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a duplex rt-pcr assay for detection of h9 subtype avian influenza viruses and infectious bronchitis viruses.h9 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) are major pathogens circulating in poultry and have resulted in great economic losses due to respiratory disease and reduced egg production. as similar symptoms are elicited by the two pathogens, it is difficult for their differential diagnosis. so far, no reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay has been found to differentiate between h9 aiv and ibv in one reaction. therefore, developing a sensiti ...201632288952
current situation, genetic relationship and control measures of infectious bronchitis virus variants circulating in african regions.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major viral pathogen of commercial poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. frequent points of mutations and recombination events in the s1 gene region, result in the emergence of new ibvs variants circulating in the form of several serotypes/genotypes that can be partially or poorly neutralized by current vaccines. ibv is well studied worldwide, nevertheless in african countries epidemiologica ...201632288944
successive occurrence of recombinant infectious bronchitis virus strains in restricted area of middle east.routine molecular diagnostic testing by our laboratory, based on using a primer pair with conservative binding sites on the spike glycoprotein coding sequence, has indicated the recurring of a unique phylogenetic cluster of chicken infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) in the middle east since 2010. the nearly full-length s1 subunit of the spike gene phylogeny of selected strains, however, split up this grouping, suggesting potential recombination in the s1 gene. in order to clarify this, various ...201629492274
extensive coronavirus-induced membrane rearrangements are not a determinant of pathogenicity.positive-strand rna (+rna) viruses rearrange cellular membranes during replication, possibly in order to concentrate and arrange viral replication machinery for efficient viral rna synthesis. our previous work showed that in addition to the conserved coronavirus double membrane vesicles (dmvs), beau-r, an apathogenic strain of avian gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), induces regions of er that are zippered together and tethered open-necked double membrane spherules that resemble ...201627255716
full genome analysis of australian infectious bronchitis viruses suggests frequent recombination events between vaccine strains and multiple phylogenetically distant avian coronaviruses of unknown origin.australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have been evolving independently for many years, with control achieved by vaccination with local attenuated strains. previous studies have documented the emergence of recombinants over the last 20 years, with the most recent one, ck/aus/n1/08, detected in 2008. these recombinants did not appear to be controlled by the vaccines currently in use. in this study we sequenced the complete genomes of three emergent australian strains of ibv (ibv/ ...201627938680
identification of an infectious bronchitis coronavirus strain exhibiting a classical genotype but altered antigenicity, pathogenicity, and innate immunity profile.avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses economic threat to the poultry industry worldwide. pathogenic ibv 3575/08 was isolated from broilers vaccinated with the attenuated viral vaccine derived from a taiwan strain 2575/98. in this study, extensive investigations were conducted on the genome sequences, antigenicity, pathogenicity, and host immune responses of several ibv strains in specific-pathogen-free chickens. sequence analyses revealed that 3575/08 and 2575/98 shared high ...201627876864
gamma and deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from northern italy.in view of the restricted knowledge on the diversity of coronaviruses in poultry other than chicken, this study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of coronaviruses in quail, pheasant, and partridge from two regions of northern italy. to this end, pools of tracheal and cloacal swabs from european quail (coturnix coturnix) and intestinal tract from pheasants (phasianus colchicus) and partridge (perdix perdix) flocks, with or without enteric signs, were collected during 2015. avian coronavi ...201627738120
phylogeny and s1 gene variation of infectious bronchitis virus detected in broilers and layers in turkey.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (avcov-ibv) is recognized as an important global pathogen because new variants are a continuous threat to the poultry industry worldwide. this study investigates the genetic origin and diversity of avcov-ibv by analysis of the s1 sequence derived from 49 broiler flocks and 14 layer flocks in different regions of turkey. avcov-ibv rna was detected in 41 (83.6%) broiler flocks and nine (64.2%) of the layer flocks by taqman real-time rt-pcr. in addi ...201627610718
synthetic virus-like particles prepared via protein corona formation enable effective vaccination in an avian model of coronavirus infection.the ongoing battle against current and rising viral infectious threats has prompted increasing effort in the development of vaccine technology. a major thrust in vaccine research focuses on developing formulations with virus-like features towards enhancing antigen presentation and immune processing. herein, a facile approach to formulate synthetic virus-like particles (svlps) is demonstrated by exploiting the phenomenon of protein corona formation induced by the high-energy surfaces of synthetic ...201627552321
dynamics of avian coronavirus circulation in commercial and non-commercial birds in asia--a review.it is essential to understand the latest situation regarding avian coronaviruses (acovs), commonly referred to as the well-known avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), given that new and diverse types of ibv are continually being identified worldwide, particularly ones that are isolated from commercial poultry and associated with a wide range of disease conditions. the existing ibvs continue to evolve in various geographic areas in asia, which results in the recombination and co-circulation be ...201626629927
health evaluation of african penguins (<i>spheniscus demersus</i>) in southern africa.the african penguin (spheniscus demersus) is an endangered seabird that breeds along the coast of namibia and south africa, and disease surveillance was identified as a priority for its conservation. aiming for the establishment of baseline data on the presence of potential pathogens in this species, a comprehensive health assessment (blood smear examination, haematology, biochemistry and serology) was conducted on samples obtained from 578 african penguins at 11 breeding colonies and a rehabili ...201627796116
detection and molecular characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with chicks that have an unusual condition known as "white chicks" in brazil.chicken astrovirus (castv) is one of many viruses related to enteric diseases in poultry that are associated with runting-stunting syndrome (rss), which affects young chickens. castv was also recently associated with an unusual condition in chicks called "white chicks." some hatcheries in certain states of brazil have reported several incubation problems, mortality, and the presence of chicks with white plumages over the past several months. these chicks were termed locally as "white chicks." th ...201626976903
molecular detection of chicken parvovirus in broilers with enteric disorders presenting curving of duodenal loop, pancreatic atrophy, and mesenteritis.enteric disorders are an important cause of economic losses in broiler chickens worldwide. several agents have been associated with enteric problems, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. in this study, broiler chickens showing signs of enteric disorders were subjected to molecular diagnosis for several viral agents and also for pathological examination for elucidating this problem. thus, the chickens were screened for avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken astrovirus (castv), avian rotavirus ...201626908891
accurate detection of avian respiratory viruses by use of multiplex pcr-based luminex suspension microarray assay.a novel oligonucleotide suspension microarray (luminex microsphere system) was developed for the rapid detection of avian respiratory viruses of major clinical importance. this test was optimized and validated with 70 clinical samples. the developed tool was accurate for high-throughput detection and differentiation of the most important avian respiratory viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infection bronchitis virus (ibv), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus ...201627558184
impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. these transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. there is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as marek's disease viru ...201627359320
prevalence of avian infectious bronchitis virus in broiler chicken farms in south of iraq, 2014 - 2015.avian infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by a gammacoronavirus, is an oie-listed (list b) disease and characterized by respiratory and renal involvements, causing high mortality, and economic loss in both layers and broilers. in comparison with other diagnostic methods, real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and conventional rt-pcr are potent, more sensitive and faster techniques for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) detection. this research was conducted to detect ibv using specific prime ...201628144423
[enzymatic studies of avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of some enzymes (got, gpt, aldolase, ldh, fac, fal, lap and sdh) in the amino-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. 20164322161
[evaluation of the efficiency of differential diagnosis of influenza by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction].the paper gives the results of a comparative analysis of the detection of influenza viruses in clinical samples, by using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and by virus isolation in mdck cell cultures. the investigation employed 267 nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained from patients with influenza symptoms during two epidemic seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). influenza viruses were found in 104 samples (48 with influenza a virus (iav) and 56 with influenza b virus (ibv)) ...201622624473
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler chicken farms in iran, 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a viral avian disease with economic importance in the world, including iran. s1 gene sequencing has been used for molecular epidemiological studies and genotypic characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). a total of 118 ibv isolates were obtained from tissue samples from chickens with clinically suspected ib from iranian broiler farms (eight provinces, 200 samples). the isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and characterize ...201626467927
assembly and immunogenicity of baculovirus-derived infectious bronchitis virus-like particles carrying membrane, envelope and the recombinant spike proteins.to assemble infectious bronchitis virus (ibv)-like particles bearing the recombinant spike protein and investigate the humoral immune responses in chickens.201626463372
molecular detection and smoothing spline clustering of the ibv strains detected in china during 2011-2012.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly variable virus with a large number of genotypes. during 2011-2012, nineteen wild ibv strains were isolated in china. sequence analysis showed that these isolates were divided into five sub-clusters: a2-like, ckchldl08i-like, saibk-like, km91-like and tw97/4-like. phylogenetic analysis based on the 1118 sequences available on line suggested that all ibvs were classified into six clusters. the prevalent strains including all the isolates were in cluste ...201626494165
prediction and in silico identification of novel b-cells and t-cells epitopes in the s1-spike glycoprotein of m41 and cr88 (793/b) infectious bronchitis virus serotypes for application in peptide vaccines.bioinformatic analysis was used to predict antigenic b-cell and t-cell epitopes within the s1 glycoprotein of m41 and cr88 ibv strains. a conserved linear b-cell epitope peptide, ytsnettdvts(175-185), was identified in m41 ibv strains while three such epitopes types namely, vsnaspnsggvd(279-290), hpkcnfrpeni(328-338), and netnnagsvsdctagt(54-69), were predicted in cr88 ibv strains. analysis of mhci binding peptides in m41 ibv strains revealed the presence of 15 antigenic peptides out of which 12 ...201627667997
infectious bronchitis virus poly-epitope-based vaccine protects chickens from acute infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes major losses in the poultry industry. the safe and effective vaccine to control ibv spread is imperative. in the present study, we developed ibv s1 glycoprotein poly-epitope-based dna vaccine pv-s1b+s1t consisting of sh1208 and holte strain bf2-restricted t cell epitopes and australian t strain dominant b cell neutralization epitopes. specific pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with pv-s1b+s1t and control plasmids twice to elicit strong humoral and ce ...201627665355
prediction and identification of novel ibv s1 protein derived ctl epitopes in chicken.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major pathogen common in the poultry industry. broad cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) response against ibv is one of the crucial factors that help to control viral replication. spike glycoproteins on the surface of the ibv virion harbor major t cell epitopes. in this study, based on the peptide-binding motifs of chicken mhc i molecules for the bf2*4, bf2*12, bf2*15, and bf2*19 haplotypes, potential ctl epitopes were predicted using s1 proteins from different ib ...201626620841
altered pathogenicity of a tl/ch/ldt3/03 genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus due to natural recombination in the 5'- 17kb region of the genome.an infectious bronchitis coronavirus, designated as ck/ch/lgx/130530, was isolated from an ibv strain h120-vaccinated chicken in this study. analysis of the s1 gene showed that isolate ck/ch/lgx/130530 was a tl/ch/ldt3/03-like virus, with a nucleotide sequence similarity of 99%. however, a complete genomic sequence analysis showed that ck/ch/lgx/130530 was more closely related to a massachusetts type strain (95% similarity to strain h120) than to the tl/ch/ldt3/03 strain (86%), suggesting that r ...201626616599
attenuation mechanism of virulent infectious bronchitis virus strain with qx genotype by continuous passage in chicken embryos.the virulent isolate sdzb0808 of qx-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was continuously passaged in chicken embryos for 110 generations. the safety and immune efficacy of the 110th generation of ibvs (p110) were evaluated. damage was not found in the appearance of the 3-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) chicks immunized with 10(4.5) eid50 (median embryo infective dose) of p110 by intranasal and ocular administration. at 14 d after the vaccination with 10(4.5) eid50 of p110, all the 3-day- ...201626611202
replication-competent fluorescent-expressing influenza b virus.influenza b viruses (ibvs) cause annual outbreaks of respiratory illness in humans and are increasingly recognized as a major cause of influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. studying influenza viruses requires the use of secondary methodologies to identify virus-infected cells. to this end, replication-competent influenza a viruses (iavs) expressing easily traceable fluorescent proteins have been recently developed. in contrast, similar approaches for ibv are mostly lacking. in this repor ...201626590325
first complete genome sequence of european turkey coronavirus suggests complex recombination history related with us turkey and guinea fowl coronaviruses.a full-length genome sequence of 27,739  nt was determined for the only known european turkey coronavirus (tcov) isolate. in general, the order, number and size of orfs were consistent with other gammacoronaviruses. three points of recombination were predicted, one towards the end of 1a, a second in 1b just upstream of s and a third in 3b. phylogenetic analysis of the four regions defined by these three points supported the previous notion that european and american viruses do indeed have differ ...201626585962
emergence of novel nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses currently circulating in chinese chicken flocks.the emergence of novel infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs) has been reported worldwide. between 2011 and 2014, eight ibv isolates were identified from disease outbreaks in northeast china. in the current study we analysed the s1 gene of these eight ibv isolates in addition to the complete genome of five of them. we confirmed that these isolates emerged through the recombination of lx4 and taiwan group 1 (tw1) viruses at two switch sites, one was in the nsp 16 region and the other in the spike p ...201626551660
development of rt-qpcr assays for the specific identification of two major genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus, coronaviridae) is a genetically variable rna virus (27.6kb) that causes one of the most persistent respiratory disease in poultry. the virus is classified in genotypes with different epidemiological relevance and clinical implications. the present study reports the development and validation of specific rt-qpcr assays for the detection of two major ibv genotypes: south america i (sai) and asia/south america ii (a/saii). the sai genotype is an exclus ...201627181213
isolation of a novel serotype strain of infectious bronchitis virus zz2004 from ducks in china.in chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) often causes respiratory distress, a decrease in egg production, poor egg quality, and occasional nephritis. however, zz2004, a chinese isolate of ibv, was obtained from ducks with clinical growth suppression and mild respiratory symptoms that had been reared with chickens in the central region of china. virus isolation, virus neutralization testing, and rt-pcr were employed to identify the causative pathogen, while sequence alignment was used t ...201627164844
infectious bronchitis virus and brown shell colour: australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus affect brown eggshell colour in commercial laying hens differently.the aim of the current study was to assess any effect of wild and vaccine australian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains on shell colour in brown-shelled eggs. in experiment 1, eggs were collected from day 1 to day 13 post-inoculation (p.i.) from unvaccinated laying hens challenged with ibv wild strains t and n1/88 and from a negative control group of hens. in experiment 2, eggs were collected from 2 to 22 days p.i. from unvaccinated and vaccinated laying hens challenged with either a wild ...201627163194
avian infectious bronchitis virus in africa: a review.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is worldwide in distribution, highly infectious, and extremely difficult to control because it has extensive genetic diversity, a short generation time, and a high mutation rate. ibv is a gammacoronavirus, single-stranded, and positive-sense rna virus. avian infectious bronchitis is well studied in european countries with identification of a large number of ibv variants, whereas in african countries epidemiological and scientific data are poor and not updated. h ...201627150555
genome sequence and origin analyses of the recombinant novel ibv virulent isolate saibk2.recombination between infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs), together with point mutations, insertions, and deletions, is thought to be responsible for the emergence of new ibv variants. saibk2 is a nephropathogenic strain isolated from layer flocks vaccinated with live attenuated h120 vaccine in sichuan province, china in 2011. saibk2 causes severe kidney lesions and results in 50 % mortality in 30-day-old specific-pathogen-free chickens (with a dose of 10(5) eid50/0.1 ml saibk2 per chicken). th ...201627108998
comparison of sybr green i real-time rt-pcr with conventional agarose gel-based rt-pcr for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus infection in chickens in morocco.a rapid, sensitive, and specific molecular method for the diagnosis of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection is important in curbing infectious bronchitis outbreaks in morocco and other countries.201627106608
detection of infectious bronchitis virus strains similar to japan in taiwan.a total of 1,320 tracheal samples from 66 broiler flocks sent to slaughterhouses and 42 tracheal samples from 42 flocks of local chickens in the field were collected for infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) gene detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using nucleocapsid-specific primers and spike-specific primers. prevalence in broiler flocks was 39.4% (26/66) and in local chicken flocks was 11.9% (5/42). several ibvs similar to japan were detected in taiwan. one-direction neut ...201626822119
rna sequencing-based analysis of the spleen transcriptome following infectious bronchitis virus infection of chickens selected for different mannose-binding lectin serum concentrations.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease of the upper-respiratory tract caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction between innate and adaptive immune responses to ibv infection is a crucial element for further improvements in strategies to control ib. to this end, two chicken lines, selected for high (l10h line) and low (l10l line) serum concentration of mannose-binding lectin (mbl) were studied. in total, 32 ...201626819139
comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs.a sensitive and specific method for measuring the vaccine titer of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is important to commercial manufacturers for improving vaccine quality. typically, ibv is titrated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the infectivity of the virus dilutions is determined by assessing clinical signs in the embryos as evidence of viral propagation. in this study, we used a dot-immunoblotting assay (dia) to measure the titers of ibv vaccines that originated from different pathogenic s ...201626802454
heterologous live infectious bronchitis virus vaccination in day-old commercial broiler chicks: clinical signs, ciliary health, immune responses and protection against variant infectious bronchitis viruses.groups of one-day-old broiler chicks were vaccinated via the oculo-nasal route with different live infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccines: massachusetts (mass), 793b, d274 or arkansas (ark). clinical signs and gross lesions were evaluated. five chicks from each group were humanely killed at intervals and their tracheas collected for ciliary activity assessment and for the detection of cd4+, cd8+ and iga-bearing b cells by immunohistochemistry (ihc). blood samples were collected at intervals ...201626743315
pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis virus is associated with elevated apoptosis and innate immune responses.to establish a characteristic host response to predict the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv), we investigated innate immune responses (iir) and apoptosis in chicken embryo kidney cells (cekc) and tracheal organ cultures (toc) infected with three ibv strains. results showed nephropathogenic ibv strains 885 and qx induced greater apoptosis in cekc than m41, which induced greater apoptosis in tocs compared to 885 and qx. elevated iir is associated with tissue t ...201626655241
experimental infection of is/885/00-like infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free and commercial broiler chicks.pathogenesis of an is/885/00-like (is/885) strain of variant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was examined in one day old specific pathogen free (spf) and commercial broiler chicks. chicks were humanely euthanized at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21 and 28 days post infection (dpi) for necropsy examination, and tissues were collected for histopathology and virus detection by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). respiratory clinical signs and gross lesions consisting of tracheal caseous ...201627033901
detection of variant infectious bronchitis viruses in sri lanka (2012-2015).poultry production is an important sector of agriculture in sri lanka; however, there is a lack of information regarding circulation of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). rna was extracted from chicken tissues, subjected to ibv s1 rt-pcr, and sequenced. overall, 19 out of 34 (55.88 %) samples were ibv positive and contained the genotype 793b (n = 13; 68.42 %), d274 (n = 4; 21.05 %) or massachusetts (n = 2; 10.53 %). all three genotypes contained at least one strain with less than 99 % nucleotide ...201627020570
detection and identification of infectious bronchitis virus by rt-pcr in iran.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes severe diseases in poultry with significant economic consequences to the poultry industry in iran. the aim of this study was the detection and identification of ibv by reverse transcription(rt)-pcr in iran. ten ib virus strains were detected by testing trachea, cecal tonsil, and kidney tissues collected from broiler and layer farms in iran. in order to detect infectious bronchitis virus, an optimized rt-pcr was used. primers targeting the conserved region ...201627010714
evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in china over the past two decades.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects poultry production worldwide. the absence of vaccine cross-protection and the frequent emergence of new variant strains complicate control of ibv. here we designed a study to measure the evolution dynamics of ibv strains in china. one hundered and seven complete sequences and 1022 s1-region sequences of chinese ibvs isolated between 1994 and 2014 were analysed by using mega 5.0 sof ...201627008625
characterization and analysis of an infectious bronchitis virus strain isolated from southern china in 2013.infectious bronchitis is a severe disease caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) that affects fowl flocks worldwide. the understanding of the mechanisms involved in ibv evolution and variation would provide important theoretical basis for prevention and control of the disease in the future.201626955947
pathogenesis and diagnostic approaches of avian infectious bronchitis.infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the major economically important poultry diseases distributed worldwide. it is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and affects both galliform and nongalliform birds. its economic impact includes decreased egg production and poor egg quality in layers, stunted growth, poor carcass weight, and mortality in broiler chickens. although primarily affecting the respiratory tract, ibv demonstrates a wide range of tissues tropism, including the renal and repro ...201626955391
a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction for differentiation of massachusetts vaccine and brazilian field genotypes of avian infectious bronchitis virus.the avian infectious bronchitis virus is classified into serotypes or genotypes (or both) in different poultry-producing countries of the world. in brazil, massachusetts type (mass), used as a live vaccine, and local field brazilian variants (genotypes; br) predominate in the commercial poultry flocks. this study describes the development and validation of two real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (rt-qpcr) for the specific detection of mass and br genotypes in allantoic flu ...201626953939
recombinant duck enteritis viruses expressing major structural proteins of the infectious bronchitis virus provide protection against infectious bronchitis in chickens.to design an alternative vaccine for control of infectious bronchitis in chickens, three recombinant duck enteritis viruses (rdevs) expressing the n, s, or s1 protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were constructed using conventional homologous recombination methods, and were designated as rdev-n, rdev-s, and rdev-s1, respectively. chickens were divided into five vaccinated groups, which were each immunized with one of the rdevs, covalent vaccination with rdev-n & rdev-s, or covalent vacci ...201626946113
responses of the toll-like receptor and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 signaling pathways to avian infectious bronchitis virus infection in chicks.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a gammacoronavirus in the family coronaviridae and causes highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens. innate immunity plays significant roles in host defense against ibv. here, we explored the interaction between ibv and the host innate immune system. severe histopathological lesions were observed in the tracheal mucosa at 3-5 days post inoculation (dpi) and in the kidney at 8 dpi, with heavy viral loads at 1-11 and 1-28 dpi, respectively. the ex ...201626920710
genotyping of infectious bronchitis viruses from broiler farms in iraq during 2014-2015.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is one of the most critical pathogens in the poultry industry, causing serious economic losses in all countries including iraq. ibv has many genotypes that do not confer any cross-protection. this virus has been genotyped by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene. a total of 100 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the middle and south of iraq were collected from september 2013 to september 2014. thirty-two ibv- ...201626887967
s1 gene-based phylogeny of infectious bronchitis virus: an attempt to harmonize virus classification.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease that results in severe economic losses to the global poultry industry. the virus exists in a wide variety of genetically distinct viral types, and both phylogenetic analysis and measures of pairwise similarity among nucleotide or amino acid sequences have been used to classify ibv strains. however, there is currently no consensus on the method by which ibv sequences should be compared, and heterogeneous genet ...201626883378
interactive mechanism between avian infectious bronchitis s1 protein t cell peptide and avian mhc i molecule.this study aims to construct a 3d structure of the avian major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-β2m complex through homology modelling technology, perform molecular docking of the predicted infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 protein potential epitope peptide sp6 (nqfyiklt) and the avian mhc-β2m complex, and demonstrate the interactive mechanism between sp6 and mhc using molecular dynamical simulations. the peptide sp6 and the non-related peptide np89-97 (pkktggpiy) were used to stimulate in vi ...201626876645
recombinant infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) h120 vaccine strain expressing the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein of newcastle disease virus (ndv) protects chickens against ibv and ndv challenge.infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle disease (nd) are common viral diseases of chickens, which are caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and newcastle disease virus (ndv), respectively. vaccination with live attenuated strains of ibv-h120 and ndv-lasota are important for the control of ib and nd. however, conventional live attenuated vaccines are expensive and result in the inability to differentiate between infected and vaccinated chickens. therefore, there is an urgent need to develo ...201626873815
immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant fusion proteins containing spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus and hemagglutinin of h3n2 influenza virus in chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral respiratory disease of chickens and vaccination is the main method for disease control. the s1 protein, which contains several virus neutralization epitopes, is considered to be a target site of vaccine development. however, although protective immune responses could be induced by recombinant s1 protein, the protection rate in chickens was still low (<50%). here, we generated fused s1 proteins with ha2 protein (rs1-ha2) or transm ...201627497621
exploration of the bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex class i binding motif and identification of cytotoxic t lymphocyte epitopes from the h5n1 influenza virus nucleoprotein in chickens.the binding motif of bf2*15 major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i was explored by analyzing the interaction between an infectious bronchitis virus octapeptide and bf2*15, and the cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl) epitope from the nucleoprotein (np) of h5n1 virus was identified using experimental methods. computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking analysis, were used. the recombinant plasmid pcaggs-np was constructed, and np expres ...201627518404
prevalence of avian respiratory viruses in broiler flocks in egypt.in this study, respiratory viral pathogens were screened using real-time rt-pcr in 86 broiler chicken flocks suffering from respiratory diseases problems in 4 egyptian governorates between january 2012 and february 2014. the mortality rates in the investigated flocks ranged from 1 to 47%. results showed that mixed infection represented 66.3% of the examined flocks. mixed infectious bronchitis (ibv) and avian influenza (ai)-h9n2 viruses were the most common infection (41.7%). lack of ai-h9n2 vacc ...201626976895
phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus in southwestern china, 2012-2016.the aim of this study was to decipher the molecular epidemiological and antigenic characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus strains (ibvs) isolated in recent years in southwestern china. a total of 24 field strains were isolated from diseased chickens between 2012 and 2016. phylogenetic analysis based on s1 nucleotide sequences showed that 16 of the 24 isolates were clustered into four distinct genotypes: qx (37.5%), tw (16.7%, twi and twii), mass (8.3%), and j2 (4.2%). the qx genotype was ...201627530216
infectious bronchitis vaccine virus detection and part-s1 genetic variation following single or dual inoculation in broiler chicks.an investigation was undertaken of the extent of genetic variation occurring within infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) vaccine strains following vaccination of day-old broiler chicks. chicks were divided into seven groups, with two groups receiving single massachusetts (mass) vaccinations and the other four were inoculated with combinations of different ibv serotypes; mass, 793b, d274, and arkansas (ark). the remaining group was maintained as an unvaccinated control. following vaccination, swabs ...201627917677
genetic mutations in live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses following single or dual in vitro infection of tracheal organ cultures.despite regular co-vaccination of two different strains of live infectious bronchitis vaccine viruses, little is known about possible mutations in these viruses following vaccination. as an alternative to chicks, this study used an in vitro infection model to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) within the part-s1 gene of two live infectious bronchitis virus vaccine strains (793b and massachusetts) following single or dual inoculation onto tracheal organ cultures. results indicate tha ...201627902312
insights from molecular structure predictions of the infectious bronchitis virus s1 spike glycoprotein.infectious bronchitis virus is an important respiratory pathogen in chickens. the ibv s1 spike is a viral structural protein that is responsible for attachment to host receptors and is a major target for neutralizing antibodies. to date, there is no experimentally determined structure for the ibv s1 spike. in this study, we sought to find a predicted tertiary structure for ibv s1 using i-tasser, which is an automated homology modeling platform. we found that the predicted structures obtained wer ...201627836775
pathogenicity of a tw-like strain of infectious bronchitis virus and evaluation of the protection induced against it by a qx-like strain.avian infectious bronchitis, a highly contagious disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is of considerable economic importance to the poultry industry. new ibv tw-like strains have increasingly emerged in china in recent years; hence, evaluating their pathogenicity and developing a specific vaccine to guard against their potential threat to the poultry industry is important. here, we examined the pathogenicity of a tw-like ibv strain (gd), and evaluated the protective efficac ...201627803698
full genome sequence analysis of a newly emerged qx-like infectious bronchitis virus from sudan reveals distinct spots of recombination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection continues to cause economically important diseases in poultry while different geno- and serotypes continue to circulate globally. two infectious bronchitis viruses (ibv) were isolated from chickens with respiratory disease in sudan. sequence analysis of the hypervariable regions of the s1 gene revealed a close relation to the qx-like genotype which has not been detected in sudan before. whole genome analysis of ibv/ck/sudan/ar251-15/2014 isolate by nex ...201627793730
small interfering rna expression inhibits avian infectious bronchitis virus replication and inflammatory response.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major cause of poor weight gain and mortality among chicks.201626835751
effect of different vaccination strategies on ibv qx population dynamics and clinical outbreaks.the extreme variability and rapid evolution of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) has always represented the key challenge for its control because of the limited cross-protection among different strains. several experimental trials have proven a broadening of the protection spectrum when animals are vaccinated with multiple genotypes. nevertheless, the conditions of vaccine administration in field are so different that the generalization of experimental results is, at least, questionable. in the ...201627670071
polymorphisms in the s1 spike glycoprotein of arkansas-type infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) show differential binding to host tissues and altered antigenicity.sequencing avian infectious bronchitis virus spike genes re-isolated from vaccinated chicks revealed that many sequence changes are found on the s1 spike gene. in the arkdpi strain, y43h and ∆344 are the two most common changes observed. this study aims to examine the roles of y43h and ∆344 in selection in vivo. using recombinant arkdpi s1 proteins, we conducted binding assays on chicken tracheas and embryonic chorioallantoic membrane (cam). protein histochemistry showed that the y43h change all ...201627619927
gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus in quail.this paper expands on a previous report about coronaviruses in quail. after surveillance carried out in 2009 and 2010, some farmers started vaccinating quail with the massachusetts avian infectious bronchitis virus serotype. the samples for this study were collected in 2013 from são paulo state in southeastern brazil. pools of trachea, lungs, reproductive tract, kidneys, and enteric contents from quail and laying hens kept in the same farms and from quail-only farms as well as from both healthy ...201627610726
the sequence of the full spike s1 glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus circulating in egypt reveals evidence of intra-genotypic recombination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) continues to circulate worldwide, with a significant impact on the poultry industry and affecting both vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. several studies have focused on the hypervariable regions (hvrs) of the spike gene (s1); however, genetic and bioinformatics studies of the whole s1 gene are limited. in this study, the whole s1 gene of five egyptian ibvs was genetically analyzed. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the egyptian ibvs are clustered within two ...201627604121
pathogenicity of virulent infectious bronchitis virus isolate yn on hen ovary and oviduct.avian infectious bronchitis is an economically important poultry disease caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). ibv isolate yn is a virulent strain, which is genetically similar to most of the prevalent strains in china. in this study, 21-day-old commercial laying hens were infected with ibv strain yn. the damaging effects of the virus on the reproductive organs were evaluated with clinical observations, gross autopsy and histopathological examinations during the 100-day monitoring p ...201627599936
distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains in different organs and evidence of vertical transmission in natural infection.on the basis of partial sequencing of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 gene, this study investigated the molecular diversity of the virus in two life periods of a batch of breeding hens at the field level. the chicks were vaccinated against ibv on the second day of life with the vaccine ma5, but at the age of 18 days, they exhibited clinical signs and macroscopic lesions compatible with avian infectious bronchitis (ib). in the clinical disease stage, the ma5 vaccine strain was detected i ...201627586414
full-length genome sequencing analysis of avian infectious bronchitis virus isolate associated with nephropathogenic infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) produces infectious bronchitis (ib) disease in poultry worldwide. in spite of proper vaccinations against the ibv, new ibv strains are continually emerging worldwide. in this study, a new highly virulent nephropathogenic ibv strain named ck/ch/xdc-2/2013 was identified from a vaccinated flock with clinical signs of ib in the jiangsu province of china. the full-length genome sequence of the isolate was 27,714 nucleotides long, and the genome was organized similar ...201627566728
genotyping and pathotyping of diversified strains of infectious bronchitis viruses circulating in egypt.to characterize the circulating infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains in egypt depending on the sequence of the spike-1 (s1) gene [hypervariable region-3 (hvr-3)] and to study the pathotypic features of these strains.201627563538
the establishment and characteristics of cell-adapted ibv strain h120.avian infectious bronchitis virus is an important pathogen in poultry worldwide. vaccination is the only effective way to prevent and control ibv infection. h120, one of the safest vaccine strains, which has been used worldwide as a primary vaccine, cannot adapt to passaged cells, which severely restricts the quality of the vaccine. based on the reverse genetics of our previous research work, we constructed the recombinant r-h120-beaudette-p65(s) strain by replacing the complete spike gene of h1 ...201627558123
long-term detection of seasonal influenza rna in faeces and intestine.some cases of seasonal influenza virus (human influenza a virus (iav)/human influenza b virus (ibv)) are associated with abdominal symptoms. although virus rna has been detected in faeces, intestinal infection has not been clearly demonstrated. we aimed to provide evidence that iav/ibv infects the human intestine. this prospective observational study measured virus rna in faecal and sputum samples from 22 patients infected with iav/ibv (19 iav positive and three ibv positive). nineteen patients ...201627424942
productive replication of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus in peripheral blood monocytic cells, a strategy for viral dissemination and kidney infection in chickens.in the present study, the replication kinetics of nephropathogenic (b1648) and respiratory (massachusetts-m41) ibv strains were compared in vitro in respiratory mucosa explants and blood monocytes (kul01(+) cells), and in vivo in chickens to understand why some ibv strains have a kidney tropism. b1648 was replicating somewhat better than m41 in the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa explants and used more kul01(+) cells to penetrate the deeper layers of the respiratory tract. b1648 was product ...201627412035
[the isolation and identification of infectious bronchitis virus ptfy strain in muscovy ducks].in july 2009, some farms of breeding muscovy ducks on the peak of egg laying suffered the decrease of hatching rate and the quality of the eggs showing low mortality and no evident respiratory symptoms. the swelling and congestive ovary was visible after autopsy. this study was brought out for the diagnosis of these cases. the virus was isolated and identified by the methods of virus culture in chicken embryo, physical and chemical properties test, hemagglutinin test, ndv (newcastle diseases vir ...201627396165
tmprss2 independency for haemagglutinin cleavage in vivo differentiates influenza b virus from influenza a virus.influenza a and b viruses show clear differences in their host specificity and pandemic potential. recent studies have revealed that the host protease tmprss2 plays an essential role for proteolytic activation of h1, h3, and h7 subtype strains of influenza a virus (iav) in vivo. iav possessing a monobasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin (ha) protein replicates poorly in tmprss2 knockout mice owing to insufficient ha cleavage. in the present study, human isolates of influenza b virus (ibv) st ...201627389476
serotype, antigenicity, and pathogenicity of a naturally recombinant tw i genotype infectious bronchitis coronavirus in china.since 2009, strains of the naturally recombinant tw i genotype of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) have caused considerable damage to the chinese poultry industry. to better understand the antigenicity and pathogenesis of this genotype, the characteristics of the ck/ch/ldl/140520 strain were compared to those of four commercial ib vaccine strains that are used commonly in china, as well as four attenuated viruses that represent two types of ibv strains, which are believed to have originated in ...201627374900
promoter structures and differential responses to viral and non-viral inducers of chicken melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5.melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (mda5) is a member of the retinoic acid-inducible gene i (rig-i)-like receptors (rlrs) family and plays a pivotal role in the anti-viral innate immune response. as rig-i is absent in chickens, mda5 is hypothesized to be important in detecting viral nucleic acids in the cytoplasm. however, the molecular mechanism of the regulation of chicken mda5 (chmda5) expression has yet to be fully elucidated. with this in mind, a ∼2.5kb chmda5 gene promoter region w ...201627327127
a coronavirus associated with runting stunting syndrome in broiler chickens.runting stunting syndrome (rss) is a disease condition that affects broilers and causes impaired growth and poor feed conversion because of enteritis characterized by pale and distended small intestines with watery contents. the etiology of the disease is multifactorial, and a large variety of viral agents have been implicated. here we describe the detection and isolation of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) -like coronavirus from the intestines of a flock of 60,000 14-day-old brown/red broil ...201627309300
variability assessment of california infectious bronchitis virus variants.on the basis of the data from the california animal health and food safety laboratory system, 1444 infectious bronchitis (ib) cases were diagnosed between 1997 and 2012. epidemiologic analyses demonstrated two major ib virus (ibv) outbreak peaks, affecting mainly 35-to-49-day-old broiler chickens. california variant 1737 (ca1737) and california variant 1999 (cal 99) ibv types were the most prevalent genotypes during the analyzed period. to further understand the increased prevalence of these gen ...201627309282
kidney cell-adapted infectious bronchitis virus arkansas delmarva poultry industry vaccine confers effective protection against challenge.we previously demonstrated that adaptation of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas delmarva poultry industry (arkdpi)-derived vaccine to chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells shifted the virus population towards homogeneity in spike (s) and nonstructural protein genes. moreover, the typical ark vaccine subpopulations emerging in chickens vaccinated with commercial ark vaccines were not detected in chickens vaccinated with the cek-adapted virus. in this study, chickens vacc ...201627309281
infectious bronchitis coronavirus limits interferon production by inducing a host shutoff that requires accessory protein 5b.during infection of their host cells, viruses often inhibit the production of host proteins, a process that is referred to as host shutoff. by doing this, viruses limit the production of antiviral proteins and increase production capacity for viral proteins. coronaviruses from the genera alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), establish host shutoff via their nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1). the gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus ...201627279618
assessment of pathogenicity and tissue distribution of infectious bronchitis virus strains (italy 02 genotype) isolated from moroccan broiler chickens.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry, affecting chickens of all ages and causing major economic losses in poultry flocks. mass vaccination is conducted in morocco using a vaccine against massachusetts, which is the most dominant serotype; however no information about the pathogenesis and tissue distribution of the moroccan italy 02 genotype was reported. 40 one-day-old specific pathogen free chickens were divided randomly into four groups. group ...201627277076
evolutionary and bioinformatic analysis of the spike glycoprotein gene of h120 vaccine strain protectotype of infectious bronchitis virus from india.the infectious bronchitis virus is a causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis (aib), and is is an important disease that produces severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. recent aib outbreaks in india have been associated with poor growth in broilers, drop in egg production, and thin egg shells in layers. the complete spike gene of indian aib vaccine strain was amplified and sequenced using a conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and is submitted to ...201625311758
deoxynivalenol in chicken feed alters the vaccinal immune response and clinical biochemical serum parameters but not the intestinal and carcass characteristics.this study was conducted to investigate the impacts of deoxynivalenol (don) feeding either alone or in combination with a microbial feed additive (mfa) on the immune response to a viral vaccine and serum clinical chemical parameters. forty 1-day-old boiler chicks were weighed and randomly divided into four groups, 10 birds in each group: (i) control group fed with basal diet; (ii) don group fed with basal diet artificially contaminated with 10 mg don/kg feed; (iii) don + mfa group fed with basal ...201625900321
pathogenesis of renal lesions in chickens after experimental infection with 9a5b newcastle disease virus mutant isolate.in this study, we investigated the pathogenesis of newcastle disease virus (ndv) in the chicken kidney. twenty-six 32-day-old specific pathogen-free chickens were intranasally inoculated with the 9a5b ndv mutant isolate. kidney tissue samples, collected at 6 and 12 hours postinoculation (hpi) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (dpi), were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (ihc), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and virus titration. histopathologic ...201727371537
the effect of allium sativum (garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg.garlic is a plant has been used as a flavor, and anti-microbial and anti-diarrheal agent. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus. the available vaccines against ibv cannot cover new variants. this study evaluated the inhibitory effects of garlic extract on ibv.201727516987
blood biochemistry and immune response in aseel chicken under free range, semi-intensive, and confinement rearing systems.a study was conducted to investigate the effects of 3 different rearing systems [free range ( fr: ), semi-intensive ( si: ), and confinement ( cf: )] on blood biochemical profile and immune response in 4 varieties of aseel chicken [lakha ( lk: ), mushki ( ms: ), peshawari ( pw: ) and sindhi ( sn: )] for 10 wk duration (7 to 16 wk). at the age of 6 wk, in total, 180 cockerels were assigned to 12 treatment groups, 3 (rearing system) × 4 (aseel chicken variety) factorial arrangement in 7 randomized ...201727591273
a novel variant of the infectious bronchitis virus resulting from recombination events in italy and spain.infectious bronchitis is considered to be one of the most devastating diseases in poultry. control of its spread is typically attempted through biosecurity measures and extensive vaccination. however, the remarkable genetic and antigenic variability of the virus, which originate from both mutations and recombination events, represents an unsolved challenge for this disease. the present study reports on the emergence and spread of recombinant clusters detected in italy and spain between 2012 and ...201727329854
protection of chickens vaccinated with combinations of commercial live infectious bronchitis vaccines containing massachusetts, dutch and qx-like serotypes against challenge with virulent infectious bronchitis viruses 793b and is/1494/06 israel variant 2.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus which affects chickens of all ages. ibv mainly causes respiratory disease but can also result in reduced weight gain, reduced egg production, increased frequency of abnormal eggs and increased rates of mortality. vaccination is the most important way to control the disease. nevertheless, novel strains of infectious bronchitis (ib) continue to emerge in the field. in order to respond promptly, combinations of existing ib vaccines are frequently t ...201727400065
single nucleoprotein residue determines influenza a virus sensitivity to an intertypic suppression mechanism.several mechanisms underlying intertypic interference between co-infecting influenza types a and b viruses (iav and ibv) have been proposed. we have recently described one in which ibv's nucleoprotein (bnp) sequestered iav's nucleoprotein (anp) and suppressed iav polymerase and growth. however, its anti-iav capacity and limitations have not been fully explored. here, we showed that bnp's inhibitory effect was more potent toward a wide array of avian iavs, whereas human iavs revealed moderate res ...201728371631
introducing a class of standardized and interchangeable parts utilizing programmed ribosomal frameshifts for synthetic biology applications.synthetic biology and the rational design of biological devices depend on the availability of standardized and interchangeable biological parts with diverse range of functions. reliable access to different reading frames during translation has largely been overlooked as functionality for bioengineering applications. here we report the construction and initial characterization of the first member of such a class of biological parts that conforms to the biobrick standard (rfc25), allowing its inte ...201726824028
selection of reference genes for gene expression analysis by real-time qpcr in avian cells infected with infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes infectious bronchitis in poultry, a respiratory disease that is a source of major economic loss to the poultry industry. detection and the study of the molecular pathogenesis of the virus often involve the use of real-time quantitative pcr assays (qpcr). to account for error within the experiments, the levels of target gene transcription are normalized to that of suitable reference genes. despite publication of the miqe (minimum information for publicatio ...201727624876
epidemiology and characterization of avian infectious bronchitis virus strains circulating in southern china during the period from 2013-2015.two hundred and six strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from chickens showing signs of disease in southern china during the period from 2013-2015. the nucleotide and amino acid sequences from the isolated field strains were compared to 42 published references. nucleotide homologies ranged from 63.1-99.9% and amino acid homologies ranging from 60.2-100%. at least seven ibv genotypes were co-circulating in commercial chicken farms in southern china. the ibv isolates we ...201728747730
whole-genome characterization of uruguayan strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus reveals extensive recombination between the two major south american lineages.infectious bronchitis virus (gammacoronavirus, coronaviridae) is a genetically variable rna virus that causes one of the most persistent respiratory diseases in poultry. the virus is classified in genotypes and lineages with different epidemiological relevance. two lineages of the gi genotype (11 and 16) have been widely circulating for decades in south america. gi-11 is an exclusive south american lineage while the gi-16 lineage is distributed in asia, europe and south america. here, we obtaine ...201728705717
co-circulation of three clusters of 793/b-like avian infectious bronchitis virus genotypes in iranian chicken flocks.avian infectious bronchitis (ib) is an acute and highly contagious viral disease causing severe economic losses in the poultry industry. the 793/b ib virus is an important infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) genotype currently circulating in several countries, including iran. one hundred confirmed ibv samples (between 2014 and 2015; from 15 provinces in iran) were selected for genotyping based on s1 sequencing. after phylogenetic analysis, it was found that 30% of the ibv isolates belonged to the ...201728689232
chicken mannose binding lectin has antiviral activity towards infectious bronchitis virus.mannose binding lectin (mbl) is a collagenous c-type lectin, which plays an important role in innate immunity. it can bind to carbohydrates on the surface of a wide range of pathogens, including viruses. here we studied the antiviral effect of recombinant chicken (rc)mbl against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious coronavirus of chicken. rcmbl inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the infection of bhk-21 cells by ibv-beaudette, as detected by immunofluorescence staining of vira ...201728686880
kidney cell-adapted infectious bronchitis arkdpi vaccine is stable and protective.we previously demonstrated that adaptation of an embryo-attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) arkansas (ark) delmarva poultry industry (dpi)-derived vaccine to chicken embryo kidney (cek) cells (cekp7) shifted the virus population towards homogeneity in spike (s) and nonstructural protein genes. moreover, the typical ark vaccine subpopulations emerging in chickens vaccinated with commercial ark vaccines were not detected in chickens vaccinated with cekp7, indicating that kidney-cell adapt ...201728665723
variability in biological behaviour, pathogenicity, protectotype and induction of virus neutralizing antibodies by different vaccination programs to infectious bronchitis virus genotype q1 strains from chile.in the period from july 2008 to 2010 a disease episode resulting in serious economic losses in the major production area of the chilean poultry industry were reported. these losses were associated with respiratory problems, increase of condemnations, drops in egg production and nephritis in breeders, laying hens and broilers due to infections with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). twenty-five ibv isolates were genotyped and 4 strains were selected for further testing by pathotyping and protecto ...201728660781
use of sequence-independent, single-primer-amplification (sispa) for rapid detection, identification, and characterization of avian rna viruses.current technologies with next generation sequencing have revolutionized metagenomics analysis of clinical samples. to achieve the non-selective amplification and recovery of low abundance genetic sequences, a simplified sequence-independent, single-primer amplification (sispa) technique in combination with miseq platform was applied to target negative- and positive-sense single-stranded rna viral sequences. this method allowed successful sequence assembly of full or near full length avian influ ...201728646651
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