Publications

identification of glycosaminoglycans in human airway secretions.	glycosaminoglycans (gags), known to be present in airway mucus, are macromolecules with a variety of structural and biological functions. in the present work, we used fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (face) to identify and relatively quantify gags in human tracheal aspirates (hta) obtained from healthy volunteers. primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (nhbe) and submucosal gland (smg) cells were used to assess their differential contribution to gags in mucus. dis ...	2006	16195536
identification of glycosaminoglycans in human airway secretions.	glycosaminoglycans (gags), known to be present in airway mucus, are macromolecules with a variety of structural and biological functions. in the present work, we used fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (face) to identify and relatively quantify gags in human tracheal aspirates (hta) obtained from healthy volunteers. primary cultures of normal human bronchial epithelial (nhbe) and submucosal gland (smg) cells were used to assess their differential contribution to gags in mucus. dis ...	2006	16195536
the phytopathogen dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) is a pathogen of the pea aphid.	dickeya dadantii (erwinia chrysanthemi) is a phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot diseases on many crops. the sequencing of its genome identified four genes encoding homologues of the cyt family of insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis, which are not present in the close relative pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum. the pathogenicity of d. dadantii was tested on the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum, and the bacterium was shown to be highly virulent for this insect, either ...	2006	16517643
evaluation of the phoenix 100 id/ast system and nid panel for identification of enterobacteriaceae, vibrionaceae, and commonly isolated nonenteric gram-negative bacilli.	the phoenix 100 id/ast system (becton dickinson co., sparks, md.) is an automated system for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates. this system with its negative identification (nid) panel was evaluated for its accuracy in the identification of 507 isolates of the family enterobacteriaceae, 57 other nonenteric gram-negative isolates that are commonly isolated in clinical microbiology laboratories, and 138 isolates of the family vibrionaceae. all of the ...	2006	16517878
high-level ciprofloxacin resistance from point mutations in gyra and parc confined to global hospital-adapted clonal lineage cc17 of enterococcus faecium.	to substantiate a common genetic background of ciprofloxacin-resistant enterococcus faecium, 32 ciprofloxacin-resistant (cip(r)) and 31 ciprofloxacin-susceptible (cip(s)) isolates from outbreaks, clinical infections, surveillances, and animals from 10 different countries were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. additionally, susceptibilities to ampicillin and vancomycin and the presence of esp were determined and the quinolone resistance-determining regions of parc, gyra, parb, and gyre wer ...	2006	16517894
characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing kuwait and uk strains identified by the vitek system, and subsequent comparison of the vitek system with other commercial esbl-testing systems using these strains.	two hundred and fifty-one unique patient isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae (123), escherichia coli (114), klebsiella oxytoca (7), enterobacter cloacae (5) and citrobacter freundii (2), flagged as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) positive by the vitek system (gns-526 card), were collected. these strains were isolated from a variety of clinical specimens submitted to the clinical bacteriology laboratories of the royal infirmary of edinburgh (rie), edinburgh, uk (and associated gp practices) ...	2006	16533989
identification of nif genes in n2-fixing bacterial strains isolated from rice fields along the yangtze river plain.	the aim of this research was to identify nifh and nifhdkye ' genes in twenty strains of n2-fixing heterotrophic bacteria isolated from rice fields in the yangtze river plain. southern hybridization of the total dna from each strain was performed with the klebsiella pneumoniae nifhdkye ' gene probe (6.2 kb eco ri fragment from psa30) and the azospirillum brasilense nifh gene probe (0.6 kb eco ri-hin diii fragment from phu8). we found that eco ri fragments of total dna from aeromonas hydrophila hy ...	2006	16463319
biochemical and molecular characterization of three new variants of ampc beta-lactamases from morganella morganii.	morganella morganii produces an inducible, chromosomally encoded ampc beta-lactamase. we describe in this study three new variants of ampc within this species with apparent pis of 6.6 (m19 from m. morganii strain pp19), 7.4 (m29 from m. morganii strain pp29), and 7.8 (m37 from m. morganii strain pp37). after gene sequencing, deduced amino acid sequences displayed one to six substitutions when compared to the available morganella ampc sequences. an ampr-encoding gene was also found upstream of am ...	2006	16495258
effect of 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, a novel putative efflux pump inhibitor, on antimicrobial drug susceptibility in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae other than escherichia coli.	1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (nmp) has been shown to reverse multidrug resistance (mdr) in escherichia coli overexpressing rnd type efflux pumps, but there is no data on its activity in enterobacteriaceae other than e. coli.	2006	16354746
emergence of cefotaxime resistance in citrobacter freundii causing necrotizing fasciitis and osteomyelitis.	we present a diabetic patient with necrotizing fasciitis caused by citrobacter freundii associated with an injury from the fish fin. two isolates recovered six days after cefotaxime treatment had a cefotaxime minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.12 and 256 mg/l, respectively, and a cefepime mic of 0.03 and 0.25 mg/l, respectively. the two isolates both possessed bla(cmy-2) gene. the patient responded unsatisfactorily to cefotaxime and cefepime therapy and surgical debridement but recovere ...	2006	16375973
microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol: physiological comparison of a natural producer, clostridium butyricum vpi 3266, and an engineered strain, clostridium acetobutylicum dg1(pspd5).	clostridium acetobutylicum is not able to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon source since it cannot reoxidize the excess of nadh generated by glycerol catabolism. nevertheless, when the pspd5 plasmid, carrying the nadh-consuming 1,3-propanediol pathway from c. butyricum vpi 3266, was introduced into c. acetobutylicum dg1, growth on glycerol was achieved, and 1,3-propanediol was produced. in order to compare the physiological behavior of the recombinant c. acetobutylicum dg1(pspd5) strain with t ...	2006	16391030
plasmid-mediated high-level gentamicin resistance among enteric bacteria isolated from pet turtles in louisiana.	the sale of small turtles is banned by the food and drug administration from the u.s. market due to concerns about their excretion of salmonella spp. to produce a safe pet for the export market, the louisiana pet turtle industry uses gentamicin sulfate baths (1,000 microg/ml) to eradicate salmonella spp. from turtle eggs. in 1999, we analyzed bacterial samples recovered from turtle farms and found that strains of salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae and other bacteria, such as enterobacter cloaca ...	2006	16391058
emergence of biofilm-forming subpopulations upon exposure of escherichia coli to environmental bacteriophages.	exposure of escherichia coli mg1655 to environmental bacteriophages results in rapid selection for phage-tolerant subpopulations displaying increased biofilm formation. analysis of one phage-tolerant strain revealed large amounts of the dna-binding dps protein in the outer membrane protein and production of fimbria-like structures. in dps and fima mutant derivatives of mg1655, no selection of phage-tolerant bacteria upon exposure to bacteriophages occurred, suggesting a role for dps and type i p ...	2006	16391144
a new experimental approach for studying bacterial genomic island evolution identifies island genes with bacterial host-specific expression patterns.	genomic islands are regions of bacterial genomes that have been acquired by horizontal transfer and often contain blocks of genes that function together for specific processes. recently, it has become clear that the impact of genomic islands on the evolution of different bacterial species is significant and represents a major force in establishing bacterial genomic variation. however, the study of genomic island evolution has been mostly performed at the sequence level using computer software or ...	2006	16396675
molecular dynamics simulations of class c beta-lactamase from citrobacter freundii: insights into the base catalyst for acylation.	herein, we present results from molecular dynamics (md) simulations of the class c beta-lactamase from citrobacter freundii and its michaelis complex with aztreonam. four different configurations of the active site were modeled in aqueous solution, and their relative stability was estimated by means of quantum mechanical energy calculations. for the free enzyme, the energetically most stable configurations present a neutral lys67 residue or an anionic tyr150 side chain. our calculations predict ...	2006	16401074
the genus hafnia: from soup to nuts.	the genus hafnia, a member of the family enterobacteriaceae, consists of gram-negative bacteria that are occasionally implicated in both intestinal and extraintestinal infections in humans. despite the fact that the genus currently contains only a single species (h. alvei), more extensive phylogenetic depth (two or more species) is apparent based upon dna relatedness and 16s rrna gene sequencing studies. hafnia causes a variety of systemic infections, including septicemia and pneumonia; however, ...	2006	16418520
[beta-lactamases of gram negative bacteria: never-ending clockwork!].	the acquired resistance against the wide-spectrum and highly stable beta-lactams including third-generation cephalosporins (3gc) and carbapenems is constinuously increasing and widespead with the discovery of various plasmid-encoded, or genes cassette or integrons coding for a novel beta-lactamase, always a major mechanism of resistance. to explain resistance against 3gc, with the continuing story with tem and shv mutated enzymes, several types of esbl (class a) emerge the ctx-m type, at least c ...	2006	16420989
horizontal transfer of blacmy-bearing plasmids among clinical escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and emergence of cefepime-hydrolyzing cmy-19.	nine escherichia coli and 5 klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates resistant to various cephalosporins and cephamycins were identified in a japanese general hospital between 1995 and 1997. all nine e. coli isolates and one k. pneumoniae isolate carried bla(cmy-9), while the other four k. pneumoniae isolates harbored a variant of bla(cmy-9), namely, bla(cmy-19). the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of the nine cmy-9-producing e. coli isolates were almost identical, suggesting their clon ...	2006	16436707
emergence of dha-1-producing klebsiella spp. in the parisian region: genetic organization of the ampc and ampr genes originating from morganella morganii.	eleven klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates and one klebsiella oxytoca clinical isolate showing various pulsed-field gel electrophoresis types and producing an inducible dha-1 class c beta-lactamase were isolated in the parisian region between 1998 and 2003. the aim of this study was to compare the genetic organization of the bla(dha-1) genes in this collection of clinical isolates. in four isolates, the morganella morganii-derived genomic region containing bla(dha-1) was inserted in an entir ...	2006	16436717
cmy-16, a novel acquired ampc-type beta-lactamase of the cmy/lat lineage in multifocal monophyletic isolates of proteus mirabilis from northern italy.	we report multifocal detection (four different cities in northern italy) of proteus mirabilis isolates resistant to both oxyimino- and 7-alpha-methoxy-cephalosporins and producing a novel acquired ampc-like beta-lactamase. the enzyme, named cmy-16, is a variant of the cmy/lat lineage, which differs from the closest homologues, cmy-4 and cmy-12, by a single amino acid substitution (a171s or n363s, respectively) and from cmy-2 by two substitutions (a171s and w221r). expression of the cloned bla(cm ...	2006	16436718
pcr classification of ctx-m-type beta-lactamase genes identified in clinically isolated gram-negative bacilli in japan.	of 1,456 strains isolated from 2001 to 2003 demonstrating resistance to either oxyimino-cephalosporin, 317 strains, isolated in 57 of 132 clinical facilities, were found to harbor bla(ctx-m) genes by pcr. fifty-seven, 161, and 99 strains harbored bla(ctx-m) genes belonging to the bla(ctx-m-1), bla(ctx-m-2), and bla(ctx-m-9) clusters, respectively.	2006	16436748
temporal association of entomopathogenic nematodes (rhabditida: steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) and bacteria.	galleria mellonella l. larvae were infected with three species (seven strains) of steinernema spp. or three species (three strains) of heterorhabditis spp. infected larvae were incubated at 22, 27, and 32 degrees c. larvae were dorsally dissected every 6h over a 48-h period. hemolymph was collected and streaked on tryptic soy agar plates. several non-symbiotic bacterial species were identified from infected insect cadavers: enterobacter gergoviae, vibrio spp., pseudomonas fluorescens type c, ser ...	2006	16448667
use of electrochemical dna biosensors for rapid molecular identification of uropathogens in clinical urine specimens.	we describe the first species-specific detection of bacterial pathogens in human clinical fluid samples using a microfabricated electrochemical sensor array. each of the 16 sensors in the array consisted of three single-layer gold electrodes-working, reference, and auxiliary. each of the working electrodes contained one representative from a library of capture probes, each specific for a clinically relevant bacterial urinary pathogen. the library included probes for escherichia coli, proteus mir ...	2006	16455913
hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 gene regulation during citrobacter rodentium infection in wild-type and toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice.	citrobacter rodentium is the rodent equivalent of human enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection. this study investigated regulation of hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 (p450) mrnas, hepatic p450 proteins, cytokines, and acute phase proteins during c. rodentium infection. female c3h/heouj (heou) and c3h/hej (hej) mice [which lack functional toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)] were infected with c. rodentium by oral gavage and sacrificed 6 days later. hepatic cyp4a10 and 4a14 mrnas were decreased in ...	2006	16339354
hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 gene regulation during citrobacter rodentium infection in wild-type and toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice.	citrobacter rodentium is the rodent equivalent of human enteropathogenic escherichia coli infection. this study investigated regulation of hepatic and renal cytochrome p450 (p450) mrnas, hepatic p450 proteins, cytokines, and acute phase proteins during c. rodentium infection. female c3h/heouj (heou) and c3h/hej (hej) mice [which lack functional toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4)] were infected with c. rodentium by oral gavage and sacrificed 6 days later. hepatic cyp4a10 and 4a14 mrnas were decreased in ...	2006	16339354
microbiologic profile of flexible endoscope disinfection in two brazilian hospitals.	[corrected] endoscopes are routinely used in hospitals and clinics of the world and they can be potential sources of cross-infection when the decontamination process is unsuitable	2006	17406750
[antagonistic effect of bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus acidophilus on klebsiella pneumoniae, citrobacter freundii and proteus mirabilis cells].	data of the ultrastructural cellular changes of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria, including k. pneumoniae, c. freundii and p. mirabilis cells impacts to bacteriocin-producing l. acidophilus are presented. enterobacteria in response to the bacteriocinogenic effect of lactobacilli are manifestated by expressive destructions of sensitive to pore formation bacteriocin cells. various morphological types of enterobacteria cells with increase of involution, lysing and resting forms are revealed. ...	2006	17297872
repetitive prostatic massage and drug therapy as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate.	we describe 5 men with urinary retention and indwelling urethral catheters who were treated with repetitive prostatic massage, antimicrobials, alpha blockers, and--in 2 cases--finasteride. we retrospectively reviewed the charts of all patients presenting to the genitourinary clinic with indwelling urinary catheters during a 1-year period. five men (mean age, 70 years; range, 64-76; sd 4.47) presented to the manila genitourinary clinic (cebu branch), cebu, philippines, wearing indwelling urinary ...	2006	17415302
qnrb, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance.	a novel plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrb, has been discovered in a plasmid encoding the ctx-m-15 beta-lactamase from a klebsiella pneumoniae strain isolated in south india. it has less than 40% amino acid identity with the original qnr (now qnra) gene or with the recently described qnrs but, like them, codes for a protein belonging to the pentapeptide repeat family. strains with qnrb demonstrated low-level resistance to all quinolones tested. the gene has been cloned in an expres ...	2006	16569827
changes in flagellin glycosylation affect campylobacter autoagglutination and virulence.	analysis of the complete flagellin glycosylation locus of campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176 revealed a less complex genomic organization than the corresponding region in the genome strain, c. jejuni nctc 11168. twenty-four of the 45 genes found between cj1293 and cj1337 in nctc 11168 are missing in 81-176. mutation of six new genes, in addition to three previously reported, resulted in a non-motile phenotype, consistent with a role in synthesis of pseudaminic acid (pseac) or transfer of pseac t ...	2006	16573682
sequence alignment and homology threading reveals prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins similar to lactose permease.	certain prokaryotic transport proteins similar to the lactose permease of escherichia coli (lacy) have been identified by blast searches from available genomic databanks. these proteins exhibit conservation of amino acid residues that participate in sugar binding and h(+) translocation in lacy. homology threading of prokaryotic transporters based on the x-ray structure of lacy (pdb id: 1pv7) and sequence similarities reveals a common overall fold for sugar transporters belonging to the major fac ...	2006	16574153
[purification and properties of citrobacter freundii phytase].	phytase (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolase, ec 3.1.3.26) catalyses the stepwise hydrolysis of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate). phytases are of great commercial importance due to their usage as supplement of food and animal feed, which can cater to nutrition demands and alleviate environmental problems, has been approved by many countries. although acid phytases have been extensively studied, information regarding the phytases from citrobacter is limited. in t ...	2006	16579482
cloning and sequencing of the ompa gene of enterobacter sakazakii and development of an ompa-targeted pcr for rapid detection of enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula.	enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging, infant formula-borne pathogen that causes severe meningitis, meningoencephalitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and infants, with a high fatality rate. traditional detection methods take up to 7 days to identify e. sakazakii. the outer membrane protein a gene (ompa), along with its flanking sequences from e. sakazakii (atcc 51329), was cloned in the pgem-t easy vector and sequenced. comparison of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid seq ...	2006	16597955
quantitative real-time legionella pcr for environmental water samples: data interpretation.	quantitative legionella pcrs targeting the 16s rrna gene (specific for the genus legionella) and the mip gene (specific for the species legionella pneumophila) were applied to a total of 223 hot water system samples (131 in one laboratory and 92 in another laboratory) and 37 cooling tower samples (all in the same laboratory). the pcr results were compared with those of conventional culture. 16s rrna gene pcr results were nonquantifiable for 2.8% of cooling tower samples and up to 39.1% of hot wa ...	2006	16597985
produce isolates of the escherichia coli ont:h52 serotype that carry both shiga toxin 1 and stable toxin genes.	produce isolates of the escherichia coli ont:h52 serotype carried shiga toxin 1 and stable toxin genes but only expressed stx1. these strains had pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles that were 90% homologous to clinical ont:h52 strains that had identical phenotypes and genotypes. all ont:h52 strains had identical single nucleotide polymorphism profiles that are suggestive of a unique clonal group.	2006	16598020
role of bacteria in the oviposition behaviour and larval development of stable flies.	stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), are the most important pests of cattle in the united states. however, adequate management strategies for stable flies, especially for pastured cattle, are lacking. microbial/symbiont-based approaches offer novel venues for management of insect pests and/or vector-borne human and animal pathogens. unfortunately, the fundamental knowledge of stable fly-microbial associations and their effect on stable fly biology is lacking. in this study, stable flies laid ...	2006	16608496
l-methionine gamma-lyase from citrobacter freundii: cloning of the gene and kinetic parameters of the enzyme.	it is shown for the first time for the enterobacteriaceae family that a gene encoding l-methionine gamma-lyase (mgl) is present in the genome of citrobacter freundii. homogeneous enzyme has been purified from c. freundii cells and its n-terminal sequence has been determined. the hybrid plasmid pucmgl obtained from the c. freundii genomic library contains an ecori insert of about 3000 bp, which ensures the appearance of mgl activity when expressed in escherichia coli tg1 cells. the nucleotide seq ...	2006	16615855
stepwise upregulation of the pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosomal cephalosporinase conferring high-level beta-lactam resistance involves three ampd homologues.	development of resistance to the antipseudomonal penicillins and cephalosporins mediated by hyperproduction of the chromosomal cephalosporinase ampc is a major threat to the successful treatment of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. although ampd inactivation has been previously found to lead to a partially derepressed phenotype characterized by increased ampc production but retaining further inducibility, the regulation of ampc in p. aeruginosa is far from well understood. we demonstrate that a ...	2006	16641450
increasing prevalence and diversity of metallo-beta-lactamases in pseudomonas spp., acinetobacter spp., and enterobacteriaceae from korea.	among imipenem-nonsusceptible isolates, acquired metallo-beta-lactamase genes were detected in 36 of 581 (6.2%) pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 42 of 44 (95.4%) other pseudomonas species, and 136 of 513 (26.5%) acinetobacter species from 2003 to 2004 at a korean hospital. overall, bla(vim-2)-like genes were the most prevalent and were also detected in enterobacteriaceae, including klebsiella pneumoniae.	2006	16641469
crystal structure of the nucleotide-binding subunit dhal of the escherichia coli dihydroxyacetone kinase.	dihydroxyacetone (dha) kinases are a family of sequence-related enzymes that utilize either atp or phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) as source of high energy phosphate. the pep-dependent dha kinase of escherichia coli consists of three subunits. dhak and dhal are homologous to the dha and nucleotide-binding domains of the atp-dependent kinase of citrobacter freundii. the dham subunit is a multiphosphorylprotein of the pep:sugar phosphotransferase system (pts). dhal contains a tightly bound adp as coenzy ...	2006	16647083
trends in production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases among enterobacteria of medical interest: report of the second italian nationwide survey.	results of a 2003 survey carried out in italy to evaluate the prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing enterobacteria are presented. eleven italian microbiology laboratories investigated 9,076 consecutive nonreplicate isolates (inpatients, 6,850; outpatients, 2,226). esbl screening was performed by mic data analysis. confirmation was obtained using the double-disk synergy test and the combination disk test based on clsi methodology. esbl determinants were investigated by c ...	2006	16672390
development and evaluation of a rapid, simple, and sensitive immunochromatographic assay to detect thermostable direct hemolysin produced by vibrio parahaemolyticus in enrichment cultures of stool specimens.	thermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) is considered to be a major virulence factor in vibrio parahaemolyticus, and most cases of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea in humans are caused by tdh gene-positive strains. in the present study, we developed an immunochromatographic assay to detect tdh (tdh-ica) and evaluated the utility of tdh-ica for the diagnosis of v. parahaemolyticus diarrhea. tdh-ica allowed the detection of 0.2 ng/ml of tdh within 10 min. fecal homogenates were spiked with various numbers ...	2006	16672412
development and validation of an oligonucleotide microarray for detection of multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in escherichia coli.	an oligonucleotide microarray detecting 189 escherichia coli virulence genes or markers and 30 antimicrobial resistance genes was designed and validated using dna from known reference strains. this microarray was confirmed to be a powerful diagnostic tool for monitoring emerging e. coli pathotypes and antimicrobial resistance, as well as for environmental, epidemiological, and phylogenetic studies including the evaluation of genome plasticity.	2006	16672535
enterobacter cloacae outbreak and emergence of quinolone resistance gene in dutch hospital.	an outbreak of enterobacter cloacae infections with variable susceptibility to fluoroquinolones occurred in the university medical center utrecht in the netherlands in 2002. our investigation showed that a qnra1 gene was present in 78 (94%) of 83 outbreak isolates and that a qnra1-encoding plasmid transferred to other strains of the same species and other species. the earliest isolate carrying this same plasmid was isolated in 1999. qnra1 was located in a complex integron consisting of the inti1 ...	2006	16704842
confirmation of e. coli among other thermotolerant coliform bacteria in paper mill effluents, wood chips screening rejects and paper sludges.	paper sludges are solid wastes material generated from the paper production, which have been characterized for their chemical contents. some are rich in wood fiber and are a good carbon source, for example the primary and de-inking paper sludges. others are made rich in nitrogen and phosphorus by pressing the activated sludge, resulting from the biological water treatments, with the primary sludge, yielding the combined paper sludge. still, in the absence of sanitary effluents very few studies h ...	2006	16714043
model system to evaluate the effect of ampd mutations on ampc-mediated beta-lactam resistance.	mutations within the structural gene of ampd can lead to ampc overproduction and increases in beta-lactam mics in organisms with an inducible ampc. however, identification of mutations alone cannot predict the impact that those mutations have on ampd function. therefore, a model system was designed to determine the effect of ampd mutations on ceftazidime mics using an ampd(-) mutant escherichia coli strain which produced an inducible plasmid-encoded ampc. ampd genes were amplified by pcr from st ...	2006	16723562
molecular epidemiology of ceftiofur-resistant escherichia coli isolates from dairy calves.	healthy calves (n = 96, 1 to 9 weeks old) from a dairy herd in central pennsylvania were examined each month over a five-month period for fecal shedding of ceftiofur-resistant gram-negative bacteria. ceftiofur-resistant escherichia coli isolates (n = 122) were characterized by antimicrobial resistance (disk diffusion and mic), serotype, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtypes, beta-lactamase genes, and virulence genes. antibiotic disk diffusion assays showed that the isolates were resistant to ...	2006	16751500
a constitutively expressed, truncated umudc operon regulates the reca-dependent dna damage induction of a gene in acinetobacter baylyi strain adp1.	in response to environmentally caused dna damage, sos genes are up-regulated due to reca-mediated relief of lexa repression. in escherichia coli, the sos umudc operon is required for dna damage checkpoint functions and for replicating damaged dna in the error-prone process called sos mutagenesis. in the model soil bacterium acinetobacter baylyi strain adp1, however, the content, regulation, and function of the umudc operon are unusual. the umuc gene is incomplete, and a remnant of an isehe3-like ...	2006	16751513
evaluation of the duopath legionella lateral flow assay for identification of legionella pneumophila and legionella species culture isolates.	duopath legionella (merck kgaa, darmstadt, germany) is a new immunochromatographic assay for the simultaneous identification of cultured l. pneumophila and legionella species other than l. pneumophila. in tests of 89 l. pneumophila strains and 87 legionella strains other than l. pneumophila representing 41 different species, duopath and a widely used latex agglutination assay detected l. pneumophila with 100% and 98% accuracy, respectively, whereas the percentages differed significantly for othe ...	2006	16751575
[transference of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases from nosocomial strains of klebsiella pneumoniae to other species of enterobacteriaceae].	klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogenic bacterium, frequently isolated from nosocomial samples, that exhibits wide antimicrobial resistance profiles, including third generation cephalosporins (3gc), aminoglycosides and quinolones. the resistance to 3gc is mainly due to the synthesis of extended spectrum beta lactamases (esbl), encoded by conjugative plasmids.	2006	16758075
iscr elements: novel gene-capturing systems of the 21st century?	"common regions" (crs), such as orf513, are being increasingly linked to mega-antibiotic-resistant regions. while their overall nucleotide sequences show little identity to other mobile elements, amino acid alignments indicate that they possess the key motifs of is91-like elements, which have been linked to the mobility ent plasmids in pathogenic escherichia coli. further inspection reveals that they possess an is91-like origin of replication and termination sites (teris), and therefore crs prob ...	2006	16760305
structures of apo- and holo-tyrosine phenol-lyase reveal a catalytically critical closed conformation and suggest a mechanism for activation by k+ ions.	tyrosine phenol-lyase, a tetrameric pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme, catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic cleavage of l-tyrosine to phenol and ammonium pyruvate. here we describe the crystal structure of the citrobacter freundii holoenzyme at 1.9 a resolution. the structure reveals a network of protein interactions with the cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and details of coordination of the catalytically important k+ ion. we also present the structure of the apoenzyme at 1.85 a resolutio ...	2006	16768450
alkaline lipase production by citrobacter freundii iit-bt l139.	around 150 lipase producing bacterial isolates were screened from the local soils enriched with oil. citrobacrer freundii iit-bt l139, an isolated microbial strain, produced lipase that had high activity (8.8 u/ml) at ph 9.0 and 40 degrees c. the 16s rdna phylogenetic studies showed that citrobacter freundii belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae and later confirmed by the microbial identification. suitable c and n sources for lipase production were deduced to be starch and peptone-urea, respe ...	2006	16784120
exploitation of the endocytic pathway by orientia tsutsugamushi in nonprofessional phagocytes.	orientia tsutsugamushi, a causative agent of scrub typhus, is an obligate intracellular bacterium that requires the exploitation of the endocytic pathway in the host cell. we observed the localization of o. tsutsugamushi with clathrin or adaptor protein 2 within 30 min after the infection of nonprofessional phagocytes. we have further confirmed that the infectivity of o. tsutsugamushi is significantly reduced by drugs that block clathrin-mediated endocytosis but not by filipin iii, an inhibitor ...	2006	16790799
aspartic acid 214 in citrobacter freundii tyrosine phenol-lyase ensures sufficient c--h-acidity of the external aldimine intermediate and proper orientation of the cofactor at the active site.	in the x-ray structure of tyrosine phenol-lyase (tpl) asp214 is located at h-bonding distance from the n1 atom of the cofactor. this residue has been replaced with ala and asn and the properties of the mutant enzymes have been studied. the substitutions result in a decrease in the cofactor affinity of about four orders of magnitude. d214a and d214n tpls do not catalyze the decomposition of l-tyr and 3-fluoro-l-tyr. they decompose substrates, containing better leaving groups with rates reduced by ...	2006	16793353
adhesive properties of enterobacter sakazakii to human epithelial and brain microvascular endothelial cells.	enterobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with sporadic cases and outbreaks causing meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis especially in neonates. however, up to now little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenicity in e. sakazakii. a necessary state in the successful colonization, establishment and ultimately production of disease by microbial pathogens is the ability to adhere to host surfaces such as mucous membranes, gastric and intestinal epi ...	2006	16800879
[bacteria isolated from surgical infections and its susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents--special references to bacteria isolated between april 2003 and march 2004].	tendency of isolated bacteria from infections in general surgery during the period from april 2004 to march 2005 were investigated in a multicenter study in japan, and the following results were obtained. in this series, 645 strains including 17 strains of candida spp. were isolated from 226 (79.0%) of 286 patients with surgical infections. three hundred and seventeen strains were isolated from primary infections, and 345 strains were isolated from postoperative infections. from primary infectio ...	2006	16805318
discrete steps in sensing of beta-lactam antibiotics by the blar1 protein of the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacterium.	chemical sensing by cell-surface receptors to effect signal transduction is a ubiquitous biological event. despite extensive structural biochemical study, detailed knowledge of how signal transduction occurs is largely lacking. we report herein a kinetic and structural study, obtained by stopped-flow ir spectroscopy, of the activation of the blar1 receptor of the staphylococcus aureus bacterium by beta-lactam antibiotics. the cell-surface blar1 receptor alerts the bacterium to the presence of be ...	2006	16815972
facile recovery of individual high-molecular-weight, low-copy-number natural plasmids for genomic sequencing.	sequencing of the large (>50 kb), low-copy-number (<5 per cell) plasmids that mediate horizontal gene transfer has been hindered by the difficulty and expense of isolating dna from individual plasmids of this class. we report here that a kit method previously devised for purification of bacterial artificial chromosomes (bacs) can be adapted for effective preparation of individual plasmids up to 220 kb from wild gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. individual plasmid dna recovered from less ...	2006	16820486
antibiotic coresistance in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae and in vitro activity of tigecycline.	the spread of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing organisms, particularly those harboring the ctx-m-type enzymes, both in the hospital and in the community, is difficult to discontinue due to the successful mobilization and evolution of the genetic elements harboring esbl genes and coresistance rates in these isolates. the activities of tigecycline against 285 non-clonally related isolates (172 from escherichia coli, 84 from klebsiella spp., 20 from enterobacter spp., 5 from salmon ...	2006	16870760
aminoacrylate intermediates in the reaction of citrobacter freundii tyrosine phenol-lyase.	tyrosine phenol-lyase (tpl) from citrobacter freundii is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (plp)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic cleavage of l-tyr to give phenol and ammonium pyruvate. the proposed reaction mechanism for tpl involves formation of an external aldimine of the substrate, followed by deprotonation of the alpha-carbon to give a quinonoid intermediate. elimination of phenol then has been proposed to give an alpha-aminoacrylate schiff base, which releases iminopyruvate ...	2006	16878992
activity of rhodobacter sphaeroides rpohii, a second member of the heat shock sigma factor family.	we have identified a second rpoh homolog, rpoh(ii), in the alpha-proteobacterium rhodobacter sphaeroides. primary amino acid sequence comparisons demonstrate that r. sphaeroides rpoh(ii) belongs to a phylogenetically distinct group with rpoh orthologs from alpha-proteobacteria that contain two rpoh genes. like its previously identified paralog, rpoh(i), rpoh(ii) is able to complement the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an escherichia coli sigma(32) (rpoh) mutant. in addition, we show that rec ...	2006	16885439
co-production of 16s rrna methylases and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in ampc-producing enterobacter cloacae, citrobacter freundii and serratia marcescens in korea.		2006	16891325
impact of positive preoperative surveillance blood cultures from chronic indwelling catheters in cadaveric intestinal transplant recipients.	recurrent bloodstream infections are a common indication for intestinal transplantation (itx). often, clinical symptoms may be absent in the setting of bacteremia, especially in patients with chronic liver disease. this study investigated the incidence and impact of positive blood cultures (bcx) obtained from central venous catheters used for total parenteral nutrition (tpn) in asymptomatic patients immediately prior to cadaveric itx. of 13 consecutive patients transplanted between november 2003 ...	2006	16908244
roles of cellular activation and sulfated glycans in haemophilus somnus adherence to bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells.	haemophilus somnus can cause a devastating fibrinopurulent meningitis with thrombotic vasculitis and encephalitis in cattle. the mechanisms used by h. somnus to migrate from the bloodstream into the central nervous system (cns) are unknown. in this study, we demonstrate that h. somnus adheres to, but does not invade, bovine brain endothelial cells (bbec) in vitro. the number of adherent h. somnus was significantly increased by prior activation of the bbec with tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-al ...	2006	16926425
in vivo reversion to the wild-type beta-lactam resistance phenotype mediated by a plasmid carrying ampr and qnra1 in enterobacter cloacae.	resistance to beta-lactams and quinolones in two isogenic enterobacter cloacae isolates was studied. one was susceptible to cefoxitin and amoxicillin-clavulanate. the other one showed its natural beta-lactam resistance pattern. both isolates had a nonfunctional ampr regulator. however, within the second one, the presence of a plasmid carrying ampr and qnra1 allowed reversion to the wild-type beta-lactam resistance phenotype and decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones.	2006	16940123
identification of rnase 8 as a novel human antimicrobial protein.	the antimicrobial activity of the human rnase a superfamily member rnase 8 was evaluated. recombinant rnase 8 exhibited broad-spectrum microbicidal activity against potential pathogenic microorganisms (including multidrug-resistant strains) at micro- to nanomolar concentrations. thus, rnase 8 was identified as a novel antimicrobial protein and may contribute to host defense.	2006	16940129
a case with psoas abscess caused by citrobacter freundii.		2006	16941269
functional characterization of is1999, an is4 family element involved in mobilization and expression of beta-lactam resistance genes.	is1999 and a point mutant derivative, is1999.2, have been described inserted upstream of emerging antibiotic resistance genes bla(veb-1) and bla(oxa-48). 5' rapid amplification of cdna ends experiments revealed that expression of these beta-lactamase genes was driven by the outward-directed promoter, p(out), located in the is1999 elements. these findings led us to study is1999-mediated gene mobilization. thus, the transposition properties of is1999 and of is1999-based composite transposons, made ...	2006	16952941
comparison of api 20e and inva pcr for identification of salmonella enterica isolates from swine production units.	api 20e and inva pcr were evaluated for the identification of salmonella enterica isolates from swine farms. api 20e had the highest agreement with other tests at the 99.9% likelihood level. both tests had 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity compared to 16s rrna sequencing. compared to serotyping, both tests had 96% sensitivity; specificity was 86% for api 20e and 79% for inva pcr.	2006	16954281
comparison of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 and non-lt2 salmonella genomic sequences, and genotyping of salmonellae by using pcr.	genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 expected to be specifically present in salmonella were selected using the basic local alignment search tool (blast) program. the 152 selected genes were compared with 11 genomic sequences of salmonella serovars, including salmonella enterica subsp. i and iiib and salmonella bongori (v), and were clustered into 17 groups by their comparison patterns. a total of 38 primer pairs were constructed to represent each of the 17 groups, and pcr was per ...	2006	16957240
detection of enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant milk formula by cationic-magnetic-bead capture.	enterobacter sakazakii has been associated with life-threatening infections in premature low-birth-weight infants. contaminated infant milk formula (imf) has been implicated in cases of e. sakazakii meningitis. quick and sensitive methods to detect low-level contamination sporadically present in imf preparations would positively contribute towards risk reduction across the infant formula food chain. here we report on the development of a simple method, combining charged separation and growth on ...	2006	16957259
epigenetic gene regulation in the bacterial world.	like many eukaryotes, bacteria make widespread use of postreplicative dna methylation for the epigenetic control of dna-protein interactions. unlike eukaryotes, however, bacteria use dna adenine methylation (rather than dna cytosine methylation) as an epigenetic signal. dna adenine methylation plays roles in the virulence of diverse pathogens of humans and livestock animals, including pathogenic escherichia coli, salmonella, vibrio, yersinia, haemophilus, and brucella. in alphaproteobacteria, me ...	2006	16959970
occurrence of qnra-positive clinical isolates in french teaching hospitals during 2002-2005.	bacteria harbouring the novel qnra plasmid-mediated mechanism of quinolone resistance have been described in different countries, but the frequency of their occurrence has not been investigated. in total, 1,468 clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae with quinolone resistance or extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) phenotypes were collected from eight teaching hospitals in france during 2002-2005 and screened for qnra. overall, 28 isolates (22 enterobacter cloacae, three klebsiella pneumoniae ...	2006	16961639
invasive enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants.	enterobacter sakazakii kills 40%-80% of infected infants and has been associated with powdered formula. we analyzed 46 cases of invasive infant e. sakazakii infection to define risk factors and guide prevention and treatment. twelve infants had bacteremia, 33 had meningitis, and 1 had a urinary tract infection. compared with infants with isolated bacteremia, infants with meningitis had greater birthweight (2,454 g vs. 850 g, p = 0.002) and gestational age (37 weeks vs. 27.8 weeks, p = 0.02), and ...	2006	16965695
first detection of the ambler class c 1 ampc beta-lactamase in citrobacter freundii by a new, simple double-disk synergy test.	we report on the first detection of an ampc-type ambler class c 1 (acc-1) beta-lactamase in citrobacter freundi isolated from a patient also harboring acc-1-producing escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae. we propose a simple cefoxitin-based double-disk synergy test (ddst) for the specific detection of acc-1 in members of the family enterobacteriaceae, including natural ampc producers, in association with a cloxacillin-based ddst as a first-line ampc-type beta-lactamase screening test.	2006	16971653
genetic environment of acquired bla(acc-1) beta-lactamase gene in enterobacteriaceae isolates.	we studied the genetic organization of bla(acc-1) in 14 isolates of enterobacteriaceae from france, tunisia, and germany. in a common ancestor, isecp1 was likely involved in the mobilization of this gene from the hafnia alvei chromosome to a plasmid. other genetic events involving insertion sequences (particularly is26), transposons (particularly tn1696), or suli-type integrons have occurred, leading to complex genetic environments.	2006	16982793
two-center collaborative evaluation of performance of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacteria.	the performance of the bd phoenix automated microbiology system (bd diagnostic systems, sparks, md) was assessed for identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of the majority of clinically encountered bacterial isolates in a european collaborative two-center trial. a total of 494 bacterial isolates including various species of the enterobacteriaceae and 110 nonfermentative gram-negative bacteria were investigated: of these, 385 were single patient isolates, and 109 were ...	2006	17005752
mercuric reductase gene transfer from soil to rumen bacteria.	conjugal transfer between soil bacterial population and microorganisms isolated from the rumen of herbivores from mercury-polluted area was investigated. the transfer of mera encoding mercury-resistance plasmids from soil bacteria enterobacter cloacae and enterococcus durans into two ruminal isolates citrobacter freundii and bacillus subtilis was observed. approximately the same frequency of mobilization in mating experiments was observed for both gram-negative (approximately 2.5 x 10(-8), trans ...	2006	17007435
expression, purification and crystallization of l-methionine gamma-lyase 2 from entamoeba histolytica.	l-methionine gamma-lyase (mgl) is considered to be an attractive target for rational drug development because the enzyme is absent in mammalian hosts. to enable structure-based design of drugs targeting mgl, one of the two mgl isoenzymes (ehmgl2) was crystallized in the orthorhombic space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 88.89, b = 102.68, c = 169.87 a. the crystal diffracted to a resolution of 2.0 a. the presence of a tetramer in the asymmetric unit (4 x 43.1 kda) gives a matt ...	2006	17012806
emergence of serine carbapenemases (kpc and sme) among clinical strains of enterobacteriaceae isolated in the united states medical centers: report from the mystic program (1999-2005).	among 8885 enterobacteriaceae tested in the 1999 to 2005 period as part of the usa meropenem yearly susceptibility test information collection (mystic) program, 51 strains with increased imipenem and meropenem mic values (> or =2 microg/ml) were detected. bla(kpc) was identified from 28 klebsiella pneumoniae from 3 medical centers in the new york city area (8 ribotypes), 2 klebsiella oxytoca from arkansas (same ribotype), 7 citrobacter freundii (6 from new york [5 ribotypes] and 1 from delaware) ...	2006	17020798
evaluation of the 10th external quality assessment scheme results in clinical microbiology laboratories in tehran and districts.	we evaluated the performance of microbiology laboratories in the 10th run of the external quality assessment scheme (eqas) in tehran and districts. each laboratory was sent 2 species of bacteria for identification. of the 487 laboratories that participated, 437 returned their findings. while 77.0% and 69.9% correctly identified staphylococcus saprophyticus and citrobacter freundii respectively, only 29.8% correctly identified acinetobacter baumanii, 25.3% identified enterococcus faecalis and 35. ...	2006	17037699
carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios influence biofilm formation by enterobacter cloacae and citrobacter freundii.	to test the effects of c : n : p ratio modification of a well-known nutrient medium formulation, the endo formulation on biofilm formation by enterobacter cloacae ecl and citrobacter freundii cf1 in both single-species and binary species biofilms.	2006	17040234
bacterial identification, clinical significance, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of acinetobacter ursingii and acinetobacter schindleri, two frequently misidentified opportunistic pathogens.	the species belonging to the acinetobacter genus are currently reported as opportunistic pathogens in hospitalized patients with underlying predispositions. however, except for the acinetobacter calcoaceticus-acinetobacter baumannii complex, the identification of other species is frequently unreliable, especially for acinetobacter ursingii and acinetobacter schindleri, newly described in 2001. thus, the clinical significance, phenotypic features, and antimicrobial susceptibilities of these two m ...	2006	17050816
misidentification of a mucoid strain of salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis as hafnia alvei by the vitek gni+ card system.	nontyphoidal salmonellae are among the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. they are also notable causes of extraintestinal infections, including bacteremia and vascular infections. salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis is typically associated with invasive infections. we report a patient who had an infected intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm due to an unusually mucoid strain of salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. the isolate was erroneously identified as hafnia alv ...	2006	17050821
[development of beta-lactamase resistance in enterobacteria].	enterobacteria produce elementary chromosomal enzymes, beta-lactamases of class a: tem and shv (escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae). these can give rise to plasmid-coded broad-spectrum beta-lactamases (esbl) discovered in 1980 (e. coli, k. pneumoniae, enterobacter cloacae). the first cefotaximase (ctx-m, men-1) was reported in europe in 1990. this enzyme is far more active against cefotaxime than against ceftazidime and aztreonam. chromosomal hyperpoduction of k1 beta-lactamase differs from ...	2006	17051471
high prevalence of ceftazidime-resistant klebsiella pneumoniae and increase of imipenem-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter spp. in korea: a konsar program in 2004.	a nationwide antimicrobial resistance surveillance has been conducted since 1997 in korea. in this study, susceptibility test data generated in 2004 by konsar group hospitals were analyzed and compared to those at a commercial laboratory. in hospitals, the rank orders of organisms in 2004 were identical to those in 2003. the most prevalent species was staphylococcus aureus (20.2%) in hospitals, but escherichia coli (29.7%) in the commercial laboratory. the proportions of enterococcus faecium to ...	2006	17066507
causes of community-acquired bacteremia and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in vientiane, laos.	there is no published information on the causes of bacteremia in the lao pdr (laos). between 2000 and 2004, 4512 blood culture pairs were taken from patients admitted to mahosot hospital, vientiane, laos, with suspected community-acquired bacteremia; 483 (10.7%) cultures grew a clinically significant community-acquired organism, most commonly salmonella enterica serovar typhi (50.9%), staphylococcus aureus (19.0%), and escherichia coli (12.4%). s. aureus bacteremia was common among infants (69.2 ...	2006	17124000
occurrence and diversity of integrons and beta-lactamase genes among ampicillin-resistant isolates from estuarine waters.	the aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence and molecular diversity of beta-lactamase genes and integrons among gram-negative ampicillin-resistant bacteria from ria de aveiro. ampicillin-resistant isolates were selected and subjected to genotyping using rep-pcr. representatives from each rep pattern were affiliated with the following taxa by sequencing the 16s rrna gene: aeromonas caviae, a. hydrophila, a. media, a. molluscorum, a. veronii, a. salmonicida, aeromonas sp., pseudomona ...	2006	17125975
transient neutrophilic thrombophagocytosis associated with citrobacter freundii septicemia.		2006	17149945
a robotic dna purification protocol and real-time pcr for the detection of enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formulae.	enterobacter sakazakii is the causative agent of rare but severe food-borne infections associated with meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in infants. rehydrated powdered infant formulae have been implicated as the source of infection in several outbreaks and sporadic cases. in this work, a real time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr assay incorporating an internal amplification control (iac) was developed for the specific detection of e. sakazakii in foods. performance of ...	2006	17166252
growth of salmonella enterica in model mixed cultures during a two-step enrichment.	growth of salmonella enterica was studied in model mixed cultures with citrobacter freundii or escherichia coli in buffered peptone water (bpw) and in rappaport-vassiliadis medium with soya (rvs) with modified concentrations of mgcl2 and malachite green, and at modified incubation temperatures. selected s. enterica strains were inoculated in bpw (10(0) cfu/ml) together with selected strains of citrobacter freundii (up to 10(8) cfu/ml) or selected strains of escherichia coli (up to 10(8) cfu/ml), ...	2006	17201092
moxifloxacin in the treatment of skin and skin structure infections.	moxifloxacin is a recent addition to the fluoroquinolone class, differing from ciprofloxacin and other older agents in having much better in vitro activity against gram-positive aerobes while retaining potent activity against gram-negative aerobes. it is also active against the pathogens of human and animal bite wounds and those species of atypical mycobacteria associated with dermatologic infections. its activity against anaerobes is quite variable. moxifloxacin penetrates well into inflammator ...	2006	18360653
[cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of lepidochelys olivacea (testudines: cheloniidae) from the north pacific coast of costa rica].	cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of lepidochelys olivacea (testudines: cheloniidae) from the north pacific coast of costa rica. the aerobic cloacal and nasal bacterial flora of 45 apparently healthy female olive ridley sea turtles (lepidochelys olivacea) was studied at nancite nesting beach, in santa rosa national park (costa rican north pacific) during july and august 2002. bacterial samples were obtained by inserting sterile swabs directly into the cloaca and the nasal cavities of the turtles ...	2006	18457173
[nationwide surveillance of parenteral antibiotics containing meropenem activities against clinically isolated strains in 2006].	the antibacterial activity of meropenem (mepm) and other parenteral antibiotics against clinical isolates of 876 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 1764 strains of gram-negative bacteria, and 198 strains of anaerobic bacteria obtained from 30 medical institutions during 2006 was measured. the results were as follows; 1. mepm was more active than the other carbapenem antibiotics tested against gram-negative bacteria, especially against enterobacteriaceae and haemophilus influenzae. mepm was also ...	2007	18447206
doripenem: a new carbapenem antibiotic a review of comparative antimicrobial and bactericidal activities.	doripenem is a new parental 1-beta-methyl carbapenem which, unlike imipenem, does not require the addition of cilastatin on administration because of the protection afforded to doripenem by the 1-beta-methyl component. it combines the in vitro activities of imipenem and ertapenem against gram-positive bacteria with the in vitro activity of meropenem against gram-negative bacteria. it has excellent bactericidal activity against streptococcus neumoniae. carbapenem resistant mutants were selected w ...	2007	18473003
expanded-spectrum beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance.		2007	18044054
phylogenetic analysis of shiga toxin 1 and shiga toxin 2 genes associated with disease outbreaks.	shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) are bacteriophage-encoded proteins that have been associated with hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome and other severe disease conditions. stx1 and stx2 are genetically and immunologically distinct but share the same compound toxin structure, method of entry and enzymatic function.	2007	18053224
amino acids that confer transport of raffinose and maltose sugars in the raffinose permease (rafb) of escherichia coli as implicated by spontaneous mutations at val-35, ser-138, ser-139, gly-389 and ile-391.	in order to identify amino acid residues in the escherichia coli raffinose-h(+) permease (rafb) that play a role in sugar selection and transport, we first incubated e. coli hs4006 containing plasmid pru600 (expresses inducible raffinose permease and alpha-galactosidase) on maltose macconkey indicator plates overnight. initially, all colonies were white, indicating no fermentation of maltose. upon further incubation, 100 mutants appeared red. pru600 dna was prepared from 55 mutants. five mutants ...	2007	18008022
in vitro activity of isepamicin and other aminoglycosides against clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria causing nosocomial bloodstream infections.	isepamicin is a newly introduced aminoglycoside in taiwan. since in vitro data for isepamicin against nosocomial gram-negative bloodstream infection from taiwan are limited, we compared the activity of isepamicin, amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin against nosocomial gram-negative blood isolates.	2007	18087627