Publications

inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives.	a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 replication in cell culture has been identified. the compounds, which specifically inhibit hiv-1, behave as typical nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). the most active congener of this group, jpl-133 (uc-b3096), has a 50% effective concentration of 0.05 microg/ml for hiv-1(iii(b)) with a selectivity index of approximately 760 in cem cell cultures. however, the ...	2003	12937000
identification and characterization of hiv-2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use ccr5 or cxcr4 coreceptors.	in vivo, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection reveals several unique characteristics when compared to hiv-1 infection, the most remarkable of which is the extraordinarily long asymptomatic period. here we describe two hiv-2 primary isolates, obtained from asymptomatic individuals, which do not infect any coreceptor-expressing cell lines tested. in those cells, we show that the absence of replication is directly related to cell entry events. furthermore, productive infection obse ...	2003	12951028
down-modulation of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii and up-regulation of invariant chain cell surface expression are well-conserved functions of human and simian immunodeficiency virus nef alleles.	recently, it has been demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef from laboratory strains down-modulates cell surface expression of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) molecules, while up-regulating surface expression of the invariant chain (ii) associated with immature mhc-ii (p. stumptner-cuvelette, s. morchoisne, m. dugast, s. le gall, g. raposo, o. schwartz, and p. benaroch, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 98:12144-12149, 2001). these nef functions ...	2003	12970439
hepatitis b and c virus infections in the immune compromised.	this review compares and contrasts the natural history and treatment of hepatitis b and c virus infections in three principal populations of immune compromised individuals: (1) patients co-infected with hiv; (2) patients with liver failure secondary to hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo liver transplantation, and (3) patients with hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo anticancer chemotherapy.	2003	14502001
novel human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibitors that have a dual mode of anti-hiv action.	we have found that novel pyridine oxide derivatives are inhibitors of a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains in cem cell cultures. some of the compounds showed inhibitory activities against recombinant hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt), whereas others were totally inactive against this viral protein in vitro. partial retention of anti-hiv-1 activity against virus strains that contain a variety of mutations characteristic of those for resistance to nonn ...	2003	14506017
replication of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) containing hiv-2 integrase (in): naturally selected mutations in in augment dna synthesis.	the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) protein augments the initiation of reverse transcription. chimeric hiv-1 containing hiv-2 in (sg3(in2)) is severely impaired in virus infectivity and dna synthesis. to analyze the nature of this defect, we infected t cells with the chimeric sg3(in2) virus and by continuous passage in cell culture selected for virus with improved replication properties. viruses from two different time points were chosen for further analysis, an early ...	2003	14512553
sexually transmitted diseases in japanese female commercial sex workers working in massage parlors with cell baths.	a cross-sectional study of japanese female commercial sex workers (fcsws) working in massage parlors with cell baths (mpcbs) was conducted between july 1999 and december 2001. the study subjects were 171 fcsws aged from 19 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to working name and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorr ...	2003	14513394
synthesis and antiviral activity of some 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine analogues.	a variety of substituted 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine derivatives has been evaluated for their activity against hiv-1, hiv-2 and moloney murine sarcoma virus (msv) in cell culture. most of the 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (azt, zidovudine) derivatives showed antiviral activity in the lower micromolar concentration range and there was a close correlation between their anti-hiv and anti-msv activity (r = 0.99). the adamantyl phthaloyl derivative was active at submicromolar con ...	2003	14521330
synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of hiv infection.	peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been found to be enough sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus specific antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. this review provides an overview of the most important peptides developed for use as synthetic antigens in immunodiagnosis of hiv-infected patients. in particular, many studies have been devoted to discriminate between the two retroviruses hiv-1 and hiv-2, as well as different sub ...	2003	14529535
clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of dna virus and retrovirus infections.	the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates hpmpc (cidofovir), pmea (adefovir), and pmpa (tenofovir) have proved to be effective in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animal models and clinical studies) against a wide variety of dna virus and retrovirus infections: cidofovir against herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus [cmv], epstein-barr virus, and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8), polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus, and poxvirus (variola ...	2003	14557287
mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of west africa.	in eastern and southern africa, the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic appeared first in urban centres and then spread to rural areas. its overall prevalence is lower in west africa, with the highest levels still found in cities. rural areas are also threatened, however, because of the population's high mobility. we conducted a study in three different communities with contrasting infection levels to understand the epidemiology of hiv infection in rural west africa.	2003	14559743
antiretroviral therapy in hiv-2-infected patients: changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of patients treated in abidjan, côte d'ivoire.	to describe changes in plasma viral load, cd4+ cell counts, and drug resistance profiles of hiv-2-infected patients receiving antiretroviral (arv) therapy in abidjan, côte d'ivoire.	2003	14565609
construction and characterization of cd4-independent infectious recombinant hiv-2 molecular clones.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) differ in their pathogenic mechanisms as evidenced by lower rate of disease progression, lower transmission rates and lower viral load in peripheral blood for hiv-2. one of the many factors that are involved in these characteristics is the interaction between viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors. the study of these interactions in an hiv-2 model could lead to important conclusions regarding pathogenesis and transmission mechani ...	2003	14602209
the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4gi is cleaved by different retroviral proteases.	the initiation factor eif4g plays a central role in the regulation of translation. in picornaviruses, as well as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), cleavage of eif4g by the viral protease leads to inhibition of protein synthesis directed by capped cellular mrnas. in the present work, cleavage of both eif4gi and eif4gii has been analyzed by employing the proteases encoded within the genomes of several members of the family retroviridae, e.g., moloney murine leukemia virus (momlv), mo ...	2003	14610163
simian-human immunodeficiency virus escape from cytotoxic t-lymphocyte recognition at a structurally constrained epitope.	virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) exert intense selection pressure on replicating simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in infected individuals. the immunodominant mamu-a(*)01-restricted gag p11c, c-m epitope is highly conserved among all sequenced isolates of siv and therefore likely is structurally constrained. the strategies used by virus isolates to mutate away from an immunodominant epitope-specific ctl response are not well defined. ...	2003	14610180
peracetic acid-ethanol treatment of allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants--a reliable sterilization method.	based on the european standard en 1040, the validation guidelines of the german federal institute for drugs and medical devices and cpmp guidelines we tested the antimicrobial effectiveness of a peracetic acid-ethanol sterilization procedure (pes) in allogenic avital bone transplants.	2003	14626574
quantification of human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load in a rural west african population: no enhancement of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 pathogenesis, but htlv-i provirus load relates to mortality.	human t-lymphotropic virus type i (htlv-i) provirus load was examined in a cohort of a population in guinea-bissau among whom human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 is endemic. geometric mean of hiv-2 rna load among htlv-i-coinfected subjects was significantly lower than that in subjects infected with hiv-2 alone (212 vs. 724 copies/ml; p=.02). adjusted for age, sex, and hiv status, the risk of death increased with htlv-i provirus load; mortality hazard ratio was 1.59 for each log10 increase ...	2003	14639534
heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity.	2-(1-adamantyl)pyrrolidines 6, 7, 2-(1-adamantyl)piperidines 10, 12a-c, 15a,b and 2-(1-adamantyl)hexahydroazepines 19, 21, 22 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a, b viruses and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). the synthetic procedure followed for the preparation of the parent piperidine 10 represents a general method for the synthesis of 2-alkyl- or cycloalkyl-substituted piperidine alkaloids. parent aminoadamantanes 6, ...	2003	14642592
sexually transmitted infections among prostitutes in bratislava, slovakia.	sera from 18 prostitutes from bratislava were examined for the presence of antibodies to several sexually transmitted pathogens, namely herpes simplex virus 2 (hsv-2), human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv and hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, and treponema pallidum. results of this screening indicated that 11 prostitutes (61%) carried 1 or more sexually transmitted infections. the most prevalent antibodies were directed against hsv-2 (9 cases, i.e. ...	2003	14658845
synthesis and biological evaluation of iodinated and fluorinated 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl purine nucleoside analogues.	the novel fluorinated and iodinated purine derivatives containing 9-(2-hydroxypropyl) (1a-7a and 9a-13a) and 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) (1b-3b, 5b, and 7b-12c) side chains were synthesized by a multistep synthetic route involving baltz-schiemann's fluorination and diazotation/iodination as key reactions. an unequivocal proof for the stereostructure of 5b was obtained by x-ray structure analysis. new compounds were evaluated for their cytostatic activity against murine leukemia (l1210); mammary ca ...	2003	14667229
restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by lv1 and ref1.	the mouse gene fv1 encodes a saturable restriction factor that selectively blocks infection by n-tropic or b-tropic murine leukemia virus (mlv) strains. despite the absence of an fv1 gene, a similar activity is present in humans that blocks n-mlv infection (ref1). moreover, some non-human primate cell lines express a potentially related inhibitor of hiv-1 and/or sivmac infection (lv1). here, we examine the spectrum of retrovirus-restricting activities expressed by human and african green monkey ...	2003	12554640
cd4-dependent and cd4-independent hiv-2: consequences for neutralization.	hiv-2 is less pathogenic than hiv-1. in contrast to hiv-1, many isolates of hiv-2, including primary isolates, can infect cells independently of cd4.	2003	12556682
expression patterns of phenotypic markers on lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected baboons.	the development of aids in hiv-1-infected humans is associated with profound changes in the expression patterns of lymphocyte phenotypic markers associated with increased immune activation and with decreased recall immune responses. in assessing these immunologic changes in an animal model, we characterized the expression patterns of immune activation markers on lymphocyte subsets during the acute, chronic, and end stages of hiv-2 infection in baboons. using flow cytometry, we identified 21 huma ...	2003	12581514
comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in senegal.	from a prospective cohort study of 1948 initially human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uninfected female commercial sex workers followed between 1985 and 1999 in dakar, senegal, the authors compared the male to female per infectious sexual exposure transmission probability of hiv types one (hiv-1) and two (hiv-2). new non-parametric competing risks failure time methods were used, which minimized modelling assumptions and controlled for risk factors for hiv infection. the hiv-1 versus hiv-2 infecti ...	2003	12590415
budding and secretion of hiv gag-env virus-like particles from recombinant human adenovirus infected cells.	we have characterized the assembly, budding and extra-cellular release of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gag-env virus-like particles (vlps) from human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells expressing the e1a protein of adenovirus) infected with recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5. recombinant human adenovirus vectors expressing the chimeric gag-env protein were constructed by inserting the gag-env fusion gene into the e1a region of the human adenovirus type 5. biochemical ...	2003	12606078
molecular investigation of gb virus c rna in hemodialysis and thalassemics patients from brazil.	the gb virus c (gbv-c)/hepatitis g virus (hgv) is a member of the flaviviridae family. based on the clinical and epidemiological profiles, this virus could be acquired mainly by parenteral transmission through contaminated blood. we therefore investigated the presence of gbv-c/hgv and its relation with the other blood borne viruses as hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv, hcv) in hemodialysis and thalassemic individuals and blood donors from ribeirão preto-brazil. detection of blood borne virus marker ...	2003	12617334
virus inactivation in bone tissue transplants (femoral heads) by moist heat with the 'marburg bone bank system'.	several virus inactivation procedures like heat treatment, gamma irradiation and chemical sterilization are used to increase the safety of bone tissue transplants. in this study we present data on the virus-inactivating effect of heat disinfection on human femoral heads, using the marburg bone bank system 'lobator sd-2'. three enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2], bovine viral diarrhoea virus as a model for hepatitis c virus [hcv], and the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus ...	2003	12623062
a structurally disordered region at the c terminus of capsid plays essential roles in multimerization and membrane binding of the gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) capsid protein (ca) reveal that the last 11 c-terminal amino acids are disordered. this disordered region contains a glycine-rich sequence 353-gvggp-357 (numbering refers to the initiation methionine of gag) that is highly conserved within the gag proteins of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus, which suggests the importance of this sequence in virus replication. in the present study, we demonstrate that changing any i ...	2003	12525611
noninvasive detection of new simian immunodeficiency virus lineages in captive sooty mangabeys: ability to amplify virion rna from fecal samples correlates with viral load in plasma.	the sooty mangabey (sm) (cercocebus atys) is the natural host of a simian immunodeficiency virus, termed sivsm, which gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity of sivsm in the wild remains limited. to address this issue, noninvasive strategies based on screening sm fecal and urine specimens for sivsm-specific antibodies and virion rna (vrna) were developed, and the results were correlated with viral loads in plasma. t ...	2003	12525656
increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons.	similar to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection of humans, the natural history of hiv-2 infection in baboons (papio cynocephalus) is a slow and chronic disease that generally takes several years before an aids-like condition develops. to shorten the amount of time to the development of disease, we performed five serial passages of hiv-2(uc2) in baboons by using blood and bone marrow samples during the acute phase of infection when viral loads were at high levels. after these ser ...	2003	12477812
the cationic amphipathic alpha-helix of hiv-1 viral protein r (vpr) binds to nucleic acids, permeabilizes membranes, and efficiently transfects cells.	viral protein r (vpr) is a small protein of 96 amino acids that is conserved among the lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. we recently sought to determine whether the karyophilic properties of vpr, as well as its ability to bind nucleic acids, could be used to deliver dna into cells. we have found that the c-terminal domain of vpr-(52-96) is able to efficiently transfect various cell lines. here, we show that the shortest active seq ...	2003	12639957
cross-reaction of anti-simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein antibodies with human immunoglobulins.	it has been recently established that retroviral envelope proteins (reps) have structural features similar to those of immunoglobulins (igs). in this study, we asked whether anti-rep antibodies cross-react with human igs (higs). to this end, murine monoclonal antibodies (mmoabs) that had been raised against a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope protein, sivmac251gp120, were screened for their ability to react with human monoclonal igs (hmigs). we show that two hmigs, rfsj2 (a rheumatoid ...	2003	12641652
role of hiv-1 vpr in aids pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular and free vpr.	vpr, a 14-kda, 96 amino acid protein, is conserved among the primate lentiviruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus supporting the notion that it plays an important role in virus life cycle in vivo. vpr appears to have several functions including cell cycle arrest at g2 stage, apoptosis, nuclear localization, nuclear import of the pre-integration complex, cation selective channel activity and transcriptionally activate hiv-1 ltr and other heterologous promoters. over the years, we h ...	2003	12642033
enhancement of a human immunodeficiency virus env dna vaccine using a novel polycationic nanoparticle formulation.	in an effort to develop a more effective dna immunization strategy for hiv, we synthesized an hiv-2 env dna vaccine and delivered it in a novel polycationic adjuvant formulation that forms nanoparticles in solution and enhances protein expression. the polycationic adjuvant contained imidazole moieties to facilitate endosomal escape. nanoparticles containing the dna vaccine plasmid were formed by electrostatic condensation with the polycationic adjuvant. we hypothesized that this formulation woul ...	2003	14687705
emergence of the hiv type 1 epidemic in the twentieth century: comparing hypotheses to evidence.	the existence of multiple groups of hiv-1 and hiv-2 suggests that zoonotic transmissions of siv have occurred at a low rate for centuries. hence, an increase in the rate of human-to-human transmission may be necessary and sufficient to explain the emergence of hiv as an epidemic in the twentieth century. three common hypotheses to explain accelerated transmission are (1) social changes accelerated sexual transmission, (2) health care changes accelerated parenteral transmission, and (3) serial pa ...	2003	14709242
potent and selective inhibition of hiv and siv by prostratin interacting with viral entry.	prostratin, a non-tumour promoting phorbol ester, exhibit a potent anti-hiv activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). however, the antiviral mechanism of prostratin is not well defined. in the present study, we report that prostratin exhibits potent antiviral activity against different strains of hiv-1 (subtypes b and d), a clinical hiv isolate (l1), hiv-2 (rod and eho) and siv (mac251) with ec50-values ranging from 0.02-0.09 microg/ml. prostratin was equally active against h ...	2003	14968938
comparing modified and plain peptide linked enzyme immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies.	serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on detection of hiv antibodies is one of the easiest, cheapest and simplest assay. synthetic peptides corresponding to immunodominant regions of envelope glycoprotein (gp41, v3 loop for hiv-1 and gp36 for hiv-2) were used in the present study, to detect the anti-hiv antibodies in sera of sexually transmitted diseases (std), tuberculosis (tb), anti-natal care (anc) patients. about 550 serum samples were tested using enzyme linked i ...	2003	12663143
evaluation of three commercial rapid tests for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus.	determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest are simple/rapid tests for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum and plasma samples. the assay is one step and the result is read visually within 15 minutes. using 92 known hiv-1 reactive sera and 108 known hiv-1 negative sera, the 3 hiv tests correctly identified all the known hiv-1 reactive and negative samples. the results indicated that determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest hiv are ...	2003	14750391
status of infectious disease markers among blood donors in a teaching hospital, bhairahawa, western nepal.	a cross-sectional group of 1548 blood donors (voluntary--554 and replacement--994 blood donors) during the period february 2001 to april 2003 at blood bank centre (being run by nepal red cross society) in our teaching hospital in bhairahawa, were studied and screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv- 1 & 2), hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) by enzyme immunoassays and for reagin antibody for syphils by (rapid plasma reagin, rpr) ...	2003	15796411
in vivo analysis of nef function.	the nef gene is present in all primate lentiviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivs). in vivo, nef has been shown to be a major determinant of virus pathogenicity. in vitro, many different nef activities have been reported, including cd4 and mhc i downregulation, enhanced virion infectivity, and t-cell activation. these four different activities have been extensively investigated and appear to increase the pathogenicity of the virus. however, the contribution that these activities (individually or toget ...	2003	15043211
a single amino acid substitution in human apobec3g antiretroviral enzyme confers resistance to hiv-1 virion infectivity factor-induced depletion.	hiv-1 and other retroviruses occasionally undergo hypermutation, characterized by a high rate of g-to-a substitution. recently, the human apolipoprotein b mrna-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3g (apobec3g), first identified as cem15, was shown to be packaged into retroviral virions and to deaminate deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine in newly synthesized viral minus-strand dna, thereby inducing g-to-a hypermutation. this innate mechanism of resistance to retroviral infection is counteracte ...	2004	15054139
enigmas and paradoxes: the genetic diversity and prevalence of the primate lentiviruses.	in a comparatively few years a previously unknown virus has spread from its animal host to infect more than 40 million people by the end of 2003, causing an estimated 3 million deaths in that year (world health organization figures). the size of this human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic and its associated health, social and economic problems make it imperative that we understand how its two types, hiv-1 and hiv-2, have evolved from their simian relatives, the primate lentiviruses (plvs). ...	2004	15078176
anti-hiv-1 gene expressing lentiviral vectors as an adjunctive therapy for hiv-1 infection.	lentiviral based gene therapy may provide a valuable addition to the current anti-hiv arsenal. many lentiviral vector systems have been described including those based on feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv) and 2 (hiv-2/siv) as well as replication incompetent, self-inactivating (sin) vs. conditionally replicating (mobilizable) vectors. lentiviral vectors offer promise in treating hiv-1 infection as they are capable of stably transducing both dividing and non ...	2004	15078182
frequent dual initiation in human immunodeficiency virus-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites: a quantitative in vivo assay for function of initiation complexes.	we previously demonstrated that murine leukemia virus (mlv)-based vectors containing two primer-binding sites (pbss) have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription more than once (y. a. voronin and v. k. pathak, virology 312:281-294, 2003). to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-based vectors also have the capacity to initiate reverse transcription twice, we constructed an hiv type 1 (hiv-1)-based vector containing the hiv-1 pbs, a green fluorescent protein reporter gene (g ...	2004	15113919
prevalence of markers of transfusion transmissible diseases in voluntary and replacement blood donors.	transfusion of safe blood requires a safe donor. the voluntary donor movement encompasses the concept of a donor who is free from transfusion transmissible infections. it is now mandatory to screen blood for hepatitis b surface antigen, antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2, antibodies to hepatitis c virus, syphilis and malarial parasites.	2004	15115227
the crystal structure of the monomeric reverse transcriptase from moloney murine leukemia virus.	reverse transcriptases (rts) are multidomain enzymes of variable architecture that couple both rna- and dna-directed dna polymerase activities with an rnase h activity specific for an rna:dna hybrid in order to replicate the single-stranded rna genome of the retrovirus. previous structural work has been reported for the heterodimeric hiv-1 and hiv-2 rts. we now report the first crystal structure of the full-length moloney murine leukemia virus (mmlv) rt at 3.0 a resolution. the structure reveals ...	2004	15130474
current status of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	almost fifteen years ago, the first non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor (nnrti) lead compounds have been discovered. nowadays, three nnrtis are approved for treatment of hiv-1-infected individuals and several others are subject of (advanced) clinical trials. although the nnrtis target hiv-1 rt, they are clearly different from the nucleoside rt inhibitors (nrtis). they are highly selective for hiv-1 and do not inhibit hiv-2 or any other (retro)virus. they target hiv-1 rt by a dire ...	2004	15134549
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 dna vaccine provides partial protection from acute baboon infection.	we determined if the genetic adjuvants, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) and b7-2, could improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of an hiv-2 dna vaccine. the vaccine consisted of the hiv-2 tat, nef, gag, and env genes synthesized using optimized codons and formulated with cationic liposomes. baboons (papio cynocephalus hamadryas) were immunized by the intramuscular, intradermal, and intranasal routes with these expression constructs and challenged with hiv-2(uc2) by the ...	2004	15149785
a second human antiretroviral factor, apobec3f, is suppressed by the hiv-1 and hiv-2 vif proteins.	the hiv-1 vif protein suppresses the inhibition of viral replication caused by the human antiretroviral factor apobec3g. as a result, hiv-1 mutants that do not express the vif protein are replication incompetent in 'nonpermissive' cells, such as primary t cells and the t-cell line cem, that express apobec3g. in contrast, vif-defective hiv-1 replicates effectively in 'permissive' cell lines, such as a derivative of cem termed cem-ss, that do not express apobec3g. here, we show that a second human ...	2004	15152192
chronic hiv-2 infection protects against total cd4+ cell depletion and rapid disease progression induced by shiv89.6p challenge.	to better understand hiv-1 sexual transmission risk, we have studied the susceptibility of hiv-2-exposed, uninfected (eu) female pig-tailed macaques to intravaginal (ivag) re-challenge with the homologous hiv-2 strain, followed by heterologous shiv89.6p.	2004	15166528
tracking global patterns of n-linked glycosylation site variation in highly variable viral glycoproteins: hiv, siv, and hcv envelopes and influenza hemagglutinin.	human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv), influenza virus, and hepatitis c virus (hcv) have heavily glycosylated, highly variable surface proteins. here we explore n-linked glycosylation site (sequon) variation at the population level in these viruses, using a new web-based program developed to facilitate the sequon tracking and to define patterns (www.hiv.lanl.gov). this tool allowed rapid visualization of the two distinctive patterns of sequon variation found in hiv-1, hiv-2, an ...	2004	15175256
expression and biochemical analysis of the entire hiv-2 gp41 ectodomain: determinants of stability map to n- and c-terminal sequences outside the 6-helix bundle core.	the folding of hiv gp41 into a 6-helix bundle drives virus-cell membrane fusion. to examine the structural relationship between the 6-helix bundle core domain and other regions of gp41, we expressed in escherichia coli, the entire ectodomain of hiv-2(st) gp41 as a soluble, trimeric maltose-binding protein (mbp)/gp41 chimera. limiting proteolysis indicated that the cys-591-cys-597 disulfide-bonded region is outside a core domain comprising two peptides, thr-529-trp-589 and val-604-ser-666. a bioc ...	2004	15178320
hiv type 2 primary isolates induce a lower degree of apoptosis "in vitro" compared with hiv type 1 primary isolates.	to determine whether subtypes of hiv-1 and hiv-2 vary in their ability to induce t cell apoptosis in vitro, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from healthy donors and cem.nkr-ccr5 cells were infected with a variety of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates in vitro. apoptotic cell levels and chemokine and cytokine production were analyzed. significant variations in cytopathic effects following in vitro infection with primary isolates of hiv-1 or hiv-2 subtypes were observed in pbmcs. the percent ...	2004	15186525
current status and potential application of iscoms in veterinary medicine.	the immune stimulating complex (iscom) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. the iscom is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. the compulsory elements to form the iscom structure are cholesterol and saponin. when the antigen is omitted the iscom-matrix is formed. there are a number of saponins that can f ...	2004	15191787
potent neutralizing serum immunoglobulin a (iga) in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-exposed igg-seronegative individuals.	the mechanisms behind the resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection are still not fully understood. in the present study, we explored the hiv-2-specific humoral serum immunoglobulin a (iga) immune response in hiv-2-exposed igg-seronegative (egsn) individuals. serum samples from heterosexual egsn individuals and their known hiv-2-infected partners, as well as controls originating from guinea-bissau in africa, were studied. antibody reactivity to native and recombinant en ...	2004	15194778
differential regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus promoter activity.	promoter activity of the hiv-1 long terminal repeat (ltr) is largely dependent on intact nf-kb and spi binding sites in the u3 region. in contrast, upstream ltr sequences allow efficient simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) transcription in the absence of the core enhancer promoter region. in the present study, we investigated whether the regulation of hiv-2 rod ltr activity is more reminiscent of hiv-1 having the same host or of sivmac239 belonging to the same phylogenetic group. viral promot ...	2004	15207635
hiv-2-infected individuals with undetectable plasma viremia carry replication-competent virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes.	using an optimized hiv co-culture protocol it was possible to isolate infectious hiv-2 variants from 6 hiv-2-infected individuals who had undetectable plasma viremia and maintained high cd4 t-cell numbers for prolonged periods. this shows for the first time that hiv-2-infected individuals with no demonstrable in vivo virus production carry replication-competent virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs). the frequency of pbmcs with infectious virus was low, ranging from 0.01-0.9 infecti ...	2004	15213560
elevated expression of gm3 in receptor-bearing targets confers resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fusion.	gm3, a major ganglioside of t lymphocytes, promotes human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) entry via interactions with hiv-1 receptors and the viral envelope glycoprotein (env). increased gm3 levels in t lymphocytes and the appearance of anti-gm3 antibodies in aids patients have been reported earlier. in this study, we investigated the effect of gm3 regulation on hiv-1 entry by utilizing a mouse cell line (b16f10), which expresses exceptionally high levels of gm3. strikingly, b16 cells bear ...	2004	15220409
the phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor msk-076 selects for a resistance mutation in the active site of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 rt.	the phenylmethylthiazolylthiourea (pett) derivative msk-076 shows, besides high potency against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), marked activity against hiv-2 (50% effective concentration, 0.63 microm) in cell culture. time-of-addition experiments pointed to hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt) as the target of action of msk-076. recombinant hiv-2 rt was inhibited by msk-076 at 23 microm. as was also found for hiv-1 rt, msk-076 inhibited hiv-2 rt in a noncompetitive manner with respect t ...	2004	15220416
prevalence and incidence of hiv, hepatitis b virus, and hepatitis c virus infections among males in rhode island prisons.	we evaluated prevalence and intraprison incidence of hiv, hepatitis b virus, and hepatitis c virus infections among male prison inmates.	2004	15226146
highly active antiretroviral therapy and viral response in hiv type 2 infection.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), the second human retrovirus known to cause aids, is endemic to west africa but is infrequently found outside this region. we present a case series of 10 hiv-2--infected individuals treated in the united states. physicians applied the principles of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart), normally used in treating hiv type 1, with modifications considered appropriate for treating hiv-2. cd4+ cell count, hiv-2 virus load, and clinical status were f ...	2004	15227626
identification of a highly divergent hiv type 2 and proposal for a change in hiv type 2 classification.	we report the complete genome sequence of a highly divergent strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), 96fr12034, identified in france from a patient of west african origin. this lineage, h, represents only the third definitive instance of a monkey-to-human transfer of sivsm that has given rise to pathogenic hiv-2. as the different "subtypes" of hiv-2 are analogous to the different groups of hiv-1 we propose that hiv-2 subtypes henceforth by renamed groups in agreement with the hiv ...	2004	15242544
[siv as a source of hiv. on the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses from non-human primates].	it is assumed that hiv, the human immunodeficiency virus, started its spread after the second world war. molecular analysis of the genome of various hiv-1 types has shown that this virus can be divided into the groups m, n, and o and that these genome sequences fit perfectly to the genomes found in siv of chimpanzees (sivcpz) living in the area of west and central africa. sivcpz is nonpathogenic for chimpanzees indicating that the virus and host have adapted for a long period. hiv-2 genome seque ...	2004	15254823
a capillary electrophoretic assay for ribonuclease h activity.	a capillary electrophoretic assay was developed to measure the ribonuclease (rnase) h activity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 reverse transcriptase. cleavage of a fluorescein-labeled rna-dna heteroduplex was monitored by capillary electrophoresis. this new assay was used as a secondary assay to confirm hits from a high-throughput screening program. since autofluorescent compounds in samples migrated differently from both substrate and product in most cases, the assay was extremely ...	2004	15265735
[guillain-barré syndrome in hiv-infected patients at bobo-dioulasso hospital (burkina faso)].	neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are frequent and several associated peripheral neuropathies have been recognized. among them, guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) may occur either early or during the course of the illness. we present a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases of gbs managed over a 5-year period at bobo-dioulasso hospital where hiv prevalence reaches 20.1p.cent. male gender predominated (24/32). gbs occurred during the dry season for 65.7p.ce ...	2004	15269674
transduction of cell lines and primary cells by fiv-packaged hiv vectors.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are capable of packaging viral rna derived from heterologous as well as homologous lentiviruses, a phenomenon referred to as "cross packaging." to remove the possibility of seroconversion to hiv proteins, and to avoid potential problems arising due to targeting of vector or packaging construct by antiviral genes, we investigated the feasibility of using an fiv-based packaging syste ...	2004	15272479
analysis of 15 novel full-length bk virus sequences from three individuals: evidence of a high intra-strain genetic diversity.	to determine the variability of bk virus (bkv) in vivo, the sequences of nine full-length molecular clones from the striated muscle and heart dna of a patient with bkv-associated capillary leak syndrome (bkvcap), as well as three clones each from the urine of one human immunodeficiency virus type 2-positive (bkvhi) and one healthy control subject (bkvhc), were analysed. the regulatory region of all clones corresponded to the archetypal regulatory region usually found in urine isolates. analysis ...	2004	15302959
cerebrospinal fluid viral load, virus isolation, and intrathecal immunoactivation in hiv type 2 infection.	four patients with hiv-2 infection were followed longitudinally with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analyses. two patients had positive csf hiv-2 isolations. these two patients had cd4 cell count below 200 x 10(6)/liter and maximum csf hiv-2 rna viral loads above 4000 copies/ml. intrathecal immune activation was demonstrated by elevated csf neopterin concentrations (14-18 nmol/liter). no opportunistic infections were diagnosed. after antiretroviral treatment csf viral counts decreased to below 125 co ...	2004	15307916
codon optimization of the tat antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generates strong immune responses in mice following genetic immunization.	dna vaccines have been successful in eliciting potent immune responses in mice. their efficiency, however, is restricted in larger animals. one reason for the limited performance of the dna vaccines is the lack of molecular strategies to enhance immune responses. additionally, genes directly cloned from pathogenic organisms may not be efficiently translated in a heterologous host expression system as a consequence of codon bias. to evaluate the influence of codon optimization on the immune respo ...	2004	15308713
splicing affects presentation of rna dimerization signals in hiv-2 in vitro.	during retroviral replication, full-length viral rnas are encapsidated into new virus particles, while spliced rnas are excluded. the retroviridae are unique among viruses in that infectious viral particles contain a dimer of two identical genomic rna strands. a variety of experimental data has suggested that dimerization and encapsidation of full-length viral rnas are linked processes, although whether dimerization is a prerequisite for encapsidation, or conversely, dimerization follows encapsi ...	2004	15333691
chemokine receptor ccr5: insights into structure, function, and regulation.	cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) is a seven-transmembrane, g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) which regulates trafficking and effector functions of memory/effector t-lymphocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cells. it also serves as the main coreceptor for the entry of r5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2). chemokine binding to ccr5 leads to cellular activation through pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric g proteins as well as g protein-independent signalling pathways ...	2004	15337520
the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in adults in africa: a literature review.	about 30 million people in africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. we reviewed the literature on the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among african adults. only one study, conducted in rural uganda, has reported on survival from the time of hiv-1 seroconversion: the median was 9.8 years, which is similar to that reported in develope ...	2004	15356940
humoral immunity and the evolution of hiv-2.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) evolved from the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) that naturally infects sooty mangabeys found in west africa. using sera from hiv-2-infected humans, we discovered that an hypervariable region (the v4 loop) of hiv-2 induces antibody responses only weakly reactive against itself but strongly reactive against analogous sequences from the v4 loop of strains of siv. available sequence data indicates that all strains of hiv-2 hav ...	2004	15357909
field evaluation of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serial serologic testing algorithm for diagnosis and differentiation of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and dual hiv-1-hiv-2 infections in west african pregnant women.	we evaluated a two-rapid-test serial algorithm using the determine and genie ii rapid assays, performed on-site in four peripheral laboratories during the french agence nationale de recherches sur le sida (anrs) 1201/1202 ditrame plus cohort developed for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in côte d'ivoire. a total of 1,039 specimens were retested by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). the following specimens were te ...	2004	15365003
mannose-specific plant lectins from the amaryllidaceae family qualify as efficient microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the plant lectins derived from galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) (gna) and hippeastrum hybrid (amaryllis) (hha) selectively inhibited a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains and clinical (cxcr4- and ccr5-using) isolates in different cell types. they also efficiently inhibited infection of t lymphocytes by a variety of mutant virus strains. gna and hha markedly prevented syncytium formation between persistently infected hut-78/hiv cells and uninfected t lymphocy ...	2004	15388446
sequential modification of translation initiation factor eif4gi by two different foot-and-mouth disease virus proteases within infected baby hamster kidney cells: identification of the 3cpro cleavage site.	infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes the rapid inhibition of cellular cap-dependent protein synthesis that results from cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. two fmdv proteins, the leader (l) and 3c proteases, have been shown individually to induce cleavage of eif4gi at distinct sites within baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. here, sequential cleavage of eif4gi by the l and 3c proteases was demonstrated in fmd ...	2004	15448358
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag interacts specifically with prp4, a serine-threonine kinase, and inhibits phosphorylation of splicing factor sf2.	using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified prp4, a serine-threonine protein kinase. specific interaction of prp4 and hiv-2 gag was confirmed in in vitro and in vivo assays. the interacting region of hiv-2 gag is located in the conserved matrix and capsid domains, while both the rs (arginine-serine-rich) domain and the ks (kinase) domain of prp4 are able to bind ...	2004	15452250
antigenic activity of three chimeric synthetic peptides of the transmembrane (gp41) and the envelope (gp120) glycoproteins of hiv-1 virus.	the antigenicity of three chimeric synthetic peptides (qm, qm-16, and qm-17) incorporating an immunodominant epitope of the gp41 transmembrane protein (587-617) and the different epitopes of the gp120 envelope protein (495-516), (301-335), (502-516) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), separated by two glycine residues, was evaluated by ultramicroenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (umelisa) by using panels of anti-hiv-1 positive sera (n = 47). the specificity was evaluated with samples from h ...	2004	15461139
t-cell activation leads to poor activation of the hiv-1 clade e long terminal repeat and weak association of nuclear factor-kappab and nfat with its enhancer region.	the enhancer region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) 5'-long terminal repeat (ltr) is very important for viral transcription. this promoter sequence binds both nuclear factor-kappab and nfat, two important modulators of hiv-1 gene expression. previous studies have indicated that the enhancer regions of the different hiv-1 clade ltrs differ in their number of nf-kappab-binding sites. in this study, we have compared the activation potential of the different hiv-1 clade and hiv-2 ...	2004	15466412
vpx proteins of sivmac239 and hiv-2rod interact with the cytoskeletal protein alpha-actinin 1.	vpx genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and immunodeficiency viruses from macaques (sivmac), sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and red-capped mangabeys (sivrcm) encode a 112 aa protein that is packed into virion particles via interaction with the p6 domain of p55(gag). vpx localizes to the nucleus when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. moreover, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (pic) and critical for virus replication in quiescen ...	2004	15483243
aids as a zoonosis? confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the epidemics.	based on findings demonstrating the simian ancestry of hiv, aids has been reported to be a zoonosis. however, this theory has never been proved and must seriously be questioned. several arguments show that hiv-aids is not a zoonosis. (i) if aids were a zoonosis, there must be evidence of aids being directly acquired from an animal species, as is rabies, a disease that is directly acquired from animals. (ii) despite long-term and frequent human exposure to siv-infected monkeys in africa, only 11 ...	2004	15525322
characterization of virus infectivity and cell-free capsid assembly of sivmnecl8.	we have previously described a cell-free system that reconstitutes immature capsid assembly of gag polypeptides from viruses belonging to three major primate lentiviral lineages, including hiv-1, hiv-2 and sivagm. studies described here examine a member of the sivmac/mne lineage, sivmnecl8, using assays for virus production and infectivity as well as cellular events in capsid formation. we report that sivmnecl8, a molecular clone with properties typical of transmitted viral variants, is less inf ...	2004	15525327
new multiple antigenic peptide-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates and humans.	infections with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) are zoonotic infections. in africa, the potential exists for additional cross-species transmissions from at least 33 different species of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected nonhuman primates (nhps) through hunting and butchering of these animals for food. here we describe a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (eia) with chemically modified, multiple antigenic peptides (maps) develope ...	2004	15528710
inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by a dual ccr5/cxcr4 antagonist.	here we report that the n-pyridinylmethyl cyclam analog amd3451 has antiviral activity against a wide variety of r5, r5/x4, and x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 (50% inhibitory concentration [ic(50)] ranging from 1.2 to 26.5 microm) in various t-cell lines, ccr5- or cxcr4-transfected cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs), and monocytes/macrophages. amd3451 also inhibited r5, r5/x4, and x4 hiv-1 primary clinical isolates in pbmcs (ic(50), 1.8 to 7.3 ...	2004	15542651
determination of hiv-1 infectivity by lymphocytic cell lines with integrated luciferase gene.	we have established lymphocytic cell lines h9 and m8166 that contain integrated copy of luciferase gene under the control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr). while h9 is known to be non-permissive for or insensitive to some particular mutant strains of hiv/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), m8166 is one of the most susceptible lines to various hiv/sivs. the luciferase gene driven by hiv-1 ltr was transfected into h9 and m8166 cells with the neo gene, and ...	2004	15547676
optimization of unique, uncharged thioesters as inhibitors of hiv replication.	a combinatorial chemistry approach was employed to prepare a restricted library of n-substituted s-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters. it was shown that many members of this chemotype display anti-hiv activity via their ability to interact with hiv-1, hiv-2, siv-infected cells, cell-free virus, and chronically and latently infected cells in a manner consistent with targeting of the highly conserved hiv-1 ncp7 zinc fingers. compounds were initially screened using two different in vitro antiviral ...	2004	15556761
tmc125, a novel next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor active against nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1); however, currently marketed nnrtis rapidly select resistant virus, and cross-resistance within the class is extensive. a parallel screening strategy was applied to test candidates from a series of diarylpyrimidines against wild-type and resistant hiv strains carrying clinically relevant mutations. serum protein binding and metabolic stability were addressed early in the s ...	2004	15561844
comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific t-cell responses in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals in senegal.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is typically less virulent than hiv-1 infection, which may permit the host to mount more effective, sustained t-cell immunity. we investigated antiviral gamma interferon-secreting t-cell responses by an ex vivo elispot assay in 68 hiv-1- and 55 hiv-2-infected senegalese patients to determine if differences relate to more efficient hiv-2 control. homologous hiv-specific t cells were detected in similar frequencies (79% versus 76%, p = 0.7) and ...	2004	15564501
human retroviruses in leukaemia and aids: reflections on their discovery, biology and epidemiology.	the study of retroviruses has had a profound impact by unveiling an unusual form of viral replication: the multiplication of rna viruses via a proviral dna, for which jan svoboda provided the experimental model over forty years ago. in 1970 temin, mizutani and baltimore discovered that this group of viruses contains a unique enzyme catalysing the synthesis of a dna copy of the viral rna: reverse transcriptase (rt). the discovery of rt has itself had an enormous impact on molecular biology in gen ...	2004	15682876
evidence for negative selective pressure in hiv-2 evolution in vivo.	hiv-2 sequence divergence and evolution in vivo has not been well characterized so far. to investigate the extent of hiv-2 genetic diversity and better understand how hiv-2 evolves in vivo, env c2-c3 nucleotide sequences were obtained from the plasma and pbmcs virus populations of four hiv-2 patients with different infection periods. phylogenetic analysis showed that three patients were infected with subtype a hiv-2 and the remaining patient was infected with a divergent hiv-2 that could not be ...	2004	15737915
the history of sivs and aids: epidemiology, phylogeny and biology of isolates from naturally siv infected non-human primates (nhp) in africa.	simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) naturally infects non-human primates in africa. to date, 40 sivs have been described both in natural hosts and in heterologous species. these viruses are highly diverse and the majority cluster in 6 relatively equidistant phylogenetic lineages. at least 8 sivs are currently considered as recombinant viruses, based on different clustering patterns in different genomic regions. only three types of genomes are known, based on the number of accessory genes: vpr-co ...	2004	14766362
polymorphism and drug-selected mutations in the protease gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from patients living in southern france.	the susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) to protease inhibitors (pi) is largely unknown. we studied hiv-2 protease genes from 21 hiv-2-infected patients who were exposed or not exposed to pi. the aim of this study was (i). to characterize the polymorphism of hiv-2 protease in the absence of drug, (ii). to know whether the hiv-2 protease gene naturally harbors hiv-1 drug resistance codons, and (iii). to identify mutations emerging under pi-selective pressure. sixty-five h ...	2004	14766818
phenotypic susceptibility to nonnucleoside inhibitors of virion-associated reverse transcriptase from different hiv types and groups.	to evaluate a phenotype assay based on plasma reverse transcriptase (rt) to assess hiv susceptibility to nonnucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrtis). to compare rt-based phenotype with recombinant virus assay (rva) phenotype- and genotype-based analysis. to assess group o and hiv-2 susceptibility to nnrtis in correlation with genotype polymorphisms.	2004	15577405
rapid discrimination between human immunodeficiency virus type 2 groups a and b by real-time pcr.	we studied the feasibility of genotyping human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 groups a and b by real-time pcr. two group-specific pcrs were developed. real-time genotyping of 22 samples of genotype a, 10 samples of genotype b, and the isolate of new group h were compared to genotyping by sequencing and phylogeny. the group-specific pcrs specifically identified 84.3% of group a or b samples; isolate h was not detected. this method allowed rapid and specific discrimination between hiv-2 group ...	2004	15583327
functional solubilization of aggregation-prone hiv envelope proteins by covalent fusion with chaperone modules.	the envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and human t-cell lymphotrophic virus (htlv) mediate cell attachment and membrane fusion. for hiv-1, the precursor protein gp160 is cleaved proteolytically into two fragments, the surface-associated receptor binding subunit gp120 and the membrane spanning subunit gp41, which is involved in membrane fusion during virus entry. soluble and immunoreactive variants of gp41 are essential for the reliable diagnosis of hiv-1 infections. hitherto ...	2004	15644217
a link between sivsm in sooty mangabeys (sm) in wild-living monkeys in sierra leone and sivsm in an american-based sm colony.	we have developed a noninvasive method for sivsm virion rna detection in feces of captive sooty mangabeys (sms) (cercocebus atys). employing this method to investigate the natural history of sivsm in endangered sms is useful for understanding the diversity and evolution of sivsm and hiv-2. the fecal samples of 61 wild-living sms and 14 chimpanzees (pan troglodytes verus) were studied. samples were collected in rural sierra leone in 1993. one sm sample tested positive by reverse transcriptase-pcr ...	2004	15650427
phylogenetic demonstration of two cases of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection diagnosed in adulthood.	hiv-2 infection was diagnosed in two patients 15 and 24 years of age and, thereafter, in their mothers. epidemiological data suggested that vertical transmission was the most probable mode of infection in both patients (mota-miranda a, et al.: aids 2001;15:2460-2461). phylogenetic analysis of env c2-c3 sequences from the patients and their mothers was used in an attempt to confirm or exclude the events of perinatal hiv-2 transmission. sequences from each putative transmission pair formed monophy ...	2004	15650432
an accurate confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and 2 (hiv-2) infections with a dot blot assay using recombinant p24, gp41, gp120 and gp36 antigens.	an immunoblot assay using four recombinant proteins corresponding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) gene products was developed to confirm the presence of antibodies to hiv-1 and 2 in sera reactive in screening elisas. serum samples for testing were obtained from healthy seronegative blood donors and from different categories of hiv-infected individuals (asymptomatic hiv-infected, and aids). a positive reaction was defined as reactivity against gag (p24) and at le ...	2004	15912198
[seroepidemiological survey of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2].	to perform a seroepidemiological study and identify associated factors in a population infected by human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 (hiv-2). a total of 2202 individuals were tested to determine the seroprevalence of this virus.	2004	15941553
[hiv-2 and htlv-i/ii infections in spain].	up to december 2002, a total of 56, 566 and 109 cases of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i), htlv-ii and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, respectively, were identified in spain. most htlv-i- and hiv-2-infected subjects were immigrants from endemic areas or spaniards who had traveled to, or had sexual contacts with natives from, these areas. in contrast, htlv-ii infection was mainly limited to spanish intravenous drug users (idu) who were frequently coinfected with h ...	2004	14987538