Publications

brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination in elk. i. efficacy of reduced dosage.	bovine brucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease affecting some populations of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area, usa. the fear that elk and/or bison may spread brucella abortus to livestock has prompted efforts to reduce or eliminate the disease in wildlife. brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51) vaccine has recently been approved for use in cattle. unlike strain 19 vaccine, rb51 does not cause false positive reactions on standard b ...	2002	11838212
brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination in elk. ii. failure of high dosage to prevent abortion.	brucella abortus strain rb51 is used as a vaccine because it induces antibodies that do not react on standard serologic tests for brucellosis allowing differentiation between vaccination and infection. strain rb51 was evaluated in captive elk (cervus elaphus) to determine if vaccination protected against abortion following experimental challenge. thirty elk were vaccinated intramuscularly with 1.0 x 10(10) colony-forming units (cfu) of strain rb51 in march 1998. fourteen of these were given a bo ...	2002	11838225
gnrh regulates early growth response protein 1 transcription through multiple promoter elements.	pulsatile secretion of gnrh is the major regulator of gonadotropin (lh, fsh) gene expression and secretion. recently, gnrh has been shown to rapidly stimulate the expression of early growth response protein-1 (egr-1), a transcription factor that is essential for lhbeta gene expression in the pituitary. in this study, we examined the regulatory elements and signal transduction pathways by which gnrh regulates egr-1 transcription. deletion analysis of the murine egr-1 promoter identified two regio ...	2002	11818496
regulation of the erk2-elk1 signaling pathway and megakaryocytic differentiation of bcr-abl(+) k562 leukemic cells by gab2.	in the blast crisis phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml), bcr-abl(+) myeloblasts fail to undergo terminal maturation. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase has been shown to mediate terminal differentiation of myeloid cells. interestingly, bcr-abl(+) cml cell lines established from blast crisis were found to have low erk map kinase activity. in this study, we analyzed the role of the gab2 docking protein in regulation of the erk map kinase ...	2002	11830491
sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations.	populations of red deer that are limited by food, like those of many other ungulates, commonly include more females than males. we assessed the contribution of variation in sex- and age-specific rates of mortality and emigration to density-dependent changes in the adult sex ratio, using long-term observations and demographic experiments involving the red deer population on rum, scotland. we incorporated these effects in a stochastic model of local populations under different management regimes t ...	2002	11832944
nitric oxide-induced programmed cell death in human neuroblastoma cells is accompanied by the synthesis of egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor.	nitric oxide (no) is cytotoxic for human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells. while nuclear condensation was visible in cells treated with nitric oxide donors, we observed that the plasma membrane remained intact, indicating that no induced apoptotic cell death. we analyzed the no-induced apoptotic signaling cascade in sh-sy5y cells and observed a striking increase in early growth response (egr)-1 promoter activity as a result of no-induced cell death. likewise, we detected an activation of the transcri ...	2002	11835312
the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 is regulated by differential phosphorylation in the activation loop.	the mitogen-activated protein kinases (map kinases) play a central role in signaling pathways initiated by extracellular stimuli such as growth factors, cytokines, and various forms of environmental stress. full activation of the map kinases requires dual phosphorylation of the thr and tyr residues in the txy motif of the activation loop by map kinase kinases. interestingly, down-regulation of map kinase activity can be initiated by multiple ser/thr phosphatases, tyr-specific phosphatases, and d ...	2002	11839761
development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 1. effect of epithelial oviductal monolayers and heparin on in vitro sperm motility and penetration of in vitro matured oocytes.	in vitro fertilisation (ivf) protocols for red deer have yielded low fertilisation rates, with no embryo development beyond the eight-cell stage when heparin was used as the in vitro capacitation agent. as this low fertilisation rate may result from reduced motility, the present study investigated the use of red deer oviduct epithelial cell monolayers (coem) and conditioned medium (cm) from the monolayers to maintain red deer sperm motility in vitro. a second experiment compared the fertilisabil ...	2002	11841907
development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 2. the timing of in vitro nuclear oocyte maturation.	the time course of in vitro red deer nuclear oocyte maturation was determined. ovaries were obtained at slaughter and oocytes were aspirated from follicles greater than 2mm in diameter. oocytes with compact cumulus cells were matured in 50 microl microdrops (10 per drop) under mineral oil containing tcm 199 supplemented with 0.33 mm pyruvate, 10 microg lh and fsh, 1 microg oestradiol and 10% foetal bovine serum. oocytes were matured at 39 degrees c and 5% co(2) in air. at 3h intervals (0-27 h) o ...	2002	11841908
development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 3. in vitro fertilisation using sheep serum as a capacitating agent and the subsequent birth of calves.	the following experiments investigated the use of sheep serum (ss) as a capacitating agent for red deer (cervus elaphus) sperm during in vitro fertilisation. red deer oocytes were collected at slaughter and matured in vitro for 24h in tcm-199 supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, 10 microg ml(-1) fsh and lh, and 1microg ml(-1) of oestradiol. fertilisation medium was ivf-sof modified to contain 5mm ca(2+) and no glucose. experiment 1 investigated the addition of heparin, bsa (8 mg ml(-1)) or 2 ...	2002	11841909
program evaluation of mobile dental services for children with special health care needs.	this paper summarizes an evaluation of the elk mobile dental program for children with special health care needs. evaluation results indicated overall client satisfaction with mobile dental unit services in the absence of competent community based dental care. evaluator recommendations included expanding the mobile dental services along with a continued effort to establish permanent community based dental care for children with special healthcare needs. recommendations for program improvement in ...	2002	12449460
helicobacter pylori caga protein activates serum response element-driven transcription independently of tyrosine phosphorylation.	infection with helicobacter pylori possessing the cag pathogenicity island (pai) is associated with severe gastritis and gastric cancer. caga protein, one of the products of cag pai, is translocated into epithelial cells, where cytoskeletal rearrangements occur as a result of caga tyrosine (tyr) phosphorylation. here we identify a new role for caga protein as an activator of host cell signaling.	2002	12454853
cytoplasmic aggregates of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in lewy body diseases.	a better understanding of cellular mechanisms that occur in parkinson's disease and related lewy body diseases is essential for development of new therapies. we previously found that 6-hydroxydopamine (6-ohda) elicits sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) activation that contributes to neuronal cell death in vitro. as subcellular localization of activated kinases affect accessibility to downstream targets, we examined spatial patterns of erk phosphorylation in 6-ohda-treated cell ...	2002	12466125
growth marks observation: preferential techniques and teeth for ageing of spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	a total of 207 teeth belonging to 53 deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from sierra morena (south of spain) were analysed using histological thin sections and/or polished thick sections. growth marks were observed in dentine and cementum of incisors, molars and canines. tooth, region of the tooth, and type of preparation giving the best performance in terms of sharpness and interpretation ease of the growth marks, when used for spanish deer ageing, were identified. the tissue chosen for the study ...	2002	12484425
comparison of lidocaine and compression for velvet antler analgesia in wapiti.	this research compared ring block lidocaine anesthesia (l) and compression (c) for velvet antler removal in elk. thirty-two wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate. the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute and given either a compression device or a lidocaine ring block on the antler pedicle. behavioral and physiological responses to treatment application and antler removal were recorded, and blood was collected for cortisol analysis. during application of l ...	2002	12497964
chronic wasting disease in a rocky mountain elk.	a 24-month-old rocky mountain elk was presented because of suspected chronic wasting disease (cwd). the animal was emaciated, had retained its winter hair, and had abnormal behavior patterns suggestive of cwd, including bruxism, ptyalism, and diminished flight zone size. immunohistochemical analysis of the brain confirmed the diagnosis of cwd.	2002	12497966
phosphorylation of hippocampal erk-1/2, elk-1, and p90-rsk-1 during contextual fear conditioning: interactions between erk-1/2 and elk-1.	the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the map kinase signal transduction pathway was investigated during associative learning of c57bl/6j mice. context-dependent fear conditioning, consisting of a single exposure of mice to a context followed by foot shock, was employed as a learning paradigm. control groups consisted of mice exposed to context only or an immediate shock in the context. coincident up-regulation of phosphorylated erk-1/2 and elk-1 was observed in the ca3 hippocampal subfiel ...	2002	12498787
the lateral enamel lamina--component of tooth primordia in selected mammalian species.	the lateral enamel lamina (lel) is a part of the enamel organ, which is probably not involved in tooth formation. it represents, besides the "stalk" of the tooth primordium, a second interconnection between enamel organ and oral epithelium or vestibular lamina. we detected the lel in the sheep (ovis aries), the dolphin (stenella attenuata), and the vole (microtus agrestis) by light microscopy and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction. the lel could be found in cap to bell stage tooth p ...	2002	12494916
mycobacterium bovis infection in a farmed elk in korea.	a case of tuberculosis is reported in an eight-year-old, male, elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). the elk showed severe coughing, respiratory distress, abdominal breathing, anorexia, and severe progressive emaciation in the elk farm. at necropsy, the elk appeared in poor body condition. mild enlargement of retropharyngeal and submandibular lymph node was observed in the head. diffuse fibrinous pleuritis and purple red lobar pneumonia were found in the thorax. well demarcated numerous dark yellow disc ...	2002	12514326
the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. [review of: mohatt, g. and eagle elk, j. the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. lincoln: u. of nebraska pr., 2000].		2002	16791994
the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. [review of: mohatt, g. and eagle elk, j. the price of a gift: a lakota healer's story. lincoln: u. of nebraska pr., 2000].		2002	16805045
effects of brucella ovis infection on semen characteristics of 16-month-old red deer stags.	to determine the effects of brucella ovis infection on semen characteristics of 16-month-old red deer stags (cervus elaphus).	2002	16032204
liver copper, selenium and vitamin b12 concentrations in farmed and feral red deer (cervus elaphus).	to compare liver copper, selenium and vitamin b12 concentrations in red deer of farmed and feral origin.	2002	16032221
effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection of red deer hinds on reproductive performance, and venereal transmission to stags.	to investigate the effects of vaginal brucella ovis infection on the reproductive performance of red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds. to determine whether stags may become infected with b. ovis by venereal transmission from mating infected hinds.	2002	16032258
copper supplementation, velvet antler production and growth of rising 2-year-old red deer stags.	to investigate whether copper supplementation to rising 2-year-old red deer stags (cervus elaphus) in winter and/or spring improved velvet antler weight, grade and financial value, and liveweight gain.	2002	16032267
novel forages for growth and health in farmed deer.	aims: this paper reviews recent research on the use of new forages in deer farming that may be useful for increasing growth in weaner deer for venison production, increasing the trace element status of deer, and for developing systems less reliant on chemical inputs, notably of anthelmintics used to control internal parasites. growth: grazing on pure swards of red clover (trifolium pratense) or chicory (chicorium intybus) increased weaner growth during autumn by 26-47% and during spring by 10-14 ...	2002	16032280
dictyocaulus species: cross infection between cattle and red deer.	aim: to discover whether cross infection between red deer (cervus elaphus) and cattle is possible with either a bovine isolate of the cattle lungworm, dictyocaulus viviparus, or with a cervine isolate of the lungworm, dictyocaulus eckerti which is thought to be maintained primarily in deer. method: twelve cattle and 12 red deer were reared parasite-free from birth. at 3-4 months of age, half of each species (n=6) were experimentally infected with d. viviparus and the other half with d. eckerti. ...	2003	16032306
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane suppresses neurite outgrowth and induces apoptosis in pc12 pheochromocytoma cells.	it is well known that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ddt) is used as an insecticide and prevents many people in the tropical zone from devastating malaria. on the other hand, a number of reports have indicated that it may act as an endocrine disruptor and also has possible carcinogenic effects. however, the effects of ddt on the neural cells remain to be investigated. in this study, therefore, we observed the effects of p,p'-ddt, o,p'-ddt and its major metabolite p,p'-dde on the differentiatio ...	2003	12523960
asbestos inhalation induces tyrosine nitration associated with extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in the rat lung.	nitration of proteins by peroxynitrite (onoo-) has been shown to critically alter protein function in vitro. we have shown previously that asbestos inhalation induced nitrotyrosine formation, a marker of onoo- production, in the rat lung. to determine whether asbestos-induced protein nitration may affect mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling pathways, lung lysates from crocidolite and chrysotile asbestos-exposed rats and from sham-exposed rats were immunoprecipitated with anti-nitrot ...	2003	12495932
induction of the early growth response gene 1 promoter by tcr agonists and partial agonists: ligand potency is related to sustained phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase substrates.	responses to partial agonist tcr signals include positive selection of thymocytes, survival of naive t cells, and homeostatic proliferation. as part of an effort to understand the molecular basis of these processes, we have determined how agonist and partial agonist ligands act differently to induce a change in gene expression. we have found that the early growth response gene 1 (egr1) promoter is activated by agonist and partial agonist ligands, but the partial agonist induces 10-fold lower pro ...	2003	12496415
new developments reproductive technologies in deer.	in vitro embryo production is the platform for advanced reproductive technologies, such as cloning. the in vitro embryo production system developed for farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) evolved along similar lines to that pioneered by other domestic species researchers. however, applying existing in vitro embryo production methods from these other species resulted in limited success and has necessitated developing a species-specific methodology for red deer based on the their physiology. analysis ...	2003	12499028
regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by mycobacteria involves the assembly of a unique enhanceosome dependent on the coactivator proteins cbp/p300.	tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) plays an important role in host containment of infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis, one of the leading causes of death by an infectious agent globally. using the pathogenic m. tuberculosis strain h37rv, we present evidence that upon stimulation of monocytic cells by m. tuberculosis a unique tnf-alpha enhanceosome is formed, and it is distinct from the tnf-alpha enhanceosome that forms in t cells stimulated by antigen engagement or virus infection. a di ...	2003	12509451
map kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300.	cbp/p300 recruitment to enhancer-bound complexes is a key determinant in promoter activation by many transcription factors. we present a novel mechanism of activating such complexes and show that pre-assembled elk-1-p300 complexes become activated following elk-1 phosphorylation by changes in elk-1-p300 interactions rather than recruitment. it is known that elk-1 binds to promoter in the absence of stimuli. however, it is unclear how activation of elk-1 by mitogen-acivated protein kinase (mapk)- ...	2003	12514134
experimental validation of a microcracking-based toughening mechanism for cortical bone.	it has been proposed that cortical bone derives its toughness by forming microcracks during the process of crack propagation (j. biomech. 30 (1997) 763; j. biomech. 33 (2000) 1169). the purpose of this study was to experimentally validate the previously proposed microcrack-based toughening mechanism in cortical bone. crack initiation and propagation tests were conducted on cortical bone compact tension specimens obtained from the antlers of red deer. for these tests, the main fracture crack was ...	2003	12485646
expansion of the asiatic parasite ashworthius sidemi (nematoda, trichostrongylidae) in wild ruminants in polish territory.	the abomasa of 40 wild ruminants (18 red deer, 9 roe deer, 13 european bison) shot in the bieszczady mountains and another 8 european bison shot in bialowieza primeval forest, were examined for worms. ashworthius sidemi was found in all of the animals from the bieszczady mountains, and the intensity of infection was usually massive. in bialowieza forest few specimens of a. sidemi were noted among three bison. wild ruminants were infected by a. sidemi from june to september. the nematodes origina ...	2003	12489006
activities of map-kinase pathways in normal uroepithelial cells and urothelial carcinoma cell lines.	it is often assumed that mapk pathways drive proliferation of normal uroepithelial (uec) and urothelial carcinoma (tcc) cells. to check this assumption, activities and inducibilities of promoters containing serum-response elements (sre) or ap-1 binding sites were investigated in cultured uec and seven tcc lines. reporter plasmids dependent on sre or ap-1 sites were highly active in uec, but significantly less so in tcc lines. reporter activity in tcc lines could be induced by constitutively acti ...	2003	12490193
adenosine triphosphate activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells.	to investigate the role of atp in ovarian tumorigenesis, the present study examined the expression of the p2u purinoceptor (p2u-r) and effect of atp on growth stimulation in pre-neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial (ose) cells. the immortalized ose (iose) cell lines, including iose-29 (pre-neoplastic), iose-29ec (neoplastic), and ovcar-3 (ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line) were used. our results indicated that p2u-r mrna was expressed and that atp exerted a growth-stimulatory effe ...	2003	12493727
negative regulation of erk and elk by protein kinase b modulates c-fos transcription.	in this study, we have identified novel regulatory steps involved in the cross-talk between protein kinase b (pkb) and mapk signaling pathways. we found that pkb down-regulates the ras-raf-mek-erk pathway by reducing the activity of erk, which leads to inactivation of the transcription factor elk1. in addition, pkb is able to reduce protein levels of elk1. both events lead to suppression of serum response element (sre)-dependent transcription and a consequent decrease in the transcription of sre ...	2003	12468535
the stability of the g protein-coupled receptor-beta-arrestin interaction determines the mechanism and functional consequence of erk activation.	by binding to agonist-activated g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs), beta-arrestins mediate homologous receptor desensitization and endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits. recent data suggest that beta-arrestins also contribute to gpcr signaling by acting as scaffolds for components of the erk mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. because of these dual functions, we hypothesized that the stability of the receptor-beta-arrestin interaction might affect the mechanism and functional consequences ...	2003	12473660
helminth fauna of cervids in belorussian polesie.	we report on the examination of 18 elk ( alces alces), 16 red deer (cervus elaphus)and 16 roe deer ( capreolus capreolus) from the belorussian polesie in the period 1981-1998 for helminths. a total of 18 helminth species were found including dictyocaulus eckerti, fasciola hepatica, oesophagostomum venulosum, taenia hydatigena larvae and trichuris ovis, all of which occurred in all host species. sixteen of the species found are known to infect humans, domestic animals and/or farm animals.	2003	12474047
modulation of taste-induced elk-1 activation by identified neurotransmitter systems in the insular cortex of the behaving rat.	taste consumption activates the extracellular responsive kinases 1-2 (erk1-2) and the transcription factor elk-1 in the insular cortex (ic) of the behaving rat. erks activation, an obligatory step for the encoding of long- but not short-term memory, was shown to be regulated by multiple neurotransmitter systems in the ic. here i show, by the use of local microinfusions of pharmacological agents into the ic of the behaving rat, that a set of similar systems is required for the taste-induced activ ...	2003	12482687
urea signalling to immediate-early gene transcription in renal medullary cells requires transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.	signalling by physiological levels of urea (e.g. 200 mm) in cells of the mammalian renal medulla is reminiscent of activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase. the epidermal growth factor (egf) receptor may be transactivated by a variety of g-protein-coupled receptors, primarily through metalloproteinase-dependent cleavage of a membrane-anchored egf precursor. in the murine inner medullary collecting duct (mimcd3) cell line, urea (200 mm) induced prompt (1-5 min) tyrosine phosphorylation of the egf ...	2003	12466022
adaptive hypersensitivity to estrogen: mechanism for superiority of aromatase inhibitors over selective estrogen receptor modulators for breast cancer treatment and prevention.	clinical observations suggest that human breast tumors can adapt to endocrine therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol (e(2)). to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that long-term e(2) deprivation (lted) causes "adaptive hypersensitivity". the enhanced responses to e(2) do not involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen-regulated genes. we f ...	2003	12790774
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in non-domestic animals: origin, transmission and risk factors.	the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), are serious diseases of domestic animals. although not as significant in terms of numbers of animals affected or geographical distribution, tses also affect non-domestic animals. transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) was the first tse to be identified in non-domestic animals. this disease of captive mink (mustela vison) is very rare and is associated with exposure through feed contaminated ...	2003	12793777
characterization of a polymerase chain reaction-based approach for the simultaneous detection of multiple animal-derived materials in animal feed.	in this study, a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) primer set capable of amplifying a mitochondrial dna segment of multiple species (cattle, sheep, goats, deer, and elk) whose rendered remains are prohibited from being fed to ruminants was characterized. however, the primer set also amplifies dna derived from the rendered remains of pigs and horses, which are exempt from the feed ban. pcr amplicons derived from pig dna have a restriction endonuclease site recognized by hinf1, while the horse dna-d ...	2003	12801014
pellino2 activates the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway.	engagement of the interleukin-1 (il1) and toll receptors, which are part of the innate immune system, facilitates activation of the transcription factors nf-kappab, elk-1 and ap-1. pellino1 and pellino2 have recently been shown to be intermediates in the pathway leading to activation of nf-kappab. here we demonstrate for the first time that human pellino2 interacts with traf6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6) and that both pellino1 and pellino2 also interact with tak1 (transfo ...	2003	12804775
atp acts via p2y1 receptors to stimulate acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor expression: transduction and transcription control.	at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction atp is known to stabilize acetylcholine in the synaptic vesicles and to be co-released with it. we have shown previously that a nucleotide receptor, the p2y1 receptor, is localized at the junction, and we propose that this mediates a trophic role for synaptic atp there. evidence in support of this and on its mechanism is given here. with the use of chick or mouse myotubes expressing promoter-reporter constructs from genes of acetylcholinesterase (ache) or ...	2003	12805285
adhesion-dependent activation of the erk1/2 cascade is by-passed in melanoma cells.	normal cells are dependent upon integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix for cell proliferation and survival. integrins regulate these processes partially through control of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erk1/2). a trait of malignant cells is their ability to undergo anchorage-independent growth. melanomas are tumors arising from normal melanocytes that, if undetected at an early stage, are highly invasive and poorly treatable. proliferation of melanoma cells and ...	2003	12821662
ectopic b-raf expression enhances extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling in t cells and prevents antigen-presenting cell-induced anergy.	t cells that receive stimulation through the t cell receptor (tcr) in the absence of costimulation become anergic and are refractory to subsequent costimulation. this unresponsiveness is associated with the constitutive activation of the small g protein, rap1, and the lack of ras-dependent activation of erk. recent studies suggest that rap1 can activate the map kinase kinase kinase b-raf that is either endogenously or ectopically expressed. peripheral t cells generally do not express b-raf; ther ...	2003	12855697
brucella 'hoof-prints': strain typing by multi-locus analysis of variable number tandem repeats (vntrs).	currently, there are very few tools available for subtyping brucella isolates for epidemiological trace-back. subtyping is difficult because of the genetic homogeneity within the genus. sequencing of the genomes from three brucella species has facilitated the search for dna sequence variability. recently, hypervariability among short tandem repeat sequences has been exploited for strain-typing of several bacterial pathogens.	2003	12857351
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12862174
mitotic activity in the growing red deer antler.	antlers grow rapidly through the coordinated development of both osseocartilage and skin (velvet). the regional patterns of cell division in these two compartments were assessed by immunochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) in antlers from one-year-old red deer. the whole antler integument was in a state of growth and/or renewal, particularly the keratinocytes of the basal cell layer of the epidermis near the tip, and hair bulbs and sebaceous glands. more proximally, a ...	2003	12867154
betacellulin and amphiregulin induce upregulation of cyclin d1 and dna synthesis activity through differential signaling pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells.	activation of egf receptors is closely involved in vascular proliferative diseases. the signaling mechanisms of egf ligands, including betacellulin (btc) and amphiregulin (ar), are poorly understood. we examined how btc and ar induced dna synthesis activity in primary cultures of human thoracic aortic smooth muscle cells (htasmcs). btc induced phosphorylation of all four egf receptors present on htasmcs: erbb1, erbb2, erbb3, and erbb4. btc rapidly induced the phosphorylation of akt, gsk3alpha/be ...	2003	12869389
opposite regulation by typical and atypical anti-psychotics of erk1/2, creb and elk-1 phosphorylation in mouse dorsal striatum.	the two mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2), are involved in the control of gene expression via phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors cyclic amp response element binding protein (creb) and elk-1. here, we have examined the effect of haloperidol and clozapine, two anti-psychotic drugs, and eticlopride, a selective dopamine d2 receptor antagonist, on the state of phosphorylation of erk1/2, creb and elk-1, i ...	2003	12871586
pellino3, a novel member of the pellino protein family, promotes activation of c-jun and elk-1 and may act as a scaffolding protein.	toll-like receptors and the il-1r are part of the innate immune response aimed at mobilizing defense mechanisms in response to infections or injury. these receptors can initiate common intracellular signaling cascades. one intermediate component in these signaling cascades is pellino, which was first identified in drosophila and shown to interact with il-1r-associated kinase. two homologues, pellino1 and pellino2, have been identified in mammals. a novel member of the pellino protein family has ...	2003	12874243
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12877222
migration inhibitory factor mediates angiogenesis via mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol kinase.	in this study, we investigated the effects of migration inhibitory factor (rhmif) on angiogenesis-related signaling cascades and apoptosis in human endothelial cells (ecs). we show that in vitro rhmif induces migration and tube formation in matrigel of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (hmvecs), with potency comparable to that of basic fibroblast growth factor. in vivo, rhmif induces angiogenesis in matrigel plugs and in the corneal bioassay. using panels of relatively specific kinase ...	2003	12881477
high affinity for farnesyltransferase and alternative prenylation contribute individually to k-ras4b resistance to farnesyltransferase inhibitors.	farnesyltransferase inhibitors (ftis) block ras farnesylation, subcellular localization and activity, and inhibit the growth of ras-transformed cells. although ftis are ineffective against k-ras4b, the ras isoform most commonly mutated in human cancers, they can inhibit the growth of tumors containing oncogenic k-ras4b, implicating other farnesylated proteins or suggesting distinct functions for farnesylated and for geranylgeranylated k-ras, which is generated when farnesyltransferase is inhibit ...	2003	12882980
characteristics of the oestrous cycle of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) assessed by progesterone profiles.	this study examines the length of the oestrous cycle in 16 iberian red deer females assessed by means of changes in progesterone concentrations, along with the changes in the profile of this hormone. samples were collected three occasions per week from the week after calving (15 may to 15 june) up to may of the following year. the oestrous cycle lasted 19.57+/-0.29 days (range 10-27 d) calculated in 130 oestrous cycles examined. progesterone titres did not rise above 0.5 ng/ml in the follicular ...	2003	12884276
dynamic interplay of the sumo and erk pathways in regulating elk-1 transcriptional activity.	the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is a direct target of the map kinase pathways. phosphorylation of the elk-1 transcriptional activation domain by map kinases triggers its activation. however, elk-1 also contains two domains with repressive activities. one of these, the r motif, appears to function by suppressing the activity of the activation domain. here, we demonstrate that sumo modification of the r motif is required for this repressive activity. a dynamic interplay exists between th ...	2003	12887893
inhibition of erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression by quercetin prevents transforming growth factor alpha (tgf-alpha)- and epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced human pc-3 prostate cancer cell proliferation.	because erbb-2 receptor is involved in hormone-independency for growth and metastasis of prostate cancer cells, the aim was to investigate the effects of quercetin on erbb-2 and erbb-3 expression and its critical components such as map kinase and pi-3 kinase. hemocytometric counts and [3h]-thymidine incorporation were used to determine the effects of quercetin, egf and tgf-alpha on cell proliferation and dna synthesis in pc-3 and lncap cells. changes in erbb-2, erbb-3 and components of mapk and ...	2003	12888923
distribution and functional properties of human kcnh8 (elk1) potassium channels.	the elk subfamily of the eag k+ channel gene family is represented in mammals by three genes that are highly conserved between humans and rodents. here we report the distribution and functional properties of a member of the human elk k+ channel gene family, kcnh8. quantitative rt-pcr analysis of mrna expression patterns showed that kcnh8, along with the other elk family genes, kcnh3 and kcnh4, are primarily expressed in the human nervous system. kcnh8 was expressed at high levels, and the distri ...	2003	12890647
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12892273
elk-3 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric-oxide synthase 2.	the inducible isoform of nitric-oxide synthase (nos2), a key enzyme catalyzing the dramatic increase in nitric oxide by lipopolysaccharide (lps), plays an important role in the pathophysiology of endotoxemia and sepsis. recent evidence suggests that ets transcription factors may contribute to nos2 induction by inflammatory stimuli. in this study, we investigated the role of ets transcription factors in the regulation of nos2 by lps and transforming growth factor (tgf)-beta 1. transient transfect ...	2003	12896968
synchronous activation of erk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways is required for collagen and extracellular matrix production in keloids.	keloid fibroproliferation appears to be influenced by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between keloid keratinocytes (kks) and keloid fibroblasts (kfs). keloid and normal fibroblasts exhibit accelerated proliferation and collagen i and iii production in co-culture with kks compared with single cell culture or co-culture with normal keratinocytes. erk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway activation has been observed in excessively proliferating kfs in co-culture with kks. we hypothe ...	2003	12907681
regulation of tcf ets-domain transcription factors by helix-loop-helix motifs.	dna binding by the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily of ets-domain transcription factors is tightly regulated by intramolecular and intermolecular interactions. the helix-loop-helix (hlh)-containing id proteins are trans-acting negative regulators of dna binding by the tcfs. in the tcf, sap-2/net/erp, intramolecular inhibition of dna binding is promoted by the cis-acting nid region that also contains an hlh-like motif. the nid also acts as a transcriptional repression domain. here, we have ...	2003	12907712
validation of a brucella abortus competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for use in rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	brucellosis caused by infection with brucella abortus is present in some elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) of the greater yellowstone area (parts of wyoming, montana, and idaho, usa). since 1985, the wyoming game and fish department has vaccinated elk on elk feedgrounds in northwestern wyoming during the winter months using b. abortus strain 19 (strain 19). analysis of this vaccination program is hampered by the inability of standard serologic tests to differentiate between strain 19 vaccinated elk a ...	2003	12910758
testing for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in asymptomatic free-ranging tule elk from an infected herd.	forty-five adult tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) in good physical condition were translocated from a population located at point reyes national seashore, marin county (california, usa), to a holding pen 6 mo prior to release in an unfenced region of the park. because infection with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) had been reported in the source population, the translocated elk underwent extensive ante-mortem testing using three johne's disease assays: enzyme linked immunoso ...	2003	12910759
lawsonia intracellularis in wild mammals in the slovak carpathians.	feces of wild mammals were collected in the bukovské vrchy hills (north-eastern slovakia) in january and february 2002. the feces were examined for lawsonia intracellularis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. a total of 194 samples of feces from red deer (cervus elaphus), 46 samples from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 31 samples from red fox (vulpes vulpes), 23 samples from gray wolf (canis lupus), and 12 samples from brown hare (lepus europaeus) were examined. lawsonia intracellulari ...	2003	12910769
a novel function of goalpha: mediation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation by opioid receptors in neural cells.	go is the most abundant g protein expressed in brain but its function is less known. here we show a novel function of goalpha as a mediator of opioid receptor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in neural cells. the current study found that, in neuroblastoma x glioma ng108-15 hybrid cells, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase through delta opioid receptors was mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive g protein and independent of gbetagamma subunits, pi3 kinase an ...	2003	12911629
field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (cwd) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by bio-rad laboratories, inc. (brelisa), in a 2-phase study. in the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (rln) or obex (ob) tissue samples were examined ind ...	2003	12918810
an abbreviated procedure for the cloning and identification of ets transcription factors regulating the expression of the human presenilin 1 gene.	we have previously defined a crucial dna element controlling 90% of the expression of the presenilin 1 gene at (-35 to +6). this region contains an ets transcription factor binding motif, and a two-basepair alteration within the core sequence (ggaa to ttaa) of the ets consensus also reduced transcription by over 90%. we have shown that ets1/2 transcription factors bind specifically to the -10 ets element and activate ps1 transcription. the identification of other transcription factors recognizin ...	2003	12928043
activation of the erk and jnk signaling pathways caused by neuron-specific inhibition of pp2a in transgenic mice.	a reduced activity of protein phosphatase 2a (pp2a) has been shown in brains of patients with alzheimer's disease (ad), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized histopathologically by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. tau, as the principal component of neurofibrillary tangles, can be hyperphosphorylated by a reduced activity of pp2a in vitro and by pharmacological approaches, suggesting a crucial role of pp2a in tangle formation. to dissect the role of pp2a in vivo, we previously ge ...	2003	12937125
chronic wasting disease in deer and elk: scientific facts and findings.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion disease of cervids such as deer and elk in north america. unlike other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) such as scrapie, cwd occurs in both captive and wild ranging animals, but not in domestic ruminants such as sheep and cattle. in this paper, the history of the disease, pathogenesis of cwd, susceptibility of animals, its transmission mechanisms, potential origins of the disease, diagnostic methods in the field and laboratory tests, surveill ...	2003	12939501
[unknown hepatoid glands of some species of cats and deer].	our histological description of the fourth type of mammalian skin glands--hepatiod glands--allowed us to revise the obtained and published data mistaking the alveolar glands of the anal sacs in cats and the limb glands in deers as sebaceous. large clusters of hepatiod glands were discovered in the anal sacs of the cat, lynx, and tiger, interdigital gland of elk, and the tarsal gland of reindeer. these glands secrete considerable amounts of protein to the clearance of the intercellular canaliculi ...	2003	12942753
akt negatively regulates translation of the ternary complex factor elk-1.	cross-talk between signaling pathways plays an important role in regulation of cell growth, differentiation, survival, and death. here, we show that akt regulates the elk-1 transcription factor, independent of its negative regulation of raf kinases. using a constitutively active mek1 to bypass the regulation of raf by akt, we find that the elk-1 and sap1a proteins are dramatically decreased in the presence of activated akt. akt catalytic activity is required. also, mek-dependent activation of a ...	2003	12944902
beta1-integrin-ligand disengagement induces in vitro capillary tube disruption mediated by p38 mapk activity.	disrupting cell-matrix interactions may lead to capillary injury as seen in sepsis and transplant rejection. previously, we demonstrated capillary disruption mediated by beta1-integrin-ligand disengagement. we now determine whether p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) pathways are involved in this capillary injury.	2003	12947314
phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data.	in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ...	2003	12954019
effects of thawing procedure on postthawed in vitro viability and in vivo fertility of red deer epididymal spermatozoa cryopreserved at -196 degrees c.	in this study, we have determined the effects of individual factor and thawing procedure on in vitro viability and in vivo fertility of frozen-thawed red deer epididymal spermatozoa. the spermatozoa that were collected from 13 iberian deer stags were diluted at room temperature in a triladyl-20% egg yolk medium and frozen in nitrogen vapors. in the first experimental series, sperm samples were collected from 10 mature stags. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to 3 different procedures ...	2003	12954668
a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain.	approximately 3-10% of people have specific difficulties in reading, despite adequate intelligence, education, and social environment. we report here the characterization of a gene, dyx1c1 near the dyx1 locus in chromosome 15q21, that is disrupted by a translocation t(2;15)(q11;q21) segregating coincidentally with dyslexia. two sequence changes in dyx1c1, one involving the translation initiation sequence and an elk-1 transcription factor binding site (-3g --> a) and a codon (1249g --> t), introd ...	2003	12954984
head dimensions of cryopreserved red deer spermatozoa are affected by thawing procedure.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the thawing procedure on red deer spermatozoa distribution in morphologically distinct subpopulations after freezing and thawing. for this purpose, epididymal spermatozoa were thawed using two different thawing protocols (i = 37 degree celsius for 20 s vs. ii = 70 degree celsius for 5 s). the spermatozoa, from 10 iberian deer stags, were diluted at room temperature in a triladyl-20 percent egg yolk medium and frozen in nitrogen vapor. st ...	2003	12955173
culling of wild red deer.		2003	12967152
identification of novel erk2 substrates through use of an engineered kinase and atp analogs.	the mitogen-activated protein kinases are key regulators of cellular organization and function. to understand the mechanisms(s) by which these ubiquitous kinases affect specific cellular changes, it is necessary to identify their diverse and numerous substrates in different cell contexts and compartments. as a first step in achieving this goal, we engineered a mutant erk2 in which a bulky amino acid residue in the atp binding site (glutamine 103) is changed to glycine, allowing this mutant to ut ...	2003	12594221
synergistic activation of the serum response element-dependent pathway by hepatitis b virus x protein and large-isoform hepatitis delta antigen.	hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is a naturally occurring satellite of hepatitis b virus (hbv). there are few studies of the effects of the combination of hbv and hdv proteins (hdv antigens [hdags]) on intracellular signaling pathways. to understand the influence of hbv and hdv coinfection on hepatocytes, we investigated the effect of hbv proteins and hdags on the serum response element (sre)-dependent pathway. reporter assays revealed that only hbv x protein (hbx), alone or with the large isoform of ...	2003	12599056
chlamydia pneumoniae induces tissue factor expression in mouse macrophages via activation of egr-1 and the mek-erk1/2 pathway.	recent studies have suggested that infection with chlamydia pneumoniae (c pneumoniae) may contribute to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques and thrombosis and is associated with acute coronary events. tissue factor (tf), a potent prothrombotic molecule, is expressed by macrophages and other cell types within atherosclerotic lesions and plays an essential role in thrombus formation after plaque rupture. therefore the effects of c pneumoniae on induction of tf expression in macrophages were ...	2003	12600889
detection of papillomavirus-dna in mesenchymal tumour cells and not in the hyperplastic epithelium of feline sarcoids.	we examined 12 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded feline skin tumours which had the histopathological features of fibropapillomas for the presence of papillomavirus (pv) dna using touchdown polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna sequencing and nonradioactive in situ hybridization. nine of the tumours contained a 102-bp pcr product demonstrated using consensus pv primers that amplify a portion of the l1 gene. the nucleotide sequences are closely related, but not identical to that of ovine pv type 2, ...	2003	12603685
merlin suppresses the sre-dependent transcription by inhibiting the activation of ras-erk pathway.	the neurofibromatosis type 2 (nf2) gene encodes an intracellular membrane-associated protein called merlin or schwannomin, which is known to be a tumor suppressor. numerous studies have suggested that merlin is involved in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. previously, merlin/schwannomin was reported to block ras-induced cell proliferation and anchorage-independent cell growth. also, the n-terminus of merlin was found to suppress cell proliferation, although it appears to be less e ...	2003	12604337
seasonal changes in melatonin concentrations in female iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	in deer, most of the earlier investigations on pineal function examined the effects of artificial photoperiods or the administration of melatonin to manipulate reproduction. however, endogenous melatonin rhythms have not been studied in red deer. thus, we monitored seasonal changes in plasma melatonin concentrations in 16 adult female iberian red deer living in outdoor enclosures. blood was sampled on the day of each seasonal change every 3-4 hr overnight and 1 hr before and after sunset and sun ...	2003	12614474
immune responses of elk to mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette guerin vaccination.	although rare, detection of mycobacterium bovis infection of captive or free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) elicits serious concern due to regulatory and zoonotic implications. few studies, however, have evaluated the immune response of elk to m. bovis or other pathogens. to model natural infection, elk were vaccinated with live m. bovis bacillus calmette guerin (bcg, pasteur strain) for evaluation of immune responsiveness to this attenuated live vaccine. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) ...	2003	12615449
fatal degenerative neurologic illnesses in men who participated in wild game feasts--wisconsin, 2002.	creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) is a fatal neurologic disorder in humans. cjd is one of a group of conditions known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, that are believed to be caused by abnormally configured, host-encoded prion proteins that accumulate in the central nervous tissue. cjd has an annual incidence of approximately 1 case per million population in the united states and occurs in three forms: sporadic, genetically determined, and acquired by infecti ...	2003	12617536
grape seed extract inhibits egf-induced and constitutively active mitogenic signaling but activates jnk in human prostate carcinoma du145 cells: possible role in antiproliferation and apoptosis.	a loss of functional androgen receptor and an enhanced expression of growth factor receptors and associated ligands are causal genetic events in prostate cancer (pca) progression. these genetic alterations lead to an epigenetic mechanism where a feedback autocrine loop between membrane receptor and ligand (e.g. egfr-tgfalpha) results in a constitutive activation of mapk-elk1-ap1-mediated mitogenic signaling in human pca at an advanced and androgen-independent stage. we rationalized that inhibiti ...	2003	12618755
effects of testosterone on pedicle formation and its transformation to antler in castrated male, freemartin and normal female red deer (cervus elaphus).	pedicles and antlers are male deer secondary sexual characters. as such, development of these structures is under the control of androgen hormones. pedicle growth is caused by increasing and elevated plasma testosterone (t) levels, whereas first antler transformation from a fully formed pedicle occurs when the t levels are decreasing. castration prior to pedicle initiation abrogates future pedicle and antler formation. female deer also have the potential to develop pedicles and antlers, but they ...	2003	12620243
role of igf system of mitogens in the induction of fibroblast proliferation by keloid-derived keratinocytes in vitro.	keloids are proliferative dermal growths representing a pathological wound-healing response. we report high proliferation rates in normal (nf) and keloid-derived fibroblasts (kf) cocultured with keloid-derived keratinocytes (kk). igf binding protein (igfbp)-3 mrna and secreted igfbp-3 in conditioned media were increased in nf cocultured with kk compared with nf but markedly reduced in kf cocultured with kk or normal keratinocytes (nk). igfbp-2 and igfbp-4 mrna levels were elevated, whereas igfbp ...	2003	12620890
erk1/2-dependent contractile protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.	in vivo, vascular smooth muscle (vsm) cells change their contractile phenotype toward a more proliferative phenotype during the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. because these dedifferentiated vsm cells may gradually regain contractile functions, we aimed to identify signaling pathways that result in an increased expression of contractile proteins in vsm cells. in vitro, serum and thrombin induced a reversible upregulation of smooth muscle myosin heavy-chain (sm-mhc) in cultured neonatal rat vs ...	2003	12623957
phenyl n-tert-butylnitrone down-regulates interleukin-1 beta-stimulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression in human chondrocytes: suppression of c-jun nh2-terminal kinase, p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating protein-1.	cytokine-mediated induction and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) is recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of arthritis. interleukin (il)-1 beta is a proinflammatory cytokine that is known to superinduce the expression and production of mmp-13 in many cell types. phenyl n-tert-butylnitrone (pbn), a spin trap agent, inhibited the il-1 beta-induced expression of mmp-13 in human osteoarthritis (oa) chondrocytes. down-regulation of mmp-13 expression correlated with t ...	2003	12626640
preliminary observations on the experimental transmission of scrapie to elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation.	to determine the transmissibility of scrapie to rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), six elk calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from sheep naturally affected with scrapie. one elk developed a brain abscess and was euthanatized at 7 weeks postinoculation (pi), and two others died at 6 and 15 months pi because of physical injuries. at 25 and 35 months pi, two other elk died after brief terminal neurologic episodes. necropsy of these revealed moderate weight loss b ...	2003	12627716
calcium induces cell survival and proliferation through the activation of the mapk pathway in a human hormone-dependent leukemia cell line, tf-1.	survival and proliferation of cells of a human myelo-erythroid cd34+ leukemia cell line (tf-1) depend on the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-3. upon hormone withdrawal these cells stop proliferating and undergo apoptotic process. in this report we demonstrate that a controlled increase in [ca2+]i induces hormone-independent survival and proliferation of tf-1 cells. we found that moderate elevation of [ca2+]i by the addition of cyclopiasonic-acid protec ...	2003	12643264
bio-effectiveness of tat-catalase conjugate: a potential tool for the identification of h2o2-dependent cellular signal transduction pathways.	reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) have taken center stage as bona fide second messengers in various signaling pathways. here, we report the synthesis, metabolic fate, and effectiveness in modulating such pathways of a tat-catalase conjugate. incubation of l2 cells with tat-catalase greatly increased cell-associated enzymatic activity, reaching close to a plateau by 30 min. the cell-associated catalase activity and antibody-detectable tat-derivatives declined over time ...	2003	12646200
suppression of insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway and collagen expression in keloid-derived fibroblasts by quercetin: its therapeutic potential use in the treatment and/or prevention of keloids.	keloids are characterized by abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and overproduction of collagen. insulin-like growth factor (igf)-i is mitogenic for fibroblasts and a stimulatory factor for collagen synthesis.	2003	12653748
the current and future management of wild mammals hunted with dogs in england and wales.	there is increasing concern about the use of lethal methods to control wild mammal populations, especially those methods that may have significant impacts on animal welfare. the continued use of dogs to hunt wild mammals in england and wales, principally foxes (vulpes vulpes), red deer (cervus elaphus), brown hares (lepus europaeus) and mink (mustela vison), has become a focus for political debate and has been the subject of a recent uk government inquiry. this paper reports the results of a que ...	2003	12654279