Publications

arguments for live flavivirus vaccines.		2004	15302188
fusion pcr generated japanese encephalitis virus/dengue 4 virus chimera exhibits lack of neuroinvasiveness, attenuated neurovirulence, and a dual-flavi immune response in mice.	the first flavivirus chimera encoding dengue 4 virus (d4) prm and e structural proteins in a japanese encephalitis virus (jev) backbone was successfully generated using the long-pcr based cdna-fragment stitching (lpcrcfs) technique, demonstrating the technique's applicability for rapid preparation of flavivirus chimeras. the jev/d4 chimera multiplied at levels equal to jev and d4 in the mosquito cell line c6/36, while in a mouse neuronal cell line (n2a) jev replicated efficiently, but jev/d4 and ...	2004	15302944
gb virus b infection of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) and associated liver pathology.	gb virus b (gbv-b) is a flavivirus that is related closely to hepatitis c virus (hcv) and induces an acute hepatitis when inoculated into several species of new world primates. common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are a widely available, non-endangered primate species that is susceptible to gbv-b infection and develops a characteristic acute hepatitis. here, animals were found to be susceptible to serially passaged serum and gbv-b transcripts. hepatic pathology and peripheral viraemia could be ...	2004	15302946
[tick borne zoonosis: selected clinical and diagnostic aspects].	tick-borne zoonotic infections are among the most diffuse vector borne diseases: these large group of infections is caused by different microorganisms: babesia spp., borrelia spp., rickettsia spp., ehrlichia spp., francisella tularensis, coxiella burnetii) and tick-borne encephalitis virus. babesiosis is caused by the protozoa (sporozoa) babesia microti and it is quite rare in humans in europe. the ixodids ticks are the competent vectors. a few symptomatic cases have been reported, mainly in spl ...	2004	15305697
introduction of mutations into the non-structural genes or 3' untranslated region of an attenuated dengue virus type 4 vaccine candidate further decreases replication in rhesus monkeys while retaining protective immunity.	a dengue virus vaccine candidate, rden4delta30, has been previously reported to be safe and immunogenic in humans, but a subset of vaccinees developed asymptomatic rash, elevation of liver enzymes and/or mild neutropenia. in the current study, mutations that had previously been shown to reduce replication of den4 virus in suckling mice and/or in scid mice engrafted with human liver cells (scid-huh-7 mice) were introduced into rden4delta30 in an attempt to further attenuate this virus. three of t ...	2004	15308370
hepatitis c virus e2 has three immunogenic domains containing conformational epitopes with distinct properties and biological functions.	mechanisms of virion attachment, interaction with its receptor, and cell entry are poorly understood for hepatitis c virus (hcv) because of a lack of an efficient and reliable in vitro system for virus propagation. infectious hcv retroviral pseudotype particles (hcvpp) were recently shown to express native e1e2 glycoproteins, as defined in part by hcv human monoclonal antibodies (hmabs) to conformational epitopes on e2, and some of these antibodies block hcvpp infection (a. op de beeck, c. voiss ...	2004	15308717
blocking of the alpha interferon-induced jak-stat signaling pathway by japanese encephalitis virus infection.	the induction of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) is a powerful host defense mechanism against viral infection, and many viruses have evolved strategies to overcome the antiviral effects of ifn. in this study, we found that ifn-alpha had only some degree of antiviral activity against japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection, in contrast to another flavivirus, dengue virus serotype 2, which was highly sensitive to ifn-alpha in the cultured cell system. jev infection appeared to render ce ...	2004	15308723
effect of interferon-alpha2b therapy on st. louis viral meningoencephalitis: clinical and laboratory results of a pilot study.	the safety and potential efficacy of interferon (ifn)-alpha2b were determined for 15 patients during an outbreak of meningoencephalitis due to st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus. clinical and laboratory results were compared with those of 17 untreated patients who were admitted to the same hospital during this nonrandomized preliminary trial. quadriplegia, quadriparesis, or respiratory insufficiency persisted after the first week of hospitalization, for 11 of 17 untreated patients and for only 2 ...	2004	15319857
rodent models for the study of therapy against flavivirus infections.	flaviviruses cause a variety of diseases including (meningo)encephalitis and hemorrhagic fevers. there is no specific antiviral therapy available for the treatment of infections with flaviviruses and such therapy should be urgently developed. small animal models that are reminiscent of the disease in man will be instrumental to identify therapeutic strategies against flavivirus infections. here we review models in mice and hamsters that may be used to assess the efficacy of novel antiviral strat ...	2004	15321702
enzymatic characterization and homology model of a catalytically active recombinant west nile virus ns3 protease.	west nile virus (wnv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus with a rapidly expanding global distribution. infection causes severe neurological disease and fatalities in both human and animal hosts. the west nile viral protease (ns2b-ns3) is essential for post-translational processing in host-infected cells of a viral polypeptide precursor into structural and functional viral proteins, and its inhibition could represent a potential treatment for viral infections. this article describes the design, expre ...	2004	15322074
a plasmid encoding japanese encephalitis virus prm and e proteins elicits protective immunity in suckling mice.	a plasmid encoding japanese encephalitis virus (jev) prm and e proteins was constructed, and its efficacy as a candidate vaccine against jev was evaluated in suckling mice. groups of 10 balb/c mice (5-7 days old) were immunized twice via muscular injection with this dna vaccine, an empty vector or pbs at an interval of 3 weeks, and were challenged with a lethal dose of jev 3 weeks after the second inoculation. both cellular and humoral immune responses were examined before the challenge. two ani ...	2004	15322338
phylogenetic analysis of west nile virus, nuevo leon state, mexico.	west nile virus rna was detected in brain tissue from a horse that died in june 2003 in nuevo leon state, mexico. nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the premembrane and envelope genes showed that the virus was most closely related to west nile virus isolates collected in texas in 2002.	2004	15324558
yellow fever 17d virus: pseudo-revertant suppression of defective virus penetration and spread by mutations in domains ii and iii of the e protein.	a yellow fever (yfv) 17d virus variant, which causes persistent infection of mouse neuroblastoma cells associated with defective cell penetration and small plaque size, yielded plaque-revertant viruses from cells transfected with viral transcripts encoding the adaptive mutation (gly360 in the e protein). reconstruction of a plaque-purified revertant which contained gly360 and additional substitutions (asn for lys303 and val for ala261) yielded a virus whose infectious center size, growth efficie ...	2004	15327896
involvement of a bovine viral diarrhea virus ns5b locus in virion assembly.	a novel mutant of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was found with a virion assembly phenotype attributable to an insertion into the ns5b polymerase locus. this mutant, termed 5b-741, was engineered by reverse genetics to express ns5b with a c-terminal peptide tag of 22 amino acids. electroporation of bovine cells with genomic rna from this mutant showed levels rna synthesis which were regarded as sufficient for infectivity, yet infectious virions were not produced. pseudorevertants of mutant 5 ...	2004	15331694
genetic relationships and evolution of genotypes of yellow fever virus and other members of the yellow fever virus group within the flavivirus genus based on the 3' noncoding region.	genetic relationships among flaviviruses within the yellow fever (yf) virus genetic group were investigated by comparing nucleotide sequences of the 3' noncoding region (3'ncr). size heterogeneity was observed between members and even among strains of the same viral species. size variation between yf strains was due to duplications and/or deletions of repeated nucleotide sequence elements (ryf). west african genotypes had three copies of the ryf (ryf1, ryf2, and ryf3); the angola and the east an ...	2004	15331698
development of a gb virus b marmoset model and its validation with a novel series of hepatitis c virus ns3 protease inhibitors.	gb virus b (gbv-b), a flavivirus closely related to hcv, has previously been shown to infect and replicate to high titers in tamarins (saguinus sp.). this study describes the use of gbv-b infection and replication in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) for the successful development and validation of a surrogate animal model for hepatitis c virus (hcv). infection of marmosets with gbv-b produced a viremia that peaked at 10(8) to 10(9) genome copies/ml for a period of 40 to 60 days followed ...	2004	14747571
phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea viruses using five different genetic regions.	phylogenetic analysis of the five different regions (5' non-coding region (5'ncr), n(pro), e2, ns3 and ns5b-3'ncr) of 48 japanese and reported bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) genomes was performed. japanese bvdvs were segregated into bvdv1 subdivided into six subgroups and bvdv2. one isolate, so cp/75, isolated in 1975 and previously proposed as subgroup 1e according to its 5'ncr sequence, was quite unique and formed an independent lineage in the tree of any region. another isolate, 190cp, ob ...	2004	14749175
fatal west nile virus encephalitis in a renal transplant recipient.	west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-transmitted single-stranded rna flavivirus, causes human disease of variable severity. we report clinical and pathologic findings of fatal encephalitis from the transmission of wnv from an organ donor to a kidney transplant recipient. the patient developed a febrile illness 18 days after transplantation, which progressed to encephalitis. postmortem examination demonstrated extensive viral encephalopathic changes. immunohistochemical studies highlighted wnv antig ...	2004	14750237
activation of virus-specific memory b cells in the absence of t cell help.	humoral immunity is maintained by long-lived plasma cells, constitutively secreting antibodies, and nonsecreting resting memory b cells that are rapidly reactivated upon antigen encounter. the activation requirements for resting memory b cells, particularly the role of t helper cells, are unclear. to analyze the activation of memory b cells, mice were immunized with human cytomegalovirus, a complex human herpesvirus, and tick-born encephalitis virus, and a simple flavivirus. b cell populations d ...	2004	14769849
cell-mediated immune responses in healthy children with a history of subclinical infection with japanese encephalitis virus: analysis of cd4+ and cd8+ t cell target specificities by intracellular delivery of viral proteins using the human immunodeficiency virus tat protein transduction domain.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a single-stranded positive-sense rna virus of the family flaviviridae, is the major cause of paediatric encephalitis in asia. the high incidence of subclinical infections in japanese encephalitis-endemic areas and subsequent evasion of encephalitis points to the development of immune responses against jev. humoral responses play a central role in protection against jev; however, cell-mediated immune responses contributing to this end are not fully understood. t ...	2004	14769905
mimicking live flavivirus immunization with a noninfectious rna vaccine.	flaviviruses are human pathogens of world-wide medical importance. they have recently received much additional attention because of their spread to new regions (such as west nile virus to north america), highlighting their potential as newly emerging disease agents. using tick-borne encephalitis virus, we have developed and evaluated in mice a new genetic vaccine based on self-replicating but noninfectious rna. this rna contains all of the necessary genetic information for establishing its repli ...	2004	14769933
safety and immunogenicity of a three dose regimen of two tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccines in five- to twelve-year-old thai children.	the safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccines after a three dose vaccination series were evaluated in thai children.	2004	14872173
alterations of pr-m cleavage and virus export in pr-m junction chimeric dengue viruses.	during the export of flavivirus particles through the secretory pathway, a viral envelope glycoprotein, prm, is cleaved by the proprotein convertase furin; this cleavage is required for the subsequent rearrangement of receptor-binding e glycoprotein and for virus infectivity. similar to many furin substrates, prm in vector-borne flaviviruses contains basic residues at positions p1, p2, and p4 proximal to the cleavage site; in addition, a number of charged residues are found at position p3 and be ...	2004	14963133
contribution of disulfide bridging to epitope expression of the dengue type 2 virus envelope glycoprotein.	the individual contributions of each of the six conserved disulfide (ss) bonds in the dengue 2 virus envelope (e) glycoprotein (strain 16681) to epitope expression was determined by measuring the reactivities of a panel of well-defined monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with llc-mk(2) cells that had been transiently transformed with plasmid vectors expressing e proteins that were mutant in their ss bonds. three domain i (di) epitopes (c1, c3, and c4) were affected by elimination of any ss bond and wer ...	2004	14963174
structure of a flavivirus envelope glycoprotein in its low-ph-induced membrane fusion conformation.	enveloped viruses enter cells via a membrane fusion reaction driven by conformational changes of specific viral envelope proteins. we report here the structure of the ectodomain of the tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope glycoprotein, e, a prototypical class ii fusion protein, in its trimeric low-ph-induced conformation. we show that, in the conformational transition, the three domains of the neutral-ph form are maintained but their relative orientation is altered. similar to the postfusion c ...	2004	14963486
impaired t helper 1 function of nonstructural protein 3-specific t cells in japanese patients with encephalitis with neurological sequelae.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is the principal cause of viral encephalitis. the predominance of children among patients with encephalitis in areas where jev is endemic that do not have immunization programs suggests that acquired immunity is critical in protecting adults against symptomatic jev encephalitis. we characterized and compared the t cell response to nonstructural (ns) protein 3 between healthy individuals naturally exposed to jev and patients in the convalescent phase of jev encep ...	2004	14976606
recombinant kunjin virus replicon vaccines induce protective t-cell immunity against human papillomavirus 16 e7-expressing tumour.	the persistence of the e7 oncoprotein in transformed cells in human papillomavirus (hpv)-associated cervical cancer provides a tumour-specific antigen to which immunotherapeutic strategies may be directed. self-replicating rna (replicon) vaccine vectors derived from the flavivirus kunjin (kun) have recently been reported to induce t-cell immunity. here, we report that inclusion of a ctl epitope of hpv16 e7 protein into a polyepitope encoded by a kun vector induced e7-directed t-cell responses an ...	2004	14980484
determination of the disulfide bond arrangement of dengue virus ns1 protein.	the 12 half-cystines of ns1 proteins are absolutely conserved among flaviviruses, suggesting their importance to the structure and function of these proteins. in the present study, peptides from recombinant dengue-2 virus ns1 were produced by tryptic digestion in 100% h(2)(16)o, peptic digestion in 50% h(2)(18)o, thermolytic digestion in 50% h(2)(18)o, or combinations of these digestion conditions. peptides were separated by size exclusion and/or reverse phase high performance liquid chromatogra ...	2004	14981082
interim guidelines for the evaluation of infants born to mothers infected with west nile virus during pregnancy.	west nile virus (wnv) is a single-stranded rna flavivirus with antigenic similarities to japanese encephalitis and st. louis encephalitis viruses. it is transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes. flavivirus infection during pregnancy has been associated rarely with both spontaneous abortion and neonatal illness but has not been known to cause birth defects in humans. during 2002, a total of 4,156 cases of wnv illness in humans, including 2,946 cases of neuroinvasiv ...	2004	14985654
west nile virus: an overview of its spread in europe and the mediterranean basin in contrast to its spread in the americas.	west nile (wn) virus is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus. it is widely distributed in africa, the middle east, asia, and southern europe and was recently introduced to north america. birds are involved in the cycle of transmission as amplifying hosts. humans and horses are considered accidental dead-end hosts. wn fever was initially considered a minor arbovirosis, usually inducing a nonsymptomatic or a mild flu-like illness in humans, but some cases of encephalitis associated with fatalities we ...	2004	14986160
characterization of a membrane-associated trimeric low-ph-induced form of the class ii viral fusion protein e from tick-borne encephalitis virus and its crystallization.	the interaction of a dimeric membrane anchor-free form of the envelope protein e (se dimer) from tick-borne encephalitis virus with liposomes at acidic ph levels leads to its conversion into membrane-inserted se trimers. electron microscopy shows that these trimers have their long dimensions along the threefold molecular axis, which is oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the membrane, where the protein inserts via the internal fusion peptide. liposomes containing se at their surface display ...	2004	14990739
virus spread, tissue inflammation and antiviral response in brains of flavivirus susceptible and resistant mice acutely infected with murray valley encephalitis virus.	inborn resistance to flaviviruses, conferred by a single chromosome 5 locus flv, is a genetic trait operative in wild mice and a few strains of laboratory mice. in this study we have used in situ hybridisation to trace the spread of flavivirus genomic rna within the brains of flavivirus susceptible c3h/hejarc and congenic resistant c3h.pri- flv(r) mice following infection with murray valley encephalitis virus (mve) in parallel to studying a brain histopathology and induction of cellular genes in ...	2004	14991436
solution structure of dengue virus capsid protein reveals another fold.	dengue virus is responsible for approximately 50-100 million infections, resulting in nearly 24,000 deaths annually. the capsid (c) protein of dengue virus is essential for specific encapsidation of the rna genome, but little structural information on the c protein is available. we report the solution structure of the 200-residue homodimer of dengue 2 c protein. the structure provides, to our knowledge, the first 3d picture of a flavivirus c protein and identifies a fold that includes a large di ...	2004	14993605
detection of human anti-flavivirus antibodies with a west nile virus recombinant antigen microsphere immunoassay.	we report a new, suspended-microsphere diagnostic test to detect antibodies to west nile (wn) virus in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf). the microsphere immunofluorescence assay can be performed in less than 3 h on specimens of <or=30 microl. a recombinant wn virus envelope (e) protein antigen is covalently coupled to fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. after incubation with diluted serum or csf, antibodies bound to the e protein antigen are detected with fluorescently labeled anti-hu ...	2004	14715733
real-time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for rapid detection of west nile virus.	a one-step, single tube, real-time accelerated reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assay was developed for detecting the envelope gene of west nile (wn) virus. the rt-lamp assay is a novel method of gene amplification that amplifies nucleic acid with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity under isothermal conditions with a set of six specially designed primers that recognize eight distinct sequences of the target. the whole procedure is very simple and rapi ...	2004	14715762
nonsuppurative encephalitis in piglets after experimental inoculation of japanese encephalitis flavivirus isolated from pigs.	nonsuppurative encephalitis was experimentally induced in 3-week-old piglets by a single intravenous inoculation of either of two strains (ib 2001 or as-6) of japanese encephalitis flavivirus (jev) isolated from field pigs. the lesions, which consisted of neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia, glial nodules, and perivas-cular cuffing, were distributed in the cerebrum, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum, particularly in the gray matter of the frontal and temporal lobes and thalamus. the ...	2004	14715969
high fidelity of yellow fever virus rna polymerase.	three consecutive plaque purifications of four chimeric yellow fever virus-dengue virus (chimerivax-den) vaccine candidates against dengue virus types 1 to 4 were performed. the genome of each candidate was sequenced by the consensus approach after plaque purification and additional passages in cell culture. our data suggest that the nucleotide sequence error rate for sp6 rna polymerase used in the in vitro transcription step to initiate virus replication was as high as 1.34 x 10(-4) per copied ...	2004	14694136
inefficient signalase cleavage promotes efficient nucleocapsid incorporation into budding flavivirus membranes.	the mechanism for efficient nucleocapsid (nc) uptake into flavivirus particles which form by budding through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (er) was investigated by using murray valley encephalitis virus as a model. budding of flavivirus membranes is driven by the viral transmembrane proteins prm and e independently of nc interaction. we show that control of signalase cleavage of the multimembrane-spanning flavivirus polyprotein by the catalytic function of the viral protease is crit ...	2004	14671099
an external loop region of domain iii of dengue virus type 2 envelope protein is involved in serotype-specific binding to mosquito but not mammalian cells.	dengue virus (dv) is a flavivirus and infects mammalian cells through mosquito vectors. this study investigates the roles of domain iii of dv type 2 envelope protein (eiii) in dv binding to the host cell. recombinant eiii interferes with dv infection to bhk21 and c6/36 cells by blocking dengue virion adsorption to these cells. inhibition of eiii on bhk21 cells was broad with no serotype specificity; however, inhibition of eiii on c6/36 cells was relatively serotype specific. soluble heparin comp ...	2004	14671119
tetracycline-inducible packaging cell line for production of flavivirus replicon particles.	we have previously developed replicon vectors derived from the australian flavivirus kunjin that have a unique noncytopathic nature and have been shown to direct prolonged high-level expression of encoded heterologous genes in vitro and in vivo and to induce strong and long-lasting immune responses to encoded immunogens in mice. to facilitate further applications of these vectors in the form of virus-like particles (vlps), we have now generated a stable bhk packaging cell line, tetkuncprme, carr ...	2004	14671135
structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion.	dengue virus enters a host cell when the viral envelope glycoprotein, e, binds to a receptor and responds by conformational rearrangement to the reduced ph of an endosome. the conformational change induces fusion of viral and host-cell membranes. a three-dimensional structure of the soluble e ectodomain (se) in its trimeric, postfusion state reveals striking differences from the dimeric, prefusion form. the elongated trimer bears three 'fusion loops' at one end, to insert into the host-cell memb ...	2004	14737159
genetic vaccination of mice with plasmids encoding the ns1 non-structural protein from tick-borne encephalitis virus and dengue 2 virus.	although there is a safe, inexpensive and efficacious vaccine against yellow fever, vaccination against other flavivirus diseases is less successful. there is no licensed vaccine against dengue fever and current vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) and japanese encephalitis are expensive and require several injections. furthermore novel vaccines containing only virus envelope proteins may raise fears over antibody mediated enhancement (ade) of disease. here we report the successful use ...	2004	14739654
complete genome analysis and molecular characterization of usutu virus that emerged in austria in 2001: comparison with the south african strain saar-1776 and other flaviviruses.	here we describe the complete genome sequences of two strains of usutu virus (usuv), a mosquito-borne member of the genus flavivirus in the japanese encephalitis virus (jev) serogroup. usuv was detected in austria in 2001 causing a high mortality rate in blackbirds; the reference strain (saar-1776) was isolated in 1958 from mosquitoes in south africa and has never been associated with avian mortality. the austrian and south african isolates exhibited 97% nucleotide and 99% amino acid identity. p ...	2004	15464850
performance of immunoglobulin g (igg) and igm enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using a west nile virus recombinant antigen (prem/e) for detection of west nile virus- and other flavivirus-specific antibodies.	focus technologies developed an indirect immunoglobulin g (igg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and a mu-capture igm elisa for the detection of west nile virus (wnv)-specific antibodies based on a wnv prem/e protein recombinant antigen. normal and disease state serum panels were used to assess the performance characteristics of the two wnv elisa kits. totals of 807 and 1,423 sera were used to assess the igg elisa and igm elisa kits, respectively. the focus technologies igg elisa had a ...	2004	15472323
noninfectious recombinant antigen for detection of st. louis encephalitis virus-specific antibodies in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	proper surveillance of virus activity and a timely response to viral outbreaks depend upon the rapid diagnosis of viral infections. the immunoglobulin m (igm) antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa) is a fast, sensitive test routinely used for the diagnosis of the medically important west nile and st. louis encephalitis flaviviruses. however, the suckling mouse brain-derived (smb) antigen used in this assay is tedious to prepare and has a risk of exposing personnel to live ...	2004	15472331
interaction of west nile virus with alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates virus entry into cells.	the functional receptor for the flavivirus west nile (wnv) infection has been characterized in this study with a combination of biochemical and molecular approaches. a 105-kda protease-sensitive glycoprotein that binds wnv was isolated from the plasma membrane of cells permissive to wnv infection. the protein was subjected to peptide sequencing, and this glycoprotein was identified as a member of the integrin superfamily. infection of wnv was shown to be markedly inhibited in vero cells pretreat ...	2004	15475343
the ns3 protein of hepatitis c virus induces caspase-8-mediated apoptosis independent of its protease or helicase activities.	apoptosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatitis c virus (hcv)-related disease. here, we show that expression of hcv ns3, or the ns2/ns3 precursor protein, in mammalian cells results in induction of apoptosis and activation of caspases. hcv ns3-induced apoptosis was blocked by a caspase-8, but not a caspase-9-specific inhibitor. hcv ns3 coimmunoprecipitated with caspase-8, but not with other caspases or with fadd. coexpression of hcv ns3 and caspase-8 resulted in aggregation of the ...	2004	15476874
enhancement of dengue virus translation: role of the 3' untranslated region and the terminal 3' stem-loop domain.	an essential step for a productive infection by the dengue flavivirus (den) is translation of the m(7)g-capped, nonpolyadenylated positive-sense rna genome. we have recently identified sequences within the den 3' untranslated region (utr) that modulate viral translation. here, we show that the den type 2 (den2) 3'utr stimulated translation of m(7)g-capped den2 5'utr-containing reporter mrnas in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells compared to a 3' vector sequence. analogous to the 3' poly(a) tail, th ...	2004	15476880
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in humans with japanese encephalitis.	japanese encephalitis virus (jev), the mosquito-borne flavivirus, annually causes an estimated 35,000-50,000 encephalitis cases and 10,000-15,000 deaths in asia, and there is no antiviral treatment. the role played by the immune response in determining the outcome of human infection with jev is poorly understood, although, in animal models of flavivirus encephalitis, unregulated proinflammatory cytokine responses can be detrimental.	2004	15478067
characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from estonia.	tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is a severe problem in estonia. in the present article the first genetic analysis of estonian tbev strains is described. in total, seven tbev strains were isolated from ticks (ixodes ricinus and i. persulcaus), rodents (apodemus agrarius and cletrionomys glareolus), and serum from a tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) patient. the nucleic acid sequences of the viral genome encoding almost the complete e protein (nt 41-1250) and the 3'-ncr-termini of the estonian tb ...	2004	15484275
flavivirus encephalitis.		2004	15496637
analysis of adaptive mutations in kunjin virus replicon rna reveals a novel role for the flavivirus nonstructural protein ns2a in inhibition of beta interferon promoter-driven transcription.	the establishment of persistent noncytopathic replication by replicon rnas of a number of positive-strand rna viruses usually leads to generation of adaptive mutations in nonstructural genes. some of these adaptive mutations (e.g., in hepatitis c virus) increase the ability of rna replication to resist the antiviral action of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta); others (e.g., in sindbis virus) may also lead to more efficient ifn production. using puromycin-selectable kunjin virus (kun) replic ...	2004	15507609
chimerivax-west nile virus live-attenuated vaccine: preclinical evaluation of safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy.	the availability of chimerivax vaccine technology for delivery of flavivirus protective antigens at the time west nile (wn) virus was first detected in north america in 1999 contributed to the rapid development of the vaccine candidate against wn virus described here. chimerivax-japanese encephalitis (je), the first live- attenuated vaccine developed with this technology has successfully undergone phase i and ii clinical trials. the chimerivax technology utilizes yellow fever virus (yf) 17d vacc ...	2004	15507637
the transmembrane domains of the prm and e proteins of yellow fever virus are endoplasmic reticulum localization signals.	the immature flavivirus particle contains two envelope proteins, prm and e, that are associated as a heterodimer. virion morphogenesis of the flaviviruses occurs in association with endoplasmic reticulum (er) membranes, suggesting that there should be accumulation of the virion components in this compartment. this also implies that er localization signals must be present in the flavivirus envelope proteins. in this work, we looked for potential subcellular localization signals in the yellow feve ...	2004	15507646
the role of tumor necrosis factor in modulating responses of murine embryo fibroblasts by flavivirus, west nile.	murine embryo fibroblasts (mef) transcribe tumor necrosis factor (tnf) mrna and secrete soluble tnf in response to infection by west nile virus (wnv) and tnf was demonstrated to be protective against wnv infection in vitro. tnf is not required for the wnv-induced upregulation of mhc-i expression on mef, as tnf deficiency did not affect the upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) by wnv. furthermore, nf-kappab was activated by wnv in tnf-deficient mef, demonstrating that ...	2004	15518815
development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantifying antibodies to japanese encephalitis virus nonstructural 1 protein to detect subclinical infections in vaccinated horses.	antibodies to japanese encephalitis virus (jev) nonstructural 1 (ns1) protein constitute a marker of natural jev infection among populations vaccinated with inactivated je vaccine. in japan, with few recent human je cases, the natural infection rate is critical to evaluate the necessity of continuing je vaccination. a sensitive immunochemical staining method for detecting ns1 antibodies in individuals naturally and subclinically infected with jev was previously established. here, an enzyme-linke ...	2004	15528700
structure and dynamics of a predicted ferredoxin-like selenoprotein in japanese encephalitis virus.	homologues of the selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase (gpx) have been previously identified in poxviruses and in rna viruses including hiv-1 and hepatitis c virus (hcv). sequence analysis of the ns4 region of japanese encephalitis virus (jev) suggests it may encode a structurally related but functionally distinct selenoprotein gene, more closely related to the iron-binding protein ferredoxin than to gpx, with three highly conserved uga codons that align with essential cys residues of ferredoxin ...	2004	15530818
experimental transmission of karshi and langat (tick-borne encephalitis virus complex) viruses by ornithodoros ticks (acari: argasidae).	selected species of mosquitoes and ornithodoros ticks were evaluated for their potential to transmit karshi and langat (tick-borne encephalitis virus complex) viruses in the laboratory. although there was no evidence of replication of karshi virus in either of the two mosquito species tested [ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus (wiedemann) or culex pipiens (l.)], karshi virus replicated in and was transmitted by all three species of ornithodoros ticks tested (ornithodoros parkeri cooley, ornithodoros so ...	2004	15535630
evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm using immunoglobulin m enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate human west nile virus and st. louis encephalitis virus infections during the 2002 west nile virus epidemic in the united states.	a diagnostic algorithm was developed to differentiate between human infections of west nile virus (wnv) and st. louis encephalitis virus (slev) using positive-to-negative (p/n) ratios derived from the immunoglobulin m capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (mac-elisa). to validate this algorithm, we tested 1,418 serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) samples from confirmed wnv and slev infections collected during the wnv epidemic of 2002 in the united states. wnv p/n-to-slev p/n ratios (w/s rati ...	2004	15539517
chimpanzee fab fragments and a derived humanized immunoglobulin g1 antibody that efficiently cross-neutralize dengue type 1 and type 2 viruses.	passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies from humans or nonhuman primates represents an attractive alternative to vaccines for prevention of illness caused by dengue viruses (denv) and other flaviviruses, including the west nile virus. in a previous study, repertoire cloning to recover fab fragments from bone marrow mrna of chimpanzees infected with all four denv serotypes (dengue virus serotype 1 [denv-1] to denv-4) was described. in that study, a humanized immunoglobulin g1 (igg1) antib ...	2004	15542643
epitope determinants of a chimpanzee fab antibody that efficiently cross-neutralizes dengue type 1 and type 2 viruses map to inside and in close proximity to fusion loop of the dengue type 2 virus envelope glycoprotein.	the epitope determinants of chimpanzee fab antibody 1a5, which have been shown to be broadly reactive to flaviviruses and efficient for cross-neutralization of dengue virus type 1 and type 2 (denv-1 and denv-2), were studied by analysis of denv-2 antigenic variants. sequence analysis showed that one antigenic variant contained a gly-to-val substitution at position 106 within the flavivirus-conserved fusion peptide loop of the envelope protein (e), and another variant contained a his-to-gln subst ...	2004	15542644
histidine 39 in the dengue virus type 2 m protein has an important role in virus assembly.	the mature flavivirus particle comprises a nucleocapsid core surrounded by a lipid bilayer containing the membrane (m) (derived from the precursor prm) and envelope (e) proteins. the formation of intracellular prm/e heterodimers occurs rapidly after translation and is believed to be important for the assembly and secretion of immature virus particles. in this study, the role of the his residue at position 39 in the m protein (m39) of dengue virus type 2 (denv-2) in the virus life cycle was inves ...	2004	15557235
viral envelope protein glycosylation is a molecular determinant of the neuroinvasiveness of the new york strain of west nile virus.	two new york (ny) strains of the west nile (wn) virus were plaque-purified and four variants that had different amino acid sequences at the n-linked glycosylation site in the envelope (e) protein sequence were isolated. the e protein was glycosylated in only two of these strain variants. to determine the relationship between e protein glycosylation and pathogenicity of the wn virus, 6-week-old mice were infected subcutaneously with these variants. mice infected with viruses that carried the glyc ...	2004	15557236
toll-like receptor 3 mediates west nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis.	west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne single-stranded (ss)rna flavivirus, causes human disease of variable severity. we investigated the involvement of toll-like receptor (tlr) 3, which recognizes viral double-stranded (ds)rna, on wnv infection. tlr3-deficient (tlr3(-/-)) mice were more resistant to lethal wnv infection and had impaired cytokine production and enhanced viral load in the periphery, whereas in the brain, viral load, inflammatory responses and neuropathology were reduced compared ...	2004	15558055
rapid detection of west nile virus in birds using the vectest wnv antigen assay.	to determine if the vectest west nile virus antigen assay (for testing mosquitoes) could be adapted to detect west nile virus (wnv) rapidly and accurately in birds for screening purposes.	2004	15559727
a conserved histidine in the ij loop of the semliki forest virus e1 protein plays an important role in membrane fusion.	the enveloped alphavirus semliki forest virus (sfv) infects cells via a low ph-triggered membrane fusion reaction mediated by the e1 protein. e1 is a class ii fusion protein that contains the hydrophobic fusion peptide loop and converts to a stable homotrimer during the fusion reaction. intriguingly, the fusion loop is closely associated with a loop connecting the i and j beta-strands. this ij loop plays a role in the cholesterol dependence of membrane fusion and is specifically susceptible to p ...	2004	15564465
identification of residues in the dengue virus type 2 ns2b cofactor that are critical for ns3 protease activation.	proteolytic processing of the dengue virus polyprotein is mediated by host cell proteases and the virus-encoded ns2b-ns3 two-component protease. the ns3 protease represents an attractive target for the development of antiviral inhibitors. the three-dimensional structure of the ns3 protease domain has been determined, but the structural determinants necessary for activation of the enzyme by the ns2b cofactor have been characterized only to a limited extent. to test a possible functional role of t ...	2004	15564480
localization and characterization of flavivirus envelope glycoprotein cross-reactive epitopes.	the flavivirus e glycoprotein, the primary antigen that induces protective immunity, is essential for membrane fusion and mediates binding to cellular receptors. human flavivirus infections stimulate virus species-specific as well as flavivirus cross-reactive immune responses. flavivirus cross-reactive antibodies in human sera create a serious problem for serodiagnosis, especially for secondary flavivirus infections, due to the difficulty of differentiating primary from secondary cross-reactive ...	2004	15564505
[west nile virus, an emerging arbovirus].	the west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus), first isolated in 1937 in africa, is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted through culex mosquitoes bite. its natural cycle includes a vector (culex mosquitoes), a reservoir (birds of various species) and humans and large mammals are epidemiological dead-ends. progressive dissemination: this virus recently drew attention after several epidemics and epizooties were identified in france, russia, romania, and israel. however, the most stri ...	2004	15614177
flavivirus immunization with capsid-deletion mutants: basics, benefits, and barriers.	the flaviviruses comprise a number of arthropod-transmitted human disease agents that cause significant and increasing health threats in major parts of the world. the development of new vaccines is of vital importance, but the stringent need for safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness together with the problems associated with the specific immune pathogenesis of some flavivirus infections impose significant challenges to innovative vaccine research. using tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) as ...	2004	15671744
tick-borne virus diseases of human interest in europe.	several human diseases in europe are caused by viruses transmitted by tick bite. these viruses belong to the genus flavivirus, and include tick-borne encephalitis virus, omsk haemorrhagic fever virus, louping ill virus, powassan virus, nairovirus (crimean-congo haemorrhagic fever virus) and coltivirus (eyach virus). all of these viruses cause more or less severe neurological diseases, and some are also responsible for haemorrhagic fever. the epidemiology, clinical picture and methods for diagnos ...	2004	15606630
bovine viral diarrhoea virus is internalized by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis.	bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) is a pestivirus within the family flaviviridae. in contrast to the members of the genus flavivirus, nothing is known about the viral entry route for pestiviruses. in this study, the process of bvdv infection following attachment to the cell surface was examined. bvdv clearly co-localizes with clathrin, with early endosome antigen-1 (eea-1), an early endosome marker, and also with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2 (lamp-2), a lysosomal marker. bvdv intern ...	2004	15606865
live measles vaccine expressing the secreted form of the west nile virus envelope glycoprotein protects against west nile virus encephalitis.	the schwarz strain of measles virus (mv), a live attenuated rna virus, is one of the safest and most effective human vaccines available. immunization with mv vaccine expressing heterologous antigen is an attractive strategy to prevent emerging viral diseases. west nile virus (wnv), which recently emerged in north america, is an important mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes numerous cases of human encephalitis, thus urging the development of a vaccine. to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant mv ...	2004	15609230
a novel mouse chr5 locus diht controls dopamine-induced hypothermia.	mice of the strain c3h.pri-flv(r), carrying genetically determined resistance to flaviviruses, have been shown to be more sensitive to the hypothermic effect of dopamine than congenic flavivirus-susceptible c3h/hejarc mice. in the current study, the greater sensitivity to dopamine-induced hypothermia observed in flavivirus-resistant mice was shown to be dose-dependent, with strain differences being the most prominent at a moderate dose of apomorphine (1 mg/kg). in addition, hypothermic responses ...	2004	15672594
isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, a pestivirus from autopsied lamb specimen from tamil nadu, india.	an epizootic of febrile illness among the madras red breed of sheep had occurred in 1994 in verrapuram, chennai, india. the epizootic was suspected as rift valley fever (rvf)-like sickness based on clinical features. however, its etiological agent could neither be isolated nor implicated conclusively. during the post-epizootic period a male lamb died of similar clinical features and the spleen was immediately collected. inoculation of spleen suspension in infant mouse brain yielded a virus that ...	2004	15745045
[tick borne flavivirus encephalitis].		2004	15624474
infection of human dendritic cells by dengue virus activates and primes t cells towards th0-like phenotype producing both th1 and th2 cytokines.	dengue viruses (dv) infection is an important public health issue all over the world. although the pathogenesis remains unclear, the overwhelmingly triggered immune responses have been consistently observed. recently, we and other researchers demonstrated that the natural hosts for dv are dendritic cells (dc), the primary sentinels of immune system. in light of the significance of t cells in dengue virus pathogenesis, here, we examine the possible consequences of dc-t cell interaction that is su ...	2004	15624700
emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of japanese encephalitis, west nile and dengue viruses.	mosquito-borne flaviviruses provide some of the most important examples of emerging and resurging diseases of global significance. here, we describe three of them: the resurgence of dengue in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, and the spread and establishment of japanese encephalitis and west nile viruses in new habitats and environments. these three examples also illustrate the complexity of the various factors that contribute to their emergence, resurgence and spread. whereas some of ...	2004	15577938
an animal model for the tickborne flavivirus--omsk hemorrhagic fever virus.	the tickborne encephalitis (tbe) serocomplex of flaviviruses consists primarily of viruses that cause neurologic disease; these viruses include omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (ohfv), a virus that is genetically related to other tbe serocomplex viruses but that circulates in an ecologically distinct niche and causes markedly different human disease. the objective of this study was to examine a potential small-animal model for ohfv and to compare the pathology of infection with that of the neurotrop ...	2004	15593010
[comparative analysis of virulence of the siberian and far-east subtypes of the tick-born encephalitis virus].	the siberian subtype of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tev) is different from the far-east subtype by a moderate virulence observed in siberian hamsters and by a low infection development rate (100 strains were compared). no differences were found in neuro-invasiveness. clinical findings and experiments with monkeys denote the ability of the siberian subtype to provoke severe forms of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe). the inflammation-and-degenerative changes were localized in the brain cortex, ...	2004	15597957
[immunity to flavivirus in amerindian population of the sierra de perijá, zulia state, venezuela].	little information is available about flavivirus infection in amerindian populations in western venezuela. on this account the activity and seroprevalence of these viruses were determined and the hypothesis concerning the existence of a sylvatic cycle, conditioning the infection transmission of these viruses in indigenous populations, was studied. for this, blood samples from yukpas (n=144) and barí (n=110) communities were collected, 35 (yukpas=25 and barí=10) of which were processed for viral ...	2004	15602900
class i and class ii viral fusion protein structures reveal similar principles in membrane fusion.	recent crystal structures of flavivirus and alphavirus fusion proteins (class ii) confirm two major principles of protein machineries that mediate the merger of two opposing lipid bilayers. first, the fusion protein can bridge both membranes tethered by two membrane anchors. second, refolding or domain rearrangement steps lead to the positioning of both anchors into close proximity at the same end of an elongated structure. although these two steps are in principle sufficient to pull two opposin ...	2004	15764366
flaviviruses in motor neuron disease.	sporadic motor neuron disease (mnd) causes a progressive loss of motor neurons. west nile virus can attack motor neurons, so we examined whether flavivirus infection could be detected in mnd cases. spinal cord sections from 22 mnd cases were stained immunohistochemically with a flavivirus-specific antibody. no staining for flavivirus was seen in any case. sporadic mnd does not appear to arise from a recent infection with a flavivirus.	2005	15779013
quantitative trait loci that control dengue-2 virus dissemination in the mosquito aedes aegypti.	the mosquito aedes aegypti is the most important vector of yellow fever and dengue fever flaviviruses. ae. aegypti eradication campaigns have not been sustainable and there are no effective vaccines for dengue viruses. alternative control strategies may depend upon identification of mosquito genes that condition flavivirus susceptibility and may ultimately provide clues for interrupting transmission. quantitative trait loci affecting the ability of ae. aegypti to develop a dengue-2 infection in ...	2005	15781707
heterologous gene expression by infectious and replicon vectors derived from tick-borne encephalitis virus and direct comparison of this flavivirus system with an alphavirus replicon.	the flavivirus tick-borne encephaltis virus (tbev) was established as a vector system for heterologous gene expression. the variable region of the genomic 3' non-coding region was replaced by an expression cassette consisting of the reporter gene enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) under the translational control of an internal ribosomal entry site element, both in the context of an infectious virus genome and of a replicon lacking the genes of the surface proteins prm/m and e. the express ...	2005	15784898
inhibition of flavivirus infections by antisense oligomers specifically suppressing viral translation and rna replication.	rna elements within flavivirus genomes are potential targets for antiviral therapy. a panel of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (pmos), whose sequences are complementary to rna elements located in the 5'- and 3'-termini of the west nile (wn) virus genome, were designed to anneal to important cis-acting elements and potentially to inhibit wn infection. a novel arg-rich peptide was conjugated to each pmo for efficient cellular delivery. these pmos exhibited various degrees of antiviral acti ...	2005	15795246
hepatitis g virus rna positivity among the voluntary blood donors: a summary.	hepatitis virus infection is an increasing problem. millions of humans all over the world are infected. viral hepatitis is accepted as a significant public health problem with several life altering complications. recently, new viruses have been identified for their association with hepatitis. hepatitis g virus (hgv) is a single stranded rna virus which represents a newly discovered virus belonging to the flavivirus family. epidemiological data indicate that the virus is transmitted via blood/blo ...	2005	15798660
characterization of west nile viral replication and maturation in peripheral neurons in culture.	the north american west nile virus (wnv), new york 1999 strain, appears to be highly neurotropic, and its neuroinvasiveness is an important aspect of human disease. the authors have developed an in vitro model to study wnv replication and protein processing in neurons. they compared wnv infection of the dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons (sensory neurons) and pc-12 cells (sympathetic neurons) to wnv infection of the mosquito cell line, c6/36, and vero cells. wnv infection of both neuronal cell t ...	2005	15804955
recombination and flavivirus vaccines: a commentary.		2005	15811640
role of the n-linked glycans of the prm and e envelope proteins in tick-borne encephalitis virus particle secretion.	the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus has two membrane glycoproteins (prm and e), which each has one n-linked glycan. constructs that express prm and e proteins of tbe virus have been shown to produce virus-like particles (vlps), which have surface properties that are similar to those of infectious viruses. to reveal the function of glycosylation of the tbe virus prm and e proteins in the secretion of vlps, we expressed glycosylation-mutated prm and e proteins and compared the secretion levels ...	2005	15811651
[west nile virus (wnv): generalities and implications for blood transfusion].	west nile virus (wnv) is an arbovirus (genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, transmitted to humans by mosquito bite. in most cases (80%), human infection remains asymptomatic. severe central nervous system complications (encephalitis and meningoencephalitis) are rare. in the old world, the virus circulation has been demonstrated in asia, australia, africa, middle east and europe. several outbreaks in humans have been described. following its introduction into north america in 1999, wn virus has ...	2005	15814286
alkhumra haemorrhagic fever: case report and infection control details.		2005	15816213
competitive inhibition of the dengue virus ns3 serine protease by synthetic peptides representing polyprotein cleavage sites.	the ns3 serine protease of dengue virus is required for the maturation of the viral polyprotein and consequently represents a promising target for the development of antiviral inhibitors. however, the substrate specificity of this enzyme has been characterized only to a limited extent. in this study, we have investigated product inhibition of the ns3 protease by synthetic peptides derived from the p6-p1 and the p1'-p5' regions of the natural polyprotein substrate. n-terminal cleavage site peptid ...	2005	15823576
yellow fever virus ns2b-ns3 protease: characterization of charged-to-alanine mutant and revertant viruses and analysis of polyprotein-cleavage activities.	a series of 46 charged-to-alanine mutations in the yellow fever virus ns2b-ns3 protease, previously characterized in cell-free and transient cellular expression systems, was tested for their effects on virus recovery. four distinct plaque phenotypes were observed in cell culture: parental plaque-size (13 mutants), reduced plaque-size (17 mutants), small plaque-size (8 mutants) and no plaque-formation (8 mutants). no mutants displayed any temperature sensitivity based on recovery of virus after r ...	2005	15831952
review on flavivirus vaccine development. proceedings of a meeting jointly organised by the world health organization and the thai ministry of public health, 26-27 april 2004, bangkok, thailand.	in light of the continuous spread of human pathogenic flaviviruses, in particular the mosquito-transmitted species, vaccine development remains a high priority on the public health agenda. on 26-27 april 2004, a conference was held in bangkok, thailand, to review current status of flavivirus vaccine development and related issues, focussing on dengue (den) and japanese encephalitis (je). this event, co-sponsored by the world health organization (who) and the thai ministry of public health, revie ...	2005	15841565
stereophysicochemical variability plots highlight conserved antigenic areas in flaviviruses.	flaviviruses, which include dengue (dv) and west nile (wn), mutate in response to immune system pressure. identifying escape mutants, variant progeny that replicate in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, is a common way to identify functionally important residues of viral proteins. however, the mutations typically occur at variable positions on the viral surface that are not essential for viral replication. methods are needed to determine the true targets of the neutralizing antibodies.	2005	15845145
generic rt-nested-pcr for detection of flaviviruses using degenerated primers and internal control followed by sequencing for specific identification.	flaviviruses are a widespread and numerous group of arboviruses that can cause serious illness in humans. the continuous and slow spread of certain flaviviruses, such as dengue viruses, and the recent entry and spread of west nile virus to the american continent, point to the need to control these infections. this control requires the use of suitable techniques for diagnostic and surveillance programmes. a generic rt-nested-pcr that is, theoretically, able to detect each member of the group has ...	2005	15847925
dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing non-integrin (dc-sign)-mediated enhancement of dengue virus infection is independent of dc-sign internalization signals.	dengue virus (dv) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. in the natural infection, dv is introduced into human skin by an infected mosquito vector where it is believed to target immature dendritic cells (dcs) and langerhans cells (lcs). we found that dv productively infects dcs but not lcs. we show here that the interactions between dv e protein, the sole mannosylated glycoprotein present on dv particles, and the c-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellula ...	2005	15855154
differences in the postfusion conformations of full-length and truncated class ii fusion protein e of tick-borne encephalitis virus.	the trimeric postfusion structure of the c-terminally truncated fusion protein e of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus, a class ii viral fusion protein, was previously determined (s. bressanelli, k. stiasny, s. l. allison, e. a. stura, s. duquerroy, j. lescar, f. x. heinz, and f. a. rey, embo j. 23:728-738, 2004). in this study we compared the properties of this truncated form with the full-length trimer and found that the so-called stem-anchor region not only confers additional stabil ...	2005	15858034
gb virus type c ns5a sequence polymorphisms: association with interferon susceptibility and inhibition of pkr-mediated eif2alpha phosphorylation.	gb virus type c (gbv-c) causes persistent infection in humans, although the mechanism by which the virus avoids clearance by the host is unknown. to determine if amino acid polymorphisms in the gb virus type c (gbv-c) ns5a and e2 proteins alter response to interferon (ifn) therapy, we studied the sequence of gbvc ns5a and e2 obtained from people receiving ifn therapy. in addition, we expressed recombinant gbvc ns5a protein to determine if it interferes with rna-activated protein kinase (pkr) fun ...	2005	15871663