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age at which dairy cattle become mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis faecal culture positive.age at which cattle become faecal culture positive for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) can be used as a proxy parameter for age at onset of faecal shedding, which is an important parameter in the control of map in cattle herds. to investigate the age at becoming faecal culture positive, survival analysis methods were applied. the analyses were carried out on asynchronous interval censored data of faecal culture results of samples collected from 18,979 female holstein-frisian ca ...201020708807
veterinarians' perspective on a voluntary johne's disease prevention program in ontario and western canada.a survey was conducted to assess the beliefs of veterinarians on johne's disease (jd) and their attitudes towards the canadian, risk assessment based, jd prevention program. the veterinarians surveyed believed mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis may have zoonotic potential, liked the risk assessment based program, and thought it could lead to the prevention of other on-farm diseases.201020592831
development of an immunocapture-polymerase chain reaction assay using igy to detect mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.a diagnostic assay using immunomagnetic separation was developed to capture mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from bovine feces by means of igy derived from chicken eggs. the antibody was coupled directly onto the surface of magacell cellulose/iron oxide beads or indirectly by being mixed with magabeads and a rabbit igg linker against chicken antigen. optimization parameters for the immunocapture included incubation time, temperature, volume, and type of immunocapture beads. anal ...201020592839
epitopes of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis 70kda heat-shock protein activate bovine helper t cells in outbred cattle.the recombinant 70kda heat-shock protein of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map hsp70) has been shown to be an immunodominant antigen and a subunit vaccine candidate for bovine paratuberculosis. the aim of the present study was to define map hsp70 specific t cell epitopes in cows immunized with map hsp70 and cows experimentally infected with map. nine peptides were shown to induce proliferation and interferon-gamma production by lymphocytes from map hsp70 immunized cattle. from ...201020600507
bayesian estimation of the receiver operating characteristic curve for a diagnostic test with a limit of detection in the absence of a gold standard.the receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve is commonly used for evaluating the discriminatory ability of a biomarker. measurements for a diagnostic test may be subject to an analytic limit of detection leading to immeasurable or unreportable test results. ignoring the scores that are beyond the limit of detection of a test leads to a biased assessment of its discriminatory ability, as reflected by indices such as the associated area under the curve (auc). we propose a bayesian approach fo ...201020603894
correlation between herrold egg yolk medium culture and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in pooled fecal and environmental samples.real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) testing for mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in fecal samples is a rapid alternative to culture on herrold egg yolk medium (heym), the traditional antemortem reference test for map. although the sensitivity and specificity of these 2 tests have been estimated based on dichotomized test results, the correlation between real-time qpcr threshold cycle (ct) values and colony-forming units (cfu) on heym for fresh and thawed ...201020807920
growth rate retardation and inhibitory effect of para-jem(r) blue on mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.the effect of para-jem(r) blue on mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) inoculated into broth-based culture media was evaluated by using 84 fecal samples with known map status. results showed that growth of the organism in samples inoculated into the broth without the para-jem blue was detectable 1-35 days (average of 6 days) earlier in 35 of the samples (42%) compared with the same samples inoculated in broth with para-jem blue. four additional samples (5%) that were map positiv ...201020807930
estimated prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in herds of dairy goats in france.a study of the prevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection in dairy goats was carried out in france, using a serological elisa. one hundred and five herds were randomly selected in different regions, and all the goats aged six months or older (11,847 goats) were sampled. an estimation had previously been made of the accuracy of the elisa, and the rogan-gladen estimator was used to convert apparent prevalence values into estimates of true prevalence values. given ...201020834001
maximizing capture efficiency and specificity of magnetic separation for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells.in order to introduce specificity for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis prior to a phage amplification assay, various magnetic-separation approaches, involving either antibodies or peptides, were evaluated in terms of the efficiency of capture (expressed as a percentage) of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells and the percentage of nonspecific binding by other mycobacterium spp. a 50:50 mixture of myone tosylactivated dynabeads coated with the chemically synthesized m. avium subsp. p ...201020851966
invited review: modeling within-herd transmission of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle: a review.epidemiological models have been developed to test hypotheses on mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) transmission in a herd, and to compare different paratuberculosis control strategies and alternatives for certification-and-surveillance schemes. the models are simplified representations of existing biological processes tailored to the questions they are intended to answer. such models depend on available knowledge about the underlying processes, notably in relation to pathogen trans ...201020854979
localization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in artificially inoculated milk and colostrum by fractionation.the purpose of the study was to determine the distribution of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) across the main milk and colostrum fractions (cream, curd, and whey). raw milk and colostrum were inoculated with 1 of 2 map strains, atcc 19698 or s-23, yielding initial concentrations of 10(6) to 10(7) cfu/ml. after fractionation, for milk as well as for colostrum, 80 to 90% of the recovered map cells were found in the curd fraction and 10 to 20% in the cream fraction. total map colony ...201020855006
high prevalence of viable mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in crohn's disease.to examine the detection rate of viable mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease [crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc)].201020857526
faecal shedding detected earlier than immune responses in goats naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a goat herd that participated in a sanitation program against mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. the aim of this study was to characterise the development of gamma interferon (ifn-γ) and antibody responses as well as the occurrence of faecal shedding. faecal culture appeared surprisingly sensitive as about 18% and 40% of the goats were positive at 9 and 15-17months of age, respectively, and shedding was often seen prior to peripheral immune responses. ...201020869736
resequencing the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis k10 genome: improved annotation and revised genome sequence.we report the resequencing and revised annotation of the mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis k10 genome. a total of 90 single-nucleotide errors and a 51-bp indel in the original k10 genome were corrected, and the whole genome annotation was revised. correction of these sequencing errors resulted in 28 frameshift alterations. the amended genome sequence is accessible via the supplemental section of study srr060191 in the ncbi sequence read archive and will serve as a valuable reference ge ...201020870759
influence of parity at time of detection of serologic antibodies to mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis on reduction in daily and lifetime milk production in holstein cows.mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis, also known as johne's disease. two production variables (daily and lifetime milk) were compared in this longitudinal study of cows classified based upon serum elisa results for map. the sample included adult holstein cows that had completed their productive life (n = 2,808 animals) since testing began and that had been raised by and were located on 2 commercial dairies in texas. these animals were ...201020870950
isolation and detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) from cattle in ireland using both traditional culture and molecular based methods.abstract:201020875096
epidemiologic clues to inflammatory bowel disease.in this article, the recent literature exploring the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is reviewed. epidemiologic studies present data on disease burden, but may also provide clues to disease etiology. the emergence of ibd in developing nations warrants a systematic search for environmental changes in those countries to explain the evolution of ibd. the hygiene hypothesis suggests that an alteration in the microbial environment experienced by the host facilitates the evolution of ...201020878276
histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) including identification of lipopigment.this article describes the histopathology of grossly normal mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of new zealand farmed red deer (cervus elaphus). eighty mlns were sourced from 10 deer from 5 north island herds and 5 south island herds classified as low risk and high risk of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection, respectively. fixed sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin; ziehl-neelsen; and, selectively, periodic acid-schiff, perl's, and sudan black. positive ziehl-ne ...201020881317
a novel real-time pcr assay for specific detection and quantification of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in milk with the inherent possibility of differentiation between viable and dead cells.abstract:201020925922
association of microsatellite polymorphisms with immune responses to a killed mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccine in merino sheep.to study the association of polymorphisms at five microsatellite loci with immune responses to a killed mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) vaccine.201020927174
direct inoculation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis into ileocecal peyer's patches results in colonization of the intestine in a calf model.the objective of this study was to develop an intestinal model of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) infection in the calf for evaluation of mucosal pathology and local and systemic immunologic responses. map was inoculated into peyer's patches of young calves using a right flank surgical approach in standing calves to exteriorize the ileocecal junction. inoculum doses ranging from 10(3) to 10(9) colony-forming units of strain k10 map were injected through the serosal surface ...201020930105
primary transcriptomes of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis reveal proprietary pathways in tissue and macrophages.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) persistently infects intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes leading to a prolonged subclinical disease. the map genome sequence was published in 2005, yet its transcriptional organization in natural infection is unknown. while prior research analyzed regulated gene sets utilizing defined, in vitro stress related or advanced surgical methods with various animal species, we investigated the intracellular lifestyle of map in the intestines and lymph ...201020939887
characterization of pathogen-specific expression of host immune response genes in anaplasma and mycobacterium species infected ruminants.anaplasma and mycobacterium species are among the most prevalent bacterial pathogens in european red deer (cervus elaphus) in south-central spain and are known to modify gene expression in ruminants. in this study, we used microarray hybridization and real-time rt-pcr analyses to characterize global gene expression profiles in red deer in response to anaplasma ovis and a. ovis/mycobacterium bovis/mycobacterium avium sub. paratuberculosis (map) infections, compare the expression of immune respons ...201020952064
in vitro antimicrobial activities of capuramycin analogues against non-tuberculous mycobacteria.to determine antibacterial activity of capuramycin analogues sq997, sq922, sq641 and rks2244 against several non-tuberculous mycobacteria (ntm).201020952419
iron-sparing response of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is strain dependent.abstract: two genotypically and microbiologically distinct strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) exist - s and c map strains that primarily infect sheep and cattle, respectively. concentration of iron in the cultivation medium has been suggested as one contributing factor for the observed microbiologic differences. we recently demonstrated that s strains have defective iron storage systems, leading us to propose that these strains might experience iron toxicity when excess ...201020969756
association between risk-assessment scores and individual-cow johne's disease-test status over time on seven michigan, usa dairy herds.to evaluate the effectiveness of management practices implemented to control the spread of johne's disease (jd), we conducted a 5-year observational study (january 2003 to december 2007) on seven michigan, usa dairy herds containing cows infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map; the causative agent of the disease). the jd incidence and prevalence was monitored in each herd annually by serum elisa and/or fecal culture of all adult cows. a jdcp was designed specifically for e ...201021030097
different mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis miru-vntr patterns coexist within cattle herds.a better understanding of the biodiversity of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) offers more insight in the epidemiology of paratuberculosis and therefore may contribute to the control of the disease. the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity in bovine map isolates using pcr-based methods detecting genetic elements called variable-number tandem repeats (vntrs) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (mirus) to determine if multiple map strains can coex ...201021035277
mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and the etiology of crohn's disease: a review of the controversy from the clinician's perspective.mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate intracellular organism that has frequently been associated with crohn's disease (cd). because cd is a chronic inflammatory condition, many researchers have speculated that an infectious agent must be the cause of cd. map has often been proposed to be one such agent; however, despite considerable research, the evidence remains inconclusive. higher levels of map have been found in the tissues and blood of cd patients than in controls, formi ...201021037992
genomic and transcriptomic studies in mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.microarray technology is an important tool in functional genomic research. it has enabled a deeper analysis of genomic diversity among bacteria belonging to the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). in addition, the expression of thousands of genes can be studied simultaneously in a single experiment. with the complete genome sequence of a bovine isolate of m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and the independent construction of dna microarrays in our laboratories, transcriptomic studies for this ...201021047690
differential proteome analysis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis grown in vitro and isolated from cases of clinical johne's disease.bovine johne's disease (paratuberculosis), caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, poses a significant economic problem to the beef and dairy industry worldwide. despite its relevance, however, pathogenesis of johne's disease is still only partially resolved. since mycobacterial membrane proteins expressed during infection are likely to play an important role in pathogenesis, membrane-enriched fractions, namely mucosa-derived membranes (mdm) and culture-derived membranes (cdm) ...201021051485
molecular epidemiology of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: is900 pcr identification and is1311 polymorphism analysis from ruminants in the punjab region of india.johne's disease is chronic granulomatous infectious enteritis of animals caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. a total of 153 animals from 19 dairy farms, 2 gaushalas (unproductive-animal rehabilitation centers), 2 goat and 2 sheep farms from different districts of the punjab region were selected on the basis of clinical signs of disease. all samples from cattle (n=86), buffalo (n=34), goat (n=25) and sheep (n=26) were subjected to ziehl-neelsen staining and dna extraction b ...201021071087
development of a predictive model for detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces by quantitative real time pcr.this study focused on the development of a reliable and cost-efficient dna isolation procedure for the detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in faeces by previously developed is900 and f57 quantitative real time pcr (qpcr) and their comparison with culture. the recovery of map dna from the spiking experiments ranged from 29.1 to 102.4% of the input amount of map with median 37.9%. the limit of detection was determined to be 1.03 × 10(4) for f57 qpcr and 6.87 × 10(2)map c ...201021075565
immunogenicity and reactivity of novel mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ppe map1152 and conserved map1156 proteins with sera from experimentally and naturally infected animals.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes johne's disease (jd) in ruminants. development of genetic tools and completion of the m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genome sequencing project have expanded the opportunities for antigen discovery. in this study, we determined the seroreactivities of two proteins encoded at the 5' and 3' regions of the map1152-map1156 gene cluster. map1152 encodes a ppe protein, and map1156 encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in triglyceride meta ...201021084462
multiplexed typing of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis types i, ii, and iii by luminex xmap suspension array.differentiation among types i, ii, and iii is the primary step in typing mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. we propose an innovative approach based on detection of gyrase b (gyrb) gene polymorphisms by suspension array technology, with high discriminatory power and high-throughput potential.201021084512
herd-level prevalence of johne's disease in utah and adjacent areas of the intermountain west as detected by a bulk-tank milk surveillance project.the objectives of this study were to estimate the dairy herd-level prevalence of johne's disease (jd) in utah and nearby areas of the intermountain west and to estimate the sensitivity of a single bulk-tank milk test for jd detection. two milk samples from all bulk tanks on the study farms were collected 1 mo apart. samples were frozen and shipped to a laboratory for jd testing. an elisa to measure total igg antibody specific against mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis, the etiological age ...201021094751
paucity of mycobacteria in mucosal bowel biopsies from adults and children with early inflammatory bowel disease.the presence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) has previously been inferred in the genesis of crohn's disease (cd), and a higher incidence of map pcr positivity has been demonstrated in the gut and peripheral blood of cd patients than in healthy individuals. the objective of this prospective study was to assess the potential etiological role of map in the pathogenesis of cd.201021122560
slc11a1 polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis status.to test for association of slc11a1 with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) status in a caucasian cohort.201021128323
detection of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in cheese, milk powder and milk using is900 and f57-based qpcr assays.to develop a quantitative pcr assay for sensitive and specific detection of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) in a range of dairy products.201021155954
comparison of ante-mortem assays to assess progression/regression of paratuberculosis in individual dairy animals.johne's disease, caused by mycobacterium avium, subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is becoming increasingly widespread on dairy farms worldwide, due in part, to the absence of vaccine/drug or curative modalities.  this spread is of concern since map is at the center of a controversy as to its role in crohn's disease.  none of the methods presently available to define paratuberculosis in cattle have been examined for their ability to assess progression/regression of any treatment or intervention o ...201021178432
assessment of dietzia subsp. c79793-74 for treatment of cattle with evidence of paratuberculosis.the objective of the present investigation was to determine whether the bacterium dietzia subsp. c79793-74, previously shown to inhibit growth of mycobacterium subsp. paratuberculosis under in vitro culture conditions, has therapeutic value as a probiotic for adult cattle with paratuberculosis.  animals were obtained from several herds with evidence of disease based on seropositivity and/or fecal shedding.  sixty-eight cows with initial evidence of stage ii or iii paratuberculosis and 2 with an ...201021178433
[immunodetection of mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis p34 in infected bovine macrophage]. 201021186677
evidence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dutch farmed red deer.paratuberculosis is a chronic disease in ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). most economic losses due to map occur in the dairy industry. however, the infection is not restricted to cattle, but also occurs in other ruminants, such as sheep, goat, and deer. although deer are of minimal economic importance in the netherlands, they may constitute a source of infection for the dairy industry. this pilot study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of johne's dise ...201021207913
intracellular ph of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis following exposure to antimicrobial compounds monitored at the single cell level.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiologic agent of johne's disease; moreover, it seems to be implicated in the development of crohn's disease in humans. in the present study, fluorescence ratio imaging microscopy (frim) was used to assess changes in intracellular ph (ph(i)) of one strain of map after exposure to nisin and neutralized cell-free supernatants (ncss) from five bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria (lab) with known probiotic properties. the evaluation of ...201020573414
inter-laboratory comparison of radiometric culture for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using raw milk from known infected herds and individual dairy cattle in victoria.to compare the results of radiometric culture conducted in three australian laboratories for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (mptb) using bulk vat and individual animal milk samples.201020579029
detection of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and biofilms by quantitative pcr.it has been suggested that mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis has a role in crohn's disease. the organism may be acquired but is difficult to culture from the environment. we describe a quantitative pcr (qpcr) method to detect m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in drinking water and the results of its application to drinking water and faucet biofilm samples collected in the united states.201020817803
genotype diversity in indian isolates of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recovered from domestic and wild ruminants from different agro-climatic regions.fecal samples of 708 domestic and 27 wild ruminants from seven districts of three states submitted to microbiology laboratory from 2004 to 2008 were screened for the presence and genotype diversity of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) stusing modified microscopic examination and culture tests. map colonies were characterized and genotyped by is900 pcr and is1311 pcr-rea, respectively. in microscopic examination and culture, 18.7 and 31.2% sampled were positive, respectively. ...201020832117
seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cows in umbria, italy. 201021257421
molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using multi-locus short sequence repeat (mlssr) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeat (miru-vntr) typing methods.the aim of this study was to characterize 38 bovine strains of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolated in ireland using 11 multi locus short sequence repeat (mlssr) loci and 8 mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeat (miru-vntr) loci. the discriminatory power of these two typing methods alone and combined was evaluated, as was the epidemiology of the isolates and the genotypes obtained. using the miru-vntr typing method (8 loci analysed), only 3 s ...201021269784
development of a novel oral vaccine against mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and johne disease: a patho-biotechnological approach.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne disease, a granulomatous enteritis of cattle and other domesticated and wild ruminant species. johne disease is prevalent worldwide and has a significant impact on the global agricultural economy. current vaccines against johne are insufficient in stemming its spread, and associated side-effects prevent their widespread use in control programs. effective and safe vaccine strategies are needed. the main purpose of ...201021326921
comparative evaluation of pcr in ziehl-neelsen stained smears and pcr in tissues for diagnosis of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.thirty six tissues from sheep, previously diagnosed with paratuberculosis, were tested by pcr in positive ziehl-neelsen staining smears of tissues, and pcr in tissues targeting is900 specific for mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. dna amplification was achieved in 33.3% ziehl-neelsen smears, and in 61.1% tissue samples. combination of both techniques found 66.7% samples as positive. combination of techniques would, therefore, increase the sensitivity of diagnosis.201021506505
molecular identification of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in an italian patient with hashimoto's thyroiditis and melkersson-rosenthal syndrome. 201019797462
the early lymphocyte proliferation response in sheep exposed to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis compared to infection status.johne's disease (jd) is an enteric mycobacterial infection of ruminants that has significant global economic impact. not all individuals exposed to pathogenic mycobacteria succumb to disease. therefore although early detection of infectious individuals is vital, it is equally important to distinguish how the host response differs in those that are able to successfully clear or control mycobacterial infection and those that are unable to do so. to further our understanding of this issue we studie ...201019264377
expression of nramp1 and inos in mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis naturally infected cattle.paratuberculosis (ptb) is a chronic disease caused by m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) that affects several animal species, and some studies have suggested that there may be a relationship between crohn's disease and ptb. significant aspects of ptb pathogenesis are not yet completely understood, such as the role of macrophages. natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (nramp1) and the inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) molecules have shown nonspecific effects against several ...201019345998
a mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis luxr regulates cell envelope and virulence.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis adapts to the environment via the regulation of genes affecting its envelope's composition. bacteria grown in milk (in vivo conditions) presented differences in the cell wall-associated lipids and in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (fade8, fade6 and map1420) and host cell invasion (map1203, lprl). a different lipid profile was also observed in the envelope of intracellular bacteria after 1 h of infection. intracellular bacteria sho ...201019710090
survival of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in biofilms on livestock watering trough materials.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease, a chronic enteric infection that affects ruminants. despite the ubiquitous occurrence of mycobacterium sp. in nature and the fact that johne's disease has been reported worldwide, little research has been done to assess its survival in agricultural environments. the goal of this 365-day study was to evaluate the ability of map to persist in mixed-community biofilms on materials commonly used to construct ...201019717251
the use of mpb70 and mpb83 to distinguish between bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis.in order to demonstrate the potential to distinguish paratuberculosis (ptb) from bovine tuberculosis infection (tb), elisas with m. bovis-specific mpb70 or mpb83 as capture antigens were developed and tested on two groups of cattle: group a comprised 23 animals positive for mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (map) and tb free. group b comprised 48 animals from a map free herd during the previous 5 years, but confirmed as tuberculous by positive results on ppd testing and m. bovis culture. resu ...201019735941
presence, characterization, and genotype profiles of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from unpasteurized individual and pooled milk, commercial pasteurized milk, and milk products in india by culture, pcr, and pcr-rea methods.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in ruminants, a chronic enteritis evocative of human inflammatory bowel disease. in industrialized countries map has been cultured from pasteurized milk, compounding the increasing concern that map may be zoonotic. the purpose of this study was to evaluate commercially available unpasteurized and pasteurized milk and its products for the presence of viable map or map dna from an area of northern india with a population ...201019576834
the gammadelta cells as marker of non-seroconverted cattle naturally infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.early diagnosis of map infection is a pressing need to enable efficient intervention with the spread of map infection in herds. hence, study of lymphocyte subsets and their expressed adhesion molecules could contribute in defining a distinct diagnostic marker (or markers) at the subclinical period of the infection that could in turn facilitate the development of effective diagnostic approach. in accordance with this objective, milk and blood samples were collected from two groups of cattle natur ...201019589549
on the evolution of 'indian bison type' strains of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), the causative agent of johne's disease (jd) in animals, has also been linked with crohn's disease in human beings. lack of indigenous diagnostics and vaccine hampered control of jd in india. designing effective control strategies require thorough understanding of the etiological agent at phenotypic and molecular levels. on the basis of cultural phenotypes and is1311 pcr-rea typing, map strains have been genotyped as 'cattle type', 'sheep typ ...201019442500
rapid assessment of the viability of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells after heat treatment, using an optimized phage amplification assay.thermal inactivation experiments were carried out to assess the utility of a recently optimized phage amplification assay to accurately enumerate viable mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cells in milk. ultra-heat-treated (uht) whole milk was spiked with large numbers of m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis organisms (10(6) to 10(7) cfu/ml) and dispensed in 100-microl aliquots in thin-walled 200-microl pcr tubes. a primus 96 advanced thermal cycler (peqlab, erlangen, germany) was used to ac ...201020097817
attitudes towards biosecurity practices relevant to johne's disease control on beef cattle farms.the success of control programs can be improved when producers' attitudes towards these programs are positive. implementation of control programs for chronic diseases are more challenging than those for acute diseases because of the absence of the "cues-to-action" that are associated with acute diseases. johne's disease (jd) is a chronic diarrheal disease of ruminants, and national voluntary control programs exist in several countries. we used a mailed cross-sectional survey to describe the atti ...201020102783
absence of mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis-specific is900 sequence in intestinal biopsy tissues of indian patients with crohn's disease.the role of mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis (map) in the etiopathology of crohn's disease (cd) remains controversial, because of conflicting reports demonstrating the presence of map-specific insertion sequence from intestinal biopsy tissues of patients clinically diagnosed for the disease. the present study was carried out to investigate the presence of map dna in the intestinal tissues of cd patients to ascertain the relevance of map in indian patients with cd.201020107965
molecular characterization of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis types ii and iii isolates by a combination of miru-vntr loci.mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units and variable number tandem repeats typing (miru-vntr) is a useful technique that has been recently applied to characterize members of the mycobacterium avium complex (mac). the aim of this study was to examine the genetic variability among a collection of spanish m. avium subspecies paratuberculosis (m. a. paratuberculosis) isolates with a combination of miru-vntr loci. for this purpose we tested six miru-vntr loci (miru-2, miru-3, vntr-25, vntr-32, vn ...201020116185
a bayesian weibull survival model for time to infection data measured with delay.survival analysis methods can be used to identify factors associated with the time to induction of infection. in the absence of a perfect test, detection of infection is generally delayed and depends on the duration of the latent infection period. we assess, via simulations, the impact of ignoring the delayed detection of infection on estimated survival times and propose a bayesian weibull regression model, which adjusts for the delayed detection of infection. the presence of non-differential de ...201020129683
rapid identification and differentiation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis types by use of real-time pcr and high-resolution melt analysis of the map1506 locus.high-resolution melt (hrm) analysis can identify sequence polymorphisms by comparing the melting curves of amplicons generated by real-time pcr amplification. we describe the application of this technique to identify mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis types i, ii, and iii. the hrm approach was based on type-specific nucleotide sequences in map1506, a member of the ppe (proline-proline-glutamic acid) gene family.201020129970
prevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in adult danish non-dairy cattle sampled at slaughter.a voluntary, risk-based control program for paratuberculosis in dairy herds was started in 2006 in denmark. the program does not include non-dairy herds, and the occurrence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) in these herds is unknown. the objective of this study was to establish the prevalence of map infected adult non-dairy cattle in denmark. serum samples were collected between october, 2008 and january, 2009 from every 6th animal over 24 months of age, sent to slaughter to d ...201020153536
sensitivity, specificity, and confounding factors of novel serological tests used for the rapid diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in farmed red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study, novel serological tests were used to detect tuberculosis (tb) in groups of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) varying in disease status or possible confounding factors. groups of deer naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium bovis and animals vaccinated against paratuberculosis were studied, as were uninfected animals and animals naturally or experimentally infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. sera were assayed using two rapid lateral-flow tests, ...201020164247
association between mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection and milk production in two california dairies.the association between mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) and milk production was estimated on 2 california dairies using longitudinal data from 5,926 cows. both study herds had moderate map seroprevalence, housed cows in freestalls, and had johne's disease control programs. cow map status was determined using both serum elisa and fecal culture results from cows tested at dry-off and from whole-herd tests. potential confounders were evaluated based on a causal diagram. mixed models ...201020172223
investigation of the association of the slc11a1 gene with resistance/sensitivity of goats (capra hircus) to paratuberculosis.slc11a1 (solute carrier family 11 member a1) protein is located on the phagolysosome membrane of macrophages and participates in bacterial killing. here we have extended our previous work on the investigation of the potential association of polymorphisms of the 3'untranslated region (utr) of slc11a1 gene with test-positivity of goats to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map). blood, serum and faeces were collected from 223 adult goats, from nine goat farms from greece with a long-term ...201020188496
paradigm redux--mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-macrophage interactions show clear variations between bovine and human physiological body temperatures.the physiological conditions encountered by pathogenic mycobacteria inside their hosts significantly influence their adaptation, virulence, and gene expression. current in vitro models investigating host-pathogen interactions of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis use 37 degrees c, the normal body temperatures of mice and humans. however since the physiological temperature of map's natural host is 39 degrees c, we hypothesized that host and pathogen behavior to vary considerably in compa ...201020188816
evaluation of the cell-mediated immune response to reduced doses of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis vaccine in cattle.vaccination against johne's disease with an inactivated, oil-adjuvanted mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) bacterin can reduce clinical signs in infected herds; however, the development of indurated swelling at the injection site limits vaccine acceptability to producers. this study determined whether a reduced dose of vaccine antigen, with a full dose of adjuvant, would produce comparable t cell-mediated immune responses with smaller lesions. t cell responses induced by in vitro st ...201020193967
bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease.the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) involves an interaction between host susceptibility (which is partly genetically determined), mucosal immunity and the intestinal milieu. micro-organisms have physiological effects on mucosal structure, epithelial turnover, the intestinal immune cells and, thus, on many intestinal functions. toll-like receptors and nucleotide oligomerisation-binding domain proteins in host cells recognise specific bacterial molecules and modify the immune resp ...201020203504
effect of changes in testing parameters on the cost-effectiveness of two pooled test methods to classify infection status of animals in a herd.monte carlo simulation was used to determine optimal fecal pool sizes for identification of all mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map)-infected cows in a dairy herd. two pooling protocols were compared: a halving protocol involving a single retest of negative pools followed by halving of positive pools and a simple protocol involving single retest of negative pools but no halving of positive pools. for both protocols, all component samples in positive pools were then tested individual ...201020207038
optimization of a whole blood gamma interferon assay for the detection of sheep infected with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.the capacity of a commercially available gamma interferon (ifngamma) assay to detect infected sheep early in the pathogenesis of johne's disease enables the removal of such animals from the flock before bacterial shedding and pasture contamination. however, nonspecific ifngamma responses in the assay have meant that to achieve high-test specificity, there has been a reduction in sensitivity. although the optimal conditions for the use of the assay in cattle have been well documented, there have ...201020224078
experimental validation of a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the genetic element ismap02 for detection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine colostrum.colostrum samples experimentally inoculated with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map; strain k-10) at increasing concentrations between 1 x 10(1) and 1 x 10(9) cells/ml were tested for recovery of map dna using a nested ismap02 target polymerase chain reaction initially developed for detecting map dna in fecal samples. the following detection rates were achieved for sample replicates inoculated with unsonicated map pure stock: 100% between 1 x 10(7) and 1 x 10(9) cells/ml, 75% betwe ...201020224087
successful control of johne's disease in nine dairy herds: results of a six-year field trial.the objective was to evaluate if a standardized johne's disease control program significantly reduced the prevalence of cattle infected with mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in dairy herds with a moderate to high initial infection prevalence of >or=10% elisa-positive adult cattle. nine wisconsin dairy herds of diverse sizes and management styles completed the 6-yr study. the control program involved changes to heifer rearing practices in combination with a routine testing program. for h ...201020338441
identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovine solute carrier family 11 member 1 (slc11a1) gene and their association with infection by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.johne's disease is a chronic enteritis caused by mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (map) that causes substantial financial losses for the cattle industry. susceptibility to map infection is reported to be determined in part by genetic factors, so marker-assisted selection could help to obtain bovine populations that are increasingly resistant to map infection. solute carrier family 11 member 1 (slc11a1) was adjudged to be a potential candidate gene because of its role in innate immunity, ...201020338449
genetic parameters of milk elisa scores for johne's disease.the objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters of antibody response to mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis using routinely collected minnesota dairy herd improvement milk elisa tests. after all edits, 25,809 tests from 21,514 holstein cows in 282 johne's positive herds were available for analysis. the johne's test results were analyzed both as a binary trait (positive or negative) and as a linear trait as the transformed elisa optical density [ln(od)]. significant fixed eff ...201020338451
stochastic simulations of a multi-group compartmental model for johne's disease on us dairy herds with test-based culling intervention.infection elimination may be an important goal of control programs. only in stochastic infection models can true infection elimination be observed as a fadeout. the phenomena of fadeout and variable prevalence are important in understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases and these phenomena are essential to evaluate the effectiveness of control measures. to investigate the stochastic dynamics of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) infection on us dairy herds with ...201020347851
mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free-living amoebae isolated from fields not used for grazing. 201020348470
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis as a trigger of type-1 diabetes: destination sardinia, or beyond?type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1dm) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing beta cell population is destroyed by the infiltrated t lymphocytes. even though the exact cause of t1dm is yet to be ascertained, varying degree of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors have been linked to the disease progress and outcome. mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is an obligate zoonotic pathogen that causes chronic infection of intestines in ruminants, the jo ...201020350307
map in the environment of dairy herds - a comment. 201020357935
strain diversity within mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis--a review.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map), is the etiological agent of johne's disease (or paratuberculosis) in animals and has also been linked with crohn's disease of human beings. extreme fastidious nature of the organism (map) has hampered studies on diversity within the organism. studies based on phenotypic properties like growth rate, pigmentation, lipid profile etc., are unable to provide complete information on diversity of map organism in nature. however, with the advent of ...201020358861
characteristics of an extensive mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis recombinant protein set.in the first step of a comprehensive large-scale antigen discovery project, 651 genes of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis were expressed in escherichia coli. all of these were purified by affinity chromatography, dialyzed in phosphate buffered saline, and analyzed on sds-page gels. collectively, these purified recombinant proteins represent 14.9% of the total m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis proteome. this volume of protein expression and purification has yielded unique observatio ...201020359537
effect of classifying disease states in genetic association studies for paratuberculosis.genetic association studies are a means to elucidate underlying genetic regulation of host-pathogen interaction, immune response, and the fate of infection. diseases such as paratuberculosis in cattle lack definitive diagnostic criteria, thereby complicating the definition of infection status as an outcome for genetic association studies. a study was performed to evaluate the potential bias in estimates of effect and differences in statistical power associated with parallel test interpretation, ...201020363040
culture-independent techniques applied to food industry water surveillance--a case study.culture-independent techniques were used for the detection of pathogenic bacteria in drinking water at potentially critical control points along the production lines at a german dairy company and a spanish dry cured ham company. denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) was used to describe bacterial population shifts indicating biological instability in the drinking water samples. autochthonous bacteria were identified by sequencing the excised dgge dna bands. more specifically, real-time ...201020363042
isolation of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from muscle and peripheral lymph nodes using acid-pepsin digest prior to bactec culture.meat has received little attention regarding human exposure to mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, a possible infectious trigger of crohn's disease. meat has less contamination with other organisms than gut tissues, facilitating modifications to existing decontamination protocols prior to bactec culture that could increase analytical sensitivity. using spiked meat samples we trialled enzymatic and chemical digestion techniques to concentrate larger starting samples, and modifications to ...201020363569
localization of proteins in the cell wall of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis k10 by proteomic analysis.abstract: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is a pathogen which causes a debilitating chronic enteritis in ruminants. unfortunately, the mechanisms that control m. avium subsp. paratuberculosis persistence during infection are poorly understood and the key steps for developing johne's disease remain elusive. a proteomic analysis approach, based on one dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) followed by lc-ms/ms, was used to identify and characterize the cell wall asso ...201020377898
peripheral blood mononuclear cell population changes associated with age and mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus).in this study we aimed to document the maturation of the immune system in red deer and investigate the hypothesis that an immature immune system may predispose young red deer (cervus elaphus) to an increased susceptibility to johne's disease. peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations were analysed using flow cytometry techniques to monitor changes associated with age and severity of infection with mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in red deer. the percentage of cells expressing ...201020378187
rapid detection methods for viable mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in milk and cheese.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) may have a role in the development of crohn's disease in humans via the consumption of contaminated milk and milk products. detection of map from milk and dairy products has been reported from countries on the european continent, argentina, the uk and australia. in this study three different methods (quantitative real time pcr, combined phage is900 pcr and conventional cultivation) were used to detect the presence of map in bulk tank milk (btm) a ...201020381185
johne's disease caused by mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus): an histopathological grading system, and comparison of paucibacillary and multibacillary disease.to describe a grading system for evaluating lesions in the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes of red deer (cervus elaphus) infected with mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map), and report the distribution of granulomas and findings seen in paucibacillary and multibacillary forms of the disease.201020383243
mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis viability determination using f57 quantitative pcr in combination with propidium monoazide treatment.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is known to be a very slow-growing organism. the fact that cells typically need several weeks to form visible colonies severely compromises the suitability of plate counting for assessment of viable cell counts. this problem might be overcome by the application of fast molecular methods containing a viability component. we have evaluated a promising technology combining sample treatment with propidium monoazide (pma) prior to dna extraction for s ...201020385417
a principal component regression based genome wide analysis approach reveals the presence of a novel qtl on bta7 for map resistance in holstein cattle.bovine johne's disease (jd), caused by mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (map), causes significant losses to the dairy and beef cattle industries. effective vaccination or therapeutic strategies against this disease are currently unavailable and infected animals either get culled or die due to clinical disease. an alternative strategy to manage the disease is to selectively breed animals with enhanced resistance to map infection. therefore, the objective of this study was to identify gen ...201020060464
the role of infection in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease.we have greatly increased our understanding of the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) in the last decade; however, migrant studies highlight the importance of environment in disease risk. the possibility that ibd is an infection has been debated since the first description of crohn's disease. mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis was the first organism to be suggested as an ibd pathogen, and it has been argued that it fulfils koch's postulates and could be designated the cause of crohn' ...201020076977
molecular detection and typing of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from milk samples of dairy animals.genotyping of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is important for precise classification of bacterium and for understanding the molecular epidemiology. the present study reports detection and typing of the map from milk. on the basis of clinical signs of diarrhea and/or weakness, the dairy animals suspected for johne's disease were screened by ziehl-neelsen staining of fecal samples. the milk samples from 13 selected animals were processed for dna extraction and direct is900 p ...201020082257
surveys for disease agents in introduced elk in arkansas and kentucky.surveys for disease agents were conducted in introduced free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in arkansas and kentucky. elk had been captured in colorado and nebraska and released in arkansas during 1981-1985. from 1997 through 2002 elk were captured in arizona, kansas, north dakota, new mexico, oregon, and utah and released in southeastern kentucky. specimens were collected from 170 hunter-killed elk in arkansas during 1998-2006, and 44 elk in kentucky during 2001-2004. significant findings ...201020090032
comparison of three methods for extraction of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis dna for polymerase chain reaction from broth-based culture systems.conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays were used to measure the recovery of dna from mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) extracted with 3 different methods (magmax, dneasy(r), and phenol-chloroform) after growth in a broth-based culture system. of the 304 samples tested, bacterial dna was detected in 197 (65%) of samples after magmax, 156 (51%) after phenol-chloroform, and 123 (40%) after dneasy extractions. by acid-fast stain, 177 (58%) of the sample ...201020093685
optimisation of culture of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from blood samples.mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (map) is the causative agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants, and has been suggested to play a role in crohn's disease in humans. while disease expression is primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, isolation of map or map dna at distant sites indicates that disseminated infections also occur. this is the first study to compare, optimise and critically evaluate different methods of concentrating map from spi ...201019932719
thermal inactivation profiles of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in lamb skeletal muscle homogenate fluid.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) causes johne's disease in livestock and there is a debate about its role in humans in chronic inflammatory bowel disorders such as crohn's disease, but the relationship remains unproven. nevertheless livestock health authorities in many countries aim to lower the prevalence of this infection to reduce potential contamination of the human food supply. map may occur in bovine milk and data on thermal inactivation suggest pasteurisation is an effect ...201019896745
an economic decision support tool for simulating paratuberculosis control strategies in a uk suckler beef herd.a dynamic, deterministic, economic simulation model was developed to estimate the costs and benefits of controlling mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (johne's disease) in a suckler beef herd. the model is intended as a demonstration tool for veterinarians to use with farmers. the model design process involved user consultation and participation and the model is freely accessible on a dedicated website. the 'user-friendly' model interface allows the input of key assumptions and farm spe ...201020004032
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