Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| dr sambhu nath de: unsung hero. | 2011 | 21415484 | |
| the role of c-terminus carbohydrate-binding domain of vibrio cholerae haemolysin/cytolysin in the conversion of the pre-pore ß-barrel oligomer to a functional diffusion channel. | vibrio cholerae cytolysin/hemolysin (vcc) is a 65 kda pore-forming toxin (pft) secreted by o1 el tor and non-o1 strains. the purified toxin, which contains two c-terminus carbohydrate-binding domains in addition to the cytolytic domain at the core, causes lysis of a wide spectrum of eukaryotic cells at picomolar concentrations, apoptogenesis of intestinal and immune cells and accumulation of fluid in rabbit ligated ileal loop. therefore, it may potentially complement the action of cholera toxin ... | 2011 | 21415486 |
| influence of relative humidity in vibrio cholerae infection: a time series model. | spread of cholera in west bengal is known to be related to its ecosystem which favours vibrio cholerae. incidence of cholera has not been correlated with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, which may act as favourable factors. the aim of this study was to investigate the relational impact of climate changes on cholera. | 2011 | 21415487 |
| a de in the life of cholera. | the 50-year commemoration of s.n. de's seminal 1959 publication in nature provides an opportunity to reflect on scientific discovery, recognition, and public health. de's paper marked the first major conceptual advance in cholera research since 1884, when robert koch definitively identified der kommabazillus as the aetiological agent of cholera. unfortunately, koch reported that systemic toxinosis and multi-organ failure led to severe dehydrating diarrhoea, thereby mistaking cause for effect. as ... | 2011 | 21415488 |
| cholera toxin - a foe & a friend. | after de?s pivotal demonstration in 1959 of a diarrhoeogenic exo-enterotoxin in cell-free culture filtrates from vibrio cholerae (of classical biotype), much insight has been gained about cholera toxin (ct), which is arguably now the best known of all microbial toxins. the subunit structure and function of ct, its receptor (the gm1 ganglioside), and its effects on the cyclic amp system and on intestinal secretion were defined in the 1970s, and the essential aspects of the genetic organization in ... | 2011 | 21415489 |
| lessons from cholera & vibrio cholerae. | cholera is an acute form of diarrhoeal disease that plagued human civilization over the centuries. the sudden and explosive onset of the disease in the form of an outbreak or epidemic, coupled with high mortality and morbidity rates, had a tragic impact on the personal as well as social life of people living in the affected areas. the enormity of human sufferings led clinicians and scientists to carry out extensive research on cholera and vibrio cholerae (the causative bacterium of the disease) ... | 2011 | 21415490 |
| the discovery of cholera - like enterotoxins produced by escherichia coli causing secretory diarrhoea in humans. | non-vibrio cholera has been recognized as a clinical entity for as long as cholera was known to be caused by vibrio cholerae. until 1968, the aetiologic agent of this syndrome was not known. following a series of studies in patients with non-vibrio cholera it was found that these patients had large concentrations of escherichia coli in the small bowel and stools which produced cholera toxin-like enterotoxins, and had fluid and electrolyte transport abnormalities in the small bowel similar to pat ... | 2011 | 21415491 |
| from cholera to enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) vaccine development. | it was shown earlier that immune responses against cholera toxin (ct) as well as vibrio cholerae lipopolysaccharide (lps) or whole bacterial cells (wc) were protective and that these different antibody specificities co-operated synergistically for protection against experimental cholera. similarly, antibodies against the heat-labile toxin (lt) and major colonization factors (cfs) of enterotoxingenic escherichia coli (etec) co-operated synergistically for protection against lt-producing etec expr ... | 2011 | 21415493 |
| molecular mechanism of acquisition of the cholera toxin genes. | one of the major pathogenic determinants of vibrio cholerae, the cholera toxin, is encoded in the genome of a filamentous phage, ctxf. ctxf makes use of the chromosome dimer resolution system of v. cholerae to integrate its single stranded genome into one, the other, or both v. cholerae chromosomes. here, we review current knowledge about this smart integration process. | 2011 | 21415494 |
| the complexity of toxt-dependent transcription in vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the disease cholera, characterized by profuse watery diarrhoea. two of the main virulence factors associated with the disease are cholera toxin (ct) and toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp). expression of ct and tcp is regulated via a complex cascade of factors that respond to environmental signals, but ultimately toxt is the direct transcriptional activator of the genes encoding ct and tcp. recent studies have begun to unveil the mechanisms behind toxt-depende ... | 2011 | 21415495 |
| genetic components of stringent response in vibrio cholerae. | nutritional stress elicits stringent response in bacteria involving modulation of expression of several genes. this is mainly triggered by the intracellular accumulation of two small molecules, namely, guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5'-triphosphate and guanosine 3',5'-bis(diphosphate), collectively called (p)ppgpp. like in other gram-negative bacteria, the cellular level of (p)ppgpp is maintained in vibrio cholerae, the causative bacterial pathogen of the disease cholera, by the products of two genes ... | 2011 | 21415497 |
| an experimental study of phage mediated bactericidal selection & emergence of the el tor vibrio cholerae. | factor causing the elimination of the classical biotype of vibrio cholerae o1, and its replacement by the el tor biotype causing the 7 th cholera pandemic are unclear. possible ability of the el tor strains to adapt better than the classical strains to undefined environmental forces have been largely implicated for the change. here we describe an environmental bacteriophage designated jsf9 which might have contributed to the range of factors. | 2011 | 21415498 |
| antimicrobials & cholera: are we stranded? | antimicrobial resistance poses a major threat in the treatment of infectious diseases. though significant progress in the management of diarrhoeal diseases has been achieved by improved hygiene, development of new antimicrobials and vaccines, the burden remains the same, especially in children below 5 yr of age. in the case of cholera, though oral rehydration treatment is the mainstay, antimicrobial therapy is mandatory at times to reduce the volume of stool and shorten the duration of the disea ... | 2011 | 21415499 |
| inhibition of virulence potential of vibrio cholerae by natural compounds. | the rise in multi-drug resistant vibrio cholerae strains is a big problem in treatment of patients suffering from severe cholera. only a few studies have evaluated the potential of natural compounds against v. cholerae. extracts from plants like 'neem', 'guazuma', 'daio', apple, hop, green tea and elephant garlic have been shown to inhibit bacterial growth or the secreted cholera toxin (ct). however, inhibiting bacterial growth like common antimicrobial agents may also impose selective pressure ... | 2011 | 21415500 |
| long helical filaments are not seen encircling cells in electron cryotomograms of rod-shaped bacteria. | how rod-shaped bacteria form and maintain their shape is an important question in bacterial cell biology. results from fluorescent light microscopy have led many to believe that the actin homolog mreb and a number of other proteins form long helical filaments along the inner membrane of the cell. here we show using electron cryotomography of six different rod-shaped bacterial species, at macromolecular resolution, that no long (> 80 nm) helical filaments exist near or along either surface of the ... | 2011 | 21419100 |
| evaluation of a broadly protective chlamydia-cholera combination vaccine candidate. | the need to simultaneously target infections with epidemiological overlap in the population with a single vaccine provides the basis for developing combination vaccines. vibrio cholerae ghosts (rvcg) offer an attractive approach for developing vaccines against a number of human and animal pathogens. in this study, we constructed a multisubunit vaccine candidate co-expressing the serovar d-derived porin b and polymorphic membrane protein-d proteins of chlamydia trachomatis and evaluated its abili ... | 2011 | 21421002 |
| monitoring of multiple drug-resistant pathogens in a selected stretch of bay of bengal, india. | the present work aims at identification of multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria in a selected stretch, namely, puri on the bay of bengal, india. six stations at the coast of puri were selected and samples of water and sediment were collected during the winter of 2008 and 2009 for this study. thirty-eight pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from both the water and the sediment of 6 fixed stations (pu-1a, pu-1b, pu-2, pu-3, pu-4, and pu-5). the identified pathogens were escheri ... | 2011 | 21424669 |
| vibrio cholerae typing phage n4: genome sequence and its relatedness to t7 viral supergroup. | objectives: in countries where cholera is endemic, vibrio cholerae o1 bacteriophages have been detected in sewage water. these have been used to serve not only as strain markers, but also for the typing of v. cholerae strains. vibriophage n4 (atcc 51352-b1) occupies a unique position in the new phage-typing scheme and can infect a larger number of v. cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains. here we characterized the complete genome sequence of this typing vibriophage. methods: the complete dna sequen ... | 2011 | 21430354 |
| aptamer-mediated inhibition of mycobacterium tuberculosis polyphosphate kinase 2. | inorganic polyphosphate (polyp) plays a number of critical roles in bacterial persistence, stress, and virulence. polyp intracellular metabolism is regulated by the polyphosphate kinase (ppk) protein families, and inhibition of ppk activity is a potential approach to disrupting polyp-dependent processes in pathogenic organisms. here, we biochemically characterized mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) ppk2 and developed dna-based aptamers that inhibit the enzyme's catalytic activities. mtb ppk2 catal ... | 2011 | 21381755 |
| evidence on how a conserved glycine in the hinge region of hapr regulates its dna binding ability: lessons from a natural variant. | hapr has been recognized as a quorum-sensing master regulator in vibrio cholerae. because it controls a plethora of disparate cellular events, the absence of a functional hapr affects the physiology of v. cholerae to a great extent. in the current study, we pursued an understanding of an observation of a natural protease-deficient non-o1, non-o139 variant v. cholerae strain v2. intriguingly, a nonfunctional hapr (henceforth designated as hapr(v2)) harboring a substitution of glycine to aspartate ... | 2011 | 21383015 |
| pharmacology and toxicology of an oral tablet whole cells inactivated cholera vaccine in sprague dawley rats. | here we further investigate the pharmacological and toxicological properties of a cholera vaccine based on inactivated whole cells presented in either enteric coated (coa) or uncoated (u/c) tablet formulation from vibrio cholerae c7258 strain. tablets were dispersed in 2ml drinking water and administered orally to sprague dawley rats distributed in five groups (i coa7, ii u/c7 immunized at 0, 7, 69days and iii coa14, iv u/c14 immunized at 0, 14, 69days and v control group). serum vibriocidal ant ... | 2011 | 21385634 |
| proteomic analysis of the vibrio cholerae type ii secretome reveals new proteins, including three related serine proteases. | the type ii secretion (t2s) system is responsible for extracellular secretion of a broad range of proteins, including toxins and degradative enzymes that play important roles in the pathogenesis and life cycle of many gram-negative bacteria. in vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, the t2s machinery transports cholera toxin, which induces profuse watery diarrhea, a hallmark of this life-threatening disease. besides cholera toxin, four other proteins have been shown to be transported ... | 2011 | 21385872 |
| a new family of quorum sensing pheromones synthesized using s-adenosylmethionine and acyl-coas. | it is now widely accepted that populations of bacterial cells often co-ordinate their behaviour via diffusible chemical signals. many different signals have been documented, but they fall into a relatively small number of families. one such signal, cai-1, from vibrio cholerae consists of a substituted 13-carbon alkane. in this issue, bassler and colleagues provide evidence that cai-1 exemplifies an entirely new class of pheromones. they also show that one species of vibrio synthesizes and detect ... | 2011 | 21388458 |
| crystal structure of an integron gene cassette-associated protein from vibrio cholerae identifies a cationic drug-binding module. | the direct isolation of integron gene cassettes from cultivated and environmental microbial sources allows an assessment of the impact of the integron/gene cassette system on the emergence of new phenotypes, such as drug resistance or virulence. a structural approach is being exploited to investigate the modularity and function of novel integron gene cassettes. | 2011 | 21390267 |
| tetracycline-resistant vibrio cholerae o1, kolkata, india. | 2011 | 21392467 | |
| pc promoter from class 2 integrons and the cassette transcription pattern it evokes. | integrons are considered expression systems due to the presence of pc promoters that drive gene cassette transcription. the role and configurations of pc are well known in class 1 integrons; however, this region has not yet been identified in class 2 integrons. this study aimed to characterize the pc promoter from class 2 integrons and to determine the effect of gene cassette position on transcription driven by this promoter. | 2011 | 21393219 |
| multiplex polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the specific detection of toxin-producing vibrio cholerae in fish and fishery products. | a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mpcr)-based assay was developed for the simultaneous detection of vibrios using the genus-specific rna polymerase subunit a (rpoa) gene and specific detection of toxin-producing vibrio cholerae strains using two sets of primer based on cholera toxin subunit a (ctxa) and repeat in toxin subunit a (rtxa)-producing genes. the mpcr method developed is applicable to both the simultaneous and the two-step detection of genus vibrio total and toxigenic v. cholerae ... | 2011 | 21360148 |
| the type vi secretion system: a multipurpose delivery system with a phage-like machinery. | whether they live in the soil, drift in the ocean, survive in the lungs of human hosts or reside on the surfaces of leaves, all bacteria must cope with an array of environmental stressors. bacteria have evolved an impressive suite of protein secretion systems that enable their survival in hostile environments and facilitate colonization of eukaryotic hosts. collectively, gram-negative bacteria produce six distinct secretion systems that deliver proteins to the extracellular milieu or directly in ... | 2011 | 21361789 |
| accessory cholera enterotoxin, ace, from vibrio cholerae: structure, unfolding, and virstatin binding. | vibrio cholerae accessory cholera enterotoxin (ace) is the third toxin, along with cholera toxin (ct) and zonula occludens toxin (zot), that causes the endemic disease cholera. structural characterization of ace has been restricted because of the limited production of this toxic protein by v. cholerae. we have cloned, overexpressed, and purified ace from v. cholerae strain o395 in escherichia coli to homogeneity and determined its biological activity. the unfolding of the purified protein was in ... | 2011 | 21366345 |
| regulation of type vi secretion gene clusters by sigma54 and cognate enhancer binding proteins. | type vi secretion systems (t6ss) are bacteriophage-derived macromolecular machines responsible for the release of at least two proteins in the milieu, which are thought to form an extracellular appendage. although several t6ss have been shown to be involved in the virulence of animal and plant pathogens, clusters encoding these machines are found in the genomes of most species of gram-negative bacteria, including soil, marine, and environmental isolates. t6ss have been associated with several ph ... | 2011 | 21378190 |
| involvement of the gspab complex in assembly of the type ii secretion system secretin of aeromonas and vibrio species. | the type ii secretion system (t2ss) functions as a transport mechanism to translocate proteins from the periplasm to the extracellular environment. the exea homologue in aeromonas hydrophila, gspa(ah), is an atpase that interacts with peptidoglycan and forms an inner membrane complex with the exeb homologue (gspb(ah)). the complex may be required to generate space in the peptidoglycan mesh that is necessary for the transport and assembly of the megadalton-sized exed homologue (gspd(ah)) secretin ... | 2011 | 21378198 |
| dna damage and reactive nitrogen species are barriers to vibrio cholerae colonization of the infant mouse intestine. | ingested vibrio cholerae pass through the stomach and colonize the small intestines of its host. here, we show that v. cholerae requires at least two types of dna repair systems to efficiently compete for colonization of the infant mouse intestine. these results show that v. cholerae experiences increased dna damage in the murine gastrointestinal tract. agreeing with this, we show that passage through the murine gut increases the mutation frequency of v. cholerae compared to liquid culture passa ... | 2011 | 21379340 |
| modulation of the cd95-induced apoptosis: the role of cd95 n-glycosylation. | protein modifications of death receptor pathways play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. it has been demonstrated that o-glycosylation of trail-receptor (r) is essential for sensitivity and resistance towards trail-mediated apoptosis. in this study we ask whether and how glycosylation of cd95 (fas/apo-1), another death receptor, influences disc formation and procaspase-8 activation at the cd95 disc and thereby the onset of apoptosis. we concentrated on n-glycostructure since o-glycos ... | 2011 | 21625644 |
| synthesis of the conjugation ready, downstream disaccharide fragment of the o-ps of vibrio cholerae o:139. | the linker-equipped disaccharide, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctyl 2,6-dideoxy-2-acetamido-3-o-β-d-galactopyranosyluronate-β-d-glucopyranoside (10), was synthesized in eight steps from acetobromogalactose and ethyl 4,6-o-benzylidene-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-1-thio-β-d-glucopyranoside. the hydroxyl group present at c-4(ii) in the last intermediate, 8-azido-3,6-dioxaoctyl 4-o-benzyl-6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-3-o-(benzyl 2,3-di-o-benzyl-β-d-galactopyranosyluronate)-β-d-glucopyranoside (9), ... | 2011 | 21641585 |
| developments in immunological technologies leading to improvements in point-of-care diagnostic testing. | 2011 | 21641940 | |
| temporal and spatial variability in culturable pathogenic vibrio spp. in lake pontchartrain, louisiana, usa, following hurricanes katrina and rita. | we investigated the abundance, distribution, and virulence gene content of v. cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, v. vulnificus in the waters of southern lake pontchartrain in louisiana, usa, on four occasions from october 2005 to september 2006, using selective cultivation and molecular assays. the three, targeted pathogenic vibrios were generally below detection in january 2006 when the water was cold (13° c), and highest in september 2006 when lake water was warmest (30° c). the maximum values for ... | 2011 | 21642406 |
| recognition of dna by the helix-turn-helix global regulatory protein lrp is modulated by the amino terminus. | the asnc/lrp family of regulatory proteins links bacterial and archaeal transcription patterns to metabolism. in escherichia coli lrp regulates approximately 400 genes, over 200 of them directly. in earlier studies, lrp genes from vibrio cholerae, proteus mirabilis, and e. coli were introduced into the same e. coli background, and yielded overlapping but significantly different regulons. these differences were seen despite amino acid sequence identities of 92% (vibrio) and 98% (proteus) to e. co ... | 2011 | 21642464 |
| the prevalence of functional quorum-sensing systems in recently emerged vibrio cholerae toxigenic strains. | vibrio cholerae live in aquatic environments and cause cholera disease. like many other bacteria, v. cholerae use quorum-sensing (qs) systems to control various cellular functions, such as pathogenesis and biofilm formation. however, some v. cholerae strains are naturally qs-defective, including defective mutations in the quorum sensing master regulator hapr. here we examined the qs functionality of 602 v. cholerae clinical and environmental strains isolated in china from 1960-2007, by measuring ... | 2011 | 21643457 |
| cis-antisense rna, another level of gene regulation in bacteria. | summary: a substantial amount of antisense transcription is a hallmark of gene expression in eukaryotes. however, antisense transcription was first demonstrated in bacteria almost 50 years ago. the transcriptomes of bacteria as different as helicobacter pylori, bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, synechocystis sp. strain pcc6803, mycoplasma pneumoniae, sinorhizobium meliloti, geobacter sulfurreducens, vibrio cholerae, chlamydia trachomatis, pseudomonas syringae, and staphylococcus aureus have n ... | 2011 | 21646430 |
| the role and specificity of the catalytic and regulatory cation-binding sites of the na+-pumping nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae. | the na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain and the main sodium pump in vibrio cholerae and many other pathogenic bacteria. in this work, we have employed steady-state and transient kinetics, together with equilibrium binding measurements to define the number of cation-binding sites and characterize their roles in the enzyme. our results show that sodium and lithium ions stimulate enzyme activity, and that na(+)-nqr enables pumpi ... | 2011 | 21652714 |
| genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant, extended-spectrum- {beta}-lactamase-producing vibrio cholerae o1 outbreak strains, mpumalanga, south africa, 2008. | thirty-one antimicrobial-resistant, extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing strains of vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa associated with an outbreak of cholera in south africa (2008) were investigated. ten selected cholera strains were pcr positive for the sxt element, harbored mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyra (ser83-ile) and parc (ser85-leu), and produced tem-63 β-lactamase. | 2011 | 21653763 |
| quorum-sensing autoinducer molecules produced by members of a multispecies biofilm promote horizontal gene transfer to vibrio cholerae. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera and a natural inhabitant of aquatic environments, regulates numerous behaviors using a quorum-sensing (qs) system conserved among many members of the marine genus vibrio. the vibrio qs response is mediated by two extracellular autoinducer (ai) molecules: cai-i, which is produced only by vibrios, and ai-2, which is produced by many bacteria. in marine biofilms on chitinous surfaces, qs-proficient v. cholerae become naturally competent to take up ext ... | 2011 | 21658103 |
| potentially human pathogenic vibrios in marine and fresh bathing waters related to environmental conditions and disease outcome. | in 2009, four bathing sites in the netherlands were monitored for potentially human pathogenic vibrio species to observe possible associations with environmental conditions and health complaints. three slightly different enrichment procedures were used to isolate vibrio species with different growth requirements. waters were generally positive for vibrio from may until october; median vibrio concentrations ranged from 4 to 383 mpn per litre (maximum 10(5) mpn per litre). isolated vibrio species ... | 2011 | 21664866 |
| new v. cholerae atypical el tor variant emerged during the 2006 epidemic outbreak in angola. | v. cholerae is the etiological agent of cholera, a major public health concern in most developing countries. virulence of v. cholerae relies on the powerful cholera toxin, encoded by the ctx prophage. the emergence of new pathogenic variants in the recent years has been mostly associated with new ctx prophage rearrangements. | 2011 | 21668969 |
| design and validation of a novel multiplex real-time pcr assay for vibrio pathogen detection. | three species--vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus--account for the majority of vibrio infections in humans. rapid and accurate identification of vibrio species has been problematic because phenotypic characteristics are variable within species. additionally, biochemical identification and confirmation require 2 or more days to complete. rapid and sensitive molecular techniques for the detection of vibrio pathogens would be useful for the surveillance and management o ... | 2011 | 21669071 |
| a large scale comparative genomic analysis reveals insertion sites for newly acquired genomic islands in bacterial genomes. | abstract: | 2011 | 21672261 |
| n-terminal residues of the vibrio cholerae virulence regulatory protein toxt involved in dimerization and modulation by fatty acids. | the regulatory protein toxt is an arac family protein that is responsible for activating transcription of the genes encoding cholera toxin and toxin coregulated pilus, which are required for virulence by the human pathogen vibrio cholerae. the n terminus of toxt contains dimerization and regulatory elements, whereas the c terminus contains the dna binding domain. bile and long chain fatty acids negatively regulate toxt activity. utilizing a comprehensive alanine substitution mutant library of to ... | 2011 | 21673111 |
| type iii secretion is essential for the rapidly fatal diarrheal disease caused by non-o1, non-o139 vibrio cholerae. | cholera is a severe diarrheal disease typically caused by o1 serogroup strains of vibrio cholerae. the pathogenicity of all pandemic v. cholerae o1 strains relies on two critical virulence factors: cholera toxin, a potent enterotoxin, and toxin coregulated pilus (tcp), an intestinal colonization factor. however, certain non-o1, non-o139 v. cholerae strains, such as am-19226, do not produce cholera toxin or tcp, yet they still cause severe diarrhea. the molecular basis for the pathogenicity of no ... | 2011 | 21673189 |
| [genetic characterization of vibrio cholerae strains emerging in russian federation during 7th cholera pandemic]. | comparative molecular-genetic analysis of clinical vibrio cholerae eltor biovariant strains isolated in russia during various years. | 2011 | 21812138 |
| regulatory cross-talk links vibrio cholerae chromosome ii replication and segregation. | there is little knowledge of factors and mechanisms for coordinating bacterial chromosome replication and segregation. previous studies have revealed that genes (and their products) that surround the origin of replication (oricii) of vibrio cholerae chromosome ii (chrii) are critical for controlling the replication and segregation of this chromosome. rctb, which flanks one side of oricii, encodes a protein that initiates chrii replication; rcta, which flanks the other side of oricii, inhibits rc ... | 2011 | 21811418 |
| construction of novel vaccine strains of vibrio cholerae co-expressing the inaba and ogawa serotype antigens. | the approach of inducing protective immunity against cholera by oral vaccination with killed whole vibrio cholerae cells is effective, but the complexity of current cholera vaccines makes them difficult and relatively expensive to manufacture, especially if recombinant cholera toxin b subunit is included in the formulation. in an effort to simplify the composition of a new generation of oral cholera vaccines we have generated a novel non-toxigenic candidate vaccine strain of v. cholerae o1 that ... | 2011 | 21807059 |
| protection and attachment of vibrio cholerae mediated by the toxin co-regulated pilus using the infant mouse model. | colonization of the human small intestine by vibrio cholerae is an essential step in pathogenesis that requires the type iv toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp). to date, three functions of tcp have been characterized; it serves as the ctxf receptor, secretes the colonization factor tcpf, and functions in microcolony formation by mediating bacterial-bacterial interactions. although type iv pili in other pathogenic bacteria have been characterized to play a major role in attachment to epithelial cells, ... | 2011 | 21804008 |
| cholera: a great global concern. | cholera, caused by the infection of toxigenic vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) to humans, is a life threatening diarrheal disease with epidemic and pandemic potential. the v. cholerae, both o1 and o139 serogroups, produce a potent enterotoxin (cholera toxin) responsible for the lethal symptoms of the disease. the o1 serogroup has two biotypes (phenotypes), classical and el tor; each of which has two major serotypes (based on antigenic responses), ogawa and inaba and the extremely rare hikojima. v. ... | 2011 | 21803312 |
| a case study in explanatory power: john snow's conclusions about the pathology and transmission of cholera. | in the mid-1800s, there was much debate about the origin or 'exciting cause' of cholera. despite much confusion surrounding the disease, the so-called miasma theory emerged as the prevalent account about cholera's cause. going against this mainstream view, the british physician john snow inferred several things about cholera's origin and pathology that no one else inferred. without observing the vibrio cholerae, however,-data unavailable to snow and his colleagues-, there was no way of settling ... | 2011 | 21802635 |
| physical, chemical and microbiological quality of ice used to cool drinks and foods in greece and its public health implications. | ice used for direct human consumption or to preserve foods and cool down drinks can be contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and may potentially become a vehicle for consumer's infection. to evaluate physical, chemical and microbiological quality of commercial ice and ice used for fish and seafood, 100 ice samples collected at 10 different retail points in the region of epirus were studied. the following microbiological parameters were determined: total coliforms, fecal coliforms, salmonel ... | 2011 | 21802520 |
| cholera in the 21st century. | purpose of review: this review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of biologic and environmental factors that shape current cholera outbreaks, advances in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions during cholera, and recent evolution of current treatment and cholera prevention strategies. recent findings: new research studies have improved our understanding of a number of dynamic factors that shape the ecology of vibrio cholerae and influence its transmission, including the ... | 2011 | 21799407 |
| inactivation and sub-lethal injury of salmonella typhi, salmonella typhimurium and vibrio cholerae in copper water storage vessels. | abstract: background: this study provides information on the antibacterial effect of copper against the water-borne pathogens salmonella typhi, salmonella typhimurium and vibrio cholerae. methods: suspensions of each pathogen were kept in water within a traditional copper vessel at 30oc for 24 h. samples were withdrawn, diluted and plated onto suitable growth media. conventional enumeration of healthy (uninjured) bacteria was carried out using standard aerobic incubation conditions. additionally ... | 2011 | 21794163 |
| regulating iron storage and metabolism with rna: an overview of posttranscriptional controls of intracellular iron homeostasis. | iron (fe) is a double-edged sword for most living organisms. although it is essential for the catalytic activity of a large number of enzymes, ferrous iron (fe(2+) ) becomes cytotoxic in the presence of normal respiratory by-products such as h(2) o(2) . because of this toxicity, intracellular iron concentrations ought to be regulated by elaborated homeostasis systems that, despite decades of extensive studies, have not yet revealed all of their surprising arrays of mechanistic details. within th ... | 2011 | 21793218 |
| distinct pathways for modification of the bacterial cell wall by non-canonical d-amino acids. | production of non-canonical d-amino acids (ncdaas) in stationary phase promotes remodelling of peptidoglycan (pg), the polymer that comprises the bacterial cell wall. impairment of ncdaas production leads to excessive accumulation of pg and hypersensitivity to osmotic shock; however, the mechanistic bases for these phenotypes were not previously determined. here, we show that incorporation of ncdaas into pg is a critical means by which ncdaas control pg abundance and strength. we identified and ... | 2011 | 21792174 |
| the vibrio cholerae vctpdgc system transports catechol siderophores and a siderophore-free iron ligand. | vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, has an absolute requirement for iron. it transports the catechol siderophores vibriobactin, which it synthesizes and secretes, and enterobactin. these siderophores are transported across the inner membrane by one of two periplasmic binding protein-dependent abc transporters, vctpdgc or viupdgc. we show here that one of these inner membrane transport systems, vctpdgc, also promotes iron acquisition in the absence of siderophores. plasmids carrying ... | 2011 | 21790806 |
| phage types of vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 in the past decade in india. | cholera has been a prevalent disease worldwide since the early 19th century. vibrio cholerae o1 and o139 are the two serogroups that have been mainly implicated in causing cholera. this study reports the results of biotyping, serotyping and phage typing of v. cholerae o1 and o139 (1998-2007) strains received from different parts of india for the identification of the trends in the occurrence and spread of cholera in the country. however, there has been a notable steep decline in the occurrence o ... | 2011 | 21788707 |
| [gm1-dot-eia for the detection of toxin-producing vibrio cholerae strains]. | a new variant of enzyme immunoassay (eia) has been developed on the basis of gm1 gangliosides to detect the toxin-producing vibrio cholerae strains--gm1-dot-eia. experiments were run using a nitrocellulose membrane to bind gm1 gangliosides and polyclonal antitoxic serum to detect cholerogen. gm1-dot-eia testing identified cholera toxin in 11 of 13 supernatants of v. cholerae eltor ctx(+) strains isolated from man and in 3 of 7 supernatants of v. cholerae eltor ctx(+) strains isolated from water. ... | 2011 | 21786618 |
| quorum sensing contributes to natural transformation of vibrio cholerae in a species-specific manner. | although it is a human pathogen, vibrio cholerae is a regular member of aquatic habitats, such as coastal regions and estuaries. within these environments, v. cholerae often takes advantage of the abundance of zooplankton and their chitinous molts as a nutritious surface on which the bacteria can form biofilms. chitin also induces the developmental program of natural competence for transformation in several species of the genus vibrio. in this study, we show that v. cholerae does not distinguish ... | 2011 | 21784943 |
| aeromonas hydrophila polar flagellum gene transcriptional hierarchy. | aeromonas hydrophila polar flagellum class i gene transcription is s(70)-dependent, which is consistent with the fact that a. hydrophila polar flagellum is constitutively expressed. in contrast to other bacteria with dual flagella systems such as vibrio parahaemolyticus, the a. hydrophila lafk protein does not compensate for the lack of the polar flagella regulator flra (v. parahaemolyticus flak homologue). this is consistent with the fact that the a. hydrophila flra mutation abolishes polar fla ... | 2011 | 21784933 |
| antimicrobial peptides in the duodenum at the acute and convalescent stages in patients with diarrhea due to vibrio cholerae o1 or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli infection. | patients with acute watery diarrhea caused by vibrio cholerae o1 or enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) were analyzed for innate immune factors produced by the epithelium during the disease process. duodenal biopsies were obtained from study participants at the acute (day 2) and convalescent (day 21) stages of disease. levels of a-defensin (hd-5 and -6), ß-defensin (hbd-1-4), and cathelicidin (ll-37) mrnas were determined by real-time qrt-pcr. hbd-2, hd-5, ll-37 peptides were analyzed in duo ... | 2011 | 21782033 |
| [antibioticograms of vibrio cholerae non-01/non-0139 strains isolated from humans within 1968-2009]. | analysis of the antibioticograms of the vibrio cholerae non-01/non-0139 strains showed that in the cultures isolated in the rostov region in 1968--1975 there were present markers of resistance to ampicillin (7%), kanamycin (15.8%), rifampicin (3.5%) and trimetoprim/sulfamethoxazole (14%). among the strains isolated in the ukraine in 1975 14% was resistant to ampicillin. more than a half of the strains isolated in uzbekistan in 1990 and 2000-2001, in the arkhangelsk region in 1999-2000 and in the ... | 2011 | 21780667 |
| a genome-wide approach to discovery of small rnas involved in regulation of virulence in vibrio cholerae. | small rnas (srnas) are becoming increasingly recognized as important regulators in bacteria. to investigate the contribution of srna mediated regulation to virulence in vibrio cholerae, we performed high throughput sequencing of cdna generated from srna transcripts isolated from a strain ectopically expressing toxt, the major transcriptional regulator within the virulence gene regulon. we compared this data set with toxt binding sites determined by pulldown and deep sequencing to identify srna p ... | 2011 | 21779167 |
| nutrient dependent, rapid transition of vibrio cholerae to coccoid morphology and expression of the toxin co-regulated pilus in this form. | the acute diarrheal disease cholera is caused by the aquatic pathogen vibrio cholerae upon ingestion of contaminated food or water by the human host. mechanisms for how v. cholerae is able to persist and survive in the host and aquatic environments have been studied for years, however little is known about the factors involved in the adaptation or response of v. cholerae transitioning between these two environments. transition from bacillary to the coccoid morphology is thought to be one mechani ... | 2011 | 21778208 |
| characterization of icmf of the type vi secretion system in an avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) strain. | the intracellular multiplication f (icmf) factor is a component of the recently described type vi secretion system (t6ss). icmf was shown to be required for intra-macrophage replication, and inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion in legionella pneumophila. in vibrio cholera it is involved in motility, adherence and conjugation. given that we previously reported that two t6ss genes (hcp and clpv) contribute to the pathogenesis of a septicemic strain (sept362) of avian pathogenic escherichia coli ... | 2011 | 21778203 |
| biochemical studies on the production of neuraminidase by environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae non-o1 from bulgaria. | neuraminidase is a key factor in the infectious process of many viruses and pathogenic bacteria. the neuraminidase enzyme secreted by the etiological agent of cholera - vibrio cholerae ?1 - is well studied in contrast with the one produced by non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae. environmental non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae isolates from bulgaria were screened for production of neuraminidase. the presence of the neuraminidase gene nanh was detected in 18.5% of the strains. ?he strain showing highest activit ... | 2011 | 21774613 |
| antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of fish epidermal mucus cynoglossus arel and arius caelatus. | to study the antimicrobial, hemolytic activity and immunomodulatory activity of fish epidermal mucus and their chemical constituents from cynoglossus arel (c. arel) and arius caelatus (a. caelatus). mucus plays an important role in the prevention of colonization by parasites, bacteria and fungi. | 2011 | 21771475 |
| the vibrio cholerae fatty acid regulatory protein, fadr, represses transcription of plsb, the gene encoding the first enzyme of membrane phospholipid biosynthesis. | glycerol-3-phosphate (sn-glycerol-3-p, g3p) acyltransferase catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids, the acylation of g3p to form 1-acyl g3p (lysophosphatidic acid). the paradigm g3p acyltransferase is the escherichia coli plsb gene product which acylates position-1 of g3p using fatty acids in thioester linkage to either acyl carrier protein (acp) or coa as acyl donors. although the e. coli plsb gene was discovered about 30 years ago, no evidence for tran ... | 2011 | 21771112 |
| population dynamics of vibrio cholerae and cholera in the bangladesh sundarbans: role of zooplankton diversity. | vibrio cholerae, a bacterium autochthonous to the aquatic environment, is the causative agent of cholera, a severe watery, life-threatening diarrhoeal disease occurring predominantly in developing countries. v. cholerae, including both serogroup o1 and o139, i.e. found in association with crustacean zooplankton, mainly copepods, and notably in ponds, rivers, and estuarine systems globally. the incidence of cholera and occurrence of v. cholerae pathogenic strains with zooplankton were studied in ... | 2011 | 21764957 |
| a family of para-like atpases promotes cell pole maturation by facilitating polar localization of chemotaxis proteins. | stochastic processes are thought to mediate localization of membrane-associated chemotaxis signaling clusters in peritrichous bacteria. here, we identified a new family of para-like atpases (designated parc [for partitioning chemotaxis]) encoded within chemotaxis operons of many polar-flagellated ?-proteobacteria that actively promote polar localization of chemotaxis proteins. in vibrio cholerae, a single parc focus is found at the flagellated old pole in newborn cells, and later bipolar parc fo ... | 2011 | 21764856 |
| implications of the introduction of cholera to haiti. | with more than 250,000 cases and 4,000 deaths in the first 6 months, the cholera epidemic in haiti has been one of the most explosive and deadly in recent history. it is also one of the best documented, with detailed surveillance information available from the beginning of the epidemic, which allowed its spread to all parts of the country to be traced. piarroux et al. make good use of this information, along with their own careful field investigations, to trace the epidemic to its beginning and ... | 2011 | 21762593 |
| understanding the cholera epidemic, haiti. | after onset of a cholera epidemic in haiti in mid-october 2010, a team of researchers from france and haiti implemented field investigations and built a database of daily cases to facilitate identification of communes most affected. several models were used to identify spatiotemporal clusters, assess relative risk associated with the epidemic's spread, and investigate causes of its rapid expansion in artibonite department. spatiotemporal analyses highlighted 5 significant clusters (p<0.001): 1 n ... | 2011 | 21762567 |
| preparation and evaluation of a freeze-dried oral killed cholera vaccine formulation. | different oral liquid cholera vaccines have proved to be safe and effective, but their formulations present problems for use in low-income countries, since large package volumes have to be transported and cold chain maintenance is required. a solid state formulation would here be more advantageous, and consequently, the possibility to develop a dry cholera vaccine formulation by freeze-drying was investigated. the ability of sucrose, trehalose and mannitol to provide process stabilization during ... | 2011 | 21757004 |
| long-term effects of ocean warming on the prokaryotic community: evidence from the vibrios. | the long-term effects of ocean warming on prokaryotic communities are unknown because of lack of historical data. we overcame this gap by applying a retrospective molecular analysis to the bacterial community on formalin-fixed samples from the historical continuous plankton recorder archive, which is one of the longest and most geographically extensive collections of marine biological samples in the world. we showed that during the last half century, ubiquitous marine bacteria of the vibrio genu ... | 2011 | 21753799 |
| modelling cholera epidemics: the role of waterways, human mobility and sanitation. | we investigate the role of human mobility as a driver for long-range spreading of cholera infections, which primarily propagate through hydrologically controlled ecological corridors. our aim is to build a spatially explicit model of a disease epidemic, which is relevant to both social and scientific issues. we present a two-layer network model that accounts for the interplay between epidemiological dynamics, hydrological transport and long-distance dissemination of the pathogen vibrio cholerae ... | 2011 | 21752809 |
| elucidation of a novel vibrio cholerae lipid a secondary hydroxy-acyltransferase and its role in innate immune recognition. | similar to most gram-negative bacteria, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of vibrio cholerae is comprised of lipopolysaccharide. previous reports have proposed that v. cholerae serogroups o1 and o139 synthesize structurally different lipid a domains, which anchor lipopolysaccharide within the outer membrane. in the current study, intact lipid a species of v. cholerae o1 and o139 were analysed by mass spectrometry. we demonstrate that v. cholerae serogroups associated with human disease syn ... | 2011 | 21752109 |
| mapping the regulon of vibrio cholerae ferric uptake regulator expands its known network of gene regulation. | chip coupled with next-generation sequencing (chip-seq) has revolutionized whole-genome mapping of dna-binding protein sites. although chip-seq rapidly gained support in eukaryotic systems, it remains underused in the mapping of bacterial transcriptional regulator-binding sites. using the virulence-required iron-responsive ferric uptake regulator (fur), we report a simple, broadly applicable chip-seq method in the pathogen vibrio cholerae. combining our chip-seq results with available microarray ... | 2011 | 21750152 |
| vibrio cholerae in traveler from haiti to canada. | to the editor: a nationwide outbreak of cholera caused by vibrio cholerae o1 serotype ogawa began in haiti in october 2010 and has since resulted in >200,000 illnesses and 4,000 deaths (1). additional cases of cholera attributed to the outbreak strain have subsequently been reported in the neighboring dominican republic and in florida and new jersey in the united states. in these instances, illness was related to travel to haiti or consumption of contaminated water on the island of hispaniola (w ... | 2011 | 21749787 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. case 19-2011. a 4-year-old haitian boy with vomiting and diarrhea. | 2011 | 21696312 | |
| two novel retron elements are replaced with retron-vc95 in vibrio cholerae. | bacterial reverse transcriptase (rt) is responsible for the production of an rna-dna complex called multicopy single-stranded dna (msdna). the genetic element required for the sysnthesis of msdna is named a retron. here, we characterize two novel retrons named retron-vc81 and retron-vc137 in vibrio cholerae. interestingly, retron-vc81 and retron-vc137 are replaced by retron-vc95 at the same location on the chromosome. | 2011 | 21707739 |
| vibrio cholerae o1 ogawa serotype outbreak in a village of ambala district in haryana, india. | 2011 | 21687387 | |
| antibiotic prescription for adults with acute diarrhea at king chulalongkorn memorial hospital, thailand. | in thailand, acute diarrhea is one of the most common problems among ambulatory patients at the outpatient department (opd). overuse of antibiotics is associated with increased rates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, unnecessary increased cost of treatment, and significant incidence of adverse effects. in thailand, how frequently antibiotic is prescribed in adult patients with acute diarrhea is not known. | 2011 | 21675442 |
| differential analogue binding by two classes of c-di-gmp riboswitches. | the ability of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment is essential for their survival. one mechanism bacteria have evolved to sense environmental cues and translate these signals into phenotypic changes uses the second messenger signaling molecule, cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp). in addition to several classes of protein receptors, two classes of c-di-gmp-binding riboswitches (class i and class ii) have been identified as downstream targets of the second messenger in this signa ... | 2011 | 21838307 |
| a high-throughput screening assay for inhibitors of bacterial motility identifies a novel inhibitor of the na+-driven flagellar motor and virulence gene expression in vibrio cholerae. | numerous bacterial pathogens, particularly those that colonize fast-flow areas in the bladder and gastrointestinal tract, require motility to establish infection and spread beyond the initially colonized tissue. vibrio cholerae strains of serogroups o1 and o139, the causative agents of the diarrheal illness cholera, express a single polar flagellum powered by sodium motive force and require motility to colonize and spread along the small intestine. therefore, motility may be an attractive target ... | 2011 | 21709090 |
| genome sequencing reveals unique mutations in characteristic metabolic pathways and the transfer of virulence genes between v. mimicus and v. cholerae. | vibrio mimicus, the species most similar to v. cholerae, is a microbe present in the natural environmental and sometimes causes diarrhea and internal infections in humans. it shows similar phenotypes to v. cholerae but differs in some biochemical characteristics. the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences in biochemical metabolism between v. mimicus and v. cholerae are currently unclear. several v. mimicus isolates have been found that carry cholera toxin genes (ctxab) and cause cholera ... | 2011 | 21731695 |
| comparison of memory b cell, antibody-secreting cell, and plasma antibody responses in young children, older children, and adults with infection caused by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor ogawa in bangladesh. | children bear a large component of the global burden of cholera. despite this, little is known about immune responses to cholera in children, especially those under 5 years of age. cholera vaccine studies have demonstrated lower long-term protective efficacy in young children than in older children and adults. memory b cell (mbc) responses may correlate with duration of protection following infection and vaccination. here we report a comparison of immune responses in young children (3 to 5 years ... | 2011 | 21697337 |
| real-time sequencing. | this month's genome watch describes the impact of next-generation sequencing on the 'real-time' analysis of pathogen genomes during outbreaks. | 2011 | 21836624 |
| the vibrio cholerae vars/vara two-component system controls the expression of virulence proteins through toxt regulation. | although the conditions for inducing virulence protein expression in vitro are different, both classical and el tor biotypes of vibrio cholerae have been reported to regulate the expression of virulence proteins such as cholera toxin (ct) and toxin-coregulated pili (tcp) through the toxr/s/t system. the transcription activator toxr responds to environmental stimuli such as ph and temperature and activates the second transcriptional regulator toxt, which upregulates expression of virulence protei ... | 2011 | 21330435 |
| subcutaneous and intranasal immunization with stx2b-tir-stx1b-zot reduces colonization and shedding of escherichia coli o157:h7 in mice. | the type iii secretion system of escherichia coli o157:h7 is involved in colonization of mammalian hosts by the organism. the translocated intimin receptor (tir) is inserted into the mammalian host cell plasma membrane in a hairpin loop topology with the central loop of the molecule exposed to the host cell surface and accessible for interaction with an lee-encoded bacterial outer membrane adhesin called intimin. shiga toxin type 1 and 2 produced by e. coli o157:h7 are responsible for hemolytic ... | 2011 | 21338683 |
| age specific aetiological agents of diarrhoea in hospitalized children aged less than five years in dar es salaam, tanzania. | this study aimed to determine the age-specific aetiologic agents of diarrhoea in children aged less than five years. the study also assessed the efficacy of the empiric treatment of childhood diarrhoea using integrated management of childhood illness (imci) guidelines. | 2011 | 21345186 |
| antigen-specific memory b-cell responses in bangladeshi adults after one- or two-dose oral killed cholera vaccination and comparison with responses in patients with naturally acquired cholera. | the mediators of protective immunity against cholera are currently unknown, but memory b-cell responses may play a central role in facilitating long-term and anamnestic responses against vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera. we compared memory b-cell responses in adults with natural cholera in bangladesh (n = 70) to responses in bangladeshi adults after one-dose (n = 30) or two-dose (n = 30) administration of an oral killed cholera vaccine, wc-rbs (dukoral; crucell), assessing the responses at ... | 2011 | 21346055 |
| mannose-containing oligosaccharides of non-specific human secretory immunoglobulin a mediate inhibition of vibrio cholerae biofilm formation. | the role of antigen-specific secretory iga (siga) has been studied extensively, whereas there is a limited body of evidence regarding the contribution of non-specific siga to innate immune defenses against invading pathogens. in this study, we evaluated the effects of non-specific siga against infection with vibrio cholerae o139 strain mo10 and biofilm formation. seven day old infant mice deficient in iga (iga(-/-) mice) displayed significantly greater intestinal mo10 burden at 24 hr post-challe ... | 2011 | 21347387 |
| waterborne cholera outbreak following cyclone aila in sundarban area of west bengal, india, 2009. | following cyclone aila, a block of sundarban area, west bengal, india, reported an increased number of diarrhoea cases at the end of may 2009. this study was performed to identify the agent and source of the outbreak as well as to propose control measures. the outbreak is described by time, place and person. a matched case-control study was conducted and rectal swabs and water specimens were collected. in total, 1076 probable case patients and 14 deaths (attack rate 44/10 000) were identified. v ... | 2011 | 21353273 |
| in situ grazing resistance of vibrio cholerae in the marine environment. | previous laboratory experiments revealed that vibrio cholerae a1552 biofilms secrete an antiprotozoal factor that prevents rhynchomonas nasuta from growing and thus prevents grazing losses. the antiprotozoal factor is regulated by the quorum-sensing response regulator, hapr. here, we investigate whether the antiprotozoal activity is ecologically relevant. experiments were conducted in the field as well as under field-like conditions in the laboratory to assess the grazing resistance of v. choler ... | 2011 | 21314704 |
| genetic diversity of o-antigen biosynthesis regions in vibrio cholerae. | o-antigen biosynthetic (wbf) regions for vibrio cholerae serogroups o5, o8, and o108 were isolated and sequenced. sequences were compared to those of other published v. cholerae o-antigen regions. these wbf regions showed a high degree of heterogeneity both in gene content and in gene order. genes identified frequently showed greater similarities to polysaccharide biosynthesis genes from species other than v. cholerae. our results demonstrate the plasticity of o-antigen genes in v. cholerae, the ... | 2011 | 21317260 |
| identification of a chitin-induced small rna that regulates translation of the tfox gene, encoding a positive regulator of natural competence in vibrio cholerae. | the tfox (also called sxy) gene product is the central regulator of dna uptake in the naturally competent bacteria haemophilus influenzae and vibrio cholerae. however, the mechanisms regulating tfox gene expression in both organisms are poorly understood. our previous studies revealed that in v. cholerae, chitin disaccharide (glcnac)2 is needed to activate the transcription and translation of v. cholerae tfox (tfox(vc)) to induce natural competence. in this study, we screened a multicopy library ... | 2011 | 21317321 |