Publications

characterization of a low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene from bread wheat and the corresponding protein that represents a major subunit of the glutenin polymer.	both high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gs) play the major role in determining the viscoelastic properties of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) flour. to date there has been no clear correspondence between the amino acid sequences of lmw-gs derived from dna sequencing and those of actual lmw-gs present in the endosperm. we have characterized a particular lmw-gs from hexaploid bread wheat, a major component of the glutenin polymer, which we call the 42k lmw-gs, and have isolated and ...	1998	9847089
estimating the excess investment in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in leaves of spring wheat grown under elevated co2	wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was grown under co2 partial pressures of 36 and 70 pa with two n-application regimes. responses of photosynthesis to varying co2 partial pressure were fitted to estimate the maximal carboxylation rate and the nonphotorespiratory respiration rate in flag and preceding leaves. the maximal carboxylation rate was proportional to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) content, and the light-saturated photosynthetic rate at 70 pa co2 was proportional to ...	1998	9808739
circadian-regulated transcription of the psbd light-responsive promoter in wheat chloroplasts.	the level of mrnas derived from the plastid-encoded psbd light-responsive promoter (lrp) is controlled by a circadian clock(s) in wheat (triticum aestivum). the circadian oscillations in the psbd lrp mrna level persisted for at least three cycles in continuous light and for one cycle in continuous dark, with maxima in subjective morning and minima in subjective early night. in vitro transcription in chloroplast extracts revealed that the circadian cycles in the psbd lrp mrna level were dominantl ...	1998	9808753
effect of the pairing gene ph1 and premeiotic colchicine treatment on intra- and interchromosome pairing of isochromosomes in common wheat.	the analysis of the pattern of isochromosome pairing allows one to distinguish factors affecting presynaptic alignment of homologous chromosomes from those affecting synapsis and crossing-over. because the two homologous arms in an isochromosome are invariably associated by a common centromere, the suppression of pairing between these arms (intrachromosome pairing) would indicate that synaptic or postsynaptic events were impaired. in contrast, the suppression of pairing between an isochromosome ...	1998	9799271
rapid up-regulation of hkt1, a high-affinity potassium transporter gene, in roots of barley and wheat following withdrawal of potassium	high-affinity k+ uptake in plant roots is rapidly up-regulated when k+ is withheld and down-regulated when k+ is resupplied. these processes make important contributions to plant k+ homeostasis. a cdna coding for a high-affinity k+ transporter, hkt1, was earlier cloned from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) roots and functionally characterized. we demonstrate here that in both barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and wheat roots, a rapid and large up-regulation of hkt1 mrna levels resulted when k+ was withdra ...	1998	9765551
does a low nitrogen supply necessarily lead to acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated co2?	long-term exposure of plants to elevated partial pressures of co2 (pco2) often depresses photosynthetic capacity. the mechanistic basis for this photosynthetic acclimation may involve accumulation of carbohydrate and may be promoted by nutrient limitation. however, our current knowledge is inadequate for making reliable predictions concerning the onset and extent of acclimation. many studies have sought to investigate the effects of n supply but the methodologies used generally do not allow sepa ...	1998	9765543
three mechanisms for the calcium alleviation of mineral toxicities	ca2+ in rooting medium is essential for root elongation, even in the absence of added toxicants. in the presence of rhizotoxic levels of al3+, h+, or na+ (or other cationic toxicants), supplementation of the medium with higher levels of ca2+ alleviates growth inhibition. experiments to determine the mechanisms of alleviation entailed measurements of root elongation in wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv scout 66) seedlings in controlled medium. a gouy-chapman-stern model was used to compute the elect ...	1998	9765536
computation of surface electrical potentials of plant cell membranes . correspondence to published zeta potentials from diverse plant sources	a gouy-chapman-stern model has been developed for the computation of surface electrical potential (psi0) of plant cell membranes in response to ionic solutes. the present model is a modification of an earlier version developed to compute the sorption of ions by wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv scout 66) root plasma membranes. a single set of model parameters generates values for psi0 that correlate highly with published zeta potentials of protoplasts and plasma membrane vesicles from diverse plant ...	1998	9765535
a nonparametric bootstrap method for testing close linkage vs. pleiotropy of coincident quantitative trait loci.	a novel method using the nonparametric bootstrap is proposed for testing whether a quantitative trait locus (qtl) at one chromosomal position could explain effects on two separate traits. if the single-qtl hypothesis is accepted, pleiotropy could explain the effect on two traits. if it is rejected, then the effects on two traits are due to linked qtls. the method can be used in conjunction with several qtl mapping methods as long as they provide a straightforward estimate of the number of qtls d ...	1998	9755221
characterization of zinc uptake, binding, and translocation in intact seedlings of bread and durum wheat cultivars	durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. var durum) cultivars exhibit lower zn efficiency than comparable bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars. to understand the physiological mechanism(s) that confers zn efficiency, this study used 65zn to investigate ionic zn2+ root uptake, binding, and translocation to shoots in seedlings of bread and durum wheat cultivars. time-dependent zn2+ accumulation during 90 min was greater in roots of the bread wheat cultivar. zn2+ cell wall binding was not differen ...	1998	9733541
dynamics of tandem repetitive afa-family sequences in triticeae, wheat-related species.	the afa-family sequences in wheat-related species, triticeae, are tandem repetitive sequences of 340 bp. all the analyzed triticeae species carried the sequences in their genomes, though the copy numbers varied about 100-fold among the species. the nucleotide fragments amplified by pcr were cloned and sequenced, and their behavior in the evolution of triticeae was analyzed by the neighbor-joining (nj) method. the sequences in genomes with many copies of this family clustered at independent branc ...	1998	9694667
a microsatellite map of wheat.	hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l. em. thell) is one of the world's most important crop plants and displays a very low level of intraspecific polymorphism. we report the development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers using procedures optimized for the large wheat genome. the isolation of microsatellite-containing clones from hypomethylated regions of the wheat genome increased the proportion of useful markers almost twofold. the majority (80%) of primer sets developed are geno ...	1998	9691054
isolation and characterization of wheat aluminum-regulated genes: possible involvement of aluminum as a pathogenesis response elicitor.	using differential screening of a root tip cdna library prepared from an al-tolerant wheat cultivar (triticum aestivum l. cv. atlas-66) exposed to al, we have isolated and characterized several wheat aluminum-regulated (war) cdnas. sequence comparison revealed that genes up-regulated by al correspond to peroxidase (war4.2), cysteine proteinase (war5.2), phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (war7.2), and oxalate oxidase (war13.2). two wheat cultivars that differ in their level of tolerance (cv. atlas-66: ...	1998	9684357
does leaf position within a canopy affect acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated co2?. analysis of a wheat crop under free-air co2 enrichment	previous studies of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated co2 have focused on the most recently expanded, sunlit leaves in the canopy. we examined acclimation in a vertical profile of leaves through a canopy of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the crop was grown at an elevated co2 partial pressure of 55 pa within a replicated field experiment using free-air co2 enrichment. gas exchange was used to estimate in vivo carboxylation capacity and the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-limited pho ...	1998	9662547
effect of water stress on cell division and cell-division-cycle 2-like cell-cycle kinase activity in wheat leaves	in wheat (triticum aestivum) seedlings subjected to a mild water stress (water potential of -0.3 mpa), the leaf-elongation rate was reduced by one-half and the mitotic activity of mesophyll cells was reduced to 42% of well-watered controls within 1 d. there was also a reduction in the length of the zone of mesophyll cell division to within 4 mm from the base compared with 8 mm in control leaves. however, the period of division continued longer in the stressed than in the control leaves, and the ...	1998	9625720
position effects of ribosomal rna multigene loci on meiotic recombination in wheat.	homeologous wheat chromosome arms that differ by the presence or absence of a nor locus or greatly differ in the numbers of copies of rrna genes per nor locus show conspicuous differences in the distribution of recombination. to assess directly the position effects of nor loci on recombination across chromosome arms, a triticum monococcum nor9 haplotype was substituted for triticum aestivum nor9 haplotypes on two t. aestivum 1a chromosomes in the isogenic background of cv chinese spring. the num ...	1998	9611218
developmentally regulated organ-, tissue-, and cell-specific expression of calmodulin genes in common wheat.	recently, we reported on the characterization of the calmodulin (cam) gene family in wheat [44]. we classified wheat cam genes into four subfamilies (sfs) designated sf-1 to sf-4, each representing a series of homoeoallelic loci on the homoeologous chromosomes of the three genomes of common wheat. here we studied the expression of these wheat cam genes in the course of wheat development. northern blot analysis using sf-specific probes revealed differences in sf expression levels in different org ...	1998	9620269
transpiration efficiency of three mediterranean annual pasture species and wheat.	attempts to improve water use efficiency in regions with mediterranean climates generally focus on increasing plant transpiration relative to evaporation from the soil and increasing transpiration efficiency. our aim was to determine if transpiration efficiency differs among key species occurring in annual pastures in southern australia. two glasshouse experiments were conducted with three key pasture species, subterranean clover (trifolium subterraneum l.), capeweed [arctotheca calendula (l.) l ...	1998	28308465
wheat grain hardness results from highly conserved mutations in the friabilin components puroindoline a and b.	"soft" and "hard" are the two main market classes of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and are distinguished by expression of the hardness gene. friabilin, a marker protein for grain softness (ha), consists of two proteins, puroindoline a and b (pina and pinb, respectively). we previously demonstrated that a glycine to serine mutation in pinb is linked inseparably to grain hardness. here, we report that the pinb serine mutation is present in 9 of 13 additional randomly selected hard wheats and in non ...	1998	9600953
expression and localization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in developing and germinating wheat grains.	phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepc) activity and corresponding mrna levels were investigated in developing and germinating wheat (triticum aestivum) grains. during grain development pepc activity increased to reach a maximum 15 d postanthesis. western-blot experiments detected two main pepc polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 108 and 103 kd. the most abundant 103-kd pepc subunit remained almost constant throughout the process of grain development and in the scutellum and aleurone l ...	1998	9536041
characterization of cadmium binding, uptake, and translocation in intact seedlings of bread and durum wheat cultivars	high cd content in durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. var durum) grain grown in the united states and canada presents potential health and economic problems for consumers and growers. in an effort to understand the biological processes that result in excess cd accumulation, root cd uptake and xylem translocation to shoots in seedlings of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and durum wheat cultivars were studied. whole-plant cd accumulation was somewhat greater in the bread wheat cultivar, but this ...	1998	9536059
wheat cultivar discrimination by capillary electrophoresis of gliadins in isoelectric buffers.	a modified method is reported for screening of wheat cultivars: capillary zone electrophoresis of gliadins in isoelectric buffers. previously published procedures recommended a 100 mm phosphate buffer, supplemented with 0.05% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and 20% acetonitrile, in uncoated capillaries. due to the very high conductivity of such a buffer (4.7 mmhos at 25 degrees c) high speed separations (10-12 min analysis time at 800 v/cm) could only be elicited in 20 microm internal diameter (id) ...	1998	9548297
effect of the pairing gene ph1 on centromere misdivision in common wheat.	the cytologically diploid-like meiotic behavior of hexaploid wheat (i.e., exclusive bivalent pairing of homologues) is largely controlled by the pairing homoeologous gene ph1. this gene suppresses pairing between homoeologous (partially homologous) chromosomes of the three closely related genomes that compose the hexaploid wheat complement. it has been previously proposed that ph1 regulates meiotic pairing by determining the pattern of premeiotic arrangement of homologous and homoeologous chromo ...	1998	9539442
development, characterization, and application of a cadmium-selective microelectrode for the measurement of cadmium fluxes in roots of thlaspi species and wheat	a cd2+-selective vibrating microelectrode was constructed using a neutral carrier-based cd ionophore to investigate ion-transport processes along the roots of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and two species of thlaspi, one a zn/cd hyperaccumulator and the other a related nonaccumulator. in simple cd(no3)2 solutions, the electrode exhibited a nernstian response in solutions with cd2+ activities as low as 50 nm. addition of ca2+ to the calibration solutions did not influence the slope of the calibrat ...	1998	9536057
re-aeration following hypoxia or anoxia leads to activation of the antioxidative defense system in roots of wheat seedlings	the response of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle was investigated in roots of young wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings that were deprived of oxygen either by subjecting them to root hypoxia or to entire plant anoxia and then re-aerated. although higher total levels of ascorbate and glutathione were observed under hypoxia, only the total amount of ascorbate was increased under anoxia. under both treatments a significant increase in the reduced form of ascorbate and glutathione was found, resul ...	1998	9490765
genetic diversity in australian wheat varieties and breeding material based on rflp data.	restriction fragment length polymorphisms (rflps) have been used to characterise the genetic diversity of wheat (triticum aestivum) germplasm. one hundred and twenty-four accessions comprising all major australian wheat varieties and lines important for breeding purposes were assayed for rflps with clones of known genetic location and selected to give uniform genome coverage. the objectives of this study were to determine rflp-based genetic similarity between accessions and to derive association ...	1998	24710883
a novel class of protein from wheat which inhibits xylanases.	we have purified a novel class of protein that can inhibit the activity of endo-beta-1,4-xylanases. the inhibitor from wheat (triticum aestivum, var. soisson) is a glycosylated, monomeric, basic protein with a pi of 8.7-8.9, a molecular mass of 29 kda and a unique n-terminal sequence of aggktgqvtvfwgrn. we have shown that the protein can inhibit the activity of two family-11 endo-beta-1, 4-xylanases, a recombinant enzyme from aspergillus niger and an enzyme from trichoderma viride. the inhibitor ...	1999	10024521
detoxication of phenol in annual plant seedlings.	transformation of phenol (14c6h5oh) penetrating through the roots of mung bean (phaseolus aureus) and wheat (triticum vulgare) sterile seedlings has been studied. phenol was coupled to low-molecular-weight peptides, producing phenol-peptide conjugates. hydrolytic cleavage of the conjugates liberated initial labeled phenol and some unlabeled amino acids. phenol- glutathione and phenol-homoglutathione were not found among the peptide conjugates. it is suggested that the conjugation is carried out ...	1999	10051359
cloning and expression of a wheat (triticum aestivum l.) phosphatidylserine synthase cdna. overexpression in plants alters the composition of phospholipids.	we describe the cloning of a wheat cdna (tapss1) that encodes a phosphatidylserine synthase (pss) and provides the first strong evidence for the existence of this enzyme in a higher eukaryotic cell. the cdna was isolated on its ability to confer increased resistance to aluminum toxicity when expressed in yeast. the sequence of the predicted protein encoded by tapss1 shows homology to pss from both yeast and bacteria but is distinct from the animal pss enzymes that catalyze base-exchange reaction ...	1999	10066765
ecological intensification of cereal production systems: yield potential, soil quality, and precision agriculture.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), and maize (zea mays l.) provide about two-thirds of all energy in human diets, and four major cropping systems in which these cereals are grown represent the foundation of human food supply. yield per unit time and land has increased markedly during the past 30 years in these systems, a result of intensified crop management involving improved germplasm, greater inputs of fertilizer, production of two or more crops per year on the same piece o ...	1999	10339523
a novel histone variant localized in nucleoli of higher plant cells.	immunofluorescence staining with antisera raised against p35, a basic nuclear protein that accumulates in the pollen nuclei of lilium longiflorum, specifically stained the nucleoli in interphase nuclei of somatic tissues, including root and leaf, and in pachytene nuclei during meiotic division, whereas antisera raised against histone h1 uniformly stained the entire chromatin domain with the exception of the nucleoli in these nuclei. further, p35-specific antisera stained the nucleoli in root and ...	1999	10398848
bioactive antinutritional peptides derived from cereal prolamins: a review.	alcohol-soluble endosperm proteins (prolamins) from some cereals (e.g. wheat, barley, and rye) give origin upon proteolytic digestion to biologically-active antinutritional peptides able to adversely affect in vivo the intestinal mucosa of coeliac patients, whereas prolamins from other cereals (e.g. maize and rice) do not. these antinutritional peptides are also able to: (a) prevent in vitro recovery of atrophic coeliac mucosa; (b) to inhibit differentiation of isolated rat fetal and chick fetal ...	1999	10399351
the localization and expression of the class ii starch synthases of wheat.	the starch granules of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum) contain a group of three proteins known as sgp-1 (starch granule protein-1) proteins, which have apparent molecular masses of 100, 108, and 115 kd. the nature and role of these proteins has not been defined previously. we demonstrate that these polypeptides are starch synthases that are present in both the starch granule and the soluble fraction at the early stages of wheat endosperm development, but that are exclusively granule bound at ...	1999	10444098
cytokinins in tobacco and wheat chloroplasts. occurrence and changes due to light/dark treatment.	although cytokinins (cks) affect a number of processes connected with chloroplasts, it has never been rigorously proven that chloroplasts contain cks. we isolated intact chloroplasts from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l. cv sr1) and wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv ritmo) leaves and determined their cks by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy. chloroplasts from both species contained a whole spectrum of cks, including free bases (zeatin and isopentenyladenine), ribosides (zeatin riboside, a ...	1999	10482680
field survey of cd and pb contents in spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain grown in baiyin city, gansu province, people's republic of china.		1999	10501735
determination of the chromium content of hungarian winter wheat.	bread and different winter wheat (triticum aestivum) products are the main sources of chromium in the human diet in hungary. graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (gf-aas) is able to give reliable results for cr. in this study the chromium content of some winter wheat species was determined after wet digestion. contamination was the most critical part of chromium measurement; thus, appropriate sample preparation and the cleaning of kernels before digestion were required. the chromium c ...	1999	10552559
sucrose and cytokinin modulation of wpk4, a gene encoding a snf1-related protein kinase from wheat.	wpk4, a gene encoding a putative protein kinase, was initially identified in wheat (triticum aestivum) and shown to be up-regulated by light, nutrient deprivation, and cytokinins. to confirm that wpk4 has protein kinase activity, the protein was produced in escherichia coli as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase. the purified protein exhibited autophosphorylation activity and phosphorylated both myelin basic protein and a peptide fragment of rice 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a ...	1999	10557229
cloning and characterization of a cdna encoding catalase in wheat.	we determined the nucleotide sequence of a cdna encoding the catalase (cat) isolated from wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the deduced amino acid sequence suggests that this wheat catalase isozyme shared higher amino acid homology with group i cats of barley cat-1, rice cat b and maize cat-1 and cat-2 but lower homology with group ii cats of barley cat-2, rice cat a and maize cat-3. both group i and ii specific sequences of ser-arg-leu and ser-ser-ser, respectively considered as peroxisomal targeti ...	1999	10565542
identification of alleles for complex gene loci glu-a1, glu-b1, and glu-d1, which code for high molecular weight subunits of glutenin in japanese hexaploid wheat varieties.	seed storage proteins of japanese wheat (triticum aestivum) varieties were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify the alleles for complex gene loci, glu-a1, glu-b1, and glu-d1, which code for high molecular weight (hmw) subunits of glutenin in japanese hexaploid wheat varieties. these were identified by comparison of subunit mobility with those previously found in hexaploid wheat. twenty-four different, major glutenin hmw subunits were identified, a ...	1999	10606608
chromosomal location and genetic mapping of the mismatch repair gene homologs msh2, msh3, and msh6 in rye and wheat	the efficiency of homeologous recombination is influenced by mismatch repair genes in bacteria, yeast, and mammals. to elucidate a possible role of these genes in homeologous pairing and cross-compatibility in plants, gene probes of wheat (triticum aestivum) specific for the mismatch repair gene homologues msh2, msh3, and msh6 were used to map them to their genomic positions in rye (secale cereale). whereas msh2 was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 1r, msh3 was mapped to the long arm of chr ...	1999	10659795
[detection of alien chromatins introgressed into wheat in mitotic interphase] [in process citation]	fluorescent in situ hybridization of biotin labelled total genomic dna from alien species as probes was applied to illustrate chromatin behaviors of secale cereale l., thinopyrum intermedium host., avana fatua l., and dasypyrum villosum (l.) candagy introgressed into wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in interphase cells. a pair of 1rs chromosome arms in 1bl/1rs translocations were visible as discrete domains traversing through the interphase nucleolus. the substitution and addition 1r chromosomes as ...	1999	10876668
extraction and use of nutrients from composted wheat and potato plants.	human survival on extended-duration space missions will require reliable regenerative life support systems. biological systems using higher plants could be incorporated into life support systems; however, substantial quantities of inedible crop residues will also be produced. composting can reduce the volume of crop residues and provide an end product that may be leached to remove soluble nutrients for use in hydroponic plant growth systems. solubilization can be affected by physical conditions; ...	1999	11542243
[rapd method for the identification of intergeneric asymmetric somatic hybrid plants of wheat].	randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) method was used to identify the hybrid nature of three kinds of intergeneric asymmetric somatic hybrid plants of wheat: wheat (triticum aestivum) + haynaldia villosa, wheat + leymus chinensis and wheat + agropyron elongatum. it was shown from the electrophoresis profiles that the genome of somatic hybrid plants contained specific section genome of both parents after dna amplification with arbitrary primers. a specific rapd product (dna fragment of 0.77 k ...	1999	12548808
survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994.	previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ...	1999	19270925
genetic analysis of sensitivity to a pyrenophora tritici-repentis necrosis-inducing toxin in durum and common wheat.	abstract the fungus pyrenophora tritici-repentis produces a toxin (ptr toxa) that causes rapid cell necrosis in sensitive wheat genotypes. a single recessive gene (tsn1) on chromosome 5bl in common wheat confers insensitivity to this toxin. our objectives were to analyze the allelic relationships of genotypes that have shown insensitivity to a p. tritici-repentis necrosis-inducing toxin, map the gene for insensitivity to the necrosis-inducing factor produced by p. tritici-repentis in a durum whe ...	1999	18944773
the interaction between cold and light controls the expression of the cold-regulated barley gene cor14b and the accumulation of the corresponding protein.	we report the expression of the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cor (cold-regulated) gene cor14b (formerly pt59) and the accumulation of its chloroplast-localized protein product. a polyclonal antibody raised against the cor14b-encoded protein detected two chloroplast cor proteins: cor14a and cor14b. n-terminal sequencing of cor14a and expression of cor14b in arabidopsis plants showed that cor14a is not encoded by the cor14b sequence, but it shared homology with the wheat (triticum aestivum l.) wcs1 ...	1999	9952464
osmotic water permeability of isolated protoplasts. modifications during development	a transference chamber was developed to measure the osmotic water permeability coefficient (pos) in protoplasts 40 to 120 μm in diameter. the protoplast was held by a micropipette and submitted to a steep osmotic gradient created in the transference chamber. pos was derived from the changes in protoplast dimensions, as measured using a light microscope. permeabilities were in the range 1 to 1000 μm s-1 for the various types of protoplasts tested. the precision for pos was </=40%, and within this ...	1999	10069827
damage and reproduction potentials of heterodera avenae on wheat under outdoor conditions.	two pot experiments, in consecutive years, were conducted under outdoor conditions during the wheat growing season to examine the relationship between increasing initial population densities (pi: 0-3,000 cysts/pot) of heterodera avenae and corresponding responses of wheat cv. yecora rojo. results of both experiments were very similar. the nematode suppressed plant height, root and biomass dry weights, and grain yield at all pi's studied. the suppression of these parameters, as well as the final ...	1999	19270933
soil-based phytotoxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) to terrestrial higher plants	seed germination and early stage seedling growth tests were conducted to determine the ecotoxicological threshold of 2,4, 6-trinitrotoluene (tnt) in two soils of different properties. soils were amended up to 1,600 mg tnt kg-1 soil and four representative species of higher plants, two dicotyledons (lepidium sativum l., common name: cress; and brassica rapa metzg., turnip) and two monocotyledons (acena sativa l., oat; and triticum aestivum l., wheat), were assessed. cumulative seed germination an ...	1999	9888960
is 2,3-butanedione monoxime an effective inhibitor of myosin-based activities in plant cells?	the effectiveness of 2,3-butanedione monoxime (bdm) as an inhibitor of plant myosins has been investigated. three myosin-dependent motility phenomena in plants, namely cytoplasmic streaming in chara corallina, light-dependent chloroplast repositioning in elodea sp., and brefeldin a(bfa)-induced golgi membrane dynamics in wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. kite) root-tip cells were investigated. all three processes were inhibited by the sulfhydryl-modifying agent n-ethylmalemide (nem), indicating th ...	1999	18987800
inhibition and acclimation of photosynthesis to heat stress is closely correlated with activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase	increasing the leaf temperature of intact cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and wheat (triticum aestivum l.) plants caused a progressive decline in the light-saturated co2-exchange rate (cer). cer was more sensitive to increased leaf temperature in wheat than in cotton, and both species demonstrated photosynthetic acclimation when leaf temperature was increased gradually. inhibition of cer was not a consequence of stomatal closure, as indicated by a positive relationship between leaf temperature an ...	1999	10318695
cell cycle synchronization in plant root meristems.	the analysis of structure and metabolism of a cell at a defined phase of cell cycle is often difficult because cell cycle progression in somatic tissues is asynchronous and only a fraction of cells are cycling. an elegant solution to obtain populations of cells enriched for single stage of the cell cycle is to impose the synchrony artificially. different systems have been used to obtain synchronized populations of plant cells, including suspension-cultured cells, leaf mesophyll protoplasts and r ...	1999	10728642
simultaneous determination of phenolic acids and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.	a procedure using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (gc-ms-ms) has been developed for the identification and quantification of some allelochemicals in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the quantities of allelochemicals in wheat shoots ranged from 2.9 to 110 mg per kilogram of dry shoot residues. compared with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), the gc-ms-ms technique significantly increased instrument selectivity and sensitivity, thereby providing more reliable quantitation r ...	1999	10669299
isolation and characterisation of wheat cdna clones encoding pr4 proteins.	two cdna clones encoding the previously characterised pr4 proteins wheatwin 1 and wheatwin2 from wheat (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) have been identified and named wpr4a and wpr4b, respectively. the clones have been isolated by screening a cdna library with a specific cdna probe obtained by rt-pcr. the wpr4a and wpr4b cdnas contain open reading frames of 441 and 447 bp that encode for wheatwin1 and wheatwin2, respectively.	1999	10727084
the ha locus of wheat: identification of a polymorphic region for tracing grain hardness in crosses.	the grain softness proteins or friabilins are known to be composed of three main components: puroindoline a, puroindoline b, and gsp-1. cdnas for gsp-1 have previously been mapped to group-5 chromosomes and their location on chromosome 5d is closely linked to the grain hardness (ha) locus of hexaploid wheat. a genomic dna clone containing the gsp-1 gene (wgsp1-a1) from hexaploid wheat has been identified by fluorescent in situ hybridization as having originated from the distal end of the short a ...	1999	10659793
identification of wheat and tritordeum chromosomes by genomic in situ hybridization using total hordeum chilense dna as probe	total genomic hordeum chilense dna probe was hybridized to somatic chromosome spreads of triticum aestivum 'chinese spring' and to four advanced tritordeum lines, the latter being the fertile amphiploid between h. chilense and durum wheat (2n = 6x = 42, aabbh(ch)h(ch)). the probe hybridized strongly to the b-genome chromosomes and to one or two bands on the a-genome chromosomes present in both wheat and tritordeum alloploids. bands on chromosomes 1d, 2d, and 7d from hexaploid wheat were also det ...	1999	10659787
photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat: nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibility results in differential processing of the mitochondrial orf25 gene.	an alloplasmic wheat line with the cytoplasm of aegilops crassa expresses photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (pcms). southern- and northern-hybridization analyses showed that this line contains alterations in both the gene structure and transcription patterns of the mitochondrial gene orf25. in this study, the nucleotide sequence around the orf25 gene of ae. crassa (cr-orf25) and common wheat (ae-orf25) was determined, and we found that the upstream region of cr-orf25 had been repl ...	1999	10654089
[use of rapd- and sts-analysis for marking genes of a homeologic group from chromosome 5 of common wheat].	the search for sts (sequence-tagged site) and rapd (random amplified polymorphic dna) markers tightly linked to some genes of homeologous group 5 chromosomes of common wheat triticum aestivum l., more specifically, awns inhibitor genes (b1), vernalization response gene (vrn1), and homeologous chromosome pairing gene (ph1), was conducted. to estimate the linkage of the gene with the marker, wheat lines marked with recessive alleles b1 and vrn1 were used. relp (restriction fragment length polymorp ...	1999	10624582
[transformation of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with herbicide-resistant epsps gene].	the herbicide-resistant epsps (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase) gene was transformed into about 1,000 young spikes and 800 young embryos of wheat variety, jinghua 1, with gene gun. thirty-eight and four regenerated plants were obtained respectively screened with glyphosate. all regenerated plants were analysed by pcr and/or southern blotting. the results indicated that epsps gene was integrated stably into the genome of jinghua 1, and some of the transformants showed fertile. so herb ...	1999	10589163
evaluation of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) phenolic acids during grain development and their contribution to fusarium resistance.	the phenolic acid profiles of six cultivars of wheat with known tolerance to fusarium head blight were evaluated during plant development from anthesis through maturity. analysis by hplc of grain at anthesis revealed that p-coumaric and ferulic acid were the two principal phenolic compounds present. the effect of these two phenolic acids on fusarium species was evaluated in vitro. both phenolic acids demonstrated significant reductions (p < 0.05) of fusarium species growth at all concentrations ...	1999	10564002
distribution and structural variation of arabinoxylans in common wheat mill streams.	in 19 wheat-milling fractions total pentosan content, calculated as 0.88 x (% l-arabinose + % d-xylose), varied between 1.44 and 30.66% on dry matter (dm). it increased with ash content once the latter exceeded 0.6% (dm basis). water-extractable arabinoxylans were recovered by saturating water extracts to 65% ethanol. their contents in the milling fractions varied between 0.35 and 1.38%, and above 0.6% ash content also increased with this parameter. their l-arabinose-to-d-xylose ratios ranged be ...	1999	10563884
pre-anthesis reserve utilization for protein and carbohydrate synthesis in grains of wheat.	we assessed the contribution of pre-anthesis reserve c to protein and carbohydrate deposition in grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) using a new approach comprised of steady-state (13)c/(12)c labeling and separation of the protein and carbohydrate fractions of mature grains. experiments were performed with two spring wheat cultivars (kadett and star) grown with differential n fertilizer supply over 2 years. pre-anthesis reserves contributed between 30% and 47% of the c in protein and 8% to 27 ...	1999	10557235
the role of photosynthetic electron transport in the oxidative degradation of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase	the stability of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (gs; ec 6.3.1.2) was investigated under photooxidative stress using wheat (triticum aestivum l.) leaves, chloroplasts, and chloroplast lysates. illuminated seedlings sprayed with the superoxide radical (o-(2)) propagator methyl viologen showed rapid gs decline dependent on mv concentration and exposure time. degradation products of approximately 39 and 31 kd were detected when chloroplast lysates containing both stroma and thylakoids were illum ...	1999	10517838
mobilization of trivalent chromium in presence of organic acids: a hydroponic study of wheat plant (triticum vulgare).		1999	10501732
phylogeny and transpositional activity of ty1-copia group retrotransposons in cereal genomes.	the ty1-copia group retrotransposon populations of barley (hordeum vulgare) and bread wheat (triticum aestivum) have been characterised by degenerate pcr and sequence analysis of fragments of the reverse transcriptase genes. the barley population is comprised of a highly heterogeneous set of retrotransposons, together with a collection of sequences that are closely related to the bare-1 element. wheat also contains a highly diverse ty1-copia retrotransposon population, together with a less promi ...	1999	10485278
the existence of the k(+) channel in plant mitochondria.	in this study, evidence is given that a number of isolated coupled plant mitochondria (from durum wheat, bread wheat, spelt, rye, barley, potato, and spinach) can take up externally added k(+) ions. this was observed by following mitochondrial swelling in isotonic kcl solutions and was confirmed by a novel method in which the membrane potential decrease due to externally added k(+) is measured fluorimetrically by using safranine. a detailed investigation of k(+) uptake by durum wheat mitochondri ...	1999	10480870
the effects of la(iii) on the peroxidation of membrane lipids in wheat seedling leaves under osmotic stress.	the physiological effects of the rare earth ion la3+ on the peroxidation of membrane lipids in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedling leaves under osmotic stress were determined. with the passage of time under osmotic stress, the inhibition ability of lanthanum ions to the relative membrane permeability and concentration of malondialdehyde, superoxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide caused by osmotic stress increased substantially, but no changes were noted in ferrous and relative water content. ...	1999	10433346
single-stranded dna in the genetic transformation of wheat (triticum aestivum l.): transformation frequency and integration pattern.	two non-linked marker genes (gus and bar) were co-introduced by microprojectile bombardment into wheat cells. four different dna structures were compared with respect to ability to integrate into the wheat genome: circular or linear (l) dna as a single- or double-stranded plasmid (ss and ds, respectively). in eight independent experiments, linearized dna integrated in the ds or ss form with a high efficiency of up to 14% for l-ssdna. molecular analyses by southern blotting showed that all dna fo ...	1999	22665182
agronomic performance of lines derived from anther culture, maize pollination and single-seed descent in a spring wheat cross.	anther culture and maize hybridization are two frequently used techniques for doubled haploid production in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). information on the field performance of lines derived from these techniques is limited. this study was conducted to compare the performance of f(4:6) lines obtained by single-seed descent with lines obtained by anther culture and maize (zea mays l.) pollination from the same cross of spring wheat, 'chris'/mn 7529. thirty-three lines derived from each of those ...	1999	22665175
identification of wheat varieties using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry and an artificial neural network	a novel tool for variety identification of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has been developed: an artificial neural network (ann) is used to classify the gliadin fraction analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tofms). the robustness of this novel method with respect to various experimental parameters has been tested. the results can be summarised: (i) with this approach 97% of the wheat varieties can be classified correctly with a correspondi ...	1999	10407351
inhibition of water channels by hgcl2 in intact wheat root cells	to assess the extent of water flow through channels in the membranes of intact higher plant cells, the effects of hgcl2 on hydraulic conductivity (lp) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) root cells were investigated using a pressure probe. the lp of root cells was reduced by 75% in the presence of 100 &mgr;m hgcl2. the k+-channel blocker tetraethylammonium had no effect on the lp at concentrations that normally block k+ channels. hgcl2 rapidly depolarized the membrane potential (vm) of the root cell ...	1999	10398721
[the influence of the water potential in the root-habitable area on the efficiency of the higher-order plants].	in a set of 8 experiments, in leaf mustard brassica junceae l. (cult. volnushka) and in soft wheat triticum aestivum l. (cult. super dwarf) there has been studied dynamics of accumulating biomass in the ontogenesis in accordance with the value of water potential in the root-habitable medium. besides, in wheat there has been investigated the process of forming the grain crop capacity in a period between v and xii stages of the organogenesis from kuperman's classification. the plants have been gro ...	1999	10399556
isolation and characterization of the three waxy genes encoding the granule-bound starch synthase in hexaploid wheat.	complete genomic dna sequences of three homoeologous waxy structural genes, located on the chromosomes 7a, 4a, and 7d in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. chinese spring), were separately determined and analyzed. those structural genes in lengths from start to stop codon were 2781bp in wx-7a, 2794bp in wx-4a, and 2862bp in wx-7d, each of which consisted of 11 exons and ten introns. they were closely similar to one another in the nucleotide sequences, with 95.6-96.3% homology in mature pr ...	1999	10393240
cloning of a wheat puroindoline gene promoter by ipcr and analysis of promoter regions required for tissue-specific expression in transgenic rice seeds.	a genomic dna fragment containing the 5'-upstream sequence and part of the open reading frame corresponding to triticum aestivum puroindoline-b cdna, was isolated by inverse pcr. promoter fragments extending to -1068, -388, -210 or -124 upstream of the translation initiation atg codon and the sequence coding for the first 13 amino acids of the puroindoline-b, were translationally fused to the uida reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase and transferred to rice calli via particle bombardment-me ...	1999	10380798
water content, raffinose, and dehydrins in the induction of desiccation tolerance in immature wheat embryos	desiccation tolerance is initiated in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) embryos in planta at 22 to 24 d after anthesis, at the time that the embryo water content has decreased from about 73% fresh weight (2.7 g water/g dry weight) to about 65% fresh weight (1.8 g water/g dry weight). to determine if desiccation tolerance is fully induced by the loss of a relatively small amount of water, detached wheat grains were treated to reduce the embryo water content by just a small amount to approximately 69% ...	1999	10364397
isolation, chromosomal localization, and differential expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase and chloroplastic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase genes in wheat.	superoxide dismutase (sod) gene expression was investigated to elucidate its role in drought and freezing tolerance in spring and winter wheat (triticum aestivum). cdnas encoding chloroplastic cu/znsods and mitochondrial mnsods were isolated from wheat. mnsod and cu/znsod genes were mapped to the long arms of the homologous group-2 and -7 chromosomes, respectively. northern blots indicated that mnsod genes were drought inducible and decreased after rehydration. in contrast, cu/znsod mrna was not ...	1999	10364402
homologous chromosome pairing in wheat.	bread wheat is a hexaploid (aabbdd, 2n=6x=42) containing three related ancestral genomes, each having 7 chromosomes, giving 42 chromosomes in diploid cells. during meiosis true homologues are correctly associated in wild-type wheat, but a degree of association of related chromosomes (homoeologues) occurs in a mutant (ph1b). we show that the centromeres are associated in non-homologous pairs in all floral tissues studied, both in wild-type wheat and the ph1b mutant. the non-homologous centromere ...	1999	10318768
phylogenetic reconstruction based on low copy dna sequence data in an allopolyploid: the b genome of wheat.	study of bread wheat (triticum aestivum) may help to resolve several questions related to polyploid evolution. one such question regards the possibility that the component genomes of polyploids may themselves be polyphyletic, resulting from hybridization and introgression among different polyploid species sharing a single genome. we used the b genome of wheat as a model system to test hypotheses that bear on the monophyly or polyphyly of the individual constituent genomes. by using aneuploid whe ...	1999	10231966
evolution of the high molecular weight glutenin loci of the a, b, d, and g genomes of wheat.	we used pcr to obtain phylogenetically informative sequences from the high molecular weight glutenin genes of wheat. the validity of partial sequence comparisons as a means of studying glutenin phylogenetics was established by constructing neighbour-joining trees from partial alignments of 12 published glutenin allele sequences. pcr was then used to obtain 20 novel glutenin allele sequences from various triticum and aegilops species, including a 3000 year old preserved wheat. a neighbour-joining ...	1999	10231962
abscisic acid-induced secretory proteins in suspension-cultured cells of winter wheat.	in suspension-cultured cells of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. chihokukomugi), the accumulation of soluble secretory proteins in the culture medium was promoted by aba treatment in comparison with non-treated cells. the total amount of secretory proteins in aba-treated cells was 1.7-fold higher than that in non-treated cells. the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that at least twelve secretory proteins were induced by aba, and these were named was (wheat aba-induced se ...	1999	10202814
active oxygen species in blue light mediated signal transduction in coleoptile tips.	coleoptile tip is a blue-light sensitive tissue possessing a "blue light receptor" which, upon activation, elicits a signal cascade resulting in phototropic curvature of the coleoptile. in this context, the nature of the photoreceptors and the exact mechanism through which the photoreceptors transduces the signal across the membrane are not clear. in this study, we attempted to examine whether the blue light receptor perturbs redox status of the coleoptile tip and sensitizes molecular oxygen as ...	1999	10079179
in vitro cytotoxic effect of wheat gliadin-derived peptides on the caco-2 intestinal cell line is associated with intracellular oxidative imbalance: implications for coeliac disease.	coeliac disease (cd) is an inflammatory disorder of the upper small intestine in which gluten acts as an essential factor in its pathogenesis. although it is generally accepted that cereal protein activation of the immune system is involved in cd progression, a non-immunomediated cytotoxic activity of gliadin-derived peptides on the jejunal/duodenal tract cannot be excluded. in this work, considering that (a) little has been reported about the intracellular metabolic events associated with gliad ...	1999	9989255
fragmentation of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase by reactive oxygen species occurs near gly-329.	the large subunit (lsu) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in the illuminated lysates of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) chloroplasts is broken down by reactive oxygen radicals into 37- and 16-kda polypeptides. analysis of the terminal amino acid residues of both fragments revealed that the c terminus of the 37-kda fragment was ser-328 and the n terminus of the 16-kda fragment was thr-330. gly-329, which links the two fragments, was missing, suggesting that the fragmentati ...	1999	9988772
biodegradation and ecotoxicity of hfcs and hcfcs.	hydrofluorocarbons (hfcs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (hcfcs) are used or developed as substitutes for fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons. based on the results of closed-bottle tests, the biodegradation of hfc-32, hcfc-123, hcfc-124, hfc-125, hfc-134a, hcfc-141b, hcfc-225ca, and hcfc-225cb was less than 60% after 28 days and therefore these compounds are considered not readily biodegradable. standard acute toxicity tests with hcfc-123, hcfc-141b, and hcfc-225ca using algae, water fleas, and ...	1999	9888959
patterns of starchy endosperm acidification and protease gene expression in wheat grains following germination	cereal aleurone responses to gibberellic acid (ga3) include activation of synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes and acidification of the external medium. we have studied the effect of the ph of the incubation medium on the response of wheat (triticum aestivum) aleurone cells to ga3. de-embryonated half grains show the capacity for ga3-activated medium acidification when incubation is carried out at ph 6.0 to 7.0 but not at lower phs. in addition, the activating effect of ga3 on the expression of carbo ...	1999	9880349
occurrence and characterization of 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and indole hydroxylases in juvenile wheat.	cyclic hydroxamic acids, 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (diboa) and its 7-methoxy analogue (dimboa), occur transiently in high amounts in wheat and maize during the juvenile, non-autotrophic stage of growth. to elucidate the biosynthetic enzymes operating for the transient production of these compounds, we examined the hydroxylating activities for 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (hboa), the immediate precursor of diboa, and indole, the first intermediate of the biosynthetic pathway that branc ...	1999	27389648
dynamic behaviour of inflorescence-bearing triticale and triticum stems.	the mechanical response of cereal plant shoots to load caused by wind and gravity in the field is swaying in flexure around the vertical or near vertical transient equilibrium position determined by the stationary component of the wind pressure. the aim of this work was to characterise the kinematic and dynamic attributes and their interrelations in freely swaying inflorescence-bearing stems of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and triticale. the fundamental natural frequency of the stems appeared to ...	1999	11536897
[chromosomal location of the genes conferring the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress in lophopyrum elongatum genome] [in process citation]	identification and genetic analysis were conducted on the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress by using a set of alien disomic addition lines (da lines) and disomic substitution lines (ds lines) of common wheat chinese spring-lophopyrum elongatum (2n = 2x = 14, ee), a closely related wheat species. the results indicated that chromosomes 4e and 6e in l. elongatum may carry the genes conferring the tolerance to phosphorus deficiency stress with much stronger effect over the background parent ...	1999	10876673
[effects of a, d-genome chromosomes on photosynthetic carbonassimilation in common wheat] [in process citation]	photosynthetic traits of ditelosomic lines with a, d-genome in cs (chinese spring) were investigated in this paper. the both arms of 4a-chromosome have the positive effects on photosynthetic rate, active photosynthetic duration(apd), chlorophyll content and mesophyll conductance. the short arms of 1a and both arms of 6d also have positive effects on photosynthetic rate and apd. but the long arms of 4d have negative effects on photosynthetic rate, apd and rubpcase activity. the short arms of 2a, ...	1999	10876670
[molecular identification and marker-assisted selection of pm21 gene conferring resistance to powdery mildew in wheat] [in process citation]	rapd marker (oph17(1400)) and scar markers (scar1400 and scar1265) as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique were used to detect wheat powdery mildew resistance gene pm21 derived from haynaldia villosa (6al/6vs) in different genetic background of wheat breeding program. among a total of 372 rapd amplification reactions, 28 reactions (7.53%) yield no amplification products, and the amplification products of 21 reactions (5.64%) were difficult to interpret the presence or abse ...	1999	10876669
[studies of the genetic characters of four isonucleus-alloplasmic lines of common wheat] [in process citation]	nc-hybird d2-ca8057 with d2-type cytoplasm and the nucleus of common wheat ca8057, cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) line msd2-ca8057 resulting from the variation of d2-type cytoplasm and cms line msa-ca8057 resulting from the variation of ca8057 cytoplasm were bred. the genetic characters of the four isonucleus-alloplasmic line were studied, and the main results are as follows: (1) there were good genetic effects of cytoplasms on productive and qualitative characters of common wheat, the alloplasm ...	1999	10876667
modeling wheat harvest index as a function of date of anthesis.	a plant growth model developed by volk and colleagues was modified to partition plant mass production after anthesis into grain and inedible biomass. using data on wheat (triticum aestivum) grown in the nasa celss biomass production chamber to supply constants for the model, we showed that delaying the date of anthesis 7 days resulted in a 20% decrease in the harvest index. multiple model components were then assembled to demonstrate the effect of an environmental system failure.	1999	11543264
low irradiances affect abscisic acid, indole-3-acidic acid, and cytokinin levels of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) tissues.	wheat (triticum aestivum l.) plants were grown under four irradiance levels: 1,400, 400, 200, and 100 micromol m-2 s-1. leaves and roots were sampled before, during, and after the boot stage, and levels of abscisic acid (aba), indole-3-acetic acid (iaa), zeatin, zeatin riboside, dihydrozeatin, dihydrozeatin riboside, isopentenyl adenine, and isopentenyl adenosine were quantified using noncompetitive indirect elisa systems. levels of iaa in leaves and roots of plants exposed to 100 micromol m-2 s ...	1999	11543183
spatial organization of the gravitropic response in plants: applicability of the revised local curvature distribution model to triticum aestivum coleoptiles.	the revised local curvature distribution model, which provides accurate computer simulations of the gravitropic response of mushroom stems, was found to produce accurate simulations of the gravitropic reaction of wheat (triticum aestivum) coleoptiles. the key feature of the mathematical model that enables it to approach universality of application is the assumption that the stem has an autonomic straightening reaction (curvature compensation or 'autotropism'). in the model, the local bending rat ...	1999	11542912
crop biomass leaching for nutrient recycling in a celss.	leaching may be employed as a biomass conversion technique to minimize consumption of system resources in a celss. this study examined leaching rates and total leachability of triticum aestivum l. yecora rojo residue. total biomass reduction and phosphate concentration in the leachate were tested as a function of particle size, leaching time of solid, temperature, and sonication versus mechanical agitation. for modeling purposes, phosphate rate constants were determined experimentally via batch ...	1999	11542684
growing wheat in biosphere 2 under elevated co2: observations and modeling.	spring wheat (triticum aestivum l., cv. yecora rojo) was grown in the intensive agricultural biome (iab) of biosphere 2 during the l995-l996 winter/spring season. environmental conditions were characterized by a day/night temperature regime of 27/17 degrees c, relative humidity (rh) levels around 45%, mean atmospheric co2 concentration of 450 ppmv, and natural light conditions with mean intensities about half of outside levels. weekly samples of above-ground plant matter were collected throughou ...	1999	11542248
leaf rust resistance gene lr34 associated with nonsuppression of stem rust resistance in the wheat cultivar canthatch.	abstract the common wheat cultivar thatcher and the backcross derivative canthatch are moderately or fully susceptible to several races of stem rust because of a suppressor on chromosome 7dl that inhibits the expression of the relevant resistance gene(s). the incorporation of leaf rust resistance gene lr34 into 'thatcher' is known to enhance stem rust resistance. the effect of this gene in a 'canthatch' background and its relationship with the 7dl suppressor were determined by replacing chromoso ...	1999	18944724
mapping of a bydv resistance gene from thinopyrum intermedium in wheat background by molecular markers.	the wheat line h960642 is a homozygous wheat-thinopyrum intermedium translocation line with resistance to bydv by genomic in situ hybridization (gish) and rflp analysis. the genomic dna of th. intermedium was used as a probe, and common wheat genomic dna as a blocking in gish experiment. the results showed that the chromosome segments of th. intermedium were transferred to the distal end of a pair of wheat chromosomes. rflp analysis indicated that the translocation line h960642 is a t7ds-7dl-7xl ...	1999	18726490
impacts of ozone on the growth and yield of field-grown winter wheat.	seed of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv riband) was sown on 29 august 1992 in eight field plots. four plots were exposed to elevated ozone (o(3)) concentrations on 16 days between 29 august and 2 october 1992, for 6 h day(-1), and on 27 days between 29 march and 24 august 1993, for 7 h day(-1). mean daily o(3) concentrations were approximately 30 and 80 nmol mol(-1) in ambient and fumigated plots, respectively. plants were sampled on 5 november (1992), 14 january, 16 february, 1 april, 25 ...	1999	15093060
[influence of root module design on growth and development of plants].	wheat crop was grown in various root modules (rm) in which nutritional solution was injected through porous membrane (2-6 microns). seeds were laid on the surface of membrane or in pearlite covering the membrane. root modules 1 and 3 contained ceramic porous tubes 10 mm and 22 mm in diameter, respectively. rm 2 was outfitted with a porous titanium plate, rm 4--with a porous ceramic tube (ø 10 mm) buried in pearlite, and rm 5--with a porous titanium plate under the 2.5 cm thick layer of pearlite. ...	2000	11186587