Publications

TitleAbstractYear(sorted ascending)
Filter
PMID
Filter
antimalarial activity of the anticancer histone deacetylase inhibitor sb939.histone deacetylase (hdac) enzymes posttranslationally modify lysines on histone and nonhistone proteins and play crucial roles in epigenetic regulation and other important cellular processes. hdac inhibitors (e.g., suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [saha; also known as vorinostat]) are used clinically to treat some cancers and are under investigation for use against many other diseases. development of new hdac inhibitors for noncancer indications has the potential to be accelerated by piggybackin ...201222508312
flp recombinase-mediated site-specific recombination in silkworm, bombyx mori.a comprehensive understanding of gene function and the production of site-specific genetically modified mutants are two major goals of genetic engineering in the post-genomic era. although site-specific recombination systems have been powerful tools for genome manipulation of many organisms, they have not yet been established for use in the manipulation of the silkworm bombyx mori genome. in this study, we achieved site-specific excision of a target gene at predefined chromosomal sites in the si ...201222768245
hybridization in situ of salivary glands, ovaries, and embryos of vector mosquitoes.mosquitoes are vectors for a diverse set of pathogens including arboviruses, protozoan parasites and nematodes. investigation of transcripts and gene regulators that are expressed in tissues in which the mosquito host and pathogen interact, and in organs involved in reproduction are of great interest for strategies to reduce mosquito-borne disease transmission and disrupt egg development. a number of tools have been employed to study and validate the temporal and tissue-specific regulation of ge ...201222781778
transgenic anopheles stephensi coexpressing single-chain antibodies resist plasmodium falciparum development.anopheles stephensi mosquitoes expressing m1c3, m4b7, or m2a10 single-chain antibodies (scfvs) have significantly lower levels of infection compared to controls when challenged with plasmodium falciparum, a human malaria pathogen. these scfvs are derived from antibodies specific to a parasite chitinase, the 25 kda protein and the circumsporozoite protein, respectively. transgenes comprising m2a10 in combination with either m1c3 or m4b7 were inserted into previously-characterized mosquito chromos ...201222689959
comparison of clinical and parasitological data from controlled human malaria infection trials.exposing healthy human volunteers to plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes is an accepted tool to evaluate preliminary efficacy of malaria vaccines. to accommodate the demand of the malaria vaccine pipeline, controlled infections are carried out in an increasing number of centers worldwide. we assessed their safety and reproducibility.201222701640
pcr detection of malaria parasites in desiccated anopheles mosquitoes is uninhibited by storage time and temperature.reliable methods to preserve mosquito vectors for malaria studies are necessary for detecting plasmodium parasites. in field settings, however, maintaining a cold chain of storage from the time of collection until laboratory processing, or accessing other reliable means of sample preservation is often logistically impractical or cost prohibitive. as the plasmodium infection rate of anopheles mosquitoes is a central component of the entomological inoculation rate and other indicators of transmiss ...201222682161
enhanced transmission of drug-resistant parasites to mosquitoes following drug treatment in rodent malaria.the evolution of drug resistant plasmodium parasites is a major challenge to effective malaria control. in theory, competitive interactions between sensitive parasites and resistant parasites within infections are a major determinant of the rate at which parasite evolution undermines drug efficacy. competitive suppression of resistant parasites in untreated hosts slows the spread of resistance; competitive release following treatment enhances it. here we report that for the murine model plasmodi ...201222701563
tricks in plasmodium's molecular repertoire--escaping 3'utr excision-based conditional silencing of the chloroquine resistance transporter gene.in the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, the major determinant of chloroquine resistance, p. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt), likely plays an essential role in asexual blood stages, thus precluding conventional gene targeting approaches. we attempted to conditionally silence the expression of its ortholog in plasmodium berghei (pbcrt) through flp recombinase-mediated excision of the 3'untranslated region (utr) during mosquito passage. however, parasites maintain ...201223023047
virulence, drug sensitivity and transmission success in the rodent malaria, plasmodium chabaudi.here, we test the hypothesis that virulent malaria parasites are less susceptible to drug treatment than less virulent parasites. if true, drug treatment might promote the evolution of more virulent parasites (defined here as those doing more harm to hosts). drug-resistance mechanisms that protect parasites through interactions with drug molecules at the sub-cellular level are well known. however, parasite phenotypes associated with virulence might also help parasites survive in the presence of ...201223015626
a unique protein phosphatase with kelch-like domains (ppkl) in plasmodium modulates ookinete differentiation, motility and invasion.protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (catalysed by kinases and phosphatases, respectively) are post-translational modifications that play key roles in many eukaryotic signalling pathways, and are often deregulated in a number of pathological conditions in humans. in the malaria parasite plasmodium, functional insights into its kinome have only recently been achieved, with over half being essential for blood stage development and another 14 kinases being essential for sexual development ...201223028336
screening of selected ethnomedicinal plants from south africa for larvicidal activity against the mosquito anopheles arabiensis.this study was initiated to establish whether any south african ethnomedicinal plants (indigenous or exotic), that have been reported to be used traditionally to repel or kill mosquitoes, exhibit effective mosquito larvicidal properties.201222963538
complete plasmodium falciparum liver-stage development in liver-chimeric mice.plasmodium falciparum, which causes the most lethal form of human malaria, replicates in the host liver during the initial stage of infection. however, in vivo malaria liver-stage (ls) studies in humans are virtually impossible, and in vitro models of ls development do not reconstitute relevant parasite growth conditions. to overcome these obstacles, we have adopted a robust mouse model for the study of p. falciparum ls in vivo: the immunocompromised and fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase-deficient m ...201222996664
comparative transcriptome analyses of deltamethrin-resistant and -susceptible anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from kenya by rna-seq.malaria causes more than 300 million clinical cases and 665,000 deaths each year, and the majority of the mortality and morbidity occurs in sub-saharan africa. due to the lack of effective vaccines and wide-spread resistance to antimalarial drugs, mosquito control is the primary method of malaria prevention and control. currently, malaria vector control relies on the use of insecticides, primarily pyrethroids. the extensive use of insecticides has imposed strong selection pressures for resistanc ...201222970263
oviposition-stimulant and ovicidal activities of moringa oleifera lectin on aedes aegypti.natural insecticides against the vector mosquito aedes aegypti have been the object of research due to their high level of eco-safety. the water-soluble moringa oleifera lectin (wsmol) is a larvicidal agent against a. aegypti. this work reports the effects of wsmol on oviposition and egg hatching of a. aegypti.201222970317
a unique kelch domain phosphatase in plasmodium regulates ookinete morphology, motility and invasion.signalling through post-translational modification (ptm) of proteins is a process central to cell homeostasis, development and responses to external stimuli. the best characterised ptm is protein phosphorylation which is reversibly catalysed at specific residues through the action of protein kinases (addition) and phosphatases (removal). here, we report characterisation of an orphan protein phosphatase that possesses a domain architecture previously only described in plantae. through gene disrup ...201222957089
variation in apoptosis mechanisms employed by malaria parasites: the roles of inducers, dose dependence and parasite stages.plasmodium berghei ookinetes exhibit an apoptotic phenotype when developing within the mosquito midgut lumen or when cultured in vitro. markers of apoptosis increase when they are exposed to nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species but high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide cause death without observable signs of apoptosis. chloroquine and other drugs have been used to induce apoptosis in erythrocytic stages of plasmodium falciparum and to formulate a putative pathway involving cysteine proteas ...201222929459
review of pyronaridine anti-malarial properties and product characteristics.pyronaridine was synthesized in 1970 at the institute of chinese parasitic disease and has been used in china for over 30 years for the treatment of malaria. pyronaridine has high potency against plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine-resistant strains. studies in various animal models have shown pyronaridine to be effective against strains resistant to other anti-malarials, including chloroquine. resistance to pyronaridine appears to emerge slowly and is further retarded when pyronaridine ...201222877082
one injection of dsred followed by bites from transgenic mosquitoes producing dsred in the saliva elicits a high titer of antibody in mice.it has been proposed that transgenic mosquitoes can be used as a "flying syringe" for infectious disease control. we succeeded in generating a transgenic (tg) mosquito, anopheles stephensi, excreting and discharging dsred in saliva. dsred was deposited on the membrane where the tg mosquito probed with its proboscis. repeated feeding by the tg mosquitoes induced anti-dered as well as anti-sg antibodies in mice. this indicates that the tg mosquitoes can immunize the animal. moreover, in this repor ...201223097619
structural basis for chirality and directional motility of plasmodium sporozoites.plasmodium sporozoites can move at high speed for several tens of minutes, which is essential for the initial stage of a malaria infection. the crescent-shaped sporozoites move on 2d substrates preferably in the same direction on circular paths giving raise to helical paths in 3d matrices. here we determined the structural basis that underlies this type of movement. immature, non-motile sporozoites were found to lack the subpellicular network required for obtaining the crescent parasite shape. i ...201222776715
shedding of trap by a rhomboid protease from the malaria sporozoite surface is essential for gliding motility and sporozoite infectivity.plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of the malaria parasite, move by gliding motility, a unique form of locomotion required for tissue migration and host cell invasion. trap, a transmembrane protein with extracellular adhesive domains and a cytoplasmic tail linked to the actomyosin motor, is central to this process. forward movement is achieved when trap, bound to matrix or host cell receptors, is translocated posteriorly. it has been hypothesized that these adhesive interactions must ul ...201222911675
nf135.c10: a new plasmodium falciparum clone for controlled human malaria infections.we established a new field clone of plasmodium falciparum for use in controlled human malaria infections and vaccine studies to complement the current small portfolio of p. falciparum strains, primarily based on nf54. the cambodian clone nf135.c10 consistently produced gametocytes and generated substantial numbers of sporozoites in anopheles mosquitoes and diverged from nf54 parasites by genetic markers. in a controlled human malaria infection trial, 3 of 5 volunteers challenged by mosquitoes in ...201223186785
mitochondrial peroxidase tpx-2 is not essential in the blood and insect stages of plasmodium berghei.malaria parasites actively proliferate in the body of their vertebrate and insect hosts, and are subjected to the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species. the antioxidant defenses of malaria parasites are considered to play essential roles in their survival and are thus considered promising targets for intervention. we sought to identify the cellular function of thioredoxin peroxidase-2 (tpx-2), which is expressed in the mitochondria, by disrupting the tpx-2 gene (pbtpx-2) of the rodent malaria ...201223146411
identification of an ap2-family protein that is critical for malaria liver stage development.liver-stage malaria parasites are a promising target for drugs and vaccines against malaria infection. however, little is currently known about gene regulation in this stage. in this study, we used the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei and showed that an ap2-family transcription factor, designated ap2-l, plays a critical role in the liver-stage development of the parasite. ap2-l-depleted parasites proliferated normally in blood and in mosquitoes. however, the ability of these parasites ...201223144823
evaluating the lethal and pre-lethal effects of a range of fungi against adult anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.insecticide resistance is seriously undermining efforts to eliminate malaria. in response, research on alternatives to the use of chemical insecticides against adult mosquito vectors has been increasing. fungal entomopathogens formulated as biopesticides have received much attention and have shown considerable potential. this research has necessarily focused on relatively few fungal isolates in order to 'prove concept'. further, most attention has been paid to examining fungal virulence (lethali ...201223126549
a nonintegrative lentiviral vector-based vaccine provides long-term sterile protection against malaria.trials testing the rts,s candidate malaria vaccine and radiation-attenuated sporozoites (ras) have shown that protective immunity against malaria can be induced and that an effective vaccine is not out of reach. however, longer-term protection and higher protection rates are required to eradicate malaria from the endemic regions. it implies that there is still a need to explore new vaccine strategies. lentiviral vectors are very potent at inducing strong immunological memory. however their integ ...201223133649
clinical trial in healthy malaria-naïve adults to evaluate the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity and efficacy of mustdo5, a five-gene, sporozoite/hepatic stage plasmodium falciparum dna vaccine combined with escalating dose human gm-csf dna.when introduced in the 1990s, immunization with dna plasmids was considered potentially revolutionary for vaccine development, particularly for vaccines intended to induce protective cd8 t cell responses against multiple antigens. we conducted, in 1997-1998, the first clinical trial in healthy humans of a dna vaccine, a single plasmid encoding plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (pfcsp), as an initial step toward developing a multi-antigen malaria vaccine targeting the liver stages of ...201223151451
gal4-based enhancer-trapping in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi.transposon-based forward and reverse genetic technologies will contribute greatly to ongoing efforts to study mosquito functional genomics. a piggybac transposon-based enhancer-trap system was developed that functions efficiently in the human malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. the system consists of six transgenic lines of anopheles stephensi, each with a single piggybac-gal4 element in a unique genomic location; six lines with a single piggybac-uastdtomato element; and two lines, each with a ...201223173082
protective antibody and cd8+ t-cell responses to the plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein induced by a nanoparticle vaccine.the worldwide burden of malaria remains a major public health problem due, in part, to the lack of an effective vaccine against the plasmodium falciparum parasite. an effective vaccine will most likely require the induction of antigen specific cd8(+) and cd4(+) t-cells as well as long-lasting antibody responses all working in concert to eliminate the infection. we report here the effective modification of a self-assembling protein nanoparticle (sapn) vaccine previously proven effective in contro ...201223144750
natural transmission of plasmodium berghei exacerbates chronic tuberculosis in an experimental co-infection model.human populations are rarely exposed to one pathogen alone. particularly in high incidence regions such as sub-saharan africa, concurrent infections with more than one pathogen represent a widely underappreciated public health problem. two of the world's most notorious killers, malaria and tuberculosis, are co-endemic in impoverished populations in the tropics. however, interactions between both infections in a co-infected individual have not been studied in detail. both pathogens have a major i ...201223110184
storage and persistence of a candidate fungal biopesticide for use against adult malaria vectors.new products aimed at augmenting or replacing chemical insecticides must have operational profiles that include both high efficacy in reducing vector numbers and/or blocking parasite transmission and be long lasting following application. research aimed at developing fungal spores as a biopesticide for vector control have shown considerable potential yet have not been directly assessed for their viability after long-term storage or following application in the field.201223098323
chad63-mva-vectored blood-stage malaria vaccines targeting msp1 and ama1: assessment of efficacy against mosquito bite challenge in humans.the induction of cellular immunity, in conjunction with antibodies, may be essential for vaccines to protect against blood-stage infection with the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. we have shown that prime-boost delivery of p. falciparum blood-stage antigens by chimpanzee adenovirus 63 (chad63) followed by the attenuated orthopoxvirus mva is safe and immunogenic in healthy adults. here, we report on vaccine efficacy against controlled human malaria infection delivered by mosquito bi ...201223089736
a systematic review of mosquito coils and passive emanators: defining recommendations for spatial repellency testing methodologies.mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and emanators confer protection against mosquito bites through the spatial action of emanated vapor or airborne pyrethroid particles. these products dominate the pest control market; therefore, it is vital to characterize mosquito responses elicited by the chemical actives and their potential for disease prevention. the aim of this review was to determine effects of mosquito coils and emanators on mosquito responses that reduce human-vector contact and to propose s ...201223216844
mosquito transmission of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi.serial blood passage of plasmodium increases virulence, whilst mosquito transmission inherently regulates parasite virulence within the mammalian host. it is, therefore, imperative that all aspects of experimental malaria research are studied in the context of the complete plasmodium life cycle.201223217144
controlled human malaria infections by intradermal injection of cryopreserved plasmodium falciparum sporozoites.controlled human malaria infection with sporozoites is a standardized and powerful tool for evaluation of malaria vaccine and drug efficacy but so far only applied by exposure to bites of plasmodium falciparum (pf)-infected mosquitoes. we assessed in an open label phase 1 trial, infection after intradermal injection of respectively 2,500, 10,000, or 25,000 aseptic, purified, vialed, cryopreserved pf sporozoites (pfspz) in three groups (n = 6/group) of healthy dutch volunteers. infection was safe ...201223149582
4(1h)-quinolones with liver stage activity against plasmodium berghei.with the exception of primaquine, tafenoquine, and atovaquone, there are very few antimalarials that target liver stage parasites. in this study, a transgenic plasmodium berghei parasite (1052cl1; pbgfp-luc(con)) that expresses luciferase was used to assess the anti-liver stage parasite activity of ici 56,780, a 7-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-4(1h)-quinolone (peq), as well as two 3-phenyl-4(1h)-quinolones (p4q), p4q-146 and p4q-158, by using bioluminescent imaging (bli). results showed that all of the comp ...201223129047
a class of tricyclic compounds blocking malaria parasite oocyst development and transmission.malaria is a deadly infectious disease in many tropical and subtropical countries. previous efforts to eradicate malaria have failed, largely due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes and, in particular, the lack of drugs or vaccines to block parasite transmission. atp-binding cassette (abc) transporters are known to play a role in drug transport, metabolism, and resistance in many organisms, including malaria parasites. to investigate whether a plasmodiu ...201223129054
genes involved in host-parasite interactions can be revealed by their correlated expression.molecular interactions between a parasite and its host are key to the ability of the parasite to enter the host and persist. our understanding of the genes and proteins involved in these interactions is limited. to better understand these processes it would be advantageous to have a range of methods to predict pairs of genes involved in such interactions. correlated gene expression profiles can be used to identify molecular interactions within a species. here we have extended the concept to diff ...201223275547
influence of hepatozoon parasites on host-seeking and host-choice behaviour of the mosquitoes culex territans and culex pipiens.hepatozoon species are heteroxenous parasites that commonly infect the blood of vertebrates and various organs of arthropods. despite their ubiquity, little is known about how these parasites affect host phenotype, including whether or not these parasites induce changes in hosts to increase transmission success. the objectives of this research were to investigate influences of the frog blood parasite hepatozoon clamatae and the snake blood parasite hepatozoon sipedon on host-seeking and host-cho ...201224533317
skin-draining lymph node priming is sufficient to induce sterile immunity against pre-erythrocytic malaria.the plasmodium-infected hepatocyte has been considered necessary to prime the immune responses leading to sterile protection after vaccination with attenuated sporozoites. however, it has recently been demonstrated that priming also occurs in the skin. we wished to establish if sterile protection could be obtained in the absence of priming by infected hepatocytes. to this end, we developed a subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization protocol where few, possibly none, of the immunizing irradiated plasmodi ...201223255300
a rapid and scalable density gradient purification method for plasmodium sporozoites.malaria remains a major human health problem, with no licensed vaccine currently available. malaria infections initiate when infectious plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes during their blood meal. investigations of the malaria sporozoite are, therefore, of clear medical importance. however, sporozoites can only be produced in and isolated from mosquitoes, and their isolation results in large amounts of accompanying mosquito debris and contaminating microbes.201223244590
evaluation of larvicidal activity of acalypha alnifolia klein ex willd. (euphorbiaceae) leaf extract against the malarial vector, anopheles stephensi, dengue vector, aedes aegypti and bancroftian filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).the leaf extract of acalypha alnifolia with different solvents - hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol - were tested for larvicidal activity against three important mosquitoes such as malarial vector, anopheles stephensi, dengue vector, aedes aegypti and bancroftian filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around kallar hills near the western ghats, coimbatore, india. a. alnifolia plant was washed with tap water and shade drie ...201221748350
evaluation of culture filtrates of culicinomyces clavisporus: mycoadulticide for culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.the culicinomyces clavisporus is a fungal pathogen of a wide range of mosquito larvae. the c. clavisporus was isolated from the larvae of culiseta inornata. we have investigated into potential pathogenicity against the adults of culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi. the culture filtrates released from the strain of c. clavisporus 46258 were grown in the emypss broth, were filtered and used for the bioassays after a growth of 15 days. the results demonstrated these metabo ...201221647670
larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using plumeria rubra plant latex against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi.in the present study activity of silver nanoparticles (agnps) synthesized using plumeria rubra plant latex against second and fourth larval instar of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi was determined. range of concentrations of synthesized agnps (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125 ppm) and aqueous crude latex (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.50, 31.25 ppm) were tested against larvae of a. aegypti and a. stephensi. the synthesized agnps from p. rubra latex were highly toxic than crude latex extract in b ...201222089086
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria, filariasis, and dengue.a biological method was used to synthesize stable silver nanoparticles that were tested as mosquito larvicides against aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex quinquefasciatus. annona squamosa leaf broth (5%) reduced aqueous 1 mm agno₃ to stable silver nanoparticles with an average size of 450 nm. the structure and percentage of synthesized nanoparticles was characterized by using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, x-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electr ...201222022807
mosquitocidal and water purification properties of cynodon dactylon, aloe vera, hemidesmus indicus and coleus amboinicus leaf extracts against the mosquito vectors.ethanolic extracts of cynodon dactylon, aloe vera, hemidesmus indicus and coleus amboinicus were tested for their toxicity effect on the third-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti. the leaves of c. dactylon, a. vera, h. indicus and c. amboinicus were collected from natural habitats (forests) in western ghats, tamil nadu, india. a total of 250 g of fresh, mature leaves were rinsed with distilled water and dried in shade. the dried leaves were put in soxhl ...201221947308
larvicidal efficacy of the citrus limetta peel extracts against indian strains of anopheles stephensi liston and aedes aegypti l.the extracts from the peels of citrus limetta were prepared using hexane and petroleum ether as the solvents. the larvicidal potential of each extract was assessed against dengue fever vector, aedes aegypti, and malarial vector, anopheles stephensi, by evaluating the toxicity effects on early fourth instars. both the extracts were found effective against both the species. the bioassay with hexane extracts resulted in lc(50) values of 132.45 and 96.15 ppm against a. stephensi and a. aegypti, resp ...201222231268
larvicidal and ovicidal properties of leaf and seed extracts of delonix elata (l.) gamble (family: fabaceae) against malaria (anopheles stephensi liston) and dengue (aedes aegypti linn.) (diptera: culicidae) vector mosquitoes.mosquito-borne diseases with an economic impact create loss in commercial and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates. mosquito control is facing a threat because of the emergence of resistance to synthetic insecticides. extracts from plants may be alternative sources of mosquito control agents because they constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds that are biodegradable into nontoxic products and potentially suitable for use to control mosquitoes. i ...201222231265
insect transgenesis: current applications and future prospects.the ability to manipulate the genomes of many insects has become a practical reality over the past 15 years. this has been led by the identification of several useful transposon vector systems that have allowed the identification and development of generalized, species-specific, and tissue-specific promoter systems for controlled expression of gene products upon introduction into insect genomes. armed with these capabilities, researchers have made significant strides in both fundamental and appl ...201222149266
laboratory observations on the larvicidal efficacy of three plant species against mosquito vectors of malaria, dengue/dengue hemorrhagic fever (df/dhf) and lymphatic filariasis in the semi-arid desert.comparative larvicidal efficacy of aqueous and organic solvent extracts from seeds, leaves and flowers of three desert plants viz. calotropis procera (aiton), tephrosia purpurea (l.) pers. and prosopis juliflora (sw.) dc. was evaluated against anopheles stephensi (liston), aedes aegypti (linnaeus) and culex quinquefasciatus (say). for this purpose larvae of all the three mosquito species were reared in the laboratory and studies carried out on late 3rd or early 4th instars using standard who tec ...201223029912
adulticidal properties of cardiospermum halicacabum plant extracts against three important vector mosquitoes.to determine adulticidal activitiy of hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol leaf extracts of cardiospermum halicacabum against culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus), aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) and anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi).201222957423
field evaluation of permethrin long-lasting insecticide treated nets (olyset(®)) for malaria control in an endemic area, southeast of iran.long lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) have been advocated as an effective tool for prevention and control of malaria. olyset net was the first llins which became commercially available and obtained who approval. according to the national strategic plan on evaluation of olyset net, a field trial was conducted to determine the efficacy of these nets against malaria vectors in an endemic area in the southeast of iran. fourteen villages with similar topographical and epidemiological situatio ...201222579798
cpg-containing oligodeoxynucleotides increases resistance of anopheles mosquitoes to plasmodium infection.unmethylated cpg dinucleotide motifs in bacterial dna or in synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) are potent stimulators of the vertebrate innate immune system. however, the potential of these dna species to modulate mosquito immunity have not been explored. in the present study, we investigated the effects of cpg-odn on the outcome of plasmodium infection in insects and on the modulation of mosquito immunity to plasmodium. anopheles stephensi and anopheles gambiae mosquitoes inoculated with cpg ...201222885118
measuring the blockade of malaria transmission--an analysis of the standard membrane feeding assay.the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa) is currently considered to be the 'gold standard' for assessing the effectiveness of malaria transmission blocking interventions (tbis) in vivo. the operation and analysis of smfas has varied between laboratories: field scientists often measure tbi efficacy as a reduction in the prevalence of infected mosquitoes whilst laboratory scientists are more likely to quote efficacy as a change in the number of oocysts within the mosquito. these metrics give out ...201223023048
induction of antisporozoite antibodies by biting of transgenic anopheles stephensi delivering malarial antigen via blood feeding.we produced a transgenic mosquito expressing a rodent malaria vaccine candidate antigen in the salivary gland. three tandemly repeated amino acid units from the repeat region of circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium berghei (pbcs3r) fused to red fluorescent protein (monomeric dsred) was chosen as a vaccine candidate antigen. immunoblot and fluorescence microscopic analyses showed the transgene expression in the female salivary gland. the transgene product was released from the proboscis as a co ...201222787718
antimalarial plant remedies from burkina faso: their potential for prophylactic use.saye, a combination remedy prepared from cochlospermum planchonii hook.f. (cochlospermaceae), cassia alata l. (fabaceae) and phyllanthus amarus schumach. et thonn. (euphorbiaceae), n'dribala, a cochlospermum planchonii root decoction, and a fruit preparation of azadirachta indica a. juss. (meliaceae) are plant remedies of the folk medicine in burkina faso and are commonly used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria.201222301449
mosquito adulticidal activity of a biosurfactant produced by bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis.a biosurfactant, surfactin, produced by a strain of bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis (vcrc b471), was effective in killing mosquito larval and pupal stages. as it was lethal to the non-feeding pupal stage, it was presumed that it could kill the adult mosquitoes also. in this study, the adulticidal effect of the biosurfactant was assessed in the laboratory against a malaria vector, anopheles stephensi.201222653636
a novel cost-effective medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis for mosquito control.bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) has been used for mosquito-control programmes the world-wide. indeed, the large-scale production of bti for mosquito control is very expensive due to the high cost of its culture. in the present study, we attempted to widen the scope in developing cost-effective culture medium for bti production, based on the raw materials available on the biosphere, including coconut cake powder, ccp (cocos nucifera), neem cake powder, ncp (azadirachta indica) and ...201222543607
mosquitocidal properties of calotropis gigantea (family: asclepiadaceae) leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis, against the mosquito vectors.calotropis gigantea leaf extract and bacillus thuringiensis were tested first to fourth-instar larvae and pupae of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti, and culex quinquefasciatus. the medicinal plants were collected from the area around bharathiar university, coimbatore, india. calotropis gigantea leaf was washed with tap water and shade-dried at room temperature. an electrical blender powdered the dried plant materials (leaves). the powder 500 g of the leaf was extracted with 1.5 l of organic so ...201222382205
optimization of medium composition for the production of mosquitocidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.optimization of chicken feather (cf) based culture medium for the production of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (bti) biomass in combination with the agro industrial by-product (coconut cake, cc) and manganese chloride (mncl2) has been evaluated. the biomass yield of bti spore/crystal toxin was highest (12.06 g/l) from the test medium (cf+cc+mncl2) compared to the reference medium (luria bertani, lb). toxicity assay with bti produced from the test medium against mosquito vectors (culex ...201222279944
larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity of citrus sinensis orange peel extract against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).mosquitoes are the carriers of severe and well-known illnesses such as malaria, arboviral encephalitis, dengue fever, chikunguniya fever, west nile virus and yellow fever. these diseases produce significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock around the world. the present study explored the effects of orange peel ethanol extract of citrus sinensis on larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent and adulticidal activity against anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the or ...201222797605
lethal effect of streptomyces citreofluorescens against larvae of malaria, filaria and dengue vectors.to investigate lethal effect of culture filtrates of streptomyces citreofluorescens (s. citreofluorescens) against anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi), culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus), and aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti) larvae vectors for malaria, filarial and dengue.201222840445
larvicidal and repellent properties of adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae).development of plant-based alternative compounds for mosquito control has gained importance now-a-days, in view of increasing resistance in mosquito vectors to existing insecticides. the larvicidal and repellent activities of benzene, chloroform, hexane and methanol leaf extracts of indian medicinal plant, adansonia digitata were investigated against malarial vector, anopheles stephensi.201222898480
effect of ageratum houstonianum mill. (asteraceae) leaf extracts on the oviposition activity of anopheles stephensi, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae).plant extracts have been studied extensively for their insecticidal activity against immature stages and adult mosquitoes. they have also been reported to influence the habitat preference of ovipositing mosquitoes. ageratum houstonianum, a medicinal plant belonging to the family asteraceae, has been reported to possess insecticidal activity, and in the present study, the ovipositional attractant/deterrent activity was studied. the effect of ageratum houstonianum crude leaf extracts on the ovipos ...201222903449
mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of artemisia nilagirica (family: compositae) against anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti.mosquito-borne diseases have an economic impact, including loss in commercial and labor outputs, particularly in countries with tropical and subtropical climates; however, no part of the world is free from vector-borne diseases. the aim of the present study, to evaluate the larvicidal, pupicidal, repellent, and adulticidal activities of methanol crude extract of artemisia nilagirica were assayed for their toxicity against two important vector mosquitoes, viz., anopheles stephensi and aedes aegyp ...201222903417
adulticidal and repellent properties of cassia tora linn. (family: caesalpinaceae) against culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, and anopheles stephensi.mosquitoes have developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides, making its control increasingly difficult. insecticides of botanical origin may serve as suitable alternative biocontrol techniques in the future. the adulticidal and repellent activities of crude hexane, chloroform, benzene, acetone, and methanol extracts of the leaf of cassia tora were assayed for their toxicity against three important vector mosquitoes, viz., culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti, and anopheles stephensi. ...201222821231
electroantennogram, flight orientation and oviposition responses of anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti to a fatty acid ester-propyl octadecanoate.studies were carried out to evaluate the role of a c(21)-fatty acid ester; propyl octadecanoate (po) for olfaction-mediated behavioral responses of urban malaria vector, anopheles stephensi and dengue vector, aedes aegypti mosquitoes using electroantennogram (eag), flight orientation and oviposition experiments. dose dependent electrophysiological responses were recorded for po from the antenna of both mosquito species in which 10(-5) g elicited significant eag response. an. stephensi exhibited ...201222750483
larvicidal activity of morinda citrifolia l. (noni) (family: rubiaceae) leaf extract against anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus, and aedes aegypti.morinda citrifolia leaf extract was tested for larvicidal activity against three medically important mosquito vectors such as malarial vector anopheles stephensi, dengue vector aedes aegypti, and filarial vector culex quinquefasciatus. the plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. from the leaf, 1-kg powder was macerated with 3.0 l of hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water sequentially for a period of 72 h each and filtered. the yield of extracts was hex ...201222740293
evaluation of certain insecticides on nettings for their efficacy and wash resistance against mosquito species.five insecticides (bifenthrin, deltamethrin, etofenprox, permethrin and lamda cyhalothrin) recommended by who, at their recommended dose were compared for their efficacy and wash resistance through bioassay against mosquito vectors, culex quinquefasciatus, aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi. etofenprox treated nettings exhibited better knockdown and mortality than the other insecticides. the order of efficacy of the insecticides treated nettings was etofenprox > or = deltamethrin > lambda cyh ...201222734256
silica nanoparticle: a potential new insecticide for mosquito vector control.presently, there is a need for increased efforts to develop newer and effective methods to control mosquito vectors as the existing chemical and biological methods are not as effective as in earlier period owing to different technical and operational reasons. the use of nanomaterial products in various sectors of science including health increased during the last decade. we tested three types of nanosilica, namely lipophilic, hydrophilic and hydrophobic, to assess their larvicidal, pupicidal and ...201222565400
mosquito larvicidal properties of orthosiphon thymiflorus (roth) sleesen. (family: labiatae) against mosquito vectors, anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae).to determine the mosquito larvicidal activities of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol leaf extract of orthosiphon thymiflorus (o. thymiflorus) against anopheles stephensi (an. stephensi), culex quinquefasciatus (cx. quinquefasciatus) and aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti).201222449522
larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using pergularia daemia plant latex against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi and nontarget fish poecillia reticulata.in present study, the bioactivity of latex-producing plant pergularia daemia as well as synthesized silver nanoparticles (agnps) against the larval instars of aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae was determined. the range of concentrations of plant latex (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62.25, and 31.25 ppm) and agnps (10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 ppm) were prepared. the lc(50) and lc(90) values for first, second, third, and fourth instars of synthesized agnps-treated first, second ...201222371271
blood meal preference of some anopheline mosquitoes in command and non-command areas of rajasthan, india.the present study was undertaken to compare the entomological situation by analyzing the blood meal of mosquitoes of canal irrigated and non-irrigated areas of bikaner in order to explore scientific information on the vector biology and malaria burden profile and to plan proper strategies for malaria control and eradication.201223378966
ecophysiological and climatological effects on distribution of vector species and malaria incidence in india.the magnitude of regional malaria risk is dependent primarily on the dynamics and distribution of the vector species, which are determined mainly by climate conditions. a coupled model with ecophysiological and climatological factors was developed to estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of the five species of dominant malaria vectors in monsoon asia. here, we examined how the potential distribution obtained from the model could explain trends in malaria incidence observed in india, which has ...201223249857
efficacy of applying self-assessment of larviciding operation, chabahar, iran.appropriate supervision, along with availability of an effective system for monitoring and evaluation, is a crucial requirement to guarantee sufficient coverage and quality of malaria vector control procedures. this study evaluated the efficacy of self-assessment practice as a possible innovative method towards achieving high coverage and excellent quality of larviciding operation in iran.201222985394
community sleeping pattern and anopheline biting in southeastern iran: a country earmarked for malaria elimination.an important variable in determining the vectorial capacity of malaria mosquito species is the degree of mosquito-human contact. this parameter can be affected by community sleeping behavior and the host-feeding habits of vectors. a cross-sectional study of 775 randomly selected inhabitants, including 385 baluchi residents and 390 afghani refugees, was conducted in a malarious area in sabaz district, sistan-baluchestan province, southeastern iran. in addition, monitoring of human landing periodi ...201222826491
genetic sex separation of the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, by exposing eggs to dieldrin.the sterile insect technique (sit) has been used with success for suppressing or eliminating important insect pests of agricultural or veterinary importance. in order to develop sit for mosquitoes, female elimination prior to release is essential as they are the disease-transmitting sex. a genetic sexing strain (gss) of anopheles arabiensis was created based on resistance to dieldrin, and methods of sex separation at the egg stage were developed. the use of this strain for sit will require sexua ...201222713308
the role of leishmania proteophosphoglycans in sand fly transmission and infection of the mammalian host.leishmania are transmitted by the bite of their sand fly vector and this has a significant influence on the virulence of the resulting infection. from our studies into the interaction between parasite, vector, and host we have uncovered an important missing ingredient during leishmania transmission. leishmania actively adapt their sand fly hosts into efficient vectors by secreting promastigote secretory gel (psg), a proteophosphoglycan (ppg)-rich, mucin-like gel which accumulates in sand fly gut ...201222754550
immune gene discovery by expressed sequence tag (est) analysis of hemocytes in the ridgetail white prawn exopalaemon carinicauda.the ridgetail white prawn exopalaemon carinicauda is one of the most important commercial species in eastern china. however, little information of immune genes in e. carinicauda has been reported. to identify distinctive genes associated with immunity, an expressed sequence tag (est) library was constructed from hemocytes of e. carinicauda. a total of 3411 clones were sequenced, yielding 2853 ests and the average sequence length is 436 bp. the cluster and assembly analysis yielded 1053 unique se ...201223092732
salivary gland transcriptomes and proteomes of phlebotomus tobbi and phlebotomus sergenti, vectors of leishmaniasis.phlebotomus tobbi is a vector of leishmania infantum, and p. sergenti is a vector of leishmania tropica. le. infantum and le. tropica typically cause visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively, but le. infantum strains transmitted by p. tobbi can cause cutaneous disease. to better understand the components and possible implications of sand fly saliva in leishmaniasis, the transcriptomes of the salivary glands (sgs) of these two sand fly species were sequenced, characterized and compared.201222629480
investigations on anopheline mosquitoes close to the nest sites of chimpanzees subject to malaria infection in ugandan highlands.malaria parasites (plasmodium sp.), including new species, have recently been discovered as low grade mixed infections in three wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) sampled randomly in kibale national park, uganda. this suggested a high prevalence of malaria infection in this community. the clinical course of malaria in chimpanzees and the species of the vectors that transmit their parasites are not known. the fact that these apes display a specific behaviour in which they consume p ...201222510395
updating the salivary gland transcriptome of phlebotomus papatasi (tunisian strain): the search for sand fly-secreted immunogenic proteins for humans.sand fly saliva plays an important role in both blood feeding and outcome of leishmania infection. a cellular immune response against a phlebotomus papatasi salivary protein was shown to protect rodents against leishmania major infection. in humans, p. papatasi salivary proteins induce a systemic cellular immune response as well as a specific antisaliva humoral immune response, making these salivary proteins attractive targets as markers of exposure for this leishmania vector. surprisingly, the ...201223139741
oxidative stress in malaria.malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an estimated 200 million new infections every year. despite the significant effort to eradicate this dangerous disease, lack of complete knowledge of its physiopathology compromises the success in this enterprise. in this paper we review oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the disease and discuss the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial strategy.201223208374
mosquito larvicidal activity of aloe vera (family: liliaceae) leaf extract and bacillus sphaericus, against chikungunya vector, aedes aegypti.the bio-efficacy of aloe vera leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity was assessed against the first to fourth instars larvae of aedes aegypti, under the laboratory conditions. the plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. a. vera and b. sphaericus show varied degrees of larvicidal activity against various instars larvae of a. aegypti. the lc50 of a. vera against the first to fourth instars larvae were 162.74, 201.43, 253.30 ...201223961212
a new chromosomal phylogeny supports the repeated origin of vectorial capacity in malaria mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae complex.understanding phylogenetic relationships within species complexes of disease vectors is crucial for identifying genomic changes associated with the evolution of epidemiologically important traits. however, the high degree of genetic similarity among sibling species confounds the ability to determine phylogenetic relationships using molecular markers. the goal of this study was to infer the ancestral-descendant relationships among malaria vectors and nonvectors of the anopheles gambiae species co ...201223055932
a community-wide study of malaria reduction: evaluating efficacy and user-acceptance of a low-cost repellent in northern ghana.no mas (nm) mosquito repellent was evaluated in two farming villages (4 km apart) in the kassena nankana district of northern ghana. we determined its efficacy against local malaria vectors, degree of user acceptance, and its effect on malaria prevalence in households using insecticide-treated bed nets. the average protective efficacy of nm against anopheles mosquitoes over 9 hours was 89.6%. controls averaged 86 bites/person/night versus 9 bites/person/night with the use of nm. use of repellent ...201223249683
mermithid nematodes found in adult anopheles from southeastern senegal.over two dozen mermithid nematodes have been described parasitizing mosquitoes worldwide, however, only two species were found in africa. mermithid nematodes kill their mosquito host upon emergence, which suggests that they could be developed as biological control agents of mosquitoes. both romanomermis culicivorax and romanomermis iyengari have been reared for mass release to control numerous anopheles species vector populations, and in one instance this may have led to reduced malaria prevalen ...201222741946
a review of african horse sickness and its implications for ireland.african horse sickness is an economically highly important non-contagious but infectious orbivirus disease that is transmitted by various species of culicoides midges. the equids most severely affected by the virus are horses, ponies, and european donkeys; mules are somewhat less susceptible, and african donkeys and zebra are refractory to the devastating consequences of infection. in recent years, bluetongue virus, an orbivirus similar to african horse sickness, which also utilises culicoides s ...201222553991
assessment of anopheles salivary antigens as individual exposure biomarkers to species-specific malaria vector bites.malaria transmission occurs during the blood feeding of infected anopheline mosquitoes concomitant with a saliva injection into the vertebrate host. in sub-saharan africa, most malaria transmission is due to anopheles funestus s.s and to anopheles gambiae s.l. (mainly anopheles gambiae s.s. and anopheles arabiensis). several studies have demonstrated that the immune response against salivary antigens could be used to evaluate individual exposure to mosquito bites. the aim of this study was to as ...201223276246
igg responses to the gsg6-p1 salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to anopheles bites in urban areas of dakar region, sénégal.urban malaria can be a serious public health problem in africa. human-landing catches of mosquitoes, a standard entomological method to assess human exposure to malaria vector bites, can lack sensitivity in areas where exposure is low. a simple and highly sensitive tool could be a complementary indicator for evaluating malaria exposure in such epidemiological contexts. the human antibody response to the specific anopheles gsg6-p1 salivary peptide have been described as an adequate tool biomarker ...201222424570
analysis of salivary gland transcripts of the sand fly lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis.the saliva of blood sucking insects contains potent pharmacologically active components that assist them in counteracting the host hemostatic and inflammatory systems during blood feeding. in addition, sand fly salivary proteins affect host immunity and have the potential to be a vaccine against leishmania infection. in the present study, the salivary gland transcripts of lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in ecuadorian and peruvian andes, were analyzed by sequencing ran ...201223000112
lethal effects of aspergillus niger against mosquitoes vector of filaria, malaria, and dengue: a liquid mycoadulticide.aspergillus niger is a fungus of the genus aspergillus. it has caused a disease called black mold on certain fruits and vegetables. the culture filtrates released from the a. niger atcc 66566 were grown in czapek dox broth (cdb) then filtered with flash chromatograph and were used for the bioassay after a growth of thirty days. the result demonstrated these mortalities with lc(50), lc(90), and lc(99) values of culex quinquefasciatus 0.76, 3.06, and 4.75, anopheles stephensi 1.43, 3.2, and 3.86, ...201222629156
evaluation of 15 local plant species as larvicidal agents against an indian strain of dengue fever mosquito, aedes aegypti l. (diptera: culicidae).the adverse effects of chemical insecticides-based intervention measures for the control of mosquito vectors have received wide public apprehension because of several problems like insecticide resistance, resurgence of pest species, environmental pollution, toxic hazards to humans, and non-target organisms. these problems have necessitated the need to explore and develop alternative strategies using eco-friendly, environmentally safe, bio-degradable plant products which are non-toxic to non-targ ...201222536188
neuroimmunological blood brain barrier opening in experimental cerebral malaria.plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for nearly one million annual deaths worldwide. because of the difficulty in monitoring the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria in humans, we conducted a study in various mouse models to better understand disease progression in experimental cerebral malaria (ecm). we compared the effect on the integrity of the blood brain barrier (bbb) and the histopathology of the brain of p. berghei anka, a known ecm model, p. berghei nk65, generally thought not to ind ...201223133375
the roles of serpins in mosquito immunology and physiology.in vector-borne diseases, the complex interplay between pathogen and its vector's immune system determines the outcome of infection and therefore disease transmission. serpins have been shown in many animals to be key regulators of innate immune reactions. their control over regulatory proteolytic cascades ultimately decides whether the recognition of a pathogen will lead to an appropriate immune response. in mosquitoes, serpins (srpns) regulate the activation of prophenoloxidase and thus melani ...201222960307
global climate change and its potential impact on disease transmission by salinity-tolerant mosquito vectors in coastal zones.global climate change can potentially increase the transmission of mosquito vector-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic filariasis, and dengue in many parts of the world. these predictions are based on the effects of changing temperature, rainfall, and humidity on mosquito breeding and survival, the more rapid development of ingested pathogens in mosquitoes and the more frequent blood feeds at moderately higher ambient temperatures. an expansion of saline and brackish water bodies (water wi ...201222723781
existence of the rdl mutant alleles among the anopheles malaria vector in indonesia.the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) receptor-chloride channel complex is known to be the target site of dieldrin, a cyclodiene insecticide. gaba-receptors, with a naturally occurring amino acid substitution, a302s/g in the putative ion-channel lining region, confer resistance to cyclodiene insecticides that includes aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor, endrin and endosulphan.201222364613
epidemiology of imported malaria in the mediterranean region.malaria is one of the most widespread infectious diseases of our time, causing 655 000 deaths during 2010 (who), most of them in sub-saharan africa and under the age of 5. during the last few years an increasing number of imported malaria cases is reported in europe and mediterranean countries, probably supported by the increasing number of international travel in association with the important influx of immigrants from malaria-endemic countries. moreover, the presence of anopheline vectors in m ...201222708046
malaria in south asia: prevalence and control.the "malaria evolution in south asia" (mesa) program project is an international center of excellence for malaria research (icemr) sponsored by the us national institutes of health. this us-india collaborative program will study the origin of genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their selection on the indian subcontinent. this knowledge should contribute to a better understanding of unexpected disease outbreaks and unpredictable disease presentations from plasmodium falciparum and plasmodi ...201222248528
the effects of urbanization on global plasmodium vivax malaria transmission.many recent studies have examined the impact of urbanization on plasmodium falciparum malaria endemicity and found a general trend of reduced transmission in urban areas. however, none has examined the effect of urbanization on plasmodium vivax malaria, which is the most widely distributed malaria species and can also cause severe clinical syndromes in humans. in this study, a set of 10,003 community-based p. vivax parasite rate (pvpr) surveys are used to explore the relationships between pvpr i ...201223217010
the polymorphism and the geographical distribution of the knockdown resistance (kdr) of anopheles sinensis in the republic of korea.in the republic of korea (rok), six sibling species of the anopheles sinensis complex are considered the vector species of malaria, but data on their susceptibilities to malaria and vector capacities have been controversial. the intensive use of insecticides has contributed to the rapid development and spread of insecticide resistance in the an. sinensis complex. knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids and ddt in the an. sinensis complex is associated with a mutation in codon 1014 of the volta ...201222554130
Refresh
firstprev
...11121314151617181920...
nextlast
Displaying items 1801 - 1900 of 2895