uninfected contr ...	1993	8376830
differences in the b and t cell immune response to the envelope glycoprotein 130 (gp130) of the macaque strain of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac), induced by immunization of rhesus macaques with virus-derived or vaccinia virus-expressed gp130.	rhesus macaques were immunized with purified virus-derived simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) 251/32h glycoprotein 130 (gp130) or primed with recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) expressing the env gene of the sivmac bk28 clone and boosted subsequently with virus-derived gp130. high antibody titres of at least 10(4) against recombinant gp140 were induced with both vaccines. analysis of the antibody specificity with a peptide elisa revealed that different linear epitopes were recognize ...	1993	8376957
importance of vpr for infection of rhesus monkeys with simian immunodeficiency virus.	the importance of the vpr gene for simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) replication, persistence, and disease progression was examined by using the infectious pathogenic molecular clone called sivmac239. the atg start codon of the vpr gene was converted to ttg by site-specific mutagenesis. the constructed vpr- mutant virus is identical with the parental sivmac239/nef-stop virus with the exception of this one nucleotide. these viruses replicated with similar kinetics and to similar extents in rhes ...	1993	8380472
immunization with lentivirus-like particles elicits a potent siv-specific recall cytotoxic t-lymphocyte response in rhesus monkeys.	an effective acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) vaccine should be capable of eliciting human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (ctl) responses. we have explored the use of lentivirus-like particles produced in mammalian cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus to immunize for the induction of ctl in the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)/rhesus monkey model for aids. siv-like particles in a threonyl-mdp-based adjuvant did not elicit a high frequency of ...	1993	8384466
analysis of the rhesus cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene promoter.	a cytomegalovirus (cmv) isolate has been recovered from a rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. the full-length immediate-early gene (ie) was cloned from a genomic library of this primary rhesus cmv isolate (rhcmv) using the african green monkey (agm) cmv ie gene as probe. the promoter region and the first non-coding exon of the rhcmv ie gene have been sequenced. nucleotide sequence comparisons from positions -733 to +625 (relative to the sta ...	1993	8389084
conserved t-cell receptor repertoire in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys.	studies to assess the possibility that the hiv may encode a superantigen that plays a role in the depletion of functional cd4+ lymphocytes in the infected individual have yielded discrepant results. the problem in performing conclusive examinations of this issue may be attributed, at least in part, to the difficulty of prospectively studying individuals from before their infection until the time of profound cd4+ lymphocyte loss. to determine whether the aids virus deletes particular subpopulatio ...	1993	8393899
simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys: characterization and vaccine induction.	an effective hiv vaccine should be capable of eliciting virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl). we have characterized the cellular and molecular features of a simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac) gag-specific ctl response in rhesus monkeys. we have shown that sivmac-infected rhesus monkeys expressing the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i molecule mamu-a*01 develop a sivmac gag-specific ctl response which recognizes a 9 amino acid fragment of the gag protein in as ...	1993	8394161
a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus isolates by restriction analysis of pcr products.	a simple method to distinguish between simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) isolates of experimentally infected rhesus macaques is reported. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) were prepared from a rhesus macaque infected with sivstm isolated originally from a stump-tailed macaque, or from a rhesus monkey infected with sivsm from a sooty mangabey monkey. pbmc were cocultivated with cem x 174 cells and a region of the siv envelope (env) gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pc ...	1993	8397819
analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus sequence variation in tissues of rhesus macaques with simian aids.	one rhesus macaque displayed severe encephalomyelitis and another displayed severe enterocolitis following infection with molecularly cloned simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivmac239. little or no free anti-siv antibody developed in these two macaques, and they died relatively quickly (4 to 6 months) after infection. manifestation of the tissue-specific disease in these macaques was associated with the emergence of variants with high replicative capacity for macrophages and primary in ...	1993	8411355
immune response of rhesus macaques to recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus gp130 does not protect from challenge infection.	simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) infection of rhesus macaques is a model for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in humans. inactivated and modified live whole-virus vaccines have provided limited protective immunity against siv in rhesus macaques. because of safety concerns in the use of inactivated and live whole-virus vaccines, we evaluated the protective immunity of vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the surface glycoprotein (gp130) of sivmac and subunit preparations of gp130 ...	1993	8416384
simian immunodeficiency virus infection via amniotic fluid: a model to study fetal immunopathogenesis and prophylaxis.	the rising prevalence of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in young women will increase the number of infected children worldwide. because hiv-1 seems to be transmitted mostly intrapartum, fetal infection probably occurs mainly via skin or mucous membrane exposure. a model for this route of fetal infection has been established in primates. after injecting the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) into amniotic fluid during late gestation, six of seven rhesus monkeys we ...	1993	8433276
simian immunodeficiency virus-specific cd8+ lymphocyte response in acutely infected rhesus monkeys.	to assess the possible role of cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls) in containing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in acutely infected individuals, the temporal evolution of the virus-specific cd8+ lymphocyte response was defined in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (sivmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. a brief period of sivmac plasma antigenemia was seen 9 to 16 days following intravenous infection with sivmac, ending as the absolute number of cd8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbls) in ...	1993	8437240
self-limiting infection by int/nef-double mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus.	simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) infectious for rhesus monkeys was altered by site-directed mutagenesis of genes influencing in vivo replication and persistence with the long-term goal to develop attenuated lentiviruses with limited replication capacity in vivo. double mutants of sivmac (termed delta-int 1 to 3) were generated by introducing frameshift and deletion mutations into the nef gene and into the pol gene region coding for the integrase protein. delta-int/delta-nef viruses formed ...	1993	8438561
immunization with recombinant bcg-siv elicits siv-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys.	because the transmission of hiv is likely to occur through cell-associated virus, an effective hiv vaccine should be capable of eliciting hiv-specific ctl. we have employed the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)/rhesus monkey model to explore the use of the attenuated tuberculosis bacillus, calmette guérin bacillus (bcg), as a vaccine vehicle to elicit aids virus-specific ctl. bcg was engineered to express sivmac gag under the control of hsp70 regulatory sequences. immunization with this rbcg-s ...	1993	8454878
in vivo administration to rhesus monkeys of a cd4-specific monoclonal antibody capable of blocking aids virus replication.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for cd4 are potent inhibitors of hiv replication in vitro. these agents may be useful prophylactically or in chronic hiv infection if they can be administered without inducing immunosuppression. in the present study, we explored the safety of a cd4-specific murine mab in rhesus monkeys. the mab 5a8, which binds to domain 2 of the cd4 molecule, inhibits aids virus replication noncompetitively at a postvirus binding step. this antibody, which had a similar aff ...	1993	8471310
cortical astrocytosis in juvenile rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.	the pattern of expression of gfap immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the juvenile rhesus monkey cortex was examined following infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). blocks of cerebral cortex plus subjacent white matter from saline- and formalin-perfused brain were examined by peroxidase-linked immunochemical and immunofluorescence staining of deparaffinized sections. strong gfap immunoreactivity was found in astrocytic cells in both uninfected and siv-infected juvenile macaque in the ...	1993	8477048
early phenotypic and functional alterations in lymphocytes from simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaques.	phenotypic and functional changes in lymphocytes from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were investigated during the first 6 months after infection with siv mac 32h. animals preimmunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh) were sacrificed 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks post infection. subset composition and function of lymphocytes from blood, spleen, lymph node and thymus were analysed. in addition to a rapid decline in cd4/cd8 ratios, a massive reduction in cd29+ cd4+ cells was seen in the periphery. ...	1993	8506614
simian immunodeficiency virus infection of the gastrointestinal tract of rhesus macaques. functional, pathological, and morphological changes.	gastrointestinal dysfunction and wasting are frequent complications of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. nutrient malabsorption, decreased digestive enzymes and hiv transcripts have been documented in jejunal mucosa of hiv-infected patients; however, the pathogenesis of this enteropathy is not understood. rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) also exhibit diarrhea and weight loss; therefore, we investigated the use of this animal model to study hiv-associa ...	1993	8506946
simian immunodeficiency virus mutants resistant to serum neutralization arise during persistent infection of rhesus monkeys.	we previously described the pattern of sequence variation in gp120 following persistent infection of rhesus monkeys with the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus sivmac239 molecular clone (d.p.w. burns and r.c. desrosiers, j. virol. 65:1843, 1991). sequence changes were confined largely to five variable regions (v1 to v5), four of which correspond to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 variable regions. remarkably, 182 of 186 nucleotide substitutions that were documented in the ...	1993	8510218
biochemical and immunological characterization of micellar complexes of the envelope glycoprotein of a simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from an african green monkey.	the external envelope glycoprotein gp130 of a simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from an african green monkey (sivagmtyo-7) was purified as micellar complexes. the molecular weight of the gp130 micelles was about 700 k. on electron microscopy, the micelles appeared as spherical particles with a diameter of 15 to 20 nm. such aggregates consisted of about 4 to 5 gp130 monomers. hyperimmune sera raised in rabbits and rhesus monkeys against these gp130 micelles exhibited titers between 10(5) and ...	1993	8514839
the human immunodeficiency virus-1 nef gene product: a positive factor for viral infection and replication in primary lymphocytes and macrophages.	considerable controversy and uncertainty have surrounded the biological function of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 nef gene product. initial studies suggested that this early, nonstructural viral protein functioned as a negative regulatory factor; thus, it was proposed to play a role in establishing or maintaining viral latency. in contrast, studies in simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)mac-infected rhesus monkeys have suggested that nef is not a negative factor but rather plays a cent ...	1994	8270859
neuronal substrates for siv encephalopathy.	prior to the onset of immunodeficiency disease, neurochemical and neuropathological events associated with motor and/or cognitive impairment can be identified in rhesus monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). these are astrocytosis, up-regulation of mrna encoding the neuropeptide somatostatin (srif) and an increased expression of mhc class ii antigen. end-stage immunodeficiency disease has been associated with robust viral expression in the cns frequently observed as multinucl ...	1994	7874394
the role of upstream u3 sequences in the pathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus-induced aids in rhesus monkeys.	the nef reading frame overlaps about 70% of the u3 region of the 3' long terminal repeat (ltr) in primate lentiviruses. we investigated the functional role of these overlapping u3 sequences by analyzing the properties of three mutant forms of the pathogenic sivmac239 clone. in mutant uscon, 90 of 275 bp in the upstream sequences (us) of u3 were changed in a conservative fashion without changing the predicted nef coding sequence. in mutant usnon, 101 of 275 bp in this region were changed in a non ...	1994	7914551
variable course of primary simian immunodeficiency virus infection in lymph nodes: relation to disease progression.	to investigate the dynamics of spread of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) in the lymphoid organs, we sequentially analyzed the viral burden in lymph nodes (ln) of eight rhesus macaques inoculated intravenously with a high or low dose of the pathogenic sivmac 251 isolate. for each animal, four axillary or inguinal ln were collected during the first weeks of infection and a fifth ln was taken 6 or 8 months later to estimate disease progression. measurement of siv rna by in situ hybridization sh ...	1994	7916061
a partially attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus induces host immunity that correlates with resistance to pathogenic virus challenge.	three infectious, attenuated molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) were tested for viral and host determinants of protective immunity. the viruses differed in degree of virulence from highly attenuated to moderately attenuated to partially attenuated. levels of immune stimulation and antiviral immunity were measured in rhesus macaques inoculated 2 years previously with these viruses. monkeys infected with the highly attenuated or moderately attenuated viruses had minimal lym ...	1994	7933084
selective amplification of simian immunodeficiency virus genotypes after intrarectal inoculation of rhesus monkeys.	animal models for sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus can define the influences of virus type, dose, and route of inoculation on infection and clinical outcome. we used an uncloned simian immunodeficiency virus stock (sivmac) to inoculate cells in vitro and to inoculate rhesus monkeys by intravenous and intrarectal routes. the distribution of virus genotypes present in each of these infection examples was characterized by dna sequence analysis of viral long terminal repeats (ltrs ...	1994	7933157
encephalomyelitis due to a sarcocystis neurona-like protozoan in a rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) infected with simian immunodeficiency virus.	a captive-born rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus developed neurologic abnormalities approximately seven months postinoculation. a chronic necrotizing encephalomyelitis with intralesional protozoal schizonts was diagnosed histologically. the protozoa was identified as sarcocystis neurona based on its morphologic characteristics by light and electron microscopic examination, the developmental stages of the schizonts, and positive staining wit ...	1994	7943553