Publications

lancefield group b and c streptococci in east african camels (camelus dromedarius).	seventeen lancefield group c streptococci (13 streptococcus equi zooepidemicus and four streptococcus dysgalactiae equisimilis) and 185 lancefield group b streptococci (streptococcus agalactiae) were isolated from camels (camelus dromedarius) in kenya and somalia; 59 of the isolates were from healthy nasopharynx, vaginal and rectal mucosa and from non-abscessed lymph nodes, and the other 143 isolates were from clinical infections of the respiratory tract, tick bite lesions, abscessed lymph nodes ...	2007	17351174
multimodal function optimization based on the survival of the fitness kind of the evolution strategy.	in this paper, a new algorithm for the multimodal function optimization is proposed, base on the concept of the survival of the fitness rule of evolution. the proposed algorithm has common criteria not to be invaded by each other. thus, there is only one survivor in a partial solution space in which one optimal point locates. to verify the proposed algorithm, three multimodal functions--alex function 5, six-hump camel back function, and rastrigin's function--are tested.	2007	18002667
commiphora molmol in human welfare (review article).	the origins of myrrh and frankincense are traced to the arabian peninsula. according to herodotus (5th century bc): "arabia is the only country which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia and cinnamon ... the trees bearing the frankincense are guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors." diodorus siculus writes, in the second half of the first century bc, that "all of arabia exudes a most delicate fragrance; even the seamen passing by arabia can smell the strong fragrance that gi ...	2007	17985580
identification of digestive hydrolases in the larval midgut of the camel nasal bot fly cephalopina titillator clark (diptera: oestridae).	activities of digestive hydrolases associated with midgut of the third instar larva of cephalopina titillator were investigated. based on the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates and optimum ph, it was found that c. titillator midgut contains trypsin-like (optimum ph, 9), chymotrypsin esterase-like (optimum ph, 8), carboxypeptidase a and b (optimum ph at 8.5 &7 respectively), alkaline- and acid-phosphatase (optimum ph at 9 & 5 respectively) and membrane bound leucine aminopeptidase (optimum ph, 8) ...	2007	17985587
veterinary medicine. camel scientists ask: what's sinking the ships of the desert?		2007	18048664
semen cryopreservation in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) using shotor diluent: effects of cooling rates and glycerol concentrations.	experiments were conducted with a final goal of providing a suitable protocol for cryopreservation of bactrian camel semen. in experiment i, the effect of average cooling rate (slow cooling: 0.14 versus fast cooling: 0.55 degrees c/min) on the viability of chilled semen was evaluated. in experiment ii, the effect of different concentrations of glycerol (4, 6 and 8%) on the post-thaw viability of frozen sperm was investigated. in experiment iii, the efficiency of shotor diluent was compared with ...	2007	17588650
pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur after single intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17610412
camel lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection of human peripheral blood leukocytes.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a serious worldwide health risk and, to date, no effective treatments to prevent progression to chronic infection have been discovered. to combat the disease, egyptian patients often use traditional medicines, for instance, camel milk, which contains lactoferrin. currently, lactoferrin is one of the primary biopharmaceutical drug candidates against hcv infection. camel lactoferrin (clf) purification and biochemical and immunological characterization have shown its simi ...	2007	17613672
pathological fracture of the ulna due to osteosarcoma in an arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17617544
pseudocowpox virus: the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma (auzdyk) in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the arabian peninsula.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of dna extracted from pustules, saliva, and blood of camels presenting with contagious ecthyma, in bahrain and also from a sample (sacamel) of infected tissue from a camel that had presented with contagious ecthyma in 1998 in saudi arabia (1). sequence homologies and phylogenetic analysis showed that this extracted dna was more closely related to pseudocowpox virus (pcpv) than orf virus (orfv), which infects sheep, goats, and other animal species. the p ...	2007	17627446
a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae.	the family camelidae that evolved in north america during the eocene survived with two distinct tribes, camelini and lamini. to investigate the evolutionary relationship between them and to further understand the evolutionary history of this family, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus), the only wild survivor of the old world camel.	2007	17640355
echinococcus granulosus from mexican pigs is the same strain as that in polish pigs.	samples of echinococcus granulosus from seven pigs from mexico were compared with isolates of the parasite from pigs in poland and representative strains and species of echinococcus. isolates from pigs in mexico were found to be genetically identical to e. granulosus from polish pigs and distinct from other major genotypes by sequencing part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) mtdna locus, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplif ...	2007	17640396
western analyses of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (pag) in placental extracts of various mammals.	the present study was conducted in order to analyze the immunoreactivity of placental extracts of several animal species and humans against the following three groups of pag antisera: anti-bopag-i (r#497), -bopag-ii (r#435), and -capag (r#706). placental proteins were obtained after extraction at neutral ph, followed by ammonium sulfate (a.s.) precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. the immunoreactivity of different placental extracts was revealed by the use of monodimensional sds-page, fol ...	2007	17850858
natriuretic peptides in cetaceans: identification, molecular characterization and changes in plasma concentration after landing.	dolphins are aquatic animals free from gravity, and this may have imposed significant changes in their cardiovascular status and its hormonal regulation compared with terrestrial animals. this study molecularly characterized two major cardiovascular hormones, atrial and b-type natriuretic peptides (anp and bnp) and measured their changes in dolphin plasma concentrations in relation to the cardiovascular status of the animal. we initially identified anp and bnp in three species of dolphins (lagen ...	2007	17867859
exploring the capacity of minimalist protein interfaces: interface energetics and affinity maturation to picomolar kd of a single-domain antibody with a flat paratope.	a major architectural class in engineered binding proteins ("antibody mimics") involves the presentation of recognition loops off a single-domain scaffold. this class of binding proteins, both natural and synthetic, has a strong tendency to bind a preformed cleft using a convex binding interface (paratope). to explore their capacity to produce high-affinity interfaces with diverse shape and topography, we examined the interface energetics and explored the affinity limit achievable with a flat pa ...	2007	17888451
measuring the energy expenditure and water flux in free-ranging alpacas (lama pacos) in the peruvian andes using the doubly labelled water technique.	energy expenditure and water flux were measured in free-ranging alpacas lama pacos, a south american camelid, on natural pastures of the peruvian andes (altitude: 4,400 m above sea level). water influx rate (wir) was estimated in 16 males (age 2 years, weight 48.5+/-8.6 kg) labelled with 2h. in addition, the field metabolic rate (fmr) was measured in four of these animals labelled with both an oxygen (18o) and a hydrogen (2h) isotope. the wir averaged 3.62 l h2o/day and the mean total body water ...	2007	17891750
susceptibility to nicotine dependence: the development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth 2 study.	the purpose of this work was to identify characteristics that predict progression from the first inhalation of a cigarette to dependence. we studied a cohort of 1246 public school 6th-graders in 6 massachusetts communities (mean age at baseline: 12.2 years).	2007	17908753
[helminth infections of camels].	camels, which are indispensable under asia and africa's bad climatic and geographic conditions, are bred in turkey for tourist purposes including wrestling. even though they have been used for thousands of years, comprehensive studies addressing the parasitic diseases of these animals have been performed only during recent years. in this review, helminth infections seen in the camel and their treatment have been discussed.	2007	17918065
stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond at the buried hydrophobic region.	we report for the first time the stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond. in the llama single-domain antibody, which has human chorionic gonadotropin as its specific antigen, ala49 and ile70 are buried in the structure. a mutant with an artificial disulfide bond at this position showed a 10 degrees c higher midpoint temperature of thermal unfolding than that without the extra disulfide bond. the modified domains exhibited an antigen binding affinity compara ...	2007	17932041
molecular characterization of echinococcus granulosus in tunisia and mauritania by mitochondrial rrns gene sequencing.	cystic hydatid disease is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the cestode echinococcus granulosus and represents a major public health problem in many countries around the world, including north africa. e. granulosus exists as a series of genetic variants or strains which differ in a wide variety of criteria that impact on the epidemiology, pathology and control of cystic hydatid disease. nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial rrns gene was here used to characterize 38 e. granulosus isola ...	2007	18689235
a camel bite breaking the neck and causing brain infarction.		2007	18212669
carotid occlusion and cerebral infarction from camel bite: case report.	a 30-year-old farmer was bitten by his camel on the left side of the neck. he suffered immediate loss of consciousness but recovered three days later with right-sided hemiplegia and complete aphasia. he bled minimally from the neck. ct scan of the brain and carotid doppler ultrasonography confirmed left parietal lobe infarction and partial occlusion of the left carotid artery respectively. he was managed conservatively with physiotherapy and low dose aspirin. at six months of follow up, his spee ...	2007	18303748
tuareg ethnoveterinary treatments of camel diseases in agadez area (niger).	for generations, nomadic herders have been learning to manage herd health, particularly in dromedaries because of their great value. owing to the unavailability of veterinary services, camel herders in remote areas have been developing their own pharmacopoeia and veterinary techniques. the bleeding of sick animals is a common treatment, as tuareg herders believe that 'tainted blood' (izni) is the cause of many conditions. several surgical techniques are also used, such as excision of calcified s ...	2007	18318345
seasonal variation in botanical and chemical composition of plants selected by one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the present study has been conducted in order to investigate the seasonal variation in the botanical and chemical composition of plant parts consumed by camels (camelus dromedarius). the study has been conducted on 210 indigenous arabian camel of different age (1-18 years) and sex and kept under natural range in southern darfur, sudan. the findings of the present study indicate that camels are selective browser rather than grazer. furthermore, they are selective feeder to the parts of pasture pl ...	2007	19069892
light, scanning electron microscopy and sds-page studies on the effect of the essential oil, citrus sinensis var. balady on the embryonic development of camel tick hyalomma dromedarii (koch, 1818) (acari: ixodidae).	gc-mse analysis of the essential oil of fresh fruit peel of citrus sinensis var. balady recognized two main natural toxic compounds, limonene (83.28%) as hydrocarbon compound and linalool (3.97%) as oxygenated compound. therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate its effect on different egg-ages of hyalomma dromedarii at four concentrations of 1:40, 1:30, 1:20 and 1:15 (oil : ethanol 95%) (v/v). the lc50 values were 1:56, 1:34, 1:41, 1:32, 1: 23, 1:23, 1:18, 1:14 and 1:11 for egg-ages ...	2007	19069909
seasonal variation in blood constituents of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	this study was carried out in southern darfur, sudan during dry-and green (wet) season and was designed to investigate the effects of season (dry-versus green season) on the blood constituents of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). two hundred and ten blood samples collected from apparently healthy one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) of different age and sex groups were used in this study, out of which 110 blood samples were collected during the dry season, while 100 blood samples we ...	2007	19069924
isolation and characterization of campylobacter spp. from domestic animals and poultry in south of iran.	a total of 455 domestic animals (cow, horse and camel) and poultry from south of iran were surveyed for fecal carriage of campylobacter spp. out of all collected fecal samples, the highest isolation rate of campylobacter was recorded among poultry (35%), followed by horse (27%) and cow (21%) while, lowest isolation rate was recorded among camel. of the 85 campylobacter strains isolated, 76 were classified as catalase positive campylobacter. out of them, high frequency of occurrence was belonged ...	2007	19069968
nutritive value of some herbages for dromedary camel in iran.	to prepare standard tables of chemical composition of feedstuffs and to determine digestibility and palatability of different plant species in dromedary camel, this research was carried out by considering the most consuming herbages of iranian desert rages. the plant species were included atriplex lentiformis, alhagi persarum, seidlitzia rosmarinus, saueda fruticosa, haloxylon ammodendron, tamarix kotschyi, hammada salicornica, salsola yazdiana, salsola tomentosa, tamarix aphylla and artemisia s ...	2007	19070008
milk composition of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius): nutritional effects and correlation to corresponding blood parameters.	this study has been conducted in order to study the possible correlations between the nutritional value of plants selected by camels during the dry and green season and the corresponding blood and milk composition of the dromedary camels. the study has been conducted on 50 indigenous arabian camels of different age and kept under natural range in southern darfur. the dromedary camels selected plants with significantly (p<0.05) higher crude protein content during the dry season and kept the serum ...	2007	19070090
zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming raica community of north-west rajasthan, india.	preliminary trials reflected the low prevalence of diabetes in raica community consuming camel milk habitually. our objective was to describe the prevalence and clinical factors associated with impaired fasting glucose (ifg), impaired glucose tolerance (igt) and diabetes (dm) among adults (>or=20 years) in large population group.	2007	17098321
disaccharidase activities in camel small intestine: biochemical investigations of maltase-glucoamylase activity.	disaccharidases (maltase, cellobiase, lactase, and sucrase), alpha-amylase, and glucoamylase in the camel small intestine were investigated to integrate the enzymatic digestion profile in camel. high activities were detected for maltase and glucoamylase, followed by moderate levels of sucrase and alpha-amylase. very low activity levels were detected for lactase and cellobiase. camel intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (mg) was purified by deae-sepharose and sephacryl s-200 columns. the molecular wei ...	2007	17098455
eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas.	15 llamas and 34 alpacas between 3 weeks and 18 years old with fecal oocysts or intestinal coccidial stages morphologically consistent with eimeria macusaniensis were examined. nineteen of the camelids were admitted dead, and 30 were admitted alive. camelids admitted alive accounted for 5.5% of all camelid admissions during this period.	2007	17199499
morphology of dromedary camel oocytes and their ability to spontaneous and chemical parthenogenetic activation.	the present work was conducted to examine (1) the morphology of dromedary cumulus-oocytes complexes (cocs), (2) to study the incidence of spontaneous development of oocytes in vivo and (3) to assess the ability of in vitro matured dromedary oocytes to chemical parthenogenetic activation compared with in vitro fertilized (ivf) oocytes. cocs were recovered from dromedary ovaries classified according to their morphology into six categories. oocyte diameter was measured using eye piece micrometer. f ...	2007	17214780
protein-protein recognition and interaction hot spots in an antigen-antibody complex: free energy decomposition identifies "efficient amino acids".	the molecular mechanics poisson-boltzmann surface area (mm/pbsa) method was applied to the study of the protein-protein complex between a camelid single chain variable domain (cab-lys3) and hen egg white lysozyme (hel), and between cab-lys3 and turkey egg white lysozyme (tel). the electrostatic energy was estimated by solving the linear poisson-boltzmann equation. a free energy decomposition scheme was developed to determine binding energy hot spots of each complex. the calculations identified a ...	2007	17256770
light and electron microscopic studies of the trachea in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	histology of trachea of camel (camelus dromedarius) was studied using light, scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). tissue samples taken from the trachea (proximal, middle and distal part) were routinely prepared for histology (lm, em) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, van giesson (vg), alcian blue, periodic acid schiff (pas), masson's trichrome (mt), verhof, pas-vg and pas-mt. the trachea of camel consists of 66-75 incomplete cartilaginous rings of hyaline. the lamina ...	2007	17266660
early embryonic development of the camel lumbar spinal cord segment.	the lumbar spinal cord segment of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) embryos at 2.4- to 28-cm crown vertebral rump length (cvrl) was examined. major changes are occurring in the organization of the lumbar spinal cord segment at this early developmental period. at first, the spinal cord is flattened from side to side but with increase in gestational age it becomes flattened dorsoventrally. the size and shape of the lumen changes in indifferent stage of development. these changes may be in ...	2007	17266667
development of the mesonephros in camel (camelus dromedarius).	the study of the development of the mesonephros in the camel (camelus dromedarius) was carried out on 16 embryos ranging from 0.9 to 8.6 cm crown vertebral rump length (cvrl). at 0.9 cm cvrl, the mesonephros is represented by a narrow strip along the roof of the thoracolumbar part of the vertebral column. at 1.4 cm cvrl, some of the mesonephric tubules are canalized but others are still solid. the mesonephric corpuscles are well developed at 1.9 cm cvrl and occupy almost the entire abdominal cav ...	2007	17266670
purification and characterization of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the dromedary camel.	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) (ec 1.2.1.12), a key enzyme of carbon metabolism, was purified and characterized to homogeneity from skeletal muscle of camelus dromedarius. the protein was purified approximately 26.8 folds by conventional ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by blue sepharose cl-6b chromatography, and its physical and kinetic properties were investigated. the native protein is a homotetramer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 146 kda. isoelec ...	2007	17277890
smoking expectancies for flavored and non-flavored cigarettes among college students.	several tobacco companies have introduced specially flavored cigarettes, yet little is known about their appeal among college student nonsmokers, regular smokers, and those susceptible to smoking. undergraduates (n=424) rated 12 brands of cigarettes on multiple attributes based on manufacturer advertisements. this paper focused on two brands with flavored and non-flavored versions (camel and salem). despite brand, regular smokers and those susceptible to smoking initiation had higher positive ex ...	2007	17030447
increased heterologous protein production by saccharomyces cerevisiae growing on ethanol as sole carbon source.	saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used host organism for the production of heterologous proteins, often cultivated in glucose-based fed-batch processes. this production system however has many factors limiting the productivity, mainly towards the end of the fermentation. for the optimised production of a camelid antibody fragment this process was evaluated. in shake flask cultivations, it was found that ethanol has a strong effect on productivity increase and therefore glucose and ethanol fed ...	2007	16948170
generation of llama single-domain antibodies against methotrexate, a prototypical hapten.	single-domain antibodies specific to methotrexate (mtx) were obtained after immunization of one llama (llama glama). specific vhh domains (v-d-j-region) were selected by panning from an immune-llama library using phage display technology. the antibody fragments specific to mtx were purified from escherichia coli (c41 strain) periplasm by immobilized metal affinity chromatography with an expression level of around 10mg/l. a single band around 16,000da corresponding to vhh fragments was found afte ...	2007	17011035
taxonomic position and geographical distribution of the common sheep g1 and camel g6 strains of echinococcus granulosus in three african countries.	the taxonomic and phylogenetic status of echinococcus granulosus strains are still controversial and under discussion. in the present study, we investigated the genetic polymorphism of e. granulosus isolates originating from three countries of africa, including a region of algeria, where the common g1 sheep and the camel g6 strains coexist sympatrically. seventy-one hydatid cysts were collected from sheep, cattle, camels, and humans. two mitochondrial markers (cox1 and nad1) were used for strain ...	2007	17016727
antibody constructs in cancer therapy: protein engineering strategies to improve exposure in solid tumors.	whereas over 85% of human cancers are solid tumors, of the 8 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) currently approved for cancer therapy, 25% are directed at solid tumor surface antigens (ags). this shortfall may be due to barriers to achieving adequate exposure in solid tumors. advancements in tumor biology, protein engineering, and theoretical modeling of macromolecular transport are currently enabling identification of critical physical properties for antitumor abs. it is now possible to structurally ...	2007	17154393
a molecular phylogeny of the genus echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes.	taxonomic revision by molecular phylogeny is needed to categorize members of the genus echinococcus (cestoda: taeniidae). we have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of e. oligarthrus, e. vogeli, e. multilocularis, e. shiquicus, e. equinus, e. ortleppi, e. granulosus sensu stricto and 3 genotypes of e. granulosus sensu lato (g6, g7 and g8) from their complete mitochondrial genomes. maximum likelihood and partitioned bayesian analyses using concatenated data sets of nucleotide and amino ...	2007	17156584
distribution patterns of the glucose transporters glut4 and glut1 in skeletal muscles of rats (rattus norvegicus), pigs (sus scrofa), cows (bos taurus), adult goats, goat kids (capra hircus), and camels (camelus dromedarius).	earlier studies demonstrated that forestomach herbivores are less insulin sensitive than monogastric omnivores. the present study was carried out to determine if different distribution patterns of the glucose transporters glut1 and glut4 may contribute to these different insulin sensitivities. western blotting was used to measure glut1 and glut4 protein contents in oxidative (masseter, diaphragm) and glycolytic (longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus) skeletal muscle membranes of monogastric omniv ...	2007	17158080
serum hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles in the rutting and non-rutting one-humped male camel (camelus dromedarius).	the camel is known to be a seasonal breeder and, in the male camel, the breeding activity maximizes during the rutting period (winter and spring seasons). during the non-rutting period (summer and autumn), however, the breeding activity almost ceases completely. serum steroid hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles were studied in 16 adult male camels aged 5-9 years, slaughtered during the rutting (n=8) and non-rutting periods (n=8). moreover, testicular and epididymal tissue contents ...	2007	17161564
study on the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi.	the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel was studied using established parasitological, haematological and biochemical methods. the results indicated that infections in all rats resulted in a fulminating parasitaemia. changes in blood parameters in t. evansi-infected rats indicated leukocytosis and a macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. a degree of anisocytosis was also observed. the activities of plasma glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ...	2007	17169491
genetic relationship of torque teno virus (ttv) between humans and camels in united arab emirates (uae).	torque teno virus (ttv) species-cross infection has been documented. however, the genetic relationship between human and animal ttv remains uncertain. in this study, genotypic characterization of ttv in different camel specimens from the united arab emirates (uae) was undertaken for comparison with human uae ttv. a total of 56 specimens: 34 sera, 14 raw, and 8 pasteurized milk samples were tested for ttv. the results showed that the rate of infection was, 38.2% (13/34), 35.7% (5/14), and 100% (8 ...	2007	17177296
lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius, and hybrids) from kazakhstan.	lactoferrin (lf) and igg were estimated in camel's milk from kazakhstan, where 2 species of camels (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius) and their hybrids cohabit. the concentrations of lf and igg were determined according to 3 variation factors: region (n = 4), season (n = 4), and species (n = 5; sample 4 was mixed milk and sample 5 was of unknown origin). the mean values in raw camel's milk were 0.229 +/- 0.135 mg/ml for lf concentration and 0.718 +/- 0.330 mg/ml for igg concentration. the ...	2007	17183073
pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in plasma and milk in lactating camels (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17187240
comparing smoking behaviors and exposures from flavored and unflavored cigarettes.	cigarettes with flavors such as mocha and citrus have been introduced in growing numbers. besides their potential marketing appeal to nonsmokers, there is concern that flavors might mask smoke harshness, making inhalation easier. this pilot study evaluates differences in puff topography and cigarette ratings among 20 college student smokers smoking camel light (10mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 35% filter ventilation) and camel exotic blend cigarettes (11 mg tar, 0.9 mg nicotine, 23% filter ventilation ...	2007	16839697
studies of thermostability in camelus bactrianus (bactrian camel) single-domain antibody specific for the mutant epidermal-growth-factor receptor expressed by pichia.	camelids have a unique immune system capable of producing heavy-chain antibodies lacking the light chains and ch1 (constant heavy-chain domain 1). it has been shown that, in contrast with conventional antibody fragments, the variable domains of these heavy-chain antibodies are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures. in the present study, the vhh (variable domain of heavy-chain antibody) camel antibody was subcloned into vector ppiczc and expressed in pichia pastoris. orb1-83 vhh an ...	2007	16848761
effect of follicular size on in vitro developmental competence of oocytes and viability of embryos after transfer in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius).	the aim of this work was to determine the effect of follicle size on camel oocyte quality as measured by developmental competence in vitro and in vivo. ovaries from a local slaughterhouse were dissected to obtain two classes of follicle size: small (3-6 mm) and large (>6 mm) follicles. quality of the oocytes was assessed after in vitro maturation (ivm), in vitro fertilization (ivf) and in vitro culture (ivc) of cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs). all cultures were done in four replicates at 38.5 de ...	2007	16889909
concentration-time courses of pefloxacin in plasma and milk of lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius).	using the microbial inhibition test, the single-dose pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin mesylate dehydrate were studied in six clinically normal lactating she-camels (camelus dromedarius) after intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (im) administration of 10 mg/kg body weight (bwt). blood and milk samples were collected intermittently for a 48 h period, and the pharmacokinetic variables were calculated using compartmental and non-compartmental analytical methods.the plasma course of pefloxacin was best ...	2008	19086693
relevance of the diversity among members of the trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase family analyzed with camelids single-domain antibodies.	the sialic acid present in the protective surface mucin coat of trypanosoma cruzi is added by a membrane anchored trans-sialidase (tcts), a modified sialidase that is expressed from a large gene family. in this work, we analyzed single domain camelid antibodies produced against trans-sialidase. llamas were immunized with a recombinant trans-sialidase and inhibitory single-domain antibody fragments were obtained by phage display selection, taking advantage of a screening strategy using an inhibit ...	2008	18949046
placental glycosylation in a cama (camel-llama cross) and its relevance to successful hybridisation.		2008	18950721
comparative study on heat stability and functionality of camel and bovine milk whey proteins.	heat stability, emulsifying, and foaming properties of camel whey have been investigated and compared with that of bovine whey. camel whey is similar to bovine whey in composition, but is deficient in beta-lactoglubulin (beta-lg), a major component of bovine whey. whether the deficiency in beta-lg will affect stability and functional properties is not yet known. substantial information on the functional properties of bovine milk whey proteins is available; however, there is little research done ...	2008	19038927
distribution and density of mast cells in camel small intestine and influence of fixation techniques.	this study was carried out to gather species-specific data on mast-cell density and distribution in camel small intestine under different fixation conditions and to elucidate the presence and cross-reactivity of tryptase in the camel small intestine using human specific anti-tryptase antibody. tissue specimens from the jejunum, duodenum, and ileum were obtained from 9 healthy, 9-12 months old, male camels. specimens were fixed either with carnoy's fluid or formalinbuffered solution and stained w ...	2008	19109098
an update review on commiphora molmol and related species.	the origins of myrrh and frankincense are traced to the arabian peninsula. according to herodotus (5th century bc): "arabia is the only country which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia, and cinnamon.., the trees bearing the frankincense are guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors." diodorus siculus wrote, in the second half of the first century bc, that "all of arabia exudes a most delicate fragrance; even the seamen passing by arabia can smell the strong fragrance that giv ...	2008	19209761
sarcocystis and its complications in camels (camelus dromedarius) of eastern provinces of iran.	the prevalence of sarcocystis spp. was investigated by gross and histopathological examinations in 250 camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered from 2002 to 2005 in the mashhad slaughterhouse, eastern iran. samples were taken from the diaphragm, heart, tongue, esophagus and masseter muscles for histopathological studies. no macroscopic sarcocysts were found in the samples at gross inspection. sarcocysts were detected in 209 of 250 (83.6%) examined camels at histopathological level. the infection ...	2008	19127328
cytokine responses in camels (camelus bactrianus) vaccinated with brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine.	in the present study, we determined the levels of cytokines produced by camel (camelus bactrianus) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) in response to live attenuated brucella abortus (b. abortus) s19 vaccine. seven camels were vaccinated with commercial b. abortus s19 vaccine, and their cytokine responses were determined using a real-time pcr assay. cytokine responses to b. abortus s19 were examined at 6 hr, 48 hr and 1, 2 and 3 weeks post-vaccination. serological tests were performed to ...	2008	18319583
pharmacokinetic, metabolism and withdrawal time of orphenadrine in camels (camelus dromedarius) after intravenous administration.	the pharmacokinetics of orphenadrine (orph) following a single intravenous (i.v.) dose was investigated in six camels (camelus dormedarius). orphenadrine was extracted from the plasma using a simple sensitive liquid-liquid extraction method and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (gc/ms). following i.v. administration plasma concentrations of orph decline bi-exponentially with distribution half-life (t(1/2)(alpha)) of 0.50+/-0.07h, elimination half-life (t(1/2)(beta)) of 3.57+/-0. ...	2008	18321539
chaperone activities of bovine and camel beta-caseins: importance of their surface hydrophobicity in protection against alcohol dehydrogenase aggregation.	beta-casein (beta-cn) showing properties of intrinsically unstructured proteins (iup) displays many similarities with molecular chaperones and shows anti-aggregation activity in vitro. chaperone activities of bovine and camel beta-cn were studied using alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) as a substrate. to obtain an adequate relevant information about the chaperone capacities of studied caseins, three different physical parameters including chaperone constant (k(c), microm(-1)), thermal aggregation cons ...	2008	18336901
infectivity, pathogenicity, and genetic characteristics of mammalian gastric cryptosporidium spp. in domestic ruminants.	farm ruminants were infected experimentally with four mammalian gastric cryptosporidium, namely cryptosporidium andersoni li03 originated from cattle and three isolates of cryptosporidium muris from brown rat (isolate rn66), bactrian camel (isolate cb03) and firstly characterized isolate from east african mole rat (isolate ts03). sequence characterizations of the small-subunit rrna gene showed that the li03 isolate was c. andersoni and the other three isolates belonged to c. muris, although the ...	2008	18343038
brucellosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) in darfur, western sudan.	in a field outbreak of brucellosis in 21 camels mixed with cattle, sheep and goats, five camels, three of which showed clinical signs, were serologically positive. in a subsequent abattoir survey of apparently healthy camels, six animals were seropositive, albeit with titres that tended to be lower than those found in the field outbreak. of the six seropositive slaughtered camels, five were shown to have lymph nodes (prescapular and supramammary) infected with brucellae (brucella melitensis biov ...	2008	18346482
plasma biochemistry of one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius): effects of anticoagulants and comparison with serum.	the effects of various types of anticoagulants on plasma biochemistry were studied in man and various animals but limited informations are existing for camel plasma biochemistry. eleven clinically healthy one-humped camels were blood sampled in different tubes containing different anticoagulants and plain tubes for harvesting plasma and serum. the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnes ...	2008	18371999
the ultrastructure of camel blood platelets: a comparative study with human, bovine, and equine cells.	previous studies indicated that the camel has a very active haemostatic mechanism with a short bleeding time and thrombocytosis. however, platelet function, when tested by agonist-induced aggregation and pfa 100 closure time, showed marked inhibition compared to humans. since camels are also far more resistant to long exposure to excessive heat and high body temperature than humans, it seemed worthwhile to explore fundamental morphological differences between human and camel platelets and those ...	2008	18231938
serological survey of bovine enterovirus type 1 in different mammalian species in turkey.	the bovine enterovirus type 1 (bev-1) infection has a wide range of host spectrum including humans. in this study, seroprevalence of bev-1 was investigated in eight mammalian species. blood serum samples were collected from 244 humans, 1520 cattle, 272 horse, 126 dog, 281 sheep, 477 goat, 18 camel (camelus dromedarius) and 82 gazelle (gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in different regions of turkey. microneutralization tests showed that gazelle and camel did not have any seropositivities, but s ...	2008	18234029
chemical activation of in vitro matured dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) oocytes: optimization of protocols.	experiments were conducted to study the efficiency of sequential treatments of ionomycine and ethanol combined with phosphorylation inhibitor (6-dimethylaminopurine) or the specific maturation promoting factor inhibitor (roscovitine) in inducing artificial activation in dromedary m-ii oocytes. cumulus oocyte complexes (cocs), collected from slaughterhouse ovaries were cultured at 38.5 degrees c in an atmosphere of 5% co2 in air for 24-48 h. in experiment 1, the cocs were either fertilized in vit ...	2008	18242678
effect of different selenium supplementation levels on selenium status in camel.	twelve female camels divided into three groups received, after a 2-week adaptation period, an oral se supplementation (0, 2, and 4 mg, respectively) under sodium selenite form for 3 months. feed intake was assessed daily, blood samples and body weight were taken on a weekly basis, and feces and urine samples were collected every 2 weeks up to 1 month after the end of the supplementation period. the se concentration in serum was increased significantly in supplemented groups. the maximum level wa ...	2008	18265949
abortions in dromedaries (camelus dromedarius) caused by equine rhinitis a virus.	a virus was isolated from aborted dromedary (camelus dromedarius) fetuses during an abortion storm in dubai, united arab emirates. laboratory investigations showed the causative agent to be indistinguishable from equine rhinitis a virus (erav), a picornavirus. two pregnant dromedaries experimentally infected with the camel virus isolate both aborted and an identical virus was reisolated from both fetuses, thus confirming the diagnosis. the extremely high prevalence of antibody (>90 %) and the hi ...	2008	18272756
isospora orlovi infection in suckling dromedary camel calves (camelus dromedarius) in kenya.	outbreaks of isosporosis in young suckling dromedary camel calves (camelus dromedarius) in dubai, uae and in kenya were recently described. in the former outbreak the pathogen was shown to be isospora orlovi by morphological features and was later characterized molecularly. in the present study, we have made a longitudinal investigation of 159 suckling dromedary calves < or =12 weeks of age belonging to 8 ranched camel herds (m1) in northern kenya. the study was carried out during 18 months. in ...	2008	18295405
cross-sensitization between milk proteins: reactivity to a "kosher" epitope?	immunoglobulin e-mediated allergy to cow's milk protein represents a major problem for infants who are not breast fed. a search for substitute milks revealed a cross-allergenicity to milk derived from goat and sheep but not to milk from a mare. we noted that the cow, goat and sheep species are both artiodactyls and ruminants, defining them as kosher animals, in contrast to the mare.	2008	18300584
an inventory of the ethnoveterinary practices for reproductive disorders in cattle and buffaloes, sargodha district of pakistan.	this study was conducted to document the ethnoveterinary practices (evps) used for the treatment and/or management of reproductive disorders of cattle and buffaloes.	2008	18384987
isolation of lactoferrin from milk of different species: calorimetric and antimicrobial studies.	lactoferrin (lf) is an iron-binding glycoprotein found in different biological fluids of mammals and in neutrophils. it has been proposed to be involved in many functions, including protection from pathogens. in this work, purification of lactoferrin using an ion-exchange chromatography (sp-sepharose) was attempted for the milk of the following animals: sheep (ovis aries), goat (capra hircus), camel (camelus bactrianus), alpaca (lama pacos), elephant (elephas maximus) and grey seal (halichoerus ...	2008	18387837
dynamics of follicular fluid in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	in the present study, ovarian follicular fluid and serum biochemical, hormonal, electrolytes and amino acids profiles in female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius), were investigated. fluid from small (2-6 mm) and large follicles (7-20 mm) and blood samples were collected from 25 clinically healthy adult female camels. the concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, urea, total proteins, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate am ...	2008	18422863
effects of heat on camel platelet structure and function-a comparative study with humans.	camels and many other desert animals are uniquely adapted to conserve water and other fluids in order to survive intense heat for long periods. earlier studies have suggested that human platelets may be the trigger for the coagulopathy involved in heat prostration and stroke. the present study has compared the resistance of camel and human platelets to heat in order to see if they might help to protect camels from the effects of high body temperature for prolonged periods. the findings demonstra ...	2008	18432517
toward chaperone-assisted crystallography: protein engineering enhancement of crystal packing and x-ray phasing capabilities of a camelid single-domain antibody (vhh) scaffold.	a crystallization chaperone is an auxiliary protein that binds to a target of interest, enhances and modulates crystal packing, and provides high-quality phasing information. we critically evaluated the effectiveness of a camelid single-domain antibody (v(h)h) as a crystallization chaperone. by using a yeast surface display system for v(h)h, we successfully introduced additional met residues in the core of the v(h)h scaffold. we identified a set of semet-labeled v(h)h variants that collectively ...	2008	18445622
unique microanatomy of ileal peyer's patches of the one humped camel (camelus dromedarius) is not age-dependent.	the peyer's patches (pp) have been intensely investigated in several species because this is an important entry site for antigens and infectious agents. there are many pp in the jejunum, and in some species such as ruminants, carnivores, and omnivores, a different continuous pp is found in the terminal ileum. this pp disappears with age in these species studied. so far the ileal pp (ipp) has only been examined in the camel by light microscopy. therefore, the localization of ileal peyer's patches ...	2008	18449903
a comparison of the mitochondrial genomes from two families of solifugae (arthropoda: chelicerata): eremobatidae and ammotrechidae.	arachnids are an ancient and diverse group of arthropods, yet few representative mitochondrial genomes have been published for most of the 11 orders. here, we present and compare sequence and genomic data from two complete mitochondrial genomes from the arachnid order solifugae (the camel spiders or wind scorpions), representing two families, ammotrechidae and eremobatidae. we also make genome-level and sequence comparisons between these taxa and the horseshoe crab, a chelicerate from the sister ...	2008	18456437
pharmacokinetics and milk penetration of orbifloxacin after intravenous and intramuscular injections to dromedary lactating camels (camelus dromedaries).		2008	18471152
isolation of nitrate-reductase positive corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from dromedary camels.		2008	18484117
risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in jordan.	during the period between february, 2004 and december, 2006, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate some epidemiological aspects related to camel brucellosis in jordan. four hundred twelve camel sera from 37 herds were randomly collected and analyzed using rose bengal plate test and complement fixation test. a structured pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect information on camel herd health and management. a multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to ...	2008	18484121
gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions of camels from eastern ethiopia.	camels are important animals for pastoralists in the northeastern, eastern, southeastern and southern parts of ethiopia. this paper reports on abattoir study of respiratory lesions in 104 adult camels at the dire dawa abattoir (88 male and 16 female). the study showed 98% of the examined lungs had one or more lesions. the most common lesions were pulmonary fibrosis (50.00%), pneumoconiosis (34.62%), hydatid cyst (30.80%), pulmonary abscess (3.85%) and parasitic bronchopneumonia (0.96%). the dist ...	2008	18551775
do camels (camelus dromedarius) play an epidemiological role in the spread of shiga toxin producing escherichia coli (stec) infection?	in the present work, faecal and serum samples from 400 camels were investigated for the presence of shiga toxin producing e.coli (stec) and anti-shiga toxin (anti-stx) antibodies, respectively. the used samples were obtained from adult male camels of five east african countries (egypt, somalia, djibouti, kenya and sudan) between the years 2002-2004. one e.coli isolate per camel was randomly selected to be cultured on gassner, chromocult and sorbit agar for the detection of o157:h7 strains. in th ...	2008	18575976
molecular genetic characterization of different isolates of echinococcus granulosus in east and southeast regions of turkey.	we used pcr-rflp analysis of ribosomal its1 fragment using four different restriction enzymes and dna sequencing of mitochondrial co1 gene to investigate the genetic characteristics of isolates of echinococcus granulosus obtained from different hosts (179 sheep, 19 cattle, 7 goat, 1 camel, 1 dog and 1 human) and regions (elazig, malatya, erzurum, van, diyarbakir and sanliurfa) of turkey. the report represents the most comprehensive genotypic investigation of e. granulosus isolates undertaken in ...	2008	18579101
the dromedary sign--an unusual capnograph tracing.		2008	18580185
composition and electrophoretic mobility of plasma lipoproteins of dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius).	to determine the lipid composition and electrophoretic pattern of plasma lipoproteins in samples obtained from healthy 1-humped camels (camelus dromedarius).	2008	18593238
staphylococcus aureus host specificity: comparative genomics of human versus animal isolates by multi-strain microarray.	staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogen of several mammalian species, particularly humans and cattle. we aimed to (i) identify s. aureus genes associated with host specificity, (ii) determine the relatedness of human and animal isolates, and (iii) identify whether human and animal isolates typically exchanged mobile genetic elements encoding virulence and resistance genes. using a well-validated seven-strain s. aureus microarray, we compared 56 uk s. aureus isolates that caused infecti ...	2008	18599823
prevalence and pathology of camel nasal myiasis in eastern areas of iran.	camel botfly, cephalopina titillator, causes severe economic losses to the camel industry in many camel-producing areas of the world. a total of 1328 camels, of different age groups and of both sexes, slaughtered at mashhad slaughterhouse, khorasan razavi province, eastern iran were inspected for infestation with larvae of c. titillator. after slaughtering, the head was dissected and grossly inspected for presence of c. titillator larvae and other gross abnormalities. seven hundred and seventy o ...	2008	18600202
high-expression of monoclonal nanobodies used in the preparation of hrp-conjugated second antibody.	camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains and constant heavy-chain domain (ch1). the antigen binding fragments of such heavy-chain antibodies are therefore comprised in one single domain, the so-called vh of the camelid heavy-chain antibody (vhh) or nanobody. the very close similarity of these molecules to human vhs illustrated the potential application of these novel products as an immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagent, so the anti-nanobody hrp conjugate is one of t ...	2008	18707545
preliminary assessment of somatic cell nuclear transfer in the dromedary (camelus dromedarius).	somatic cloning may enable the maintenance/expansion of the population of camels with the highest potential for milk production or the best racing performances. however, there have been no reports of embryonic or somatic nuclear transfer in camels. the aim of this study was to produce dromedary embryos by nuclear transfer using in vitro matured oocytes and two somatic cells from two sources (adult fibroblasts or granulosa cells). a total of 58 adult females were superstimulated by a single dose ...	2008	18675449
human hydatid disease in peru is basically restricted to echinococcus granulosus genotype g1.	a molecular pcr study using dna from 21 hydatid cysts was performed to determine which strain type is responsible for human infection in peru. the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (co1) gene was amplified in 20 out of 21 samples, revealing that all but 1 sample (19/20, 95%) belonged to the common sheep strain (g1). the remaining samples belonged to the camel strain (g6). the g1 genotype was most frequently found in human cases of cystic hydatid disease (chd) in peru. local control me ...	2008	18606769
vhh, bivalent domains and chimeric heavy chain-only antibodies with high neutralizing efficacy for scorpion toxin aahi'.	many efforts aim at solving the serious problems encountered with immunotherapy against scorpion envenoming. the most attractive approach consists in generating single-chain antibody fragments (scfv) as their pharmaco-kinetic properties should match closely those of the scorpion toxins. although high affinity scfv reagents have been generated in the past, their production level, stability, and toxin neutralizing capacity remain disappointingly poor. in the current study, we identified one nanobo ...	2008	18614235
prevalence and pathology of camel filariasis in iran.	a total of 1,070 camels of different ages and of both sexes slaughtered at mashhad slaughterhouse were inspected for infection with dipetalonema evansi. microfilariae were found in peripheral blood smears of 221 (20.7%) camels (14% females and 23% males). in a second study, the testicles, epididymises, spermatic cords, and lungs of 197 male camels were examined, and 165 (83.7%) were infected with adult forms of d. evansi. tissue sections from 30 infected and ten uninfected camels were collected ...	2008	18629537
use of flavored cigarettes among older adolescent and adult smokers: united states, 2004--2005.	cigarettes with candy, fruit and alcohol flavors have been introduced in recent years as extensions to popular cigarette brands, raising concerns in the public health community that the enticing names, creative packaging, and intense flavorings of these products may be especially appealing to youth. this study used two national surveys to examine the prevalence of use of camel exotic blends, kool smooth fusion, and salem silver label brands during 2004--2005 among older adolescents and young adu ...	2008	18629731
tetrameric and homodimeric camelid iggs originate from the same igh locus.	in addition to producing conventional tetrameric iggs, camelids have the particularity of producing a functional homodimeric igg type lacking l (light) chains and only made up of two h (heavy) chains. this nonconventional igg type is characterized by variable and constant regions referred to as v(h)h and c(h)h, respectively, and which differ from conventional v(h) and c(h) counterparts. although the structural properties of homodimeric iggs have been well investigated, the genetic bases involved ...	2008	18641337
what happens when trypanosoma brucei leaves africa.	julius lukes and co-workers evaluated the evolutionary origin of trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma evansi, parasites that cause horse and camel diseases. although similar to t. brucei, the sleeping-sickness parasite, these trypanosomes do not cycle through the tsetse fly and have been able to spread beyond africa. transmission occurs sexually, or via blood-sucking flies or vampire bats. they concluded that these parasites, which resemble yeast petite mutants, are t. brucei sub-species, whic ...	2008	18715829
improved tumor targeting of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor nanobodies through albumin binding: taking advantage of modular nanobody technology.	the approximately 15-kda variable domains of camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (called nanobodies) can easily be formatted as multivalent or multispecific single-chain proteins. because of fast excretion, however, they are less suitable for therapy of cancer. in this study, we aimed for improved tumor targeting of a bivalent anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) nanobody (alphaegfr-alphaegfr) by fusion to a nanobody unit binding to albumin (alphaalb). biodistributions of alphaegfr-alpha ...	2008	18723476
event-related potentials in semantic memory retrieval.	the involvement of the left temporal lobe in semantics and object naming has been repeatedly demonstrated in the context of language comprehension; however, its role in the mechanisms and time course for the retrieval of an integrated object memory from its constituent features have not been well delineated. in this study, 19 young adults were presented with two features of an object (e.g., "desert" and "humps") and asked to determine whether these two features were congruent to form a retrieval ...	2008	18764976