Publications

antigenic characterization of twenty stress rabies virus strains isolated in italy using monoclonal antibodies.		1987	3687285
[effect of gangliosides on the resistance of mice to the rabies virus].	the survival of animals has been studied after their infection with a mixture of rabies virus and gangliosides isolated from various organs. it has been found that virus incubation with a summarized fraction of cerebral gangliosides increased considerably the survival of animals. at the same time it was shown that gangliosides from cattle spleen and red blood cells taken in the same proportions as cerebral gangliosides, do not have any protective effect. the in vivo study of the antiviral gangli ...	1987	3689963
encephalitis associated with borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse.	infection with borrelia burgdorferi was associated with encephalitis in a horse. the horse lived in an area of wisconsin endemic for b burgdorferi infection. borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the brain, but rabies virus was not detected in the brain. serum obtained from the horse had a b burgdorferi antibody titer of 1:2,048, but was negative for antibodies to eastern and western encephalomyelitis.	1987	3692996
rabies vaccination of captive white-handed gibbons potentially exposed to wild rabies virus.		1987	3695407
experimental rabies in skunks and foxes. pathogenesis of the spongiform lesions.	the pathogenesis of rabies spongiform lesions in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was studied by light and electron microscopy and peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemistry. studies in skunks included use of several street virus variants (different antigenic profiles as tested by monoclonal antibodies) different routes of inoculation (intranasal, intracerebral and intramuscular), immunosuppression of infected skunks, different preparations of virus (brain and ...	1987	3695410
the demonstration of rabies antigen in paraffin-embedded tissues using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method: a comparative study.	mice experimentally infected with challenge virus standard rabies virus as well as skunks and foxes experimentally infected with street rabies virus were used to demonstrate rabies viral antigen in paraffin-embedded tissue by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. tissues fixed with different fixatives (10% formalin, bouin's, acetone, ethanol) for various times and fresh frozen tissues were stained by the fluorescent antibody and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. formalin- and bouin's-fixed t ...	1987	3552169
[wild rabies in insectivorous bats in chile].		1987	2959293
induction of protective immunity against rabies by immunization with rabies virus ribonucleoprotein.	we have studied the ability of rabies virus ribonucleoprotein (rnp) to induce a protective immune response in animals against lethal challenge with rabies and rabies-related lyssa viruses. liposomes containing either rnp or the glycoprotein (g protein) of a variant virus with multiple alterations in the g antigenic structure conferred no or poor protection, respectively, against lethal intracerebral challenge with rabies virus. by contrast, liposomes containing rnp and the variant g protein indu ...	1987	3480536
cell mediated immune response in human antirabies revaccination.		1987	3423614
experimental rabies in skunks: immune response and salivary gland infection.	groups of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were inoculated intramuscularly with graded doses of street rabies virus. at various intervals after inoculation, saliva and sera were tested for rabies virus and neutralizing antibodies, respectively. skunks that developed rabies were killed in terminal stages of the disease and the following examinations were made: titers of virus and antibody in submandibular salivary glands and brain, extent of immunofluorescence in submandibular salivary glands, ...	1987	3427891
[oral immunization of arctic foxes with a live rabies tissue-culture vaccine from the vnukovo-32 strain].		1987	3433719
[antirabies vaccination].		1987	3447518
[infection defense antigens against pathogenic viruses to human. infection defense antigens and genetic code--trend and progress of study on biomolecular analysis. e. infection defense antigens of rabies virus and genetic code].		1987	3448264
[trends in research in developing new type of vaccines--aiming at efficacy and safety. rabies vaccine].		1987	3448274
synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences of snake venom neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	peptides corresponding to portions of loop 2 of snake venom curare-mimetic neurotoxins and to a structurally similar region of rabies virus glycoprotein were synthesized. interaction of these peptides with purified torpedo electric organ acetylcholine receptor was tested by measuring their ability to block the binding of 125i-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin to the receptor. in addition, inhibition of alpha-bungarotoxin binding to a 32-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to positions 173-204 of th ...	1987	3448605
rabies--an unusual observation?		1987	3449551
structure of the nucleocapsid protein gene of sonchus yellow net virus.	the structure of the gene adjacent to the "leader rna" gene of sonchus yellow net virus (synv), a plant rhabdovirus, was deduced by dideoxyribonucleotide sequence analysis of synv genomic (g) rna and a series of plasmids constructed from synv grna or polyadenylated [poly(a)+] rna from synv-infected plants. evidence that this gene encodes the nucleocapsid (n) protein was obtained by reaction of synv n protein with polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant proteins derived from the cloned g ...	1987	18644572
bat rabies in british columbia 1971-1985.	rabies virus was demonstrated in 99 of 1154 bats submitted from british columbia between 1971 and 1985. rabies was diagnosed in seven species including big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), the latter accounting for 51% of all positive cases. colonial species represented 92.9% of all identified bats and 87.7% of all rabid cases. most bats were submitted from the more densely populated areas of the province, and submissions and positive cases both peaked in the month of august. daytime activity and ...	1988	17422945
increased mortality in mice infected with rabies virus and subsequently vaccinated against rabies.	when mice infected 1 or 2 days before by an im inoculation after high passage of the virus in the species ("challenge virus standard" strain) received an injection of live (flury) or inactivated virus, their mortality was increased in comparison with unvaccinated controls. in the case of the inactivated virus vaccine, mortality was proportional to the dose of vaccine received. conversely, when vaccination was carried out in mice recently infected with the same doses of a heterologous strain adap ...	1988	2972508
leads from the mmwr. human rabies despite treatment with rabies immune globulin and human diploid cell rabies vaccine--thailand.		1988	3334758
row over vaccine trial.		1988	3340199
inhibition of rabies virus infection by a soluble membrane fraction from the rat central nervous system.	this paper describes the inhibitory effect of a normal rat brain solubilized membrane preparation (rbsm-liposomes) on rabies virus infection. rabies virus was incubated with rbsm-liposomes or their separated components (proteins, phospholipids, gangliosides) before infection of cer or neuroblastoma cells. in addition, both rbsm-liposomes and target cells were treated with enzymes prior to the infection step. all these experimental procedures showed that the active components were mainly lipids.	1988	3341923
the preparation of cultured rabies virus and the production of antiserum for human use.	in this paper we describe a methodology for the preparation of the pasteur strain of fixed rabies virus in bhk-21 clone 13 cells and also its use for the production of antisera in horses. the methodology showed here is simple, rapid, facilitates the attainment of high protective titers, and the antisera produced are of high quality.	1988	3350822
antigenic variation of wild and vaccine rabies strains of egypt.	nineteen street rabies virus strains, isolated in egypt from humans (two), dogs (nine), cats (two), farm animals (two), gerbils (three), and a jackal were antigenically analyzed. the pasteur strain used for the preparation of human rabies vaccine, the flury high and low egg passage stains (hep, lep) used for animal vaccines, and the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain were also assayed. all were examined by the indirect fluorescent antibody test, using a panel of 20 monoclonal antibodies again ...	1988	3351484
vaccination challenge studies with variants of street rabies virus isolated in nigeria.	in a preliminary study it was observed that adult icr mice immunized with serial dilutions of an inactivated experimental human rabies vaccine from the pitman-moore (pm) vaccine virus were well protected against challenge with homologous virulent pm virus and challenge virus standard (cvs). however only one of five variant representatives in five of seven groups of 41 isolates of street rabies virus from nigeria characterized by hybridoma monoclonal antibodies specific for the nucleocapsid and g ...	1988	3354253
effectiveness and tolerance of pre- and postexposure treatment with purified inactivated rabies vaccine prepared on vero cell line.	the results are reported of a field trial which was designated to demonstrate the inocuity and efficacy of the purified inactivated rabies vaccine (pvrv), produced on vero cells by the institut mérieux, lyon, france in pre- and postexposure treatment in man. four sex and age matched groups of veterinary students and medical personnel received the vaccine. the vaccine was given according to who recommendations for pre- and postexposure regimens. the 82 volunteers were divided into four groups and ...	1988	3354256
[specific activity of a concentrated, chromatography-purified cultured rabies vaccine].	animal experiments and trials on humans have shown that purified and concentrated chromatographic tissue-culture rabies vaccine is safe and essentially more potent than commercial tissue-culture rabies vaccine.	1988	3364079
pathogenesis of rabies virus from a danish bat (eptesicus serotinus): neuronal changes suggestive of spongiosis.	rabies virus strains isolated from a european bat (eptesicus serotinus) in denmark (dbv), a north american big brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) in new york state (ny-bat), and a human in south africa (duvenhage strain (duv-1) were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies and by inoculating mice, cats, and dogs. the ten danish virus isolates from the same bat species reacted identically with a panel of monoclonal antibodies. immunofluorescence, monoclonal antibody, and histopathologic studie ...	1988	3369944
leads from the mmwr. human rabies--california, 1987.		1988	3373656
[rabies antibodies in ferrets after a single rabies vaccination].		1988	3376624
growth characteristics in cell culture and pathogenicity in mice of two terrestrial rabies strains indigenous to canada.	two strains of street rabies virus from striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were used to infect either a murine neuroblastoma (na 1300) or a baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell culture and the cell infection rates were noted during 4 days postinfection. these cultures were then passaged for four consecutive passages, and the viruses obtained in the supernatant fluids of passage 4 were then treated as original isolates and used to infect both neuroblastoma and baby hamster kidney cells. the mort ...	1988	3378201
rapid diagnosis of rabies infection by means of a dot hybridization assay.	dot hybridization was used to detect specific rabies rna in brains, either from experimental infection in mouse or from brain material to be processed for routine diagnosis. 32p cdna probes were employed to identify minute amounts of specific viral rna. purified rna was obtained after phenol extraction. the rna was fixed on nylon membranes and hybridized with a pool of m13 inserts complementary to 200-400 nucleotides of each rabies gene and mrna. hybridized, labelled probes were detected by auto ...	1988	3380107
rabies in vaccinated dogs in gabon.		1988	3381454
[veterinary chief inspection of public health. the 'rabies in bats' scenario].		1988	3388400
completion of the rabies virus genome sequence determination: highly conserved domains among the l (polymerase) proteins of unsegmented negative-strand rna viruses.	we have now completed the rabies genome structure by the cloning and the sequencing of the entire l gene and the 5' untranscribed region. the l gene encodes a single open reading frame 2142 amino acids in length (244,206 da) that corresponds to the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. in contrast with other isofunctional proteins, the rabies polymerase exhibits a high degree of homology with the vesicular stomatitis virus polymerase, and a lesser degree, although significant, with those of sendai ...	1988	3407152
[biological properties of variants of the rabies street virus].	experiments in dogs inoculated intracerebrally with biological variants of paralytic (prv) and convulsive (crv) rabies virus isolated from the yak strain population of street rabies virus demonstrated distinct differences in the biological properties of the variants prv induced in dogs paralytic rabies with a short incubation period (average 6.4 days) and crv induced an atypical convulsive form characterized by attacks of tonic convulsions of the body, legs, and head twitching, and a longer incu ...	1988	3414067
[the phenomenon of "early and stimulated death" in mice infected and then vaccinated against rabies].	live (diluted) and inactivated rabies vaccines of low antigen content induce early and enhanced death in mice, inoculated before vaccination with a wild type of rabies virus. such vaccines, which neither induce interferon nor protect, produce a low level of antibodies which appear later than with vaccines of higher antigenicity. it is recommended to examine rabies vaccines not only by the usual (pre-exposure) potency test-nih test or modified nih test (one vaccination), but also by a post-exposu ...	1988	3415193
interaction of rabies vaccine with human rabies immunoglobulin and reliability of a 2-1-1 schedule application for postexposure treatment.	five commercially available rabies vaccines (hdcv, fbkc vaccine, pcec vaccine, pvrv and pdev) applied alone or combined with human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) were administered, by random allocation, to 161 volunteer vaccinees, using the abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure immunization schedule. protective levels of rabies antibody were demonstrated in all vaccinees by day 14, and in all but one vaccinee from day 21 to day 90. partial inhibition of the antibody response due to hrig was observed for ...	1988	3420976
immunohistochemical staining of rabies virus antigen with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in paraffin tissue sections.		1988	3420993
synthetic peptides in the study of the interaction of rabies virus and the acetylcholine receptor.	the neurotropism of some viruses may be explained in part by the attachment of these viruses to host cell receptors that are present on or even largely restricted to neurons. rabies virus is an rna virus that, after a period of replication in muscle, gains access to the central nervous system, where it selectively infects certain neuronal populations. the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor occurs in high density at the neuromuscular junction and is present in the central nervous system. although s ...	1988	3041753
immunization of arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) with oral rabies vaccine.	arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) were successfully immunized against rabies using an orally-administered, liquid sad-bhk21 live virus vaccine in a sausage bait. immunization was determined by serologic response and by resistance to challenge with an arctic rabies virus strain. virus was not shed in saliva following oral vaccination, indicating that arctic foxes would not infect other foxes after ingesting this vaccine. high antibody levels were present in all experimental foxes 2 wk following initi ...	1988	3045347
history of rabies: advances in research towards rabies prevention during the last 30 years.	the great amount of basic research on rabies virus in the last 30 years has led to important improvements in the methods used for the prevention of rabies--methods that include rapid laboratory diagnosis, production of cell culture vaccine, and the means for controlling wildlife rabies. these advances are briefly reviewed.	1988	3060952
ecology and epidemiology of fox rabies.	although fox rabies has been reported in every country that has foxes, current foci of fox rabies are limited to europe and north america. the fox rabies virus has unique characteristics that seem to be the result of adaptation through successive passages, i.e., high pathogenicity for the fox, excretion in saliva of a high proportion of infected animals, and low frequency of postinfection immunity. the spread of fox rabies is greatly favored by the characteristics of the genus vulpes--ubiquity, ...	1988	3060953
human rabies and its prevention: an overview.	human rabies is underreported, but it clearly is still a frequent medical problem that is virtually confined to tropical countries. rabies encephalitis remains essentially incurable, and most patients die at home, their terrible symptoms unpalliated by sedatives or analgesics. recent attempts to cure rabies in well-equipped intensive care units have failed, a situation reemphasizing the importance of preventive measures. the great advances that have been made in understanding the rabies virus an ...	1988	3060958
rabies virus infection of myotubes and neurons as elements of the neuromuscular junction.	the neuromuscular junction represents a site of transit for both fixed and street rabies viruses. infection of cultured rat myotubes by fixed rabies virus was found to be restrictive, and although fluorescence observations showed that cells were infected, there were no infectious virus particles in the supernatant of infected myotubes. in contrast, infection of myotubes with street rabies virus produced infectious virus particles, and kinetic studies noted a growth cycle in these cells. neurons ...	1988	3060959
animal models in the pathogenesis and treatment of rabies.	various animal models have been developed for the study of the pathogenesis of rabies and of methods for halting its spread. the long incubation period and the relatively low mortality observed in human rabies can be mimicked by injecting mice in the footpad with rabies virus. to relate the immune response and efficacy of treatment to the situation in humans, however, it is necessary to corroborate the results in rodents with those in subhuman primates. methods effective and safe in subhuman pri ...	1988	3060960
antipeptide monoclonal antibodies inhibit the binding of rabies virus glycoprotein and alpha-bungarotoxin to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.	it has been reported that binding to muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the post-synaptic membrane is an important event of the rabies virus neurotropism. the binding site can be located within the 190-203 region of the virus glycoprotein sharing a high degree of homology with the "toxic loop" of the curare-mimetic snake neurotoxins. we have synthesized a tetradecapeptide corresponding to this glycoprotein region and used it, following conjugation with an immunogenic carrier to raise mab ...	1988	3062388
[diagnosis of rabies by cell culture].	mouse inoculation test (mit) is a highly sensitive test for rabies diagnosis but slow and expensive. to detect rabies virus an in vitro technique using neuro 2a cell culture (cc) was compared with mit in two laboratories. in one laboratory, cc appeared to be on the whole more sensitive than mit, nevertheless mit was the only one to detect some positive samples. in the other laboratory, mit was more sensitive. these results justify the use of cc for epidemiological diagnosis but emphasize the int ...	1988	3064966
monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus for identification of rabies and rabies-related viruses.	rabies and rabies-related virus strains were studied by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against either nucleocapsid proteins or cell surface antigens of mokola virus (mok-3). each strain was used in parallel to infect cultured cells and mice. then, the patterns of reactivity of the different monoclonal antibodies were determined by the immunofluorescent-antibody staining procedure. on cells, the monoclonal antibodies differentiated fixed rabies virus strains (serotype 1) from rab ...	1988	3068246
the present status of rabies vaccine development and clinical experience with rabies vaccine.	attempts to control human rabies have a long history: animal and human vaccines provide efficient weapons for prevention. in this presentation, we would like to consider the different rabies vaccines available for human use, and particularly the modern vaccines produced in cell culture. rabies virus is considered as an unique virus, but in fact, 5 groups of rabies fixed strains are used throughout the world to produce human rabies vaccines: pasteur, beijing, flury, fuenzalida and sad strains. th ...	1988	3070767
[evaluation of 3 antigenically different strains of rabies virus, in mice. ii. study of viral dissemination, in various organs].		1988	3075342
[new research on the oral vaccination of wild animals].	successful oral immunization of wildlife against rabies has strongly stimulated research in the past decade. new approaches have been developed for vaccine production (e.g.: use of recombinant vaccines) as well as for better potency or safety testing procedures. it appears that man should also consider two important phenomena which already existed in nature before his research. the first one is an adaptation of the rabies virus, by serial passages, which favours the spreading of the disease amon ...	1988	3077440
epidemiology and diagnosis of rabies in greece.	during the decade 1951-1960, 8626 rabies cases were reported among domestic animals in greece and 53 deaths in humans. during the decades 1961-1970, 1971-1980 cases were reduced to 3009 and 242, respectively, while no more cases in man occurred since 1970. vaccination campaigns of dogs, besides the low prevalence of rabies among wild animals, resulted in its eradication from the country. immunofluorescence is the method used for diagnosis.	1988	3077442
morphologic appearance of inclusion bodies and their association with the antigenic composition of naturally occurring rabies viruses.	a total of 112 rabies virus-infected skunk brain samples from naturally occurring cases (64 from missouri, 48 from kentucky) were code labeled and grouped into two morphologic categories according to the appearance and size of the discrete particles observed by immunofluorescent-antibody staining. the reactivity of the blind-labeled samples was then determined using a panel of 23 antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies to test whether morphologic appearance was associated with antigenicity. two c ...	1988	3277995
studies of era/bhk-21 rabies vaccine in skunks and mice.	era rabies vaccine virus grown in bhk-21 13s cells (era/bhk-21) and street rabies virus were titrated in mice by intracerebral, intranasal and intramuscular inoculation. mice were also given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits. skunks were given undiluted era/bhk-21 in baits and by intramuscular, intranasal and intestinal inoculation. virus neutralizing antibody titers against rabies virus were measured over a three month observation period. the surviving skunks were challenged by intramuscular inocul ...	1988	3280109
use of the avidin-biotin peroxidase system to detect rabies antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.	we stained rabies-infected nervous and salivary-gland tissues fixed in formalin or acetone and embedded in paraffin with the avidin-biotin peroxidase system. with this system, rabies-virus antigen was detected in neurons, glandular acinar cells, and vascular endothelial cells more effectively than by immunofluorescence, especially when tissues were enzyme-digested with pronase before immunoperoxidase staining. the avidin-biotin peroxidase system should be useful for routine diagnosis, retrospect ...	1988	3284894
measurement of rabies-specific antibodies in carnivores by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	we describe an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) that utilizes anticanine immunoglobulin for the measurement of rabies-specific antibody in the sera of the major domestic and wildlife reservoirs of rabies in north america. sufficient cross-reactivity was found to exist between anticanine igg and serum antibody from all carnivores tested, including dogs, cats, foxes (vulpes vulpes), skunks (mephitis sp.) and raccoons (procyon lotor). with sera of most species, good correlation wa ...	1988	3286905
serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from california.	fifty-three newly captive birds of prey were tested serologically for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus, using a fluorescent focus inhibition test. no significant antibody titers were detected with this sensitive and specific technique in any of these birds. this study supports the contention that free-ranging birds of prey are of limited importance in the epidemiology of rabies.	1988	3286906
successful oral rabies vaccination of raccoons with raccoon poxvirus recombinants expressing rabies virus glycoprotein.	two infectious raccoon poxvirus (rcn) recombinants for expressing rabies virus surface spike glycoprotein (g) were produced by homologous recombination between raccoon poxvirus dna and chimeric plasmids previously used for production of vaccinia virus recombinants. expression of g protein was controlled by vaccinia virus promoter p7.5 (early/late class) or by p11 (late class). immunoprecipitation of infected cell extracts indicated that both of the rcn recombinants directed faithful expression o ...	1988	3291388
rabies.		1988	3292491
rapid diagnosis of rabies and post-vaccinal encephalitides.	in an attempt to establish the diagnoses of rabies post-vaccinal encephalitis (pve) and early rabies encephalitis, paired serum and csf levels of rabies neutralizing antibody (rab) and rabies specific-igm (rigm) were compared in 12 pve, 10 rabies and five control patients with similar presenting clinical features. rapid methods of rabies antigen detection were evaluated in 17 patients. all 12 pve patients had rab in their serum and in eight it was also present in the csf. these same eight had ri ...	1988	2894908
detection of rabies antigen in canine parotid glands by dot-blot technique.		1988	2895384
specific activity of tissue culture antirabic vaccine rabivak-vnukovo-32 with short intramuscular vaccination schedule.	tissue culture rabies vaccine has been used for subcutaneous immunization of 158 subjects according to official instructions and also for intramuscular immunization of 128 subjects according to a short schedule with booster inoculations. all 286 subjects were either bitten or contaminated with saliva of rabid animals or animals suspected of having rabies. the 1168 serum samples were tested by neutralization test (nt) in mice, by radial haemolysis (rh) and by indirect haemagglutination (iha). the ...	1988	2902769
controlled organization of multimolecular complexes of enveloped virus glycoproteins: study of immunogenicity.	some technological and immunological problems facing the preparation of subunit viral vaccines are discussed. solubilization of enveloped virus glycoproteins with various detergents has been studied. it has been demonstrated that a novel non-ionic detergent, mesk, can be used to prepare the glycoproteins of enveloped viruses in defined supramolecular forms: monomers, micelles, liposomes and multimeric complexes. these preparations have been tested for immunogenicity. it has been shown that the i ...	1988	2848380
fowlpox virus as a vector in non-avian species.	examination of the members of the poxvirus family reveals a large and diverse group with members infecting almost every animal species. to a large extent, members of the individual genera have a broad host range and infect a number of animal species, although, as baxby has pointed out, successful experimental inoculation of a species does not necessarily mean that this species provides a natural host for that virus. avipox viruses, together with swinepox virus occupy a somewhat unique position i ...	1988	2854335
recombinant fowlpox virus inducing protective immunity in non-avian species.	the natural host of fowlpox virus is limited to avian species. when inoculated into non-avian tissue culture cells, however, fowlpox virus can initiate an abortive infection. a fowlpox virus was engineered to express rabies virus glycoprotein. on inoculation of the recombinant virus into either avian (permissive) or non-avian (non-permissive) cells, the rabies glycoprotein was expressed as a membrane-associated antigen. inoculation of the fowlpox virus recombinant into six different species of m ...	1988	2854338
[evaluation of 3 antigenically different strains of rabies virus, in mice. i. study of the clinical observation periods].		1988	2471254
[detection of antibodies to the rabies virus, using an immunoenzyme method, in blood samples collected on paper discs].		1988	2453731
immunologic study of human encephalitic and paralytic rabies. preliminary report of 16 patients.	lymphocyte proliferation tests to rabies antigen and myelin basic protein were performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes from nine patients with the encephalitic form and on seven with the paralytic form of human rabies. six of the nine patients with encephalitis had proliferative responses to rabies antigen, whereas all of the patients with paralysis had no response. two patients in each group also had a proliferative response to myelin basic protein. the myelin basic protein-reactive patients ...	1988	2456691
recognition of rabies and rabies-related viruses by t cells derived from human vaccine recipients.	human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and t-cell lines and clones from individuals immunized with rabies pm vaccine were tested for the ability to recognize antigenic determinants in rabies and rabies-related viruses in an antigen-induced proliferation assay. some, but not all, of the t cells from these individuals cross-reacted with various laboratory strains of rabies virus with rabies-related viruses such as duvenhage and mokola. in addition, these t cells were shown to react with epitopes ...	1988	2457112
genetic restriction and fine specificity of human t cell clones reactive with rabies virus.	rabies virus-specific t cell clones isolated from a human vaccine recipient were studied for their fine specificity and genetic restriction using synthetic peptides of the viral ag and mouse fibroblasts transfected with human mhc genes. two clones were found to react with an epitope present in the rabies glycoprotein, which was presented by the hla-dr7 molecule. other t cell clones recognized synthetic epitopes corresponding to the rabies nucleoprotein in association with the hla-dr7 or hla-dqw3 ...	1988	2459225
interleukin-2 production in vitro: a new approach to the study of rabies vaccine immunogenicity as appraised by testing different glycoprotein presentations.	when injected as an immunosome presentation (molecules anchored to preformed liposome), rabies glycoprotein (gp) is capable of protecting animals against rabies either before or after viral infection. the presentation of the gp molecules in the correct form seems to be essential for the induction of antirabies protection. this condition must be taken in account in the making-up of a rabies subunit vaccine. in order to study the relationship between the immune responses induced by the rabies gp a ...	1988	2461004
immunity against the european bat rabies (duvenhage) virus induced by rabies vaccines: an experimental study in mice.	protection experiments were performed in mice with different inactivated vaccines prepared with the fixed rabies virus strains: pm (pitman-moore), pv4 (pasteur virus) and lep (flury lep) against an intracerebral challenge with a european bat virus (duvenhage, strain hamburg, duv3). all vaccines protected mice against challenge with cvs (challenge virus standard). vaccines prepared with pv4 protected mice against a duv3 challenge. on the contrary, pm or lep vaccines did not protect mice against a ...	1988	2461007
the molecular biology of rabies viruses.	comparative nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses of the rna and proteins of several fixed rabies virus strains have allowed detailed characterization of structural-functional relations of individual virus components. several unique features of rabies viruses have been deduced from the complete nucleotide sequences of four of the five genes and the four intergenic regions of the genome. the most extensively analyzed rabies virus gene has been that of the surface glycoprotein. direc ...	1988	2462742
[effect of daily immunization and antirabies gamma-globulin on the development of immune t-killers in inbred mice infected with the street rabies virus].	daily administration of vaccine as well as combined use of antirabies gamma-globulin and vaccine were shown not to induce the production of immune t-killers possessing protective properties in adoptive transfer in mice pre-infected with street rabies virus in contrast to a single administration of a shock dose of antigen. immune splenocytes protected 31-43% of mice infected with street rabies virus in a dose of 2-4 im ld50 and did not protect the animals infected with a dose of 12 im-ld50. after ...	1988	2464240
human rabies--california, 1987.		1988	3130561
[antibody response in dogs to the administration of rabies vaccine in inactivated tissue and live forms].		1988	3142135
sequence of the 3386 3' nucleotides of the genome of the avo1 strain rabies virus: structural similarities in the protein regions involved in transcription.	dna fragments complementary to the genome of an avirulent strain (avo1) of the rabies virus were cloned and sequenced. the sequence of the 3386 nucleotides from the 3' end covers the genes encoding the leader rna, the nucleoprotein n, the phosphoprotein m1 and the matrix protein m2, as well as the intergenic regions. comparison of the avo1 sequence with those of other rabies strains reveals a very high conservation at both the nucleotide and the amino acid levels. the non-protein coding regions ...	1988	3147698
rapid quantitative assay of rabies post-vaccination antibody by elisa.	an improved method of elisa for rabies post-vaccination antibody determination has been developed comparing adsorption properties of polystyrene beads and microtitre plates which were coated with different concentrations of rabies virus antigen. all 106 human post-vaccination serum samples tested were found repeatedly positive within the range of mean values (mv) from 1.4 to 43.0 international units (iu)/0.1 ml. the plates displayed much higher coefficient of variation (cv) when testing lower se ...	1988	3179075
sensitivity of different cell lines for rabies virus isolation.		1988	3188725
epizootiology of skunk rabies in north america.	public health surveillance data from the united states and canada (1961 to 1982) were analyzed to determine if consistent temporal and spatial patterns in skunk rabies could be identified. enzootic/epizootic rabies was recognized in 18 states (enzootic states) based on the criteria of greater than or equal to 20 yr of reported skunk rabies and at least 1 yr with a minimum of 50 reported rabid skunks. in other wildlife species, epizootics have been demonstrated to expand along a wave-like front. ...	1988	3193556
[immunogenic properties of the liposomal form of the rabies vaccine].	the liposomal form of inactivated cultural whole-virion rabies vaccine was shown to induce formation of more intensive immunity than the vaccine without liposomes. these data have been obtained in immunity challenge by intracerebral inoculation of fixed virus as well as intramuscular inoculation of street rabies virus.	1988	3195143
a rabies agglutination test (rat) for rabies antibody detection.	an agglutination test has been developed for the detection of rabies antibodies after human vaccination. the rabies agglutination test (rat) is based on the capability of specific antibody to agglutinate sensitized polystyrene (or latex) beads. in the rat, latex beads were coated, in a first step, with inactivated and purified rabies virus (pv strain adapted and propagated on bhk-21 cells) and, in a second step, with bovine serum albumin. negative control beads were coated with bovine serum albu ...	1988	3198658
immunization of foxes against rabies with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein.	foxes were vaccinated orally (by bait), gastrically (by stomach tube) and by scarification with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein. neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus were detected at two weeks postvaccination in 8/8 foxes in the bait-fed group, in 3/6 foxes inoculated by stomach tube and in 2/2 of the scarified foxes. after challenge at three months postvaccination with street rabies virus, all foxes that had developed antibodies were protected. the high r ...	1988	3202696
skunk rabies.	in north america, the number of cases of rabies diagnosed in skunks generally exceeds that in either raccoons or foxes. enzootic skunk rabies occurs mainly in four geographic regions: (1) southern ontario and quebec and upper new york state; (2) the north central united states and the canadian provinces of manitoba, saskatchewan, and alberta; (3) california; and (4) south central united states (texas and several adjacent states). rabies in these areas (in skunks and, to a large extent, in other ...	1988	3206070
monoclonal antibody studies of rabies in insectivorous bats of the united states.	isolates of rabies virus from terrestrial animals in six geographically separate rabies enzootic areas of the united states were examined with a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the viral n protein. characteristic differences in immunofluorescence reactions permitted the formation of five antigenically distinct reaction groups from the 328 isolates tested. distinctive reaction patterns were also identified for isolates from four species of bats. these observations were used to determine the rol ...	1988	3206073
oral rabies vaccination: an overview.	the vaccination of wild animals against rabies was first attempted in 1962 after the repeated failure of poisoning or trapping to control the movement of the disease in these species. the initial requirements of such a vaccine were that it be efficacious and inexpensive, that it allow animals to immunize themselves, and that it not cause vaccine rabies in the target species. foxes were chosen for research purposes because they are a problem species and are exquisitely susceptible to rabies. the ...	1988	3206074
pathogenesis of rabies virus infection in dogs.	most dogs experimentally infected with street rabies virus showed clinical signs of rabies before death, but up to 18% of the dogs died without showing detectable signs of illness. in dogs showing signs, rabies was not invariably fatal. up to 20% of dogs recovered without any supportive treatment. some dogs inoculated with american (southern texas) or ethiopian canine street virus excreted virus in their saliva up to 14 days before signs appeared. there was no relation between the time of excret ...	1988	3206080
mass vaccination campaign against rabies: are dogs correctly protected? the peruvian experience.	in a mass vaccination campaign conducted in peru in march 1985, 270,000 dogs (65% of the estimated dog population) were vaccinated over the course of 1 month with an inactivated tissue culture vaccine. since that time no human rabies cases have been reported; in addition, the number of animal rabies cases has declined to only three from a previous mean of 292 cases per year since 1980. a serologic survey was also done to determine the immune response among randomly selected vaccinated dogs, with ...	1988	3206083
failure to thrive, wasting syndrome, and immunodeficiency in rabies: a hypophyseal/hypothalamic/thymic axis effect of rabies virus.	studies of rabies virus in several animal models consistently showed hypothalamic infection, hypophyseal infection, dramatic growth impairment (in the form of failure to thrive), wasting syndrome, and immune depletion. rabies virus infection was studied through routine monoclonal antinucleocapsid antibody immunofluorescence and through a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoperoxidase method. the latter was modified to detect the in situ production of growth hormone by uninfected and rabies virus-inf ...	1988	3206086
antigenic diversity of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies and rabies-related viruses: implications for epidemiology and control of rabies.	rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have served to describe operationally the topography of the antigenic structure of the glycoprotein and nucleocapsid proteins of rabies virus. with the use of nucleocapsid protein-specific mabs and cleavage fragments of the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein, it has been possible to identify the chemical structure of two antigenic sites of the nucleoprotein and one antigenic site of the phosphoprotein. antisera produced to synthetic peptides that ...	1988	3206089
development of animal recombinant dna vaccine and its efficacy in foxes.	rabies is prevalent in most parts of the world. an extensive reservoir of the disease is present in the population of wild animals. the fox in particular is a major vector of the disease in north america and europe. although attempts to control rabies by vaccination of wild carnivores with attenuated rabies virus have met with some success, this approach remains controversial. the potential of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein for the protection of foxes against rab ...	1988	3206090
efficacy of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine in raccoons (procyon lotor).	raccoon rabies exists in epizootic proportions in the southeastern and mid-atlantic regions of the united states, but efficacious oral vaccines for control of rabies in this important vector have not been previously demonstrated. alternatively, a vaccinia recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) expressing the era (evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth) rabies virus glycoprotein was highly immunogenic for laboratory animals and raccoons by the intradermal, intramuscular, and oral routes. raccoons that ate a synthe ...	1988	3206091
glimpses into the future of rabies research.	much is now known about the chemical composition of the rabies virus but little is known of its pathogenesis. techniques used commonly in molecular biology research can and should be applied to questions about the behavior of the rabies virus and the responses of the challenged host so that new generations of vaccines may be produced. the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine acts by inducing neutralizing antibody to rabies virus and completely protects various species of vaccinated a ...	1988	3206092
research on susceptibility of cats to the oral administration of rabies vaccine sad b 19 tü.		1988	3206948
the epidemiology of the human rabies threat in the grand duchy of luxembourg.	epidemiological data were recorded and blood samples were obtained from a group of 297 individuals from luxembourg who had been in contact with rabies-infected or -suspected animals from 1979 to 1985, and who had been vaccinated with a complete course of hdcs rabies vaccine. the majority of the subjects were farmers aged between 30 and 59. the most frequent source of infection was cattle, followed by foxes, sheep and cats. dogs were in the fifth position only, probably as a direct result of obli ...	1988	3207500
immunological relationships between rabies virus and rabies-related viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies to mokola virus.	specific monoclonal antibodies (mab) were prepared against a rabies-related lyssavirus, mokola virus. a strain isolated in the central african republic, mok-3, was used as immunogen. after 3 fusions more than 90 hybridoma cultures secreting mab were identified. according to their different patterns of reactivity against rabies and rabies-related viruses, 61 ascites fluids were obtained. the antibody class was igm for 2 of them and igg for 59. they were specific for one of the 4 major viral prote ...	1988	3207504
fatal encephalitis caused by a bat-borne rabies-related virus. clinical findings.	the clinical findings are described in the first reported european case of fatal encephalitis of bat origin caused by a rabies-related virus. a bat zoologist developed the symptoms of rabies 51 days after his last exposure to a bat bite. the clinical disease of 23 days duration was a combination of the paralytic and 'furious' forms of rabies. serial baep and eeg recordings, ct and mr scans of the brain, as well as csf findings, demonstrated severe ascending destruction of the brain. an unusual p ...	1988	3208067
comparison of spongiform lesions in experimental scrapie and rabies in skunks.	striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior ataxia, and emaciation after incubated periods of 8 to 23 months. those inoculated with rabies virus developed clinical signs of rabies (aggressive behavior, hyperexcitability, ataxi ...	1988	3213430
a field trial in belgium to control fox rabies by oral immunisation.	campaigns of fox vaccination against rabies were carried out in belgium in september 1986 and june and september 1987. the sad b19 attenuated strain of rabies virus was inserted into baits which were distributed over an area of 2100 km2 at a density of 11 baits/km2. as recommended by the world health organisation, the efficacy and the innocuity of the method were controlled in the field and in the laboratory. samples of blood and brain and jaw were taken from foxes which were shot or found dead ...	1988	3218039