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immunologic response of adenoidal lymphocytes to respiratory syncytial virus.adenoidal lymphocytes obtained from 43 subjects with serum antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were established in culture in vitro and analyzed for immunoglobulin (ig) and rsv-specific antibody synthesis. spontaneous synthesis of ig was consistently observed in culture supernatants. the ratios of iga to igg and igm to igg in adenoidal lymphocyte culture supernatant were higher than in serum. in cell cultures stimulated with rsv or pokeweed mitogen, rsv antibody activity was detected ...19921416640
detection of genomic sequences of respiratory syncytial virus in otitis media with effusion in children.the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the nested polymerase chain reaction were used for detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) sequences in middle ear effusions collected from children with otitis media. sequences of rsv were detected in 21 of 34 samples tested. these samples were collected during and/or after natural outbreaks of rsv infection in the community. in those patients from whose nasopharynges rsv was isolated, the viral sequences were highly detectable (75% ...19921416657
field trials on a live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in calves.field trials were carried out in calves using a live bovine respiratory syncytial (brs) virus vaccine prepared from the attenuated brs virus, strain rs-52. two hundred seventy-five and 353 calves were vaccinated intranasally and intramuscularly, respectively. no undesirable postvaccinal reactions were observed in the vaccinated calves. of the serum neutralizing (sn) antibody negative calves 89.7% (26/29) and 92.8% (90/97) developed sn antibody 1 month after intranasal and intramuscular vaccinati ...19921420579
respiratory syncytial virus infections. 19921424399
evaluation of three rapid enzyme immunoassays and cell culture for detection of respiratory syncytial virus.three rapid enzyme immunoassay techniques for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen (becton dickinson directigen rsv, abbott rsv testpack and abbott rsv eia) and cell culture were evaluated in a total of 250 nasal washings. the sensitivity and specificity were 62% and 76% respectively for directigen, 64% and 86% for rsv testpack, and 76% and 81% for rsv eia, taking cell culture as the reference method. agreement between cell culture and eia techniques was 79% (70 positive and 128 ...19921425717
direct detection of immunogold reactions by real-time video microscopy.video-enhanced microscopy allows the detection and tracking of individual colloidal gold particles. the analysis of immunogold reactions can also be conducted as a function of time and thus allows the study of dynamic events in living cells. the direct visualization in real time is reported of the reaction of immunogold particles with a surface antigen. this time-resolved immunocytochemistry was achieved by continuous observation of living cells infected with a virus (respiratory syncytial virus ...19921429013
a novel, spectrophotometric microneutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus.we describe a simple and rapid microneutralization assay for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) based on the colorimetric quantitation of the conversion of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (mtt) to a formazan product by the mitochondria of viable cells. conditions for rsv infectivity were first optimized for sensitivity and reproducibility based on cell density and on rsv concentration as a function of multiplicity of infection (moi) and time post-infection and the re ...19921430065
immunotherapy of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats (sigmodon fulviventer) using igg in a small-particle aerosol.to determine whether aerosolized igg can be used effectively in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections, cotton rats were infected intranasally with rsv and treated 3 days later with human igg containing anti-rsv antibodies delivered in a small-particle aerosol. pulmonary histology and virus titers were determined 24 h after igg treatment. a single 15-min exposure to aerosolized igg did not exacerbate pulmonary pathology and effected a 50-fold reduction in pulmonary virus t ...19921431258
respiratory syncytial virus detection by dot blot hybridization with a nonradioactive synthetic oligo deoxynucleotide probe.a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide corresponding to a region of the nucleocapside gene (n) of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), was used as a dna probe to develop a nonradioactive hybridization assay for the detection of rsv. the probe was labeled by incorporation of biotin-7-datp to the 3' end by a reaction catalyzed by terminal deoxynucleotydil transferase. the dot blot hybridization assay was found to be specific for rsv when tested against rsv isolates (subgroups a and b) obtained from cell c ...19921431818
pulmonary histopathology induced by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) challenge of formalin-inactivated rsv-immunized balb/c mice is abrogated by depletion of cd4+ t cells.in previous studies, it was observed that children immunized with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (fi-rsv) developed severe pulmonary disease with greater frequency during subsequent natural rsv infection than did controls. during earlier efforts to develop an animal model of this phenomenon, enhanced pulmonary histopathology was observed after intranasal rsv challenge of fi-rsv-immunized cotton rats. progress in understanding the immunologic basis for these observatio ...19921433525
intensive care course and outcome of patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus.picu admissions of 97 children positive for respiratory syncytial virus on fluorescent antibody screening were reviewed; 68% of 44 patients without history of preceding disease (group i) and 79% of 53 patients with preceding pulmonary, cardiac, or other disease (group ii) required ventilation. in group i ventilated children weighted significantly less (p = 0.001) and were of lower chronological (p = 0.02) and post-conceptional ages (p = 0.02) than those not ventilated. eighteen infants ventilate ...19921437327
the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in lower respiratory tract infections in childhood.acute lower respiratory tract infections are one of the major causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. this study was undertaken at hacettepe university children's hospital to determine the role of viruses and mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract infections in children. eighty-three patients with lower respiratory tract infections were selected at random from among the children admitted to the hospital for evaluation of respiratory symptoms. acute and convalesce ...19921440953
bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific immune responses in cattle following immunization with modified-live and inactivated vaccines. analysis of proliferation and secretion of lymphokines by leukocytes in vitro.cattle were immunized with vaccines containing modified-live or inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and lymphocyte proliferative responses and cytokine secretion were monitored sequentially. compared to pre-inoculated values, significant increases in proliferative responses to modified-live brsv were detectable by day 7 after the primary immunization with the vaccine containing inactivated brsv, and by 7 days after the second immunization with modified-live virus. after a third ...19921441227
bovine respiratory syncytial virus-specific immune responses in cattle following immunization with modified-live and inactivated vaccines. analysis of the specificity and activity of serum antibodies.cattle were immunized with vaccines containing modified-live or inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) and serum antibody responses were analyzed. compared with preinculation values, at day 14 after two biweekly immunizations with modified-live or inactivated vaccines there were significant increases in brsv-specific titers in the sera of cattle that received both types of vaccines, as determined by a whole cell elisa. using a blocking elisa and radioimmune precipitation it was de ...19921441228
[the use of a virazole aerosol in young children with a respiratory syncytial virus infection].the therapeutic effect of aerosol virasol was studied in young infants suffering from rs virus infection with concomitant broncho-obstructive syndrome. the study involved 60 children between 1 month and 4 years of age of whom 30 were treated with virasol and another 30 made a control group. virasol was shown to reduce the severity of the clinical picture to a considerable degree and speed up the recovery in infants with rs virus disease. virasol is recommended for inhalation treatment of infants ...19921441436
shedding of infectious virus and virus antigen during acute infection with respiratory syncytial virus.shedding of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) of hospitalized children with acute respiratory infection was studied using direct antigen detection by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, rapid identification of infectious virus in centrifugally inoculated cell cultures by immunoperoxidase staining and conventional virus culture. sequential npas, in which also local rsv-specific iga response was measured, were collected from children with proven rsv infection. the sh ...19921460457
pneumonia--a clinical or radiographic diagnosis? etiology and clinical features of lower respiratory tract infection in adults in general practice.etiology and clinical manifestations have been studied in 153 adult patients with lower respiratory tract infection, and the results are presented according to clinical and radiographic diagnosis. laboratory investigations revealed that bacterial infection, mycoplasma and chlamydia included, occurred as often in 22 patients whose clinical diagnoses of pneumonia were not evident radiographically, as in 20 patients with radiographic pneumonia. in the latter group significantly higher values of ery ...19921465584
radiographic and radionuclide lung perfusion imaging in healthy calves and calves naturally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.nine calves between three and 18 weeks old with serologically confirmed natural bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection were examined clinically, radiographically and by radionuclide lung perfusion imaging. the results were compared with those from seven healthy calves. the diseased calves were euthanased and examined pathologically, virologically and bacteriologically. the clinical signs indicated that the disease was in an acute stage. radiography of the diseased animals revealed cysts, c ...19921471325
molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus: rapid identification of subgroup a lineages.methods for the rapid analysis of samples of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus are described using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) followed by restriction mapping. isolates (either clinical samples or tissue culture grown virus) can readily be divided into subgroups and then further classified into lineages. these methods enable examination of large numbers of isolates by molecular techniques, thereby facilitating research into the molecular epidemiology of the virus.19921474135
susceptibility to infection in relation to sids.because there is little evidence that invasive bacterial diseases contribute to cot deaths, most studies on infectious causes of sids have focused on viruses or toxin producing bacteria. although epidemiological studies found marginally significant associations between influenza virus and sids, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was isolated from 90% of older infants with sids. there are conflicting reports that some toxigenic bacteria (clostridium botulinum, clostridium difficle, enterotoxigenic ...19921474153
viral infection and alpha interferon in sids.conventional approaches to virus detection fail to provide convincing evidence in support of a viral aetiology for sids. virus positivity of about 20% in cases of sids is typical of most studies and is similar to that found in control groups. the application of direct immunofluorescence assays (dfa) has increased virus detection rates to 30-40%. constraints imposed by technology, postmortem interval, choice of samples for analysis and the necessary limitation of virus types to be sought may all ...19921474154
detection of respiratory syncytial virus in acute bronchiolitis in infants.direct detection of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions (nps) provides the most rapid diagnostic test for rs infection, but more sensitive methods might be more beneficial in the study of virus shedding. rs virus rna was extracted from cells stored at -70 degrees c either in suspension with added rnase inhibitor or as a pellet without inhibitor. the rna was reverse transcribed, the resultant cdna amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and detected by ethidiu ...19921474378
use of monoclonal antibodies for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses: memorandum from a who meeting.a monoclonal antibody diagnostic kit (using immunofluorescence) to detect directly viral antigens of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus a, influenza virus b, parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, and 3), and adenovirus has been developed by who. during 1990 and 1991 a total of 16 laboratories in different parts of the world were invited to test the kit in clinical use. this memorandum summarizes the results obtained as well as the discussions and recommendations made by participants at a ...19921486665
comparison of three immunoassays for the rapid detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (eia) designed for the detection of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) were evaluated for the detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) in bovine lungs and the results were compared with those obtained by a direct fluorescent antibody assay (dfa). the eia tests used were directigen eia, kallestad pathfinder eia, and abbott rsv eia. homogenates of lung tissues obtained from 64 cattle that had died of respiratory disease were used; 32 were ...19921501586
direct sequencing of baculovirus genomic dna: sequence determination of the engineered respiratory syncytial virus chimeric fg gene.primer-directed enzymatic sequencing has proven to be an efficient and effective method for sequencing various size double-stranded dna templates. we previously developed a primer-directed sequencing procedure for using double-stranded cosmid (50 kb) dnas as template. we are interested in using this method to directly sequence larger dna templates. towards this goal we applied this method to directly sequence an engineered gene that had been transferred and integrated into the 130-kb baculovirus ...19921503779
synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-carboxamidine-substituted analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride.ten, hitherto unreported, analogues of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamidine hydrochloride (2a, ribamidine) and methyl carboximidate 5 have been synthesized. these include the n-cyano (2b), n-alkyl (2c-e), n-amino acid (2f-h), n,n'-disubstituted (6, 7a,b), and the n-methylated carboxamide (1f) analogues of ribavirin. in addition, a new facile synthesis of carboxamidine 2a was also developed. all compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following rna viruses: p ...19921507208
antibody response of calves to immunoaffinity-purified bovine respiratory syncytial virus vp70 after vaccination and challenge exposure.immunoaffinity-purified bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) fusion (f) protein elicited anti-brsv-specific antibody responses in brsv-seronegative calves. after primary vaccination, all calves seroconverted to brsv as determined by the virus neutralization (vn) test and developed anti-f protein antibodies detectable by protein immunoblot analyses. subsequent vaccinations induced greater than twofold increase in vn titer in 3 of 9 (33%) calves, and 1 calf became vn-negative, but still had n ...19921510306
effects of protease inhibitors on replication of various myxoviruses.we studied the effects of eight protease inhibitors on the multicycle replications of various orthomyxoviruses and paramyxoviruses. among the compounds, nafamostat mesilate, camostat mesilate, gabexate mesilate, and aprotinin, which are widely used in the treatment of pancreatitis, inhibited influenza virus a and b replication at concentrations that were significantly lower than their cytotoxic thresholds in vitro. none of the protease inhibitors had activity against respiratory syncytial virus, ...19921510439
evidence of immunosuppression by bovine respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major respiratory pathogen in human infants and calves. calves and lambs infected with bovine rsv show mild clinical signs but they are more susceptible to secondary infection with pasteurella haemolytica. lambs infected with p. haemolytica 6 days after experimental infection with bovine rsv had significantly greater magnitudes of fever, higher disease and lesion scores and higher mortality rates than those infected with p. haemolytica or bovine rsv alone ( ...19921514055
effects of vaccination against 18 immunogens in beef replacement heifers at weaning.humoral immune responses to vaccination, mean daily body-weight gains, morbidity, and mortality were compared in groups of beef replacement heifers from weaning to 4 months after weaning. the only difference in management among groups of heifers was the number and type of vaccines they received. heifers were vaccinated at weaning (mean age, 205 days) and again 28 days later against 0, 1, 9, 10, 17, or 18 antigens, using commercially available monovalent and multivalent vaccines. the common vacci ...19921517133
active respiratory syncytial virus purified by ion-exchange chromatography: characterization of binding and elution requirements.two viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) were used to evaluate viral purification by an affinity resin column (matrex cellufine sulfate (mcs); amicon division, wr grace & co.). viable rsv was purified significantly from crude cell lysate by a single pass through a column containing the anionic mcs resin. most cell protein and albumin eluted from the mcs resin with phosphate buffered saline (pbs) but rsv eluted at high ionic strength, i.e., greater than ...19921517352
improved outcome of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a high-risk hospitalized population of canadian children. pediatric investigators collaborative network on infections in canada.to determine the outcomes in children at high risk for death or complications from respiratory disease who are hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection.19921517907
lack of effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on theophylline disposition in children.conflicting reports raise a question about decreased plasma clearance (clp) of theophylline in man during viral infections. thus a dilemma exists concerning requisite dose adjustments. we examined this issue by retrospectively evaluating theophylline clp in children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). two pharmacokinetic approaches were applied to a one-compartment open model to fit theophylline concentrations during 83 hospitalizations of 76 children, 6 to 48 months of age, who rec ...19921517927
the limited role of the human interferon system response to respiratory syncytial virus challenge: analysis and comparison to influenza virus challenge.the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-induced production of interferon (ifn) by human macrophages and mononuclear leukocytes (mnl) and the sensitivities of rsv to subtypes of ifn-alpha were examined and compared to ifn production induced by influenza virus. influenza virus induced high titers of total ifn bioactivity, transcription of the ifn-alpha 1 and ifn-beta gene products and production of ifn-gamma. in contrast, rsv induced minimal or no detectable total ifn activity, and the absence of if ...19921522795
respiratory syncytial virus: a comparison of diagnostic modalities.this study compared prospectively viral culture for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with three rapid rsv antigen detection tests: rsv eia and testpack rsv (tp), and directigen rsv (dir). additionally two methods of specimen collection were compared: nasopharyngeal rub (rub) and nasopharyngeal wash (wash). true positives were defined as positive rsv viral culture or at least two positive antigen tests. one hundred ninety-eight wash specimens obtained from children 3 years of age or younger duri ...19921523070
immunogenicity of recombinant adenovirus-respiratory syncytial virus vaccines with adenovirus types 4, 5, and 7 vectors in dogs and a chimpanzee.recombinant adenovirus type 4, 5, and 7 expressing the fusion glycoprotein (f) gene, the attachment glycoprotein (g) gene, or both f and g genes of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was constructed. intratracheal immunization of dogs with ad7f induced moderate titers of rsv-neutralizing antibodies. after booster immunization with ad4f, the dogs developed high titers of rsv-specific antibody. subsequently, three two-dose vaccination regimens, ad4f/ad5f, ad7g/ad4g, and ad7fg/ad4fg, were compared w ...19921527411
[severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia following bone marrow autograft. 3 cases].three patients developed severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia after bone marrow autograft for acute leukaemia. clinically, the disease presents as interstitial or bilateral alveolo-interstitial pneumonia with hypoxaemia. signs of ent infection (otitis media, sinusitis) are present in 30 percent of the cases. in all 3 patients, the syncytial virus was isolated by direct immunofluorescence in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. in 2 patients the infection began soon after the autograft, in deepl ...19921532059
protective activity of a human respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prepared from donors screened by microneutralization assay.to explore the feasibility of preparing a human immune globulin specific for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) by screening plasma donors, the ability of seven rsv antibody assays to identify plasma-yielding igg with high virus-neutralizing and animal-protective activities was compared. igg prepared from plasma units selected by microneutralization assay had significantly higher activity in protecting mice from respiratory rsv challenge than did iggs prepared from plasmas selected by three direc ...19921538152
initiation of cytotoxic t-cell response and protection of balb/c mice by vaccination with an experimental iscoms respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine.respiratory syncytial virus is an important human pathogen causing serious lower respiratory tract infections of children and elderly people. previous studies on the development of experimental subunit vaccines either expressed by recombinant dna technology or prepared from purified viral proteins absorbed on adjuvant (iscoms) have shown promise. the present work reports on the effectiveness of an experimental iscoms vaccine in initiating humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and in providi ...19921539463
comparison of the ability of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus, immunopurified f, g and n proteins and cell lysate to enhance pulmonary changes in balb/c mice.formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (fi-rsv), a lysate of hep-2 cells and proteins f, g and n, immunopurified from infected cell cultures, were compared for their ability to prevent infection and to enhance changes in lung cytology associated with rsv challenge. mice were immunized at three weekly intervals with serial dilutions of the preparations and challenged by the nasal route 1 week after the last injection; their lungs were analysed 4 days later. the concentration of the immu ...19921539464
respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient: case report.a 29-year-old man underwent bilateral lung transplantation and received maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. he was readmitted 11 months later with symptoms of cough, sneezing, and rhinorrhea. the physical examination was normal. laboratory results were significant for a reduction of fev1 and an interstitial infiltrate on chest films. the patient had recently undergone bronchoscopy for rejection surveillance, and 2 days before admission the bronchoalveolar lavage cultures returned positive for ...19921540615
the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, a filovirus: homologies with paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses.the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, strain musoke, has been determined. the l gene has a single long open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 2330 amino acids (mw 267,175) that represents the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. the putative transcription start signal (3'cuaccuauaauu 5') and the termination signal (3' uaauucuuuuu 5') of the gene could be identified. computer-assisted comparison of the l protein with l proteins of other nonsegmented negative-stranded rna vi ...19921546452
class-specific antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in experimentally infected lambs.enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (elisa) was used to titrate virus-specific igg, igm and iga levels in nasal secretions, lung lavage fluids and serum samples sequentially obtained from lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). virus-specific igg and igm responses were measured by the indirect double antibody sandwich elisa using anti-bovine rsv monoclonal antibody, as capture antibody, and peroxidase-conjugated anti-sheep igg and anti-sheep igm. virus-specif ...19921547834
human cytotoxic t cells stimulated by antigen on dendritic cells recognize the n, sh, f, m, 22k, and 1b proteins of respiratory syncytial virus.we examined the human cytotoxic t-cell repertoire of nine adults to 9 of the 10 proteins of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus. peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal adults were stimulated with rs virus in vitro. the resulting polyclonal cultures were tested for lysis of b-lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing each of nine individual rs virus proteins. the use of peripheral blood dendritic cells to present antigen gave more easily reproducible res ...19921548754
effect of changes in the nucleotide sequence of the p gene of respiratory syncytial virus on the electrophoretic mobility of the p protein.a consensus sequence for the p protein gene of the rsn-2 strain of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus was obtained by pcr amplification of cdna obtained by reverse transcription. this established that the extent of sequence variation between two p genes of strains of antigenic subtype b is similar to that among a strains, confirming the conservation of p genes within subtypes and the divergence of the two antigenic subtypes of rs virus. the p protein of rs virus exhibits anomalous electrophoretic ...19921549911
respiratory syncytial virus infection of human primary nasal and bronchial epithelial cell cultures and bronchoalveolar macrophages.in adults, clinical symptoms caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) are usually confined to the upper respiratory tract, whereas rsv infection in infants frequently causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia. the preferential localization of rsv infection to the upper airways may partially be due to protective immunity, but may also depend on a difference in susceptibility of epithelial cells from upper and lower airways, or on antiviral activities of bronchoalveolar macrophages (am). in this study ...19921550681
reinfection of lambs with bovine respiratory syncytial virus.eight lambs which were experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) when they were six to eight weeks old were challenged with the same virus seven months later. after reinfection, lambs developed mild clinical disease and the virus was isolated from nasal swabs from three lambs and peripheral blood from two lambs. reinfection resulted in changes in peripheral blood cell populations. there was an early increase in the number of cd8+ t lymphocytes and b (lca p220+) lympho ...19921553439
respiratory syncytial virus infection of alveolar macrophages in adult transplant patients.pulmonary epithelial cells are thought to be the primary cellular targets for infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in vivo. to determine whether other pulmonary cells are infected by rsv, bronchoalveolar lavage cells from six adult transplant patients, four of whom had acute rsv infection, were examined by in situ immunohistochemistry to identify infected lung cells. both alveolar macrophages and epithelial cells were infected with rsv in vivo. at the single-cell level, three-color imm ...19921554223
the efficacy of nebulized metaproterenol in wheezing infants and young children.the benefit of beta-adrenergic agonists in the treatment of acutely wheezing infants and young children has not been well documented in the outpatient setting. to determine the efficacy of nebulized metaproterenol sulfate, 74 children aged 36 months or younger with acute wheezing participated in a double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. children received nebulized metaproterenol, either as an initial treatment or after a control treatment with normal saline solution. at bas ...19921558072
mucosal t cell distribution during infection with respiratory syncytial virus.groups of 12-week-old balb/c mice were inoculated intranasally with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and sacrificed at regular intervals after infection. t lymphocyte subset distribution was determined in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage (bal), peripheral blood, and spleen by means of flow cytometry employing monoclonal antibodies against the t cell membrane antigens thy1.2 (pan-t), ly2 (cd8), and l3t4 (cd4). thy1.2+ cells increased in the lung from 35.4% of total lymphocytes before infectio ...19921564449
[infectious agents associated with exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies and asthma attacks].infections of the respiratory airways are frequently responsible for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and attacks of asthma. however, the causal infectious agents in practice are rarely precisely identified. we have undertaken a prospective study with the aim of researching into the bacteria and viruses associated with these exacerbations. forty-seven patients who were in hospital between 1987 and 1989 for attacks of asthma (13 episodes) or exacerbations of copd (35 ...19921565831
respiratory syncytial virus: a pediatric nursing plan of care.thirty-three pediatric cases of respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) infections were treated at providence hospital's pediatric intensive care unit (picu), anchorage, ak, between september 1987 and march 1988. our 8-bed picu nursing and respiratory therapy staff learned effective techniques in caring for patients with rsv. our aim in this article is to share our approach in providing comprehensive care for patients with rsv infections.19921569520
respiratory syncytial virus infection reinforces reflex apnea in young lambs.to evaluate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on reflex apnea elicited by application of water on the laryngeal mucosa, 11 healthy, term lambs were chronically instrumented at 2 wk of age. six lambs were inoculated with bovine rsv, and five lambs were mock-infected. the lambs were studied awake and unsedated before and 4, 8, 14, and 21 d after infection. rsv infection was associated with slight rhinorrhea and with moderately increased tracheal mucous discharge. there was ...19921570205
severe respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation: a report of three cases and review.three patients with acute leukemia who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (bmt) in complete remission, developed a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) pneumonia, which was fatal in two. identification of rsv was made on the products of bronchoalveolar lavage by direct immunofluorescence. as already described by others, the initial course of rsv infection varies, depending on whether it occurs sooner or later after bmt with a better prognosis in the latter situation. treatment ...19921571714
distinguishing between respiratory syncytial virus subgroups by protein profile analysis.we subgrouped 75 strains of respiratory syncytial virus by a protein profile method (ppm) which relies on different mobilities of the phosphoprotein in one-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and does not require monoclonal antibodies. when compared with enzyme immunoassay, ppm correctly subgrouped 54 of 56 subgroup a and all 19 subgroup b strains.19921572961
humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly.the relationship between serum immunoglobulins and the severity and risk of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the institutionalized elderly was prospectively assessed during the winter of 1989-1990 at a 591 bed nursing home. forty rsv infections were identified out of 149 respiratory illnesses by isolation of the virus or by a greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in rsv-specific igg by eia. acute serum rsv igg levels were similar in those with rsv infection and those with non-rsv il ...19921573388
immunoglobulin therapy in older infants and children.the availability of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations and human monoclonal antibodies has broadened the potential utility of antibody therapy to include treatment of viral infections such as cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus and prevention and treatment of serious bacterial infections such as endotoxic shock and pneumonia in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. as new polyclonal and monoclonal immunoglobulin preparations are developed for specific organisms or cl ...19921578124
identification of subgroups of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the occurrence of antigenic variation among nine isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was determined by examining their reaction patterns to human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) subgroup a and b monoclonal antibodies (mabs) by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoprecipitation with fractionation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by using mabs and polyclonal antisera to hrsv and brsv. shared epitopes were demonstrated on four of five structural protein ...19921583108
an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center.an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection occurred among 31 patients in a marrow transplant center over a 13-week period beginning in january 1990. rsv infection was also documented in 35 family members and employees. of 18 patients with pneumonia, 14 (78%) died. none of 13 with upper respiratory infection died. preengraftment patients tended to develop pneumonia more frequently than did engrafted patients. early administration of ribavirin may have had a beneficial effect in pa ...19921583345
[usefulness of microbial investigations in community-acquired pneumonia].community acquired pneumonia (cap) is a common and well known disease, however there is no definite agreement on a common diagnostic-therapeutic strategy. to evaluate the usefulness of microbial investigations in the clinical practice we performed a prospective study on 93 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of cap. group i consisted of 46 patients that underwent a diagnostic protocol including sputum, blood cultures and detection of specific antibodies against m. pneumoniae, adenovirus, respi ...19921585029
molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the mumps virus gene encoding the l protein and the trailer sequence.we have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of the seventh gene of the miyahara strain of mumps virus (muv) encoding the l protein. the l gene is 6925 nucleotides in length and contains a single long open reading frame which is capable of coding for a protein of 2261 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 256,571 da. the deduced amino acid sequence of the l protein of muv showed significant homology with those of six other paramyxoviruses, human parainfluenza type 2 virus, ...19921585659
vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man.several viruses may cause more or less severe acute respiratory infections in man, some of which are followed by systemic infection. only for influenza and measles are licensed vaccines available at present. the protection induced by influenza vaccines, which are based on inactivated whole virus or viral subunits, depends largely on the matching of vaccine strain and circulating virus. measles vaccines, which are based on attenuated live virus, have been quite effective in controlling the diseas ...19921587542
epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections, especially those due to haemophilus influenzae type b, in the gambia, west africa.mortality surveys undertaken in rural areas of the gambia, a small country on the west coast of africa, indicate that acute lower respiratory tract infections (alri) are the most frequent cause of death among children and that approximately 1 in 25 rural gambian children dies from an alri before the age of 5 years. community surveys suggest that each child experiences an average of one episode of alri accompanied by radiographic changes before reaching this age. etiologic studies have shown that ...19921588169
pulmonary eosinophilic response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice sensitized to the major surface glycoprotein g.to investigate the contribution of immunity to individual respiratory syncytial (rs) virus proteins to the augmentation of pulmonary pathology, mice were scarified with recombinant vaccinia viruses (rvv) expressing individual rs virus proteins. the pulmonary response to infection with rs virus was monitored by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). in mice vaccinated with the major surface glycoprotein (g), 14-25% of bal cells were eosinophils; these comprised less than 3% of bal cells from other groups ...19921591217
effect of respiratory syncytial virus on adherence, colonization and immunity of non-typable haemophilus influenzae: implications for otitis media.adherence of non-typable haemophilus influenzae to respiratory epithelium was evaluated in a cotton rat model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection. colonization with non-typable h. influenzae increased to a maximum within 4 days of rsv infection compared to rsv negative controls (4.58 +/- 0.17 vs 3.82 +/- 0.23 log colony forming units (cfu) per ml, p less than 0.05) and then declined over the subsequent 10 days (2.0 +/- 0 vs 3.78 +/- 0.39 cfu per ml, p less than 0.0001). in a second se ...19921592548
effect of "in vitro" exposure of bovine alveolar macrophages to different strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.a vaccine strain of respiratory syncytial (rs) virus and an isolate from pneumonic calves (ac2) were inoculated onto cultures of bovine alveolar macrophages recovered by lung lavage, and the functional properties of the cells observed over a period of 10 days. in most cultures no infectious virus was produced although immunofluorescence indicated the presence of virus antigens in some cells. no significant difference was noted between infected and control macrophage cultures in their capacity to ...19921595187
pneumonia in childhood: etiology and response to antimicrobial therapy.a prospective eight-month study was carried out in 50 children admitted to hospital for radiologically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia. a potential causative agent of infection was identified in 44 (88%) cases. using virus isolation, virus antigen detection and enzyme immunoassay serology, respiratory virus infection was diagnosed in 30 (60%) patients. antibody assays for seven bacteria and antigen detection from serum and urine for streptococcus pneumoniae produced evidence of bacterial ...19921597197
approaches to immunization against respiratory syncytial virus. 19921600380
successful therapy with ribavirin of late onset respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis complicating allogeneic bone transplantation.a 21-year-old patient developed interstitial pneumonitis nine months post bone marrow transplant for acute myeloblastic leukaemia. immunofluorescence of broncheoalveolar lavage fluid revealed the presence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). aerosolized ribavarin therapy resulted in rapid resolution of the pneumonitis with full recovery without any side effects. ribavarin therapy should be considered early in the management of bmt patients who develop rsv pneumonitis.19921600691
respiratory syncytial virus infection in an adult with wegener's granulomatosis.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been documented as a pathogen in adults who are immunocompromised because of various underlying conditions. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with wegener's granulomatosis (wg) and rsv infection resulting in a fatal outcome.19921600799
serious respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus: prospects for improved therapy and effective immunization. 19921603639
summertime respiratory syncytial virus infection: epidemiology and clinical manifestations.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common serious pathogen known to produce annual winter epidemics in young children. a 2-year study of children with significant respiratory disease during the summer revealed a 21% incidence of rsv infection. respiratory secretions collected from ill children in the lsumc outpatient clinics, from children seen by private physicians, and from children hospitalized with respiratory tract disease were assayed for rsv antigens. approximately 39% of those survey ...19921604385
[epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infections in the canary islands].respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. outbreaks of rsv infection occur yearly during the winter or spring in temperate climates. our study of 634 hospitalized children under 3 years of age with bronchiolitis and pneumonia (november 1988 to january 1990) revealed that 227 (35.8%) had vrs infections. these cases showed a yearly epidemic pattern with 86.8% of the cases occurring during the winter. furthermore, 67.4% of the cases ...19921605415
antiviral activities of ribavirin, 5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide, and 6'-(r)-6'-c-methylneplanocin a against several ortho- and paramyxoviruses.5-ethynyl-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide (eicar) and 6'-(r)-6'-c-methylneplanocin a (tj13025) are two novel antiviral agents which are targeted against imp dehydrogenase and s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, respectively. these compounds have been examined for their activities against various strains of orthomyxoviruses (influenza virus) and paramyxoviruses (parainfluenza virus, mumps virus, measles virus, and respiratory syncytial virus) in vitro. eicar was 10- to 59-fold more ac ...19921605607
etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children in a rural community in the gambia.approximately 500 children younger than 5 years old resident in 7 villages in a rural area of the gambia were monitored closely for 1 year for episodes of acute lower respiratory tract infection (alri). each episode was investigated with antigen detection techniques and antibody assays as well as culture for bacteria and viruses. a pathogen was identified in 76 (34.2%) of 222 cases with clinical signs of alri and in 34 (42%) of the 81 cases who, in addition, had radiologic evidence of alri. evid ...19921608684
cotton rats previously immunized with a chimeric rsv fg glycoprotein develop enhanced pulmonary pathology when infected with rsv, a phenomenon not encountered following immunization with vaccinia--rsv recombinants or rsv.in studies conducted in the 1960s, children previously immunized with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine (fi-rsv) developed a greater incidence and severity of pulmonary disease during subsequent natural rsv infection than did controls. it was previously shown that cotton rats immunized with fi-rsv or immunoaffinity-purified fusion (f) glycoprotein developed enhanced pulmonary histopathology following intranasal challenge with rsv. in the present studies, various fo ...19921609551
[common cold: diagnostic steps? antibiotics?].the common cold is caused by more than 100 virus types. however, the clinical manifestation is always similar with rhinorrhea, stuffiness, sneezing, pharyngitis, laryngitis and cough. the local inflammatory reactions are not due to the presence of virus but caused by locally produced inflammatory mediators. bacterial superinfections may cause otitis or sinusitis. bacterial nasopharyngitis has been described in children. this entity possibly exists also in adults. traditional viral cultures are r ...19921615453
recent observations regarding the pathogenesis of recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections: implications for vaccine development.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and influenza virus are common pathogens for all age groups. currently licensed influenza virus vaccines generally provide protection from clinically detectable disease caused by antigenically matched challenging viruses. in contrast, vaccine development for rsv has been hampered by the inability of candidate vaccines to induce protective immunity to naturally occurring infection. the precise mechanism(s) responsible for the rsv vaccine failures have not been de ...19921621415
[induction of il2 responsiveness in allergen-stimulated lymphocytes from children with post respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection].induced interleukin 2 (il2) responsiveness in allergen-stimulated lymphocytes from children with post respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection was studied. induction of il2 responsiveness in the patients lymphocytes was observed upon stimulation with allergens such as dermatophgoides farinae (df) antigen, ovalbumin (ova) and alpha-casein. such responses were not induced in age-matched normal lymphocytes. maximum response was shown in lymphocytes from children who had been suffering from the i ...19921622335
immunoglobulin g antibody avidity in patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection.the titer and avidity of respiratory syncytial virus-specific antibodies were measured in 196 serum specimens from 93 children with an acute, laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection. an enzyme immunoassay method based on the ability of urea to dissociate the bound antibodies with low avidity from the antigen was used. three patterns of immune responses were observed. children less than 6 months of age usually had low titers of antibodies with high avidity in their acute-phase ...19921624567
rapid diagnosis of respiratory viral infections by using a shell vial assay and monoclonal antibody pool.we compared the detection of seven respiratory viruses by using a commercially available monoclonal antibody pool in a 2-day shell vial assay with that by using standard cell culture with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)-negative nasal secretions from hospitalized children. we found 179 respiratory virus isolates by either method in 675 specimens. overall, the shell vial assay detected 147 of 179 (79%) of the positives after 2 days; cell culture detecte ...19921624569
[isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae and antibodies to the agent in patients with acute bronchitis].isolation of chlamydia pneumoniae and serologic tests were performed on 85 children and adults patients with acute bronchitis admitted to the kitasato institute hospital from january 1989 to may 1991. c. pneumoniae was isolated from sputa or tonsillar swabs in 11 of 57 (19%) patients examined. of these, 10 patients were tested serologically and 9 (90%) had 16 or higher titer of igg antibody. a total of 68 patients were tested serologically, and 17 (25%) revealed positive; 14 had a fourfold rise ...19921624841
oesophageal foreign body: an unusual cause of respiratory symptoms in a three-week-old baby.impaction of a foreign body in the oesophagus is common in children. if the event is not witnessed by an adult or the object is radiolucent the diagnosis is difficult as respiratory symptoms may predominate. we report a three-week-old child with respiratory symptoms who had both a respiratory syncytial virus infection and a radio-lucent oesophageal foreign body. this case is the youngest yet reported and serves as a remainder of the difficulties in the diagnosis of this important condition.19921624897
testing of bronchoalveolar lavage for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. 19921625081
testing of bronchoalveolar lavage for the laboratory diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infections. 19921625082
gene junction sequences of bovine respiratory syncytial virus.the nucleotide sequences of seven gene junctions (n-p, p-m, m-sh, sh-g, g-f, f-m2 and m2-l) of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) strain a51908 were determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of cdnas from polytranscript mrnas and from genomic rna. by comparison with the consensus sequences derived from human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) mrnas, gene-start and gene-end sequences were found in all brsv mrnas. there was a perfect match between the brsv and hrsv in all gene-start sequen ...19921626423
sequence analysis of the 22k, sh and g genes of turkey rhinotracheitis virus and their intergenic regions reveals a gene order different from that of other pneumoviruses.the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of three genes of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (trtv) together with the nucleotide sequences of the relevant intergenic regions were determined. the deduced amino acid sequence of one of the genes shows significant identity (42%) to that of the 22k protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the trtv 22k gene, like that of rsv, has a second open reading frame, although the amino acid sequence deduced from this reading frame does not show an ...19921629697
oligomerization and post-translational processing of glycoprotein g of human respiratory syncytial virus: altered o-glycosylation in the presence of brefeldin a.the post-translational maturation of the attachment g glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) was investigated. the g protein formed homo-oligomers which sedimented in sucrose gradients at the same rate as the fusion f protein tetramer. oligomerization of the g protein was insensitive to carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazine, showing that this step occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum prior to o-glycosylation which initiated in the trans-golgi compartment. the sedimentation of t ...19921634876
bovine respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein: mrna sequence analysis and expression from recombinant vaccinia virus vectors.the nucleotide sequence of the mrna encoding the nucleocapsid (n) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial (brs) virus, strain 391-2, was determined. recombinant vectors containing a cdna of the complete n gene were constructed, and expression of the n protein in eukaryotic cells was demonstrated using two different vector systems. the brs virus n mrna was 1197 nucleotides in length, exclusive of poly(a), and had a single major open reading frame that encoded a polypeptide of 391 amino acids with ...19921634882
[evaluation of 5 methods for the diagnosis of infections by respiratory syncytial virus].to compare and evaluate four different rapid methods of respiratory syncytial virus antigen detection with the isolation of the virus in cell culture.19921643129
respiratory syncytial virus infections in pediatric liver transplant recipients.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. the charts of 17 children found to have rsv among 493 children who underwent liver transplantation between february 1985 and february 1991 were reviewed. the median age at diagnosis was 20 months. median time of diagnosis was 24 days after transplantation. thirteen patients developed nosocomial infections while convalescing from their transplant. common symptoms inclu ...19921727886
impact of influenza virus infection as a cause of pediatric hospitalization.from winter 1989 to spring 1990, a severe epidemic caused by influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses developed in japan. during the epidemic (december 1989 to february 1990), 244 children were admitted to the pediatric ward of nippon kokan hospital: 53 (21.7%) were hospitalized with influenza virus infection, 22 (9.0%) with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and 17 (7.0%) with respiratory syncytial virus infection. among those with influenza, 24 had type a and 29 had type b. most were young healthy children wi ...19921730904
eosinophil degranulation in the respiratory tract during naturally acquired respiratory syncytial virus infection.eosinophil cationic protein (ecp), a cytotoxic protein contained in the granules of eosinophils, has been suggested as having an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. to determine whether ecp plays a similar role in bronchiolitis, we tested samples of nasopharyngeal secretions, obtained from a group of 47 children with various forms of illness related to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and from 26 children with non-rsv upper respiratory tract illness or bacterial pneumonia, for the pre ...19921731020
resistance to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) challenge induced by infection with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the rsv m2 protein (vac-m2) is mediated by cd8+ t cells, while that induced by vac-f or vac-g recombinants is mediated by antibodies.it was previously demonstrated that the vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f, g, or m2 (also designated as 22k) protein (vac-f, vac-g, or vac-m2, respectively) induced almost complete resistance to rsv challenge in balb/c mice. in the present study, we sought to identify the humoral and/or cellular mediators of this resistance. mice were immunized by infection with a single recombinant vaccinia virus and were subsequently given a monoclonal antibody dire ...19921731105
cloning and sequencing of the matrix protein (m) gene of turkey rhinotracheitis virus reveal a gene order different from that of respiratory syncytial virus.several biochemical properties and the sequence of the fusion glycoprotein (f) have indicated that turkey rhinotracheitis virus (trtv) is a pneumovirus, subfamily pneumovirinae of the paramyxoviridae family. as trtv was known to generate polycistronic mrnas, cdna was generated from trtv strain uk/3bv/85-infected vero cell mrnas using an oligonucleotide primer corresponding to a region of the f gene. sequencing of four cdnas revealed that the gene adjacent to the beginning (3' end) of the f gene ...19921733097
further studies with short duration ribavirin aerosol for the treatment of influenza virus infection in mice and respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats.ribavirin aerosol administration has been shown to be effective in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections in infants and in influenza a and b virus infections in young adults. long treatment schedules and potential for environmental contamination have stimulated the search for alternative dosing schedules. thus, we attempted to determine the length of time of ribavirin aerosol necessary for effective treatment of influenza and rsv. in rsv-infected cotton rats, aerosolizati ...19921736809
viral respiratory infections in the institutionalized elderly: clinical and epidemiologic findings.to prospectively evaluate the incidence and impact of viral respiratory infection in the institutionalized elderly during a winter season.19921740594
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): a common health problem.rsv infections pose a variety of considerations for emergency personnel. nurses should be suspicious of this cause of illness during the winter months because of its prevalence, should be able to recognize and treat those who are experiencing or are at risk for acquiring lower respiratory tract complications, and should be aware of the need to reduce the spread of the virus by using isolation techniques, vigorous hand-washing protocol, and other protective measures to reduce contact with the org ...19921740879
human monoclonal fab fragments derived from a combinatorial library bind to respiratory syncytial virus f glycoprotein and neutralize infectivity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause, throughout the world, of severe viral lower respiratory tract illness in young children. antibodies are known to mediate resistance to rsv infection and illness. we have isolated a number of human monoclonal fab fragments to rsv f glycoprotein from a combinatorial antibody library expressed on the surface of phage. one of these neutralized a wide range of virus isolates, 10 subgroup a and 9 subgroup b isolates, with a titer (60% neut ...19921279672
[influenza a infection in children. clinical spectrum and comparison with respiratory syncytial virus infection during the winter 1989-1990].respiratory syncytial viral (rsv) infection can be rapidly differentiated from influenza viral infection by immunofluorescence techniques. these tests were used to identify some epidemiological and clinical characteristics of both infections.19921288452
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