Publications

psychological and immunological associations in men with aids pursuing a macrobiotic regimen as an alternative therapy: a pilot study.	a group of men with aids who chose to follow a macrobiotic regimen as an alternative form of therapy was studied for the possible influence of psychological factors on their clinical progression. in this group, men with kaposi's sarcoma (ks) had an estimated survival time of 60% at 3 years. moreover, there was a tendency for lymphocyte number to increase during the first 3 years following diagnosis with ks. a subset of eight of these men with ks and one man with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (p ...	1989	2790232
aerosolized pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1989	2791660
intensive care for patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and respiratory failure. are we prepared for our new success?		1989	2791661
pneumocystis hepatitis and choroiditis despite successful aerosolized pentamidine pulmonary prophylaxis.	a patient who developed pneumocystis carinii hepatitis and choroiditis despite receiving prophylactic pentamidine therapy by aerosol is described. liver biopsy showed histology typical of pneumocystis hepatitis, but his respiratory status was stable and his lungs were free of p carinii organisms on bal. thus, inhaled pentamidine prophylaxis did not prevent extrapulmonary pneumocystosis. patients receiving pentamidine prophylaxis with unexplained symptoms should undergo investigation for possible ...	1989	2791697
pentamidine-associated pancreatitis.	two patients without risk factors or a prior history of pancreatitis developed acute pancreatitis soon after initiating pentamidine isethionate therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. in both patients the pancreatitis improved following medication cessation. one patient did not redevelop pancreatitis when he subsequently received inhaled pentamidine. review of the literature revealed five previously reported cases of this drug reaction. ...	1989	2791817
role of flexible bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in pediatric patients with cancer.	we reviewed 60 consecutive flexible bronchoscopies done during a 36-month period in 48 pediatric cancer patients with undiagnosed pulmonary infiltrates. diagnostic procedures during bronchoscopy included 40 brushings, 50 bronchoalveolar lavages, and 6 transbronchial and mucosal biopsies. a total of 16 specific diagnoses were made by bronchoscopy (27% diagnostic yield), including infection (12), pulmonary leukemia (3), and lymphoma (1). the largest proportion of specific diagnoses came from lavag ...	1989	2795346
pneumothorax in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	case histories of 25 consecutive patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in whom pneumothorax developed from january 1985 to the present are reviewed. spontaneous pneumothorax developed in 10 patients. all patients had a documented pulmonary infection. four of 10 died, either of progressive respiratory failure or of concurrent infection. patients with asymptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax can be safely observed. patients with symptomatic pneumothorax should initially undergo tube thorac ...	1989	2796361
experience with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids.	we have reviewed admission data, some diagnostic tests, treatment and outcome of 31 male homosexual patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with 37 consecutive episodes of presumptive pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated at the infectious disease unit, auckland hospital, between 1985 and 30 june 1988. the median age was 39 years. eight episodes were proven pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 18 satisfied centres for disease control criteria for presumptive pneumocystis carinii pneu ...	1989	2797573
does 99tcm human serum albumin alter the characteristics of nebulized pentamidine isethionate?	nebulized pentamidine has been used as therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the lung dose delivered using different nebulizer systems and doses of pentamidine from 50-600 mg is unknown. to measure this a marker which does not alter the characteristics of the nebulized pentamidine solution must be found. we have assessed the aerosol characteristics of four jet nebulizers (system 22, system 22 mizer, optimist, respigard ii) and one ultrasonic device (pulmosonic) using two concentrations of ...	1989	2797629
[broncho-alveolar lavage by fibroscopy in immunodepressed children].	thirty broncho-alveolar lavage (bal) were performed in order to investigate 30 infectious episodes in immunocompromised children. twenty patients were previously treated by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation and 6 other patients by conventional methods. a specific etiologic diagnosis was obtained in 16 of 30 episodes (56%), 22 microorganisms were identified by bal. the most frequently involved microorganism was candida albicans and the other agents were as follows: ...	1989	2797997
[pulmonary manifestations in patients with aids].	in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) the pulmonary opportunistic infections are due to the depression of cellular immunity and they are found in more than 50% of patients. most frequently the infection is due to pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, cryptococcus neoformans and mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. non-opportunistic infections in aids are mostly due to the mycobacterium tuberculosis and legionella pneumophila. in kaposi sarcoma in aids the lungs may be involved into pulmon ...	1989	2798562
pneumocystis carinii infection.		1989	2799113
spectrum of pathologic manifestations of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with neoplastic diseases.	pneumocystis carinii is the most common protozoan organism causing infection in immunosuppressed patients. this study, based on a review of 32 lung biopsies and 13 autopsies of patients with neoplastic diseases who developed p carinii pneumonia, emphasizes the morphologic variation of this disease. excluded from this study are those patients with pcp secondary to bone marrow transplantation and aids. p carinii pneumonia occurred predominately in patients with malignant lymphoreticular neoplasms, ...	1989	2799114
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-positive and hiv-negative patients. an epidemiological, clinical and histopathological study of 18 patients.	pulmonary histopathological and clinical changes associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were found to be less severe in 10 hiv-positive patients (group a) with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) than in 8 patients (group b) with other immune deficiencies. lung biopsies from group a showed minimal thickening of the alveolar walls from oedema and slight mononuclear cell infiltration, while in group b alveolar wall thickening was more prominent with distinct mononuclear cell in ...	1989	2799574
[pneumocystis carinii].		1989	2800422
prescription drug use patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients taking zidovudine. walter reed retrovirus research group.	prescription drug profiles of 116 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients taking zidovudine in 1988 were surveyed. patients received the drug an average of 236 days. about one-third (32 percent) required reduced dosage presumably because of hematologic toxicity and this was associated with length of time on the drug. zidovudine dosage reduction was not associated with concurrent therapy with either acetaminophen or acyclovir. concomitant drug therapy was common, especially with syst ...	1989	2800586
survival following mechanical ventilation for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a different perspective.	pulmonary infection is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the predominant infection in these patients. in those patients who experience progression to respiratory failure from pcp, the reported mortality rate has been between 87% to 100%. this, in addition to the ultimately fatal outcome of patients with aids, has led many physicians to question the advisability of instituting mechani ...	1989	2801731
digital necrosis and disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis.		1989	2802423
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in scid/scid mice.		1989	2805792
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids.	hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (hoa) is a systemic disorder primarily affecting the bones, joints, and soft tissues and developing in association with another disease process. acute pyogenic pulmonary processes (empyema, lung abscess) are occasionally accompanied by transient hoa, but reversible hoa has not previously been reported in the setting of pcp in aids.	1989	2805856
[pneumothorax as a complication of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	a pneumothorax occurred in a 29-year-old hiv-positive woman with rapidly progressive dyspnoea at rest and left-thoracic pain, dry cough and fever. sputum test revealed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. treatment was started with 20 mg/kg trimethoprim and 100 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole, but was poorly tolerated and changed for pentamidine, 4 mg/kg i.v. from the fifth day onwards. a chest drain was inserted, but pleurodesis became necessary after two further lung collapses. after three weeks secondary p ...	1989	2806085
[clinical picture of the onset of aids in 2911 adults in italy].	since 1982, 2911 adult aids cases have been officially reported in italy up to december 31, 1988. the clinical presentation of all cases, reported to the istituto superiore di sanità, rome, and contained into the national aids register, has been analyzed, with particular attention to opportunistic infections. 168 cases (mainly homosexual men) were found exclusively affected at diagnosis by kaposi's sarcoma (ks), while the other 2743 patients were affected by opportunistic infections and/or other ...	1989	2811649
histopathology and etiology of childhood pneumonia: an autopsy study of 93 patients in bangladesh.	the causes and pathogenesis of severe childhood pneumonia in a developing country were studied in lungs removed at autopsy from 119 bangladeshi children who presented with pneumonia and/or diarrhea. pneumonia was observed in 93 patients. morphologic features included acute alveolar exudate in 51% (of the 93 patients), necrotizing pneumonia in 31%, interstitial pneumonia in 22%, and caseating granulomas in 4%, while a mixed pattern occurred in 16% of patients. causes of pneumonia were gram-negati ...	1989	2812880
a survival analysis of hospitalization among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	survival analysis techniques were used in estimating lifetime inpatient utilization among patients diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) using data on 863 members of the kaiser permanente medical care program in the northern california region diagnosed with aids between january 1, 1981 and june 30, 1987. using information on both deceased and living patients, we estimated means of 40.3 lifetime inpatient days and 3.3 hospitalizations among all aids patients. those presenting w ...	1989	2817192
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. differences in lung parasite number and inflammation in patients with and without aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia has emerged as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients with and without aids. to determine differences in p. carinii pneumonia in patients with and without aids, the p. carinii parasite numbers, lung inflammatory cell populations, gas exchange, and survival were assessed in a series of 75 consecutive patients with p. carinii pneumonia. bronchoalveolar lavage was used to quantify the parasite and inflammatory cell numbers in thes ...	1989	2817582
bronchoalveolar lavage in hiv infected patients with interstitial pneumonitis.	the value of taking microbiological and cytological specimens by flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage under local anaesthesia was assessed on 43 occasions in 35 hiv infected children, aged 3 months to 16 years, with interstitial pneumonitis. in acute interstitial pneumonitis (n = 22, 26 specimens from bronchoalveolar lavages) the microbiological yield was 73%, pneumocystis carinii being the commonest infective agent (n = 14). p carinii pneumonia was found only in children with defici ...	1989	2817943
aerosolized pentamidine. approved for hiv-infected individuals at high risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	aerosolized pentamidine isethionate (nebupent, lyphomed inc, rosemont, ill) was recently approved by the us food and drug administration for use in prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who are at high risk for this infection. the recommended dose is 300 mg of aerosolized pentamidine isethionate administered every 4 weeks via the respirgard ii nebulizer (marquest medical products inc, englewood, colo). the drug is indicat ...	1989	2818104
[histopathologic changes in several opportunistic infections in aids].	opportunistic infections are frequent in aids patients, particularly in the last phase of the disease, when they occur both singly and in combination with other conditions (for example kaposi's sarcoma). these opportunistic infections are the cause of death in over 90% of cases. their incidence ist proof of cellular immunodeficiency. based on our observations (17 cases at the two institutes since 1984) we present and discuss the histopathological changes of some important opportunistic infection ...	1989	2818471
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in an aids patient. unusual manifestation as multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a 52-year-old homosexual aids patient is described because of its unusual manifestations of multiple cavitary and noncavitary peripheral pulmonary nodules and spontaneous pneumothorax. such manifestations might become more common in the future because of the improvement of diagnostic techniques and therapeutic measures.	1989	2819588
parasite infections in aids.	'illnesses no one's got' was the epidemiological clue that led to the identification of aids as a new disease in 1981 when a rare infectious organism pneumocystis carinii was seen in previously healthy homosexuals. since then a wide range of parasite infections has been recognized in aids patients. however, these patients are not susceptible to just any passing parasite. the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) produces a specific immune defect and only parasites that can exploit that defect will ...	1989	15463136
diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	pneumocystis carinii is the prime opportunistic pathogen of our time, the leading cause of fatal pneumonia in the increasing number of immunosuppressed subjects encountered on oncology and transplant programmes' and in subjects with the acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (aids).	1989	15463222
zidovudine (azt) therapy in children with hiv infection: the australian experience.	fifteen children (11 males and four females), on oral zidovudine (azt) for symptomatic hiv infection were studied retrospectively. twelve acquired hiv via blood products, two from vertical transmission (maternal intravenous needle sharing) and one through breast feeding. their mean age at the start of therapy was 8.6 years (s.d. 4.4 years, range 1.8-15.3 years). the main indications for therapy were failure to thrive (ftt) in 10, recurrent respiratory tract infections (rrti) in eight, and develo ...	1990	1702296
rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage samples by using cellufluor staining.	cellufluor (calcofluor white) has been found to be a useful, rapid chemofluorescent stain for detection of pneumocystis carinii cysts in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. when compared with toluidine blue o and giemsa stains on 45 specimens (22 positive and 23 negative), the sensitivity and specificity of the cellufluor stain were 95 and 100%, respectively.	1990	1690218
evaluation of an indirect fluorescent-antibody stain for detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens.	two prospective studies were undertaken to evaluate a commercial indirect fluorescent-antibody (ifa) stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens from individuals at risk for or with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the first study compared ifa with diff-quik (dq; a rapid giemsa-like stain) for detecting p. carinii in 95 induced sputa obtained from 77 asymptomatic patients who had survived one previous episode of p. carinii pneumonia and who were being treated ...	1990	1693631
low-dose multidrug chemotherapy plus pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis for hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma.	treatment of advanced hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma (ks) with combination chemotherapy yields a high tumor regression rate but also a high incidence of opportunistic infections (ois), most notably pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). we attempted to maintain a high response rate and minimize the likelihood for developing pcp by designing a flexible low-dose weekly multidrug chemotherapy regimen that alternates two myelotoxic with one to two nonmyelotoxic drugs, concurrently with prophylactic aer ...	1990	1693677
a comparison of modified methenamine silver and toluidine blue stains for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from immunosuppressed patients.	pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii is an increasingly frequent occurrence; a prompt, accurate diagnosis is important to successfully manage this infection. methenamine silver and toluidine blue stainings of material recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) have been the most widely employed techniques for detecting pneumocystis organisms. the value of these two staining techniques for the detection of pneumocystis organisms was prospectively compared in 220 bal specimens obtained from 186 im ...	1990	1695802
papanicolaou stain properties that allow pneumocystis carinii to fluoresce.		1990	1695805
rapid diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infection in aids by cytocentrifugation and rapid hematoxylin-eosin staining.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the major pulmonary complication in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. while fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (tbbx) is regarded as the procedure of choice to identify pcp, these techniques, particularly tbbx, pose potential risks to the already compromised patient. to reduce the duration of bronchoscopy and, hence, lessen the chance for complications, we describe a rapid technique to id ...	1990	1696874
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids in central africa.	over a period of 11 months, 37 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) presenting with symptoms of bronchopulmonary disease were investigated. patients presented with cough, weight loss, fever and dyspnoea. investigations included fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy. in eight patients (22%) pneumocystis carinii was found. pulmonary infiltrates were found on chest radiographs of six patients, while in the remaining two patients chest ...	1990	1699254
[acute pneumocystosis during polychemotherapy following the macop-b protocol].	four out of eleven patients--none of them hiv positive--who received treatment for non-hodgkin lymphoma by the macop-b protocol between june 1989 and february 1990 were taken ill during or shortly after the conclusion of the course with fulminant pneumonia necessitating artificial ventilation. in three cases pneumocystis carinii was identified as the pathogen, and in one patient the diagnosis of pneumocystosis seemed probable. the mean cumulative doses given before the outbreak of pneumonia were ...	1990	1699717
rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii using a direct fluorescent monoclonal antibody stain.	a collaborative study was undertaken at two institutions to assess the performance of a direct fluorescent-antibody stain for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens from patients with known or suspected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. a total of 163 specimens (125 induced sputa, 37 bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and 1 tracheal aspirate) from 124 patients were examined by using modified giemsa (diff-quik; baxter american scientific products, chicago, ill.) ...	1990	1699968
blinded comparison of a direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining method and a giemsa staining method for identification of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	a new direct immunofluorescence monoclonal antibody (dfa) method (genetic systems, inc., seattle, wash.) for identification of pneumocystis carinii in induced sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens was compared in a blinded study with an established giemsa stain method. we evaluated 148 consecutive clinical specimens from 104 patients with the following results. for the 67 patients (64%) infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), 49 were initially negative by both the dfa and the ...	1990	1699970
comparison of four methods for rapid detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens.	four stains for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in respiratory specimens were compared for sensitivity, specificity, preparation time, and ease of interpretation. one hundred specimens were collected. of these, 50 were induced sputum specimens and 50 were bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. all specimens were stained with diff-quik (dq) (a modified giemsa stain), a quick silver stain, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence stains. a positive specimen was defined as any smear positive by two ...	1990	1701444
golgi complex and lysosomes in rabbit derived pneumocystis carinii.	the ultrastructural morphology of pneumocystis carinii obtained from nonimmunosuppressed rabbit is described in details. golgi complex and primary lysosomes of p carinii are described here for the first time. they are easily revealed by the zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide cytochemical reagent. thiamine pyrophosphatase and beta-glycerophosphatase activities are found in the parasite but cytidine 5' monophosphatase activity is not observed. a weak thiamine pyrophosphatase activity is detected in golg ...	1990	1707700
amplification of mitochondrial ribosomal rna sequences from pneumocystis carinii dna of rat and human origin.	pneumocystis carinii specific dna sequences have been cloned from the experimental rat model. the sequence of the gene coding for the large subunit of mitochondrial ribosomal rna has been used to construct p. carinii specific oligonucleotide primers for the polymerase chain reaction. these oligonucleotides produced amplification of specific sequences from both p. carinii infected rat and human lung samplings, but none from a range of other organisms including potential pulmonary pathogens. compa ...	1990	1705311
evaluation of calcofluor white stain for detection of pneumocystis carinii.	a rapid calcofluor white (cfw) stain for detecting pneumocystis carinii was evaluated prospectively. eighty-nine bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) specimens, 21 open-lung biopsy (olb) tissues, 2 induced sputums, 1 expectorated sputum, 2 tracheal secretions, and 1 bronchial secretion from 102 patients were examined for p. carinii cysts by both the cfw stain and a modified methenamine silver (ms) stain. twenty episodes of p. carinii pneumonia were detected: 19 of these episodes were detected by cfw sta ...	1990	1706242
advances in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	there has been a dramatic improvement in the ability to diagnose p. carinii pneumonia since the beginning of the aids epidemic. currently at the nih over 90% of patients with p. carinii pneumonia can be diagnosed within a few hours of presentation by examination of an induced sputum specimen. improved diagnosis has led to earlier initiation of therapy and an improvement in survival. however, as clinical management of aids patients improves, it is possible that there will be a change in the clini ...	1990	1707294
the risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. multicenter aids cohort study group.	we assessed the risk of pneumonia due to pneumocystis carinii in 1665 participants in the multicenter aids cohort study who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) but did not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and were not receiving prophylaxis against p. carinii. during 48 months of follow-up, 168 participants (10.1 percent) had a first episode of p. carinii pneumonia. the risk was greatly increased in participants with cd4+ cell counts at base line of ...	1990	1967190
difficulties with sputum induction for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1967394
the risk of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1970853
asymptomatic patients with hiv infection. keeping them well.	primary care physicians need to be prepared to counsel and manage patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. asymptomatic seropositive patients should be seen quarterly, and t4 lymphocyte counts should be followed. other serologic markers that may detect disease progression are p24 antigen and beta 2 microglobulin. abnormalities in the levels of these markers may influence the decision to initiate early antiretroviral therapy. therapeutic regimens are now available for delaying ...	1990	1971717
long-term zidovudine treatment of asymptomatic hiv-1-infected subjects.	eighteen asymptomatic men with persistent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) p24 antigenemia were treated with zidovudine 250-500 mg (+/- acyclovir 800 mg) 6-hourly for 4-12 weeks, and thereafter with zidovudine 500 mg (+/- acyclovir 1600 mg) 12-hourly for 92 weeks. six additional hiv-1 p24 antigenemic subjects were treated with zidovudine 500 mg 12-hourly for 76 weeks. disease progression occurred in 4 subjects, despite sustained reduction of serum hiv-1 p24 antigen levels: pneumocysti ...	1990	1972321
intermittent co-trimoxazole prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	1973495
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in infants infected with the human immunodeficiency virus with more than 450 cd4 t lymphocytes per cubic millimeter.		1990	1974030
hierarchical pattern of mucosal candida infections in hiv-seropositive women.	candida is the most common cause of opportunistic mucosal infections in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive women. we had observed an apparent correlation between the severity of immunodeficiency and the site of mucosal candida infection. the current study was designed to determine whether significant correlations existed between the sites of mucosal candida infection and the degree of immunodeficiency, as determined by subsets of lymphocyte populations.	1990	1974383
detection of pneumocystis carinii with dna amplification.	oligonucleotide primers and probes were used in the polymerase chain reaction to amplify pneumocystis carinii specific dna sequences from alveolar lavage samples from 47 diagnostic bronchoscopies. no p carinii dna was found in lavage from 10 immunocompetent patients; only low levels were found in 3 of 13 samples from immunosuppressed individuals without p carinii pneumonia (pcp), and the highest levels, readily demonstrated by simple ethidium bromide staining, were found in all of 16 samples fro ...	1990	1974987
possible transfer of pneumocystis carinii between immunodeficient patients.		1990	1975393
aerosolized pentamidine for prophylaxis against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. the san francisco community prophylaxis trial.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most frequent life-threatening opportunistic infection associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. to assess the possible value of aerosolized-pentamidine prophylaxis in different doses, a controlled clinical trial was begun in 1987 with 408 subjects at 12 treatment centers. the participants were randomly assigned to receive 30 mg of pentamidine every two weeks, 150 mg every two weeks, or 300 mg every four weeks.	1990	1975426
pneumocystis carinii karyotypes.	pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques were used to examine the chromosomes of pneumocystis carinii isolated from laboratory rats and two human subjects. p. carinii organisms isolated from each of four rat colonies and from two patients each produced a distinct band pattern, but in all cases the bands ranged in size from 300 to 700 kilobase pairs. p. carinii from three rat colonies produced patterns containing 15 prominent bands. of these 15 bands, 2 stained more intensely than would be exp ...	1990	1975595
[when and how should primary prevention against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia be carried out in hiv infection?].		1990	1975648
[the prognostic significance of lymphocyte subpopulations and macrophages in peripheral blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage in aids patients with suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].	in 36 hiv seropositive patients with the clinical manifestation of aids and a suspected pneumocystis carinii infection, lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed in the peripheral blood (pbl) and compared with the results of the bronchoalveolar lavage (bal). of those 36 patients, 29 showed a highly abnormal cd4/cd8 ratio in both the pbl and the bal. the clinical course of these 29 patients was unpredictable. in seven patients, however, the cd4/cd8 ratio in the bal was normal or only slightly alter ...	1990	1976848
prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in aids patients with weekly dapsone.		1990	1977035
possible transfer of pneumocystis carinii between kidney transplant recipients.		1990	1977036
a randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. the aids clinical trials group.	the initially tested dose of zidovudine for the treatment of patients with advanced disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv) was 1500 mg. although this dose is effective, it is associated with substantial toxicity.	1990	1977079
asymptomatic disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection detected by ophthalmoscopy.		1990	1978100
detection of pneumocystis carinii.		1990	1978158
human immunodeficiency virus and the primary care physician.	as the scope and size of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic grows, the primary care physician will need to assume a greater role. a knowledge of hiv risk factors and the ability to perform pretest and posttest counseling for hiv testing is essential. counseling patients on hiv risk reduction should be part of the hiv risk interview. an understanding of the benefits and contraindications of testing, as well as a respect for the impact of testing, is important. all hiv-seropositive in ...	1990	1978857
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the occurrence of unusual infections, in particular pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and the rare neoplasm kaposi's sarcoma, in previously healthy homosexual men in the late 1970s heralded the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus infection, the most severe form of which is the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	1990	1979021
cerebral pneumocystis carinii infection in aids.		1990	1979413
trends in survival of danish aids patients from 1981 to 1989.	length of survival was analysed in relation to year of diagnosis, aids-indicative disease, age, risk behaviour, zidovudine therapy, and cd4 cell count and serum immunoglobulin (ig) levels at the time of diagnosis in a group of 231 consecutive adult danish aids patients reported before 1 january 1988. the cumulative survival rate was 53% (95% confidence interval 47-59%) at 1 year, 29% (22-36%) at 2 years and 18% (10-26%) at 3 years. length of survival increased significantly (p less than 0.001) o ...	1990	1980821
improved detection of pneumocystis carinii by an immunofluorescence technique using monoclonal antibodies.	to assess whether a recently developed indirect immunofluorescent stain using monoclonal antibodies was more sensitive in detecting pneumocystis carinii than the combination of giemsa and methenamine silver nitrate stains which has routinely been used in the laboratory, 88 lavage fluid specimens and 34 induced sputum specimens were examined. all specimens were stained by five techniques: immunofluorescence using a combination of three monoclonal antibodies (from the national institutes of health ...	1990	2073898
legionellosis in patients with hiv infection.	during the five-year period 1984-1988 we received 192 specimens from 180 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) for investigation of legionella infection. the majority of specimens were bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids (84%), but tracheal suctions and lung tissue from autopsies were also examined. the diagnostic methods used were a direct immunofluorescence assay (dfa) for the detection of legionella antigen, and culture on buffered charcoal yeast extract (bcye-alpha) m ...	1990	2076906
molecular biology of pneumocystis carinii.		1990	2078032
development of pentamidine analogues as new agents for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	2078033
[complexities in the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia].	the authors provide clinical evidence for difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of pneumocystis pneumonia. show the role of the methods such as examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serological blood testing aimed at detection of the liter of antibodies to pneumocystis carinii.	1990	2084906
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an atypical presentation with lung cavitations.	the differential diagnosis of lung cavitations is very broad. we report a case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) with lung cavitations on the chest x-ray in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). we discuss the differential diagnosis of such an x-ray pattern and emphasize that multiple cavitations can be a roentgenographic presentation of pcp.	1990	2090486
[bilateral cavitated lesions in pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii in a female patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].		1990	2090901
[aids pathology: various critical considerations (especially regarding the brain, the heart, the lungs, the hypophysis and the adrenal glands].	our studies on pathology of aids point to four major conclusions. 1) the brain is often directly affected by the hiv infection (with the characteristics of subacute microglial encephalitis with pathognomonic multinucleated giant cells) and then by opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus, herpes-virus, papova-virus jc (with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy), mycobacterium tuberculosis, toxoplasma gondii, cryptococcus neoformans, candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus; oppor ...	1990	2094837
[diagnosis of pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii using induced sputum].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is one of the most common and severe infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. classically, the diagnosis of this condition is made with aggressive techniques such as fibrobronchoscopy (fbs) with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) or pulmonary biopsy. sputum induction is a relatively recent technique which permits the diagnosis in a rapid, inexpensive way which is not aggressive for the patient. we have carried out 22 sputum inductions dur ...	1990	2095264
prognostic score for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	sixty episodes of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 59 patients were evaluated for risk factors predicting fatal outcome within 14 days after bronchoscopy. we found significantly higher values for serum lactate dehydrogenase (p less than 0.001), alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (p less than 0.001) and percentage of bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophils (p less than 0.001) in patients dying within 14 days, but there was considerable overlap of these variables between the two groups. using a score ...	1990	2095609
[construction of a genomic dna library of toxoplasma gondii (zs2 strain), screening of specific clone and dna diagnosis of toxoplasmosis].	we have constructed a genomic dna library of toxoplasma gondii (zs2 strain) and screened out a specific dna sequence for t. gondii. the restriction map of the cloned dna fragment (1.1kb) was analysed. the southern and dot-blot analyses showed that the 32p-labeled cloned dna fragment hybridized to the parasite dna, dnas from peripheral white blood cells and thymus of baby pigs artificially infected with t. gondii and dnas of t. gondii- positive anencephalus and hydrocephalus, but did not hybridiz ...	1990	2095993
infection with pneumocystis carinii is prevalent in healthy gambian children.	pneumocystis pneumonia is rarely identified in the many immunosuppressed individuals with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) and malnutrition in africa. to test whether infection with pneumocystis carinii occurs in the continent we conducted a comparative serological study, measuring by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies to the parasite in 150 healthy young individuals from both britain and the gambian savanna. the prevalence of significant titres of antibody to p. carinii stea ...	1990	2096511
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection at a spanish hospital].	thirty cases of a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection were collected in a 32 month period. most patients had long standing fever, cough and dyspnea. laboratory findings were nonspecific. remarkably, ldh activity was high in 88% of patients and the t4 lymphocyte count was lower than 200/mm3 in all patients in whom it was measured. chest radiogram showed bilateral alveolar-interstitial pattern in 90% of cases. bronchoalveolar lavage with ultracentrifugati ...	1990	2098145
[macrophages from healthy adults release tnf-alpha after exposure to pneumocystis carinii of murine origin. preliminary study].	the ability of pneumocystis carinii to induce tnf-alpha release by macrophages from adult healthy humans was investigated. monocytes and monocytes derived macrophages produced an high amount of tnf-alpha when exposed to p. carinii cysts obtained from rats with steroid induced pneumocystosis. tnf-alpha release was p. carinii specific as shown by the inhibition exerted by the anti-p. carinii hyperimmune serum and it was not mediated by putative traces of endotoxin.	1990	2099981
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv infections. committee of the 1st consensus conference of anti-infectious therapy organized in may 1990 in paris by the société de pathologie infectieuse de langue française].	at the end of the first consensus conference on anti-infectious therapy organized by the french language society of infectious pathology in may 1990 and devoted to pneumocystosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the consensus committee produced this paper which answers the following 4 questions: what are the indications, technical requirements, sensitivity and benefits of induced expectoration in the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia? what are the initial ...	1990	2100027
aerosolised pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the goal of this study was to evaluate inhaled pentamidine for the treatment of patients with mild and moderate pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. eight adults with aids and pneumocystis pneumonia (4 with a first episode and 4 with a repeat pneumocystosis) received daily inhalations of aerosol pentamidine isethionate for 21 days. six patients were treated with doses of 300 mg of pentamidine and the remaining 2 received 600 mg every day. in the 300 mg treatment group, 2 individuals showed discrete ...	1990	2101523
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].		1990	2103190
[pneumothorax, pneumocystis carinii, and aids].	spontaneous pneumothorax can be a complication of several pulmonary diseases, such as pulmonary emphysema, chronic bronchitis and interstitial pulmonary disease. nevertheless, it is a rare complication of any pneumonia, there is no description of necrosis or abscess caused by pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. we present a case of spontaneous pneumothorax (which was not resolved), being a reason for admission, of a patient with aids who developed pneumocystis carinii pneumonia during the stay in ho ...	1990	2103785
visceral and nodal calcification in patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii infection.	clinical and radiologic findings in nine patients with aids and disseminated pneumocystis carinii infection were analyzed retrospectively. the diagnosis was confirmed by autopsy (five patients) and by biopsy (two patients). all nine had a history of p. carinii pneumonia. ct showed parenchymal calcifications in the spleen (seven patients), liver (six patients), kidneys (six patients), abdominal lymph nodes (three patients), adrenal glands (two patients), and mediastinal lymph nodes (one patient). ...	1990	2104720
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1990	2106927
prevention of infection in acute leukemia.	in a randomized study comparing cotrimoxazole plus colistin with ciprofloxacin, each in combination with nonabsorbable antimycotics, the incidence of major infections in terms of septicemias and pneumonias as well as of minor infections and episodes of unexplained fever (fuo) was higher in patients treated with ciprofloxacin. in cases of microbiologically documented infections, gram-positive cocci dominated by far. in surveillance cultures of oral washings and of feces, gram-negative enterobacte ...	1990	2108911
extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii in a patient with aids: sonographic findings.		1990	2112868
imipenem resistance in a case of aids with relapsing pseudomonas meningitis.	we describe an aids patient who had a recurrence of pseudomonas meningitis to illustrate three points. first, the use of sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim in aids patients for prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia may cause the various body sites to be colonized with resistant species such as p aeruginosa. second, pseudomonas meningitis can recur in a patient with aids after a month of appropriate therapy. finally, imipenem is a poor choice for pseudomonas meningitis, even when alternative t ...	1990	2116669
aerosol therapy in aids.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common presenting symptom in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). clinical trials have shown that inhaled pentamidine, delivered by nebulizer, is an effective prophylaxis for pcp in high-risk patients, and can be used to treat mild to moderate episodes. side effects are minor, in marked contrast to the parenteral route of administration. the choice of nebulizer system will determine both alveolar delivery of pentamidine and ...	1990	2117180
requirement for cd4+ cells in resistance to pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice.	the importance of cd4+ cells in resistance to pneumocystis carinii (pc) in pc-susceptible severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice that were made resistant to pc by immunocompetent spleen cell transfer, and in conventional pc-resistant mice, was investigated. scid mice with naturally acquired pc pneumonia (pcp) were given infusions of spleen cells from immunocompetent donors. this reconstitution caused the recipients to resolve their pcp. treatment of reconstituted scid mice with anti-cd4 mon ...	1990	2117637
a prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation: clinical efficacy, absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, effects on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis.	to determine the efficacy of long-term prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) for prevention of bacterial infection following renal transplantation, the absorption of tmp-smz in transplant patients, the effects of prophylaxis on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis.	1990	2118307
enhanced treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in rats with interferon-gamma and reduced doses of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.	interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) was used to treat rats with steroid-induced pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). treatment with 427,000 u/day prophylactically prevented infection in this model. treatment with 200,000 u, three times/week for 2 weeks caused a significant reduction in the number of cysts in the lungs and prolonged survival of the rats. in addition, ifn-gamma and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole behaved synergistically in the treatment of pcp in rats. reduced dosages of each drug, when g ...	1990	2118951
therapy and prophylaxis of systemic protozoan infections.	this article summarises current therapy and prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii, toxoplasma gondii, leishmania species, african trypanosomes (trypanosoma brucei gambiense and t. b. rhodesiense), and american trypanosome (trypanosoma cruzi) infections. each agent and the disease it causes is briefly reviewed, and current data on the structure, mode of action, indications for treatment, dosage, administration, duration of therapy, efficacy, toxicity, and necessary monitoring during therapy are di ...	1990	2121456
mechanism of pneumocystis carinii attachment to cultured rat alveolar macrophages.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) pneumonia begins as an intra-alveolar process resulting in injury to the alveolar epithelium with subsequent invasion of the lung interstitium. the clearance of pc organisms from the alveolar space is a critical function of alveolar macrophages (am), the resident alveolar phagocytic cells. in this study the mechanism of pc attachment to am was determined using 51cr-labeled organisms, with pc attachment reaching a maximum of 18.9 +/- 2.5% after 4 h. attachment was signif ...	1990	2122981
pneumocystis carinii otitis media in aids: a case report and review of the literature regarding extrapulmonary pneumocystosis.		1990	2126106