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the myodural bridge in the common rock pigeon (columbia livia): morphology and possible physiological implications.the dense connective tissue that connects muscles to the cervical spinal dura mater is known as the myodural bridge in human anatomy and has been a subject of interest to anatomists and clinicians. the myodural bridge was originally discovered in humans, and also has been observed in other mammals and in reptilian sauropsids. we investigated the existence of the myodural bridge in a bird, that is, the common rock pigeon columba livia, to expand the understanding of the structure and function of ...201830284324
reproduction impairments in metal-polluted environments and parental hormones: no evidence for a causal association in an experimental study in breeding feral pigeons exposed to lead and zinc.humans are responsible for land-cover changes resulting in the emission of hazardous chemical elements including metallic trace elements i.e. mtes. as a consequence, urban wildlife is exposed to high concentrations of mtes, which exposure is linked to reproductive impairments. mte effects on reproduction outputs might result from mte exposure disrupting the endocrine pathways involved in reproductive behaviours. in birds, there is strong evidence that prolactin, corticosterone and testosterone a ...201829957582
quantifying syringeal dynamics in vitro using electroglottography.the complex and elaborate vocalizations uttered by many of the 10,000 extant bird species are considered a major driver in their evolutionary success, warranting study of the underlying mechanisms of vocal production. additionally, birdsong has developed into a highly productive model system for vocal imitation learning and motor control, where, in contrast to humans, we have experimental access to the entire neuromechanical control loop. in human voice production, complex laryngeal geometry, vo ...201829880637
chlamydia psittaci and c. avium in feral pigeon (columba livia domestica) droppings in two cities in the netherlands.feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) live and breed in many city centres and contact with their droppings can be a hazard for human health if the birds carry chlamydia psittaci.201829806552
ethnomedicinal applications of animal species by the local communities of punjab, pakistan.different species of animals are being utilized in traditional therapies by various cultures for a long time and such uses still exist in folk medicine. the present study aimed to document animal-based traditional therapies used by the local communities of jhelum and lahore districts of the punjab province, pakistan.201830111346
experimentally evoked same-sex sexual behaviour in pigeons: better to be in a female-female pair than alone.same-sex sexual behaviour has been noted among social animals. however, because of the large number of observations necessary, data from controlled experiments are lacking. in this study, we performed experiments to evaluate the effects of male and female removal in colonies of the feral pigeon (columba livia f. urbana). after the experimental removal of males, five long-lasting female-female pairs occurred. we found that those pairs could successfully raise offspring in a manner comparable to f ...201829374281
chlamydia psittaci in feral rosy-faced lovebirds ( agapornis roseicollis) and other backyard birds in maricopa county, arizona.in 2013, a mortality event of nonnative, feral rosy-faced lovebirds ( agapornis roseicollis) in residential backyards in maricopa county, arizona, usa was attributed to infection with chlamydia psittaci. in june 2014, additional mortality occurred in the same region. accordingly, in august 2014 we sampled live lovebirds and sympatric bird species visiting backyard bird feeders to determine the prevalence of dna and the seroprevalence of antibodies to c. psittaci using real-time pcr-based testing ...201829369723
an evaluation of the impact of aloe vera and licorice extracts on the course of experimental pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 infection in pigeons.the progressive decrease in the efficiency of synthetic drugs has prompted research into phytogenic feed additives with potentially immunomodulatory and anti-infective properties. complex diseases with a mixed etiology, including viral, pose a growing problem in domestic pigeons. the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various doses of aloe vera and licorice extracts on the course of experimental ppmv-1 infection in pigeons. the experiment was performed on pigeons divided int ...201829182728
association of dgat2 gene polymorphisms with carcass and meat quality traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).1. diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat) plays an important role in the synthesis of triacylglycerol, but its effects on meat quality and carcass composition in pigeons are unclear. in this study, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the exons of the dgat2 gene were identified and analysed by using dna sequencing methods in 200 domestic pigeons (columba livia). the associations between dgat2 polymorphisms and carcass and meat quality traits were also analysed. 2. sequencing results showed t ...201829207879
free-ranging synanthropic birds (ardea alba and columba livia domestica) as carriers of salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic escherichia coli in the vicinity of an urban zoo.the presence of free-ranging urban birds is a risk factor for transmitting pathogens to captive animals and humans alike, including salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic escherichia coli. cloacal swabs from 156 synanthropic great egrets (ardea alba) and feral pigeons (columba livia domestica) that inhabit the surroundings of an urban zoo were processed for the identification of salmonella spp. and diarrheagenic e. coli pathotypes. bacterial species identification and genotypic characterization emplo ...201829261025
differential projections of the densocellular and intermediate parts of the hyperpallium in the pigeon (columba livia).the visual wulst in birds shows a four-layered structure: apical part of the hyperpallium (ha), interstitial part of ha (iha), intercalated part of hyperpallium (hi), and densocellular part of hyperpallium (hd). hd also connects with the hippocampus and olfactory system. because hd is subjacent to hi, the two have been treated as one structure in many studies, and the fiber connections of hd have been examined by afferents and efferents originating outside hd. however, to clarify the difference ...201828891049
whole-genome sequencing of genotype vi newcastle disease viruses from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from wild pigeons reveals continuous evolution and previously unrecognized genetic diversity in the u.s.newcastle disease viruses (ndv) are highly contagious and cause disease in both wild birds and poultry. a pigeon-adapted variant of genotype vi ndv, often termed pigeon paramyxovirus 1, is commonly isolated from columbids in the united states and worldwide. complete genomic characterization of these genotype vi viruses circulating in wild columbids in the united states is limited, and due to the genetic variability of the virus, failure of rapid diagnostic detection has been reported. therefore, ...201829329546
eulimdana clava (nematoda: filarioidea) infection in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica): molecular characterization and pathological changes.filarial nematodes of the eulimdana genus inhabit subcutaneous tissue of various avian species, mostly charadriiforme birds. in domestic pigeons, e. clava is the only species recorded in the subcutaneous tissue in a number of isolated cases. in the present study, we discuss the morphology and histopathology of filarial nematodes recovered from subcutaneous tissue of domestic pigeons in bosnia and herzegovina. in total 110 pigeons were submitted to necropsy at the department of pathology of the f ...201829426475
sex-biased transcriptomic response of the reproductive axis to stress.stress is a well-known cause of reproductive dysfunction in many species, including birds, rodents, and humans, though males and females may respond differently. a powerful way to investigate how stress affects reproduction is by examining its effects on a biological system essential for regulating reproduction, the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis. often this is done by observing how a stressor affects the amount of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol or corticosterone, circulating in th ...201829378207
telomere erosion varies with sex and age at immune challenge but not with maternal antibodies in pigeons.conditions experienced early in life have profound impact on adult fitness, and telomere erosion could be a key mechanism in this process. in particular, early exposure to parasites is a frequent phenomenon in young vertebrates, which is associated with several short- and long-term costs such as telomere erosion. however, the timing of exposure to parasites during ontogeny and maternal antibodies can strongly modulate the costs of immunity, and could differentially affect telomere erosion. here, ...201829368815
in situ clock shift reveals that the sun compass contributes to orientation in a pelagic seabird.compass orientation is central to the control of animal movement from the scale of local food-caching movements around a familiar area in parids [1] and corvids [2, 3] to the first autumn vector navigation of songbirds embarking on long-distance migration [4-6]. in the study of diurnal birds, where the homing pigeon, columba livia, has been the main model, a time-compensated sun compass [7] is central to the two-step map-and-compass process of navigation from unfamiliar places, as well as guidin ...201829337074
fate of egg proteins during the development of columba livia domestica embryo.the transfer of egg white into the yolk and consumption of yolk proteins by the embryo are largely unexplored in the pigeon columba livia domestica. here, we investigated the route of egg white transfer as well as the degradation and uptake of yolk proteins by the pigeon embryo. initially, we tested the electrophoretic patterns of proteins in different egg compartments throughout development. then, we used lysozyme as a reference protein to follow the egg white transfer, and we measured its acti ...201829316210
coccidiosis of domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica gmelin, 1789) in kano state, nigeriapigeon coccidiosis is caused by eimeria spp., a protozoan parasite which limits productivity by causing severe illness. although numerous studies have been conducted on the coccidiosis of pigeons in some parts of nigeria, there is no published data from kano state. the intestinal contents of 144 pigeons (72 females and 72 males) were analysed for eimeria oocysts in 2007 from 12 local government areas of kano state over the period of six months including the dry (february–april) and wet (june–aug ...201829274213
transmitter receptors reveal segregation of the arcopallium/amygdala complex in pigeons (columba livia).at the beginning of the 20th century it was suggested that a complex group of nuclei in the avian posterior ventral telencephalon is comparable to the mammalian amygdala. subsequent findings, however, revealed that most of these structures share premotor characteristics, while some indeed constitute the avian amygdala. these developments resulted in 2004 in a change of nomenclature of these nuclei, which from then on were named arcopallial or amygdala nuclei and referred to as the arcopallium/am ...201829063593
effects of in ovo feeding of cationic amino acids on hatchability, hatch weights, and organ developments in domestic pigeon squabs (columba livia).this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo feeding of cationic amino acids on hatchability, hatch weights, and organ developments in pigeon squabs. two experiments were conducted in this study. eggs in exp. 1 were subjected to modification of in ovo feeding in pigeons. optimal time was determined by checking amniotic fluid volume, and suitable length was confirmed through ink injection. results showed that the optimum time of in ovo feeding was on d 13 of embryonic development, an ...201829077950
avian semen collection by cloacal massage and isolation of dna from sperm.collection of semen may be useful for a wide range of applications including studies involving sperm quality, sperm telomere dynamics, and epigenetics. birds are widely used subjects in biological research and are ideal for studies involving repeated sperm samples. however, few resources are currently available for those wishing to learn how to collect and extract dna from avian sperm. here we describe cloacal massage, a gentle, non-invasive manual technique for collecting avian sperm. although ...201829443060
the behavioural and physiological stress responses are linked to plumage coloration in the rock pigeon (columbia livia).in wild vertebrates, conspicuousness often signals a high phenotypic quality and is therefore associated with fitness benefits ("the handicap principle hypothesis"). however, conspicuous individuals usually face a higher risk of predation because they are easier to detect. therefore, conspicuous individuals are expected to modify their behavioural and their physiological stress responses to limit the negative effect of their conspicuousness on survival. we examined the link between plumage color ...201829246409
zoonotic agents in feral pigeons (columba livia) from costa rica: possible improvements to diminish contagion risks.most studies on zoonotic agents in pigeons have been conducted in the palearctic region, but the scarcity of data is notorious in the neotropical region, where these birds can breed all year around and are in close contact with humans. in this study, we used a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to identify infectious agents in 141 fecal samples from pigeons collected at four urban parks from costa rica. of these we identified 34 positive samples for salmonella enter ...201829243991
sera/organ lysates of selected animals living in polluted environments exhibit cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines.species of crocodiles and cockroaches can withstand high radiation, reside in unsanitary conditions, thrive on germ-infested feed, and are exposed to heavy metals, yet they are not reported to develop cancer. it has been postulated that such species have mechanisms to defend themselves against developing cancer. here, selected species have been tested for potential cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines.201931660845
diversity, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility patterns of pathogenic and opportunistic yeast species in rock pigeon (columba livia) fecal droppings in western saudi arabia.bird fecal matter is considered a potential source of pathogenic microbes such as yeast species that contaminate the environment. therefore, it needs to be scrutinized to assess potential environmental health risks. the aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of the yeasts in pigeon fecal droppings, their antifungal susceptibility patterns, and virulence factors. we used culturing techniques to detect the yeasts in pigeon fecal droppings. the isolates were then characterized based on ...201931880893
rotavirus a associated with clinical disease and hepatic necrosis in california pigeons (columba livia domestica).retrospective analysis of pigeon necropsy submissions to the california animal health and food safety laboratory system from 2000 to 2018 revealed 14 submissions diagnosed with rotavirus a hepatic necrosis or "reoviruslike" viral hepatitis. nine of the 14 submissions (64%) occurred in 2018. submissions were racing pigeons and squab breeders from flocks with increased mortality. juvenile and adult pigeons were submitted with a history of depression, diarrhea, regurgitation, labored breathing, and ...201931865680
ctx-m-producing escherichia coli isolated from urban pigeons (columba livia domestica) in brazil.worldwide urban pigeons (columba livia domestica) are an important reservoir of pathogenic and multidrug-resistant bacteria (mdr). plasmids are key genetic elements in the dissemination of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria, including beta-lactams and quinolones, which are the most important classes of drugs for treatment of enterobacteriaceae infections in human and veterinary medicine. the aim of this study was to determine the presence of escherichia coli (e. coli) harboring plasmids c ...201932087078
longitudinal microbiome profiling reveals impermanence of probiotic bacteria in domestic pigeons.probiotics are bacterial species or assemblages that are applied to animals and plants with the intention of altering the microbiome in a beneficial way. probiotics have been linked to positive health effects such as faster disease recovery times in humans and increased weight gain in poultry. pigeon fanciers often feed their show pigeons probiotics with the intention of increasing flight performance. the objective of our study was to determine the effect of two different probiotics, alone and i ...201931206549
ethnozoological practices in rodrigues island of the mascarene archipelago.rodrigues, is an autonomous island that forms part of the republic of mauritius. it is a component of the mascarene archipelago alongside mauritius and reunion island. despite their relative geographical proximity, each island has its own unique biodiversity and indigenous knowledge. nonetheless, there is no documentation of the use of animal-based remedies (abr) in rodrigues. this study was therefore designed to gather and compare primary traditional knowledge on the different abr used by rodri ...201931419503
prenatal transfer of gut bacteria in rock pigeon.vertebrates evolved in concert with bacteria and have developed essential mutualistic relationships. gut bacteria are vital for the postnatal development of most organs and the immune and metabolic systems and may likewise play a role during prenatal development. prenatal transfer of gut bacteria is shown in four mammalian species, including humans. for the 92% of the vertebrates that are oviparous, prenatal transfer is debated, but it has been demonstrated in domestic chicken. we hypothesize th ...201931905837
the power of nothing: risk preference in pigeons, but not people, is driven primarily by avoidance of zero outcomes.both human and nonhuman animals regularly need to make choices where the outcomes of their actions are unpredictable or probabilistic in some way. these are often termed "risky" choices. faced with uncertain rewards, people (homo sapiens) and pigeons (columba livia) often show similar choice patterns. when the reward probabilities of risky choices are learned through experience, preferences in both species seem to be disproportionately influenced by the extreme (highest and lowest) outcomes in t ...201931414880
effects of eugenol on haemoproteus columbae in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) from riyadh, saudi arabia.eugenol was investigated for the treatment of haemoproteus columbae (h. columbae) infected squabs (young domestic pigeons, columba domestica). thirty naturally-infected squabs were divided into three groups of 10 each. one group was treated with eugenol, while the positive and negative control groups were administered buparvaquone (butalex®) and distilled water, respectively. the number of infected red blood cells (rbcs) was calculated in all groups before and after treatment at 4-day intervals ...201931028133
determination of the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of trazodone and its effect on the activity level of domestic pigeons (columba livia).to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of trazodone and its effect on the activity of domestic pigeons (columba livia).201930605036
first molecular identification and subtype distribution of blastocystis sp. isolated from hooded crows (corvus cornix) and pigeons (columba livia) in tehran province, iran.blastocystis is a common intestinal parasite among humans and animals such as non-human primates, pigs, cattle, birds, amphibians, and less frequently, rats, reptiles and insects. since blastocystis is a widely transmissible parasite between humans and mammals or birds, it is prominent to determine whether newly secluded non-human isolates are zoonotic. there are no comprehensive studies in iran assessing the prevalence and molecular identification of blastocystis infection in birds, especially ...201930711042
identification of a novel clade of group a rotaviruses in fatally diseased domestic pigeons in europe.rotaviruses are well-known causative agents of enteric disorders in humans and other mammals, but little is known about their virulence and pathogenic role in pigeons and other birds. starting in summer 2017, a series of outbreaks of an acute disease with high mortalities was reported in domestic pigeons in germany, belgium and denmark. the clinical picture was characterized by diarrhoea, vomiting, hepatic necrosis and sudden fatalities. from these severe outbreaks, we discovered several previou ...201930407742
collagen fiber orientation pattern, osteon morphology and distribution, and presence of laminar histology do not distinguish torsion from bending in bat and pigeon wing bones.bone can adapt to its habitual load history at various levels of its hierarchical structural and material organization. however, it is unclear how strongly a bone's structural characteristics (e.g. cross-sectional shape) are linked to microstructural characteristics (e.g. distributions of osteons and their vascular canals) or ultrastructural characteristics [e.g. patterns of predominant collagen fiber orientation (cfo)]. we compared the cross-sectional geometry, microstructure and ultrastructure ...201930924933
like chimpanzees (pan troglodytes), pigeons (columba livia domestica) match and nash equilibrate where humans (homo sapiens) do not.martin, bhui, bossaerts, matsuzawa, and camerer (2014) found that chimpanzee pairs competing in matching-pennies games achieved the nash equilibrium whereas human pairs did not. they hypothesized this outcome may be due to (a) chimpanzee ecology producing evolutionary changes that give them a cognitive advantage over humans in these games, and (b) humans being disadvantaged because the cognition necessary for optimal game play was traded off in evolution to support language. we provide data rele ...201930372107
intra-"cortical" activity during avian non-rem and rem sleep: variant and invariant traits between birds and mammals.several mammalian-based theories propose that the varying patterns of neuronal activity occurring in wakefulness and sleep reflect different modes of information processing. neocortical slow-waves, hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, and thalamocortical spindles occurring during mammalian non-rapid eye-movement (nrem) sleep are proposed to play a role in systems-level memory consolidation. birds show similar nrem and rem (rapid eye-movement) sleep stages to mammals; however, it is unclear whether al ...201930462347
poxvirus infection in a colony of laboratory pigeons (columba livia).pigeons (columba livia) are used in biomedical research for studies of vision, cognition, neuronal pathways, and spatial orientation. because there are few commercial laboratory sources, research pigeons are typically acquired from local fancier breeders or bred onsite. for acquired pigeons, the health and vaccine status is often unknown. a juvenile pigeon, born onsite and living in an enclosed outdoor loft, presented with small, bleeding, wart-like lesions on the medial aspects of digits 1 and ...201930885287
morphological and molecular appraisal of cyclophyllidean cestoda parasite raillietina saudiae sp. nov. infecting the domestic pigeon columba livia domestica and its role as a bio-indicator for environmental quality.pigeons members of the order columbiformes are a cosmopolitan group of birds with abundant and large populations associated with human activities. therefore, the current study was conducted to determine the parasitic infections within the domestic pigeon columba livia domestica. eighteen pigeons were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal helminths, of which 77.78% were infected with a cyclophyllidean cestoda parasites. the morphology of this parasite based on light and scanning electron ...201930844482
birds invest wingbeats to keep a steady head and reap the ultimate benefits of flying together.flapping flight is the most energetically demanding form of sustained forwards locomotion that vertebrates perform. flock dynamics therefore have significant implications for energy expenditure. despite this, no studies have quantified the biomechanical consequences of flying in a cluster flock or pair relative to flying solo. here, we compared the flight characteristics of homing pigeons (columba livia) flying solo and in pairs released from a site 7 km from home, using high-precision 5 hz glob ...201931211769
transcriptomic analysis of the red and green light responses in columba livia domestica.in this study, 108 paired white king pigeons, randomly divided into three compartments were exposed to green light, red light, and white light followed by 15 h of light exposure, for a 6-month period. three female birds from each group were selected and ovarian stromal tissue was collected. pigeon reproductive data were also recorded every day. we performed transcriptome assembly on several tissue samples using illumina hiseq 2000 and analyzed differentially expressed genes involving follicle de ...201930622858
aging is associated with larger brain mass and volume in homing pigeons (columba livia).in mammals, the brain decreases in mass and volume as a function of age. the current study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate age-related changes in brain mass and volume in birds. following perfusion, brains from young and old homing pigeons were weighed on a balance and orthogonal measurements of the telencephalon, cerebellum, and tecta were obtained with a digital caliper. it was found that older pigeons had heavier brains than younger pigeons, a difference that remain ...201930615974
projections of the densocellular part of the hyperpallium in the rostral wulst of pigeons (columba livia).the wulst in birds shows a four-layered structure: apical part of the hyperpallium (ha), interstitial part of ha (iha), intercalated part of hyperpallium (hi), and densocellular part of hyperpallium (hd). the wulst consists of a small rostral somatosensory region and a larger caudal visual region. the visual hd relays visual information to iha and ha in the wulst and also transfers visual information to the hippocampal formation (atoji et al., j comp neurol 526: 146-165, 2018). however, fiber pa ...201930610876
when flocking is costly: reduced cluster-flock density over long-duration flight in pigeons.birds which fly in coordinated cluster-flocks can benefit through the formation of group-level structures and patterns which can deter predators by visual confusion. though unlike v-formation flight, cluster-flocking increases the energetic cost of flight, particularly in denser flocks. cluster formations therefore provide a unique opportunity to investigate trade-offs between increased work rate (e.g. higher flap frequency) and other benefits of flocking. as part of a routine 9-km training flig ...201931309338
effects of in ovo feeding of l-lysine on hatchability, hatching time, and early post-hatch development in domestic pigeons (columba livia)1.this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo feeding (iof) of l-lysine (lys) on hatchability and development in pigeon neonates. at day 13 of incubation, fertile eggs were injected with 200 μl of sterilized saline (0.75%, sc group), 1% conc. lys solution (lys group, 2.11 mg lys dissolved in 200 μl of sterilized saline), with controls not injected (nc group). the results showed that iof of lys decreased the hatchability (p < 0.05) compared with other groups, whereas the hatching tim ...201931287887
global dna methylation changes in rock pigeon (columba livia) as a sentinel species due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in tehran (iran) as a megacity.global dna methylation, as an epigenetic modifications, can be a promising genomic marker for monitoring the contaminants and predicting their adverse health effects. the study aims to assess the effects of 16 pah concentration on the altered dna methylation levels in the kidney and liver of rock pigeon (columba livia), as a sentinel species, from tehran megacity as well as 40 days benzo(a)pyrene in vitro exposure: (0.1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mg kg-1 bw). data indicated that the total lmw-pah (low ...201931280440
neurophysiology of avian sleep: comparing natural sleep and isoflurane anesthesia.propagating slow-waves in electroencephalogram (eeg) or local field potential (lfp) recordings occur during non-rapid eye-movement (nrem) sleep in both mammals and birds. moreover, in both, input from the thalamus is thought to contribute to the genesis of nrem sleep slow-waves. interestingly, the general features of slow-waves are also found under isoflurane anesthesia. however, it is unclear to what extent these slow-waves reflect the same processes as those giving rise to nrem sleep slow-wave ...201930983954
intraocular pressure measurement by rebound tonometry (tonovet) in normal pigeons (columba livia).we evaluated the applicability of a rebound tonometer (tonovet) in pigeon eyes and established normal reference intraocular pressure (iop) values in healthy pigeons; 20 eyes of euthanized pigeons were used for calibration of the tonovet and 48 eyes of 24 adult pigeons were used for measurement of reference iop. first, iop of pigeon eyes ex vivo were measured using the 'd' and the 'p' modes of the tonovet and compared to manometric iop values from 5 to 80 mm hg. then, to establish normal referenc ...201931124611
pretectal projections to the oculomotor cerebellum in hummingbirds (calypte anna), zebra finches (taeniopygia guttata), and pigeons (columba livia).in birds, optic flow is processed by a retinal-recipient nucleus in the pretectum, the nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (lm), which then projects to the cerebellum, a key site for sensorimotor integration. previous studies have shown that the lm is hypertrophied in hummingbirds, and that lm cell response properties differ between hummingbirds and other birds. given these differences in anatomy and physiology, we ask here if there are also species differences in the connectivity of the lm. the lm ...201930950058
ex vivo biomechanical comparison of titanium locking plate, stainless steel nonlocking plate, and tie-in external fixator applied by a dorsal approach on ostectomized humeri of pigeons (columba livia).to compare the bending strength of a locking plate (lp), nonlocking plate (nlp), and an external skeletal fixator intramedullary pin (esf-im) tie-in fixation applied by a dorsal approach in an avian humerus fracture model, 5 left humeri obtained from pigeon (columba livia) cadavers were randomly assigned to each repair technique (n = 15). the esf-im group was repaired with a 0.062-inch intramedullary pin tied-in with two 0.035-inch positive profile transfixation pins using acrylic filled plastic ...201931124609
exploring the "minimal" structure of a functional adamts13 by mutagenesis and small-angle x-ray scattering.human adamts13 is a multidomain protein with metalloprotease (m), disintegrin-like (d), thrombospondin-1 (t), cys-rich (c), and spacer (s) domains, followed by 7 additional t domains and 2 cub (complement components c1r and c1s, sea urchin protein uegf, and bone morphogenetic protein-1) domains. adamts13 inhibits the growth of von willebrand factor (vwf)-platelet aggregates by cleaving the cryptic tyr1605-met1606 bond in the vwf a2 domain. adamts13 is regulated by substrate-induced allosteric ac ...201930692120
testing analogical rule transfer in pigeons (columba livia).categorization is an essential cognitive process useful for transferring knowledge from previous experience to novel situations. the mechanisms by which trained categorization behavior extends to novel stimuli, especially in animals, are insufficiently understood. to understand how pigeons learn and transfer category membership, seven pigeons were trained to classify controlled, bi-dimensional stimuli in a two-alternative forced-choice task. following either dimensional, rule-based (rb) or infor ...201930508704
feeding ecology of blue rock pigeon (columba livia) in the three districts of punjab, pakistan.present paper provides information on the feeding regimens of the two genders of the blue-rock pigeon (columba livia linn.) in the sampled habitats of the three districts viz. rawalpindi, faisalabad and bahawalpur of the punjab province, pakistan. this feral pigeon, considered ubiquitous species, inhabits both the grasslands and clumped environments to establish their roosts and nests. the study explored about comparable feeding proportions from three major habitats of the pigeons which were cap ...201931800769
microbial load and antibiotic resistance patterns of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis isolates from the meat of wild and domestic pigeons.an expansion in the consumption of pigeon meat has occurred in recent years. however, little is known about microbial load and antibiotic resistance of this foodstuff. the hygiene status and the antibiotic resistance patterns (disc diffusion; clinical and laboratory standards institute, clsi) of escherichia coli and enterococcus faecalis isolates from wild and domestic pigeon carcasses were investigated. average microbial loads (log10 cfu/cm2) ranged from 1.40 ± 1.17 (fecal coliforms) to 3.68 ± ...201931683845
pigeon circoviruses from feral pigeons in australia demonstrate extensive recombination and genetic admixture with other circoviruses.like other avian circovirus species, pigeon circovirus (picv) is known to be genetically diverse with a relatively small circular single-stranded dna genome of 2 kb that encodes for a capsid protein (cap) and a replication initiator protein (rep). recent paleoviral evidence hints towards a probable gondwanan origin of avian circoviruses, paralleling the evolution and dispersal of their hosts. limited availability of picv genome sequence data in australia has hindered phylogeographic studies in t ...201931199167
trichomonas infection in a community of free-ranging domestic and wild columbiformes and bonelli's eagle (aquila fasciata).trichomonas gallinae is a pathogen of conservation relevance, whose main maintenance hosts are columbiformes, but spillover to avian predators has been described. the goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of trichomonas spp. in a community of free-ranging domestic and wild columbiformes and an endangered predator, bonelli's eagle aquila fasciata. we surveyed 253 live-captured rock doves, 16 nestling bonelli's eagles and 41 hunted columbiformes. oro-esophageal swabs were incubat ...201931192234
targeted disruption of torc1 retards young squab growth by inhibiting the synthesis of crop milk protein in breeding pigeon (columba livia).this study was conducted to explore the regulatory role of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (torc1) signaling pathway in crop milk synthesis in breeding pigeons (columba livia). three groups of breeding pigeons in the lactation period (n = 30 pairs/group) were respectively injected with rapamycin (rapa, a specific inhibitor of the target of rapamycin complex) at doses of 0 (vehicle, control), 0.6, or 1.2 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day via the wing vein for 7 days. the average daily feed intake (adf ...201931504948
draft genome sequence of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone resistant campylobacter jejuni mm26-781 assigned to novel st isolated from common pigeon in lithuania.campylobacter jejuni is an important zoonotic pathogen known to be resistant to a wide range of antibiotics worldwide. campylobacter jejuni may be intrinsically resistant to antibiotics or can acquire antibiotic resistance determinants through gene transfer. however, the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among campylobacter isolates from wild birds, especially in lithuania, is limited. whole genome sequencing (wgs) is a tool for better understanding the evolutionary a ...201931523125
a comparative study on anti-inflammatory drug combinations in domestic pigeons with experimentally induced acute arthritis.the study compares the effect of one-time administration of nonsteroidal and/or steroidal anti-inflammatory combinations by topical or intramuscular (im) routes to pigeons with monosodium urate (msu)-induced arthritis. forty-five adult domestic pigeons were assigned into nine equal groups: nc, negative control; pc, positive control with arthritis; sham, sham control; t1, meloxicam + hydrocortisone; t2, dexamethasone + piroxicam; t3, meloxicam + dexamethasone; t4, hydrocortisone + piroxicam; t5, ...201931842592
high prevalence of cryptococcus neoformans and isolation of other opportunistic fungi from pigeon (columba livia) droppings in northeast iran.cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes cryptococcosis, a life-threatening infection that usually manifests as meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. pigeon (columba livia) droppings can spread pathogenic yeasts and mold fungi, such as c neoformans, in the environment. the objective of this study was to isolate c neoformans and other opportunistic fungi from feral pigeon droppings. one hundred twenty samples of feral pigeon droppings were suspended 1:10 ...201931833301
experimental characterization of the complete life cycle of haemoproteus columbae, with a description of a natural host-parasite system used to study this infection.characterization of complete life cycles of haemoparasites requires the maintenance of suitable susceptible vertebrate hosts and vectors for long periods in captivity, in order to follow the complete parasitic cycle in definitive and intermediate hosts. currently, there are few host-parasite models established in avian haemosporidian research, and those have been developed mainly for species of passeriformes and their parasites. this study aimed to develop an experimental methodology to access t ...201931628938
differences between the filling velocities of the left and right heart ventricle in racing pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) and the influence of anesthesia with isoflurane.the ventricular filling velocities during diastole and the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on these blood flow velocities of the racing pigeon (n = 43) are evaluated by pulsed-wave (pw) doppler sonography. sonographic examination demonstrates an early passive ventricular (e wave) and late active (a wave) ventricular filling. the results indicate differences between the two heart ventricles. especially, the e wave velocity of the right heart is significantly lower than in the left heart, which ...201931601033
the racing pigeon (columba livia domestica) industry in victoria, australia, and epidemiology of a novel group a rotavirus outbreak.a novel group a rotavirus, first identified clinically in racing, feral and fancy pigeons in western australia, had spread throughout australia by march 2017. in december 2016, the putative index case of rotavirus in racing pigeons in the state of victoria was confirmed at a regional bird sale, with rapid spread to peri-urban melbourne, the capital city. a survey sent to approximately 400 victorian pigeon fanciers identified eight (of 85 respondents) with a confirmed rotavirus infection in their ...201931140207
parasitic affections of domesticated pigeons (columba livia) in jammu, indiathe parasitic fauna of domesticated pigeons in jammu region were not recorded and so a survey was undertaken amongst a population of approximately 4000 birds in twelve areas around jammu. ectoparasites and haemoprotozoa from live birds, and endoparasites from dead birds were recorded. ova shed in feces were also screened in four different seasons. ectoparasites recovered include columbicola columbae, campanulotes bidentatus, pseudolynchia canariensis, ctenocephalides sp., psoroptes sp. a total o ...201931127877
cryptococcus neoformans recovered from olive trees (olea europaea) in turkey reveal allopatry with african and south american lineages.cryptococcus species are life-threatening human fungal pathogens that cause cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in both immunocompromised and healthy hosts. the natural environmental niches of cryptococcus include pigeon (columba livia) guano, soil, and a variety of tree species such as eucalyptus camaldulensis, ceratonia siliqua, platanus orientalis, and pinus spp. genetic and genomic studies of extensive sample collections have provided insights into the population distribution and composition of ...201931788454
association of myod1 gene polymorphisms with meat quality traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).myogenic differentiation 1 (myod1) belongs to the myod family and plays a key role in myogenesis and consequently, in determining muscle fiber characteristics. in this study, single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the exons of myod1 were identified in 200 domestic pigeons (columba livia) by direct dna sequencing, and the association between myod1 polymorphisms and meat quality traits was analyzed. we found four novel variations (a2967g, g3044a, a3164c, and c3311g) in exon 3. the snp a2967g is ...201932055192
chemical and structural analysis of a photoactive vertebrate cryptochrome from pigeon.computational and biochemical studies implicate the blue-light sensor cryptochrome (cry) as an endogenous light-dependent magnetosensor enabling migratory birds to navigate using the earth's magnetic field. validation of such a mechanism has been hampered by the absence of structures of vertebrate crys that have functional photochemistry. here we present crystal structures of columba livia (pigeon) cry4 that reveal evolutionarily conserved modifications to a sequence of trp residues (trp-triad) ...201931484780
ontogenetic changes of geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the avian femur: a comparison between precocial and altricial birds.the mechanical performance of limb bones is closely associated with an animal's locomotor capability and is thus important to our understanding of animal behaviour. this study combined a geometrical analysis and three-point bending tests to address the question of how the mechanical performance of the femurs of japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica) and pigeon (columba livia domestica) respond to changing functional demands during ontogeny. results showed that hatchling quails had stiff bon ...201931355453
chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in switzerland and insight into population dynamics by chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing.feral pigeons, common wood pigeons and eurasian collared doves are the most common representatives of the columbidae family in switzerland and are mostly present in highly populated, urban areas. pigeons may carry various members of the obligate intracellular chlamydiaceae family, particularly chlamydia (c.) psittaci, a known zoonotic agent, and c. avium. the objective of the study was to identify the infection rates of common free-roaming pigeons for different chlamydia species with the overall ...201931887111
effect of three different sedatives on electroretinography recordings in domestic pigeons (columba livia).this study was conducted to compare the effects of 3 different sedative agents on electroretinography (erg) in domestic pigeons (columba livia). six pigeons were sedated with alfaxalone, xylazine, and medetomidine at separate times with a 1-week washout period between sedative administration. after sedation with each agent, pigeons underwent the modified erg protocol adapted from the standardized protocol for dogs. the scotopic mixed rod and cone response was recorded after 20 minutes of dark ad ...201931251498
pigeon foot feathering reveals conserved limb identity networks.the tetrapod limb is a stunning example of evolutionary diversity, with dramatic variation not only among distantly related species, but also between the serially homologous forelimbs (fls) and hindlimbs (hls) within species. despite this variation, highly conserved genetic and developmental programs underlie limb development and identity in all tetrapods, raising the question of how limb diversification is generated from a conserved toolkit. in some breeds of domestic pigeon, shifts in the expr ...201931247188
the influence of anesthesia with isoflurane on the pulmonary and aortic blood flow of racing pigeons (columba livia f. domestica) measured by pulsed wave doppler echocardiography.doppler echocardiographic examinations are an important technique for evaluating the blood flow also in avian cardiology. the influence of anesthesia on the blood flow in the heart is in detail unknown for the most avian species. the present study investigated the influence of an isoflurane anesthesia on the systolic blood flow of the aorta and the pulmonary artery in the area of the heart valves examined by pulsed wave doppler sonography in racing pigeons (columba livia f. domestica, n = 43). m ...201931086761
leucine promotes the growth of squabs by increasing crop milk protein synthesis through the tor signaling pathway in the domestic pigeon (columba livia).leucine (leu) plays a critical regulatory role in protein synthesis, however, the effects and molecular mechanisms of leu on crop milk protein in the domestic pigeons (columba livia) are still unknown. therefore, the study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary leu supplementation on crop milk protein synthesis and the growth performance of squabs and the possible underlying mechanism. a total of 240 pairs of breeding pigeons (1102.3 ± 9.5 g/pair) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments ...201931172174
seasonal muscle ultrastructure plasticity and resistance of muscle structural changes during temperature increases in resident black-capped chickadees and rock pigeons.resident birds in temperate zones respond to seasonally fluctuating temperatures by adjusting their physiology, such as changes in basal metabolic rate or peak metabolic rate during cold exposure, or altering their organ sizes, so as to match the thermogenic requirements of their current environment. climate change is predicted to cause increases in the frequency of heat and cold wave events, which could increase the likelihood that birds will face an environmental mismatch. here, we examined se ...201931171604
expression of mstn gene and its correlation with pectoralis muscle fiber traits in the domestic pigeons (columba livia).myostatin (mstn) is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and plays an important role in muscle development. in this research, we constructed a tissue expression profile of the pigeon mstn gene in eight tissues and a spatio-temporal expression profile in the pectoral muscle using qrt-pcr method. and the pectoralis muscle fiber traits during pigeon post-hatching stages at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d were analyzed through the paraffin sections. then the correlations between the muscle fiber di ...201931265735
comparison of the immune response to vaccination with pigeon circovirus recombinant capsid protein (picv rcp) in pigeons uninfected and subclinically infected with picv.infections with immunosuppressive pigeon circovirus (picv) pose the most severe health problem to the global pigeon breeding. the vaccination with immunogenic picv recombinant capsid protein (picv rcp) is a potential tool for disease control. because of the high prevalence of picv asymptomatic infections, the subclinically infected pigeons will be vaccinated in practice. the aim of this study was to answer a question if vaccination of asymptomatic, infected with picv pigeons induces a similar im ...201931251772
isospora coronoideae n. sp. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the australian raven (corvus coronoides) (passeriformes: corvidae) (linnaeus, 1758) in western australia.a new isospora (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) species is described from an australian raven (corvus coronoides) in western australia. sporulated oocysts (n = 21) are ovoid, 21.2 (18.4-23.9) μm in length and 18.8 (16.9-20.6) μm in width, with a shape index of 1.13. the bi-layered oocyst wall is smooth and colourless, 1.2 μm thick. a polar granule and oocyst residuum is present, but the micropyle is absent. the sporocysts are ovoid-shaped, 16.3 (13.7-18.9) × 10.7 (8.4-12.9) μm, with a shape index (leng ...201931222390
detection of chlamydia psittaci genotypes among birds in northeast iran.we determined the prevalence of chlamydia psittaci genotypes in asymptomatic and symptomatic birds in northeast iran. samples were collected from 11 species of psittaciformes and 1 species of columbiformes from 2015 to 2016. choanal cleft and cloacal swab samples, fresh fecal samples, and/or tissue samples of 70 symptomatic and 130 asymptomatic birds were collected and tested by molecular detection (nested polymerase chain reaction [pcr] testing specific for c psittaci). results showed c psittac ...201931124608
inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in captive falcons in the middle east: a review of clinical and pathologic findings.inclusion body hepatitis in falcons is caused by a herpesvirus designated falconid hv-1. this herpesvirus and other herpesviruses affecting birds of prey have not been assigned to a genus and include inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in eagles (accipitrid hv-1) and inclusion body herpesvirus hepatitis in owls (strigid hv-1). herpesvirus infections have been diagnosed in both captive and free-living raptors across europe, north america, and asia in different species of the family falconidae. h ...201931124605
renewal of extinguished behavior in pigeons (columba livia) does not require memory consolidation of acquisition or extinction in a free-operant appetitive conditioning paradigm.extinction learning is a fundamental capacity for adaptive and flexible behavior. as extinguished conditioned responding is prone to relapse under certain conditions, the necessity of memory consolidation for recovery phenomena to occur has been highlighted recently. several studies have demonstrated that both acquisition and extinction training need to be properly consolidated for a relapse of the original acquired memory trace to occur. does this imply that extinguished responses cannot relaps ...201931102600
work loop dynamics of the pigeon (columba livia) humerotriceps demonstrate potentially diverse roles for active wing morphing.control of wing shape is believed to be a key feature that allows most birds to produce aerodynamically efficient flight behaviors and high maneuverability. anatomical organization of intrinsic wing muscles suggests specific roles for the different motor elements in wing shape modulation, but testing these hypothesized functions requires challenging measurements of muscle activation and strain patterns, and force dynamics. the wing muscles that have been best characterized during flight are the ...201930890622
rapid adjustment of pecking trajectory to prism-induced visual shifts in crows as compared with pigeons.pecking in birds is analogous to reaching and grasping movements in primates. earlier studies on visuomotor control in birds, which were conducted mostly in pigeons, suggested that avian pecking is controlled feedforwardly, and is out of the control of visual guidance during movement. however, recent studies using crows suggested a role of vision in pecking control during movement. to unveil what visuomotor mechanisms underlie the flexibility of pecking in crows, we examined whether pigeons and ...201930683665
prevalence of intestinal helminth parasites of pigeons (columba livia domestica gmelin 1789) in kano state, north-western nigeria.in nigeria, helminths have over the last decades been established as important parasite of poultry including pigeons. however, the prevalence of these parasites of pigeons in kano state is yet to be established. the prevalence of helminth parasites of domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica) in kano state, nigeria was investigated in this study. the differences in the prevalence of infection between the pigeons examined on the basis of sex of the pigeon and season of the year were analyzed stat ...201931027594
host defense triggers rapid adaptive radiation in experimentally evolving parasites.adaptive radiation occurs when the members of a single lineage evolve different adaptive forms in response to selection imposed by competitors or predators. iconic examples include darwin's finches, caribbean anoles, and hawaiian silverswords, all of which live on islands. although adaptive radiation is thought to be an important generator of biodiversity, most studies concern groups that have already diversified. here, we take the opposite approach. we experimentally triggered diversification i ...201931007943
pigeon and poultry breeders, friends or enemies of the northern goshawk accipiter gentilis? a long-term study of a population in central poland.in this study, we focused on a goshawk population in central poland (study area 105 km²,forests 24 km², seven small forest complexes) which was monitored long-term (with high densitiesrecorded in the 1980s of 16.3 pairs/100 km² despite persecution by farmers) to analyse howenvironmental factors (prey availability and changes in the forest structure) influenced populationabundance, breeding parameters, and diet composition. the study was undertaken from 2011-2018,and the results were compared wit ...201930987031
evidence of non-circadian timing in a low response-cost daily time-place learning task with pigeons columba livia.previous research has shown that rats require high response cost in order to display circadian timing in daily time-place learning (tpl) tasks. for many possible reasons, no explicit effort to explore the effects of response cost on the performance of other species in these tasks has been made. therefore, the present paper explores the effects of response cost on pigeon's performance on a daily tpl task. head entry responses were reinforced according to a random interval schedule of reinforcemen ...201931470061
morphology and cytochemical patterns of peripheral blood cells in domestic pigeon (columba livia).domestic pigeon (columba livia) is one of few domesticated birds with an important economic value. in this study, a comprehensive investigation on the morphology and cytochemical patterns of peripheral blood cells in domestic pigeons were conducted by using wright's and various cytochemical staining techniques including periodic acid-schiff(pas), sudan black b(sbb), peroxidase(pox), alkaline phosphatase(alp), acid phosphatase(acp), chloroacetic acid as-d naphthol esterase(as-d) and α-naphthol ac ...201931383284
identification and comparative profiling of gonadal micrornas in the adult pigeon (columba livia).1. micrornas are small noncoding rna molecules that play crucial roles in gene expression. however, the comparative profiling of testicular and ovarian micrornas in birds are rarely reported, particularly in pigeon.2. in this study, illumina next-generation sequencing technology was used to sequence mirna libraries of the gonads from six healthy adult utility pigeons. a total of 344 conserved known mirnas and 32 novel putative mirnas candidates were detected. compared with those of ovaries, 130 ...201931343256
emerging category representation in the visual forebrain hierarchy of pigeons (columba livia).recognizing and categorizing visual stimuli are cognitive functions vital for survival, and an important feature of visual systems in primates as well as in birds. visual stimuli are processed along the ventral visual pathway. at every stage in the hierarchy, neurons respond selectively to more complex features, transforming the population representation of the stimuli. it is therefore easier to read-out category information in higher visual areas. while explicit category representations have be ...201929885380
sarcocystis calchasi outbreak in feral rock pigeons ( columba livia) in california.twenty-two feral rock pigeons ( columba livia) from 10 counties in california with ataxia, torticollis, and difficulty standing and flying were admitted to rehabilitation centers in late winter and spring of 2017 and died or were euthanized. common necropsy findings included thin body condition, generalized deep red discoloration of organs, and hemorrhagic subcutaneous neck tissues. meningoencephalitis was observed microscopically in 16 pigeons, and 3 also had protozoal schizonts in the brain. t ...201930222062
ectoparasite sharing among native and invasive birds in a metropolitan area.parasite-mediated competition has been reported to be one of the most harmful, although overlooked, impacts that alien species have on native ecosystems. monk parakeets myiopsitta monachus are successful invaders in europe, where they have been introduced from south america. colonial nests of these parrots may also host other species, e.g. the rock pigeon columba livia forma domestica. in this work, we analysed the ectoparasite composition of monk parakeets in barcelona (spain) and we evaluated ...201930565194
physiological, biochemical and histopathological changes associated with heatstroke in the galah (eolophus roseicapilla) and rock dove (columba livia).the pathophysiology of heat illnesses in birds has not been well characterized. in this study, we describe the changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood biochemistry and histopathological findings in galahs and rock doves after heat exposure under standardized conditions designed to induce heatstroke. birds in the heat-exposed group were exposed to environmental heat stress and compared to control birds. both groups of birds were under general anaesthesia throughout the experiment and seria ...201930411638
pigeons simultaneously attend to static and dynamic features of complex displays.the simultaneous processing and attention to temporally dynamic and static features remains an open and important question in theories of avian visual cognition. here, four pigeons (columba livia) learned to discriminate complex displays involving concurrently available static and dynamic features. these displays consisted of 20 elements built from combinations of two, binary-valued, static visual dimensions: red vs. green element color, large vs. small element size; and two binary-valued dynami ...201930395898
object permanence in the pigeon (columba livia): insertion of a delay prior to choice facilitates visible- and invisible-displacement accuracy.object permanence, often viewed as a measure of human cognitive development, has also been used to assess animals' cognitive abilities. tests of object permanence have distinguished between visible displacement, in which an object may be placed into one of two (or more) containers to be retrieved, and invisible displacement, in which after the object is placed into the container, the container is moved before retrieval is attempted. we tested pigeons' accuracy on both visible and invisible displ ...201930382709
comparative anatomical studies on the glandular stomach of the rock pigeon (columba livia targia) and the egyptian laughing dove (streptopelia senegalensis aegyptiaca).the rock pigeon (rp) and the laughing dove (ld) are common and widely distributed species in african countries, including egypt. the present work was carried out to characterize the comparative features of the glandular stomach (proventriculus) in these two birds, which share diets and habitats. in both species, the proventriculus is an elongated spindle obliquely situated in the cranial two-thirds of the body cavity. the length and weight of the proventriculus in the rp were about one and half ...201930370573
dose-related impacts of imidacloprid oral intoxication on brain and liver of rock pigeon (columba livia domestica), residues analysis in different organs.available data regarding imidacloprid (imi) insecticide hazards to birds are still being scare. our study aimed to investigate toxic impacts of imi oral gavage by different dose levels on the brain and liver of rock pigeon (columba livia domestica). forty mature male birds were divided equally into four groups. a control group (c) was orally dosed mazola corn oil and other three groups; the low dose (ld), the medium dose (md), and the high dose (hd) groups were orally dosed imi in mazola corn oi ...201930296697
first isolation and molecular characterization of cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii in excreta of birds in the urban perimeter of the municipality of popayán, colombia.cryptococcosis is a systemic opportunistic mycosis, caused by cryptococcus neoformans and cryptococcus gattii, which affects mainly the central nervous system of immunocompromised patients; no reports have been made on the isolation of the fungus from the environment of popayán, colombia.201930274952
digital dissection of the head of the rock dove (columba livia) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography.the rock dove (or common pigeon), columba livia, is an important model organism in biological studies, including research focusing on head muscle anatomy, feeding kinematics, and cranial kinesis. however, no integrated computer-based biomechanical model of the pigeon head has yet been attempted. as an initial step towards achieving this goal, we present the first three-dimensional digital dissection of the pigeon head based on a contrast-enhanced computed tomographic dataset achieved using iodin ...201931205748
sox10 regulates multiple genes to direct eumelanin versus pheomelanin production in domestic rock pigeon.the domesticated rock pigeon (columba livia) has been bred for hundreds of years to display an immense variety of ornamental attributes such as feather color and color patterns. color is influenced by multiple loci that impact the type and amount of melanin deposited on the feathers. pigeons homozygous for the "recessive red" mutation, which causes downregulation of sox10, display brilliant red feathers instead of blue/black feathers. sox10 encodes a transcription factor important for melanocyte ...201930838786
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