Publications

[decrease of plasma prolactin in valproate therapy--expression of an increase in the activity of the central gabaergic system].	the effect of valproat on plasma prolactin level in epileptic children with long term medication was investigated. valproat was able to decrease plasma prolactin level significantly. this result is a sign of an increase in the central gabaergic system activity.	2011	3037356
physiological adaptations to resistance exercise. implications for athletic conditioning.	resistance training results in a wide spectrum of adaptations in various physiological systems. increases in muscle size and strength, changes in body composition, neuroendocrine function and cardiovascular responses have been observed following resistance training. additionally, resistance training may be an effective means by which the incidence of sports injuries can be reduced. the physiological alterations induced by resistance training appear to be specific to the number of sets and repeti ...	2011	3067312
fluorometric estimation of surface associated microbial abundance.	surface associated microbes have historically been difficult to accurately and effectively enumerate. in the current study, we propose a rapid and simple method for estimating abundance of surface associated microbial cells by fluorescence of sybrgreen stained bacteria and in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence of benthic diatoms in 24 and 48-well microtiter plates. the effectiveness of this high-throughput technique is demonstrated by assessing sensitivity of a clinical strain of vibrio cholerae, a ...	2011	22230233
[analysis of monitoring results for vibrio cholerae in wuzhou city from 2009 to 2010].		2011	22991708
specific identification of pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica by monoclonal antibodies generated against recombinant attachment invasion locus (rail) protein.	classical pathogenic strains of yersinia enterocolitica produce a 17 kda outer membrane protein, ail (attachment-invasion locus), which mediates bacterial attachment to some cultures epithelial cell lines and invasion of others. in the present study, hybridomas were developed for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against ail protein of y. enterocolitica. a set of five stabilized hybridoma cell lines were generated, of which, two mabs, yea 302 and yea 303, exhibited specific reaction ...	2011	22806848
electrochemical genosensor for specific detection of the food-borne pathogen, vibrio cholerae.	a disposable horseradish peroxidase (hrp)-based electrochemical genosensor was developed for chronoamperometric detection of single-stranded asymmetric lolb gene pcr amplicon (118 bp in length) of the food-borne pathogen, vibrio cholerae. a two-step sandwich-type hybridization strategy using two specific probes was employed for specific detection of the target single-stranded dna (ssdna). the analytical performances of the detection platform have been evaluated using a synthetic ssdna (st3) whic ...	2011	22805952
antimicrobial activity of rice bran extracts for diarrheal disease.	rice bran showed antioxidative, antimutagenic, carcinogenic and antibacterial activities in previous reports. the rice bran has been recently used as a natural source of health food for several diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. severe diarrheal disease due to food-borne contamination of bacteria resulted from the bacteria have become resistant to many antibiotics. hence, early treatment of diarrhea using natural food containing antibacterial activity to prevent progression o ...	2011	22619917
phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of two bangladeshi medicinal plants.	the objectives of the present study were to investigate phytochemical screening and to assay cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts of leaves of two medicinal plants, aglaonema hookerianum schott (family: araceae) and lannea grandis engl. (family: anacardiaceae) available in bangladesh. the brine shrimp lethality bioassay showed that the ethanolic extracts of aglaonema hookerianum and lannea grandis possessed cytotoxic activities with lc50 5.25 (microg ml(-1)) and 5.75 ( ...	2011	22518935
occurrence of vibrio cholerae in municipal and natural waters and incidence of cholera in azerbaijan.	cholera, a waterborne disease caused by vibrio cholerae, is an autochthonous member of the aquatic environment and predominantly reported from developing countries. technical reports and proceedings were reviewed to determine the relationship between occurrence of v. cholerae in natural waters, including sources of municipal water, and cases of cholera in azerbaijan. water samples collected from different environmental sources from 1970 to 1998 were tested for v. cholerae and 0.73% (864/117,893) ...	2011	22451165
optimal protein extraction methods from diverse sample types for protein profiling by using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2de).	there is a great diversity of protein samples types and origins, therefore the optimal procedure for each sample type must be determined empirically. in order to obtain a reproducible and complete sample presentation which view as many proteins as possible on the desired 2de gel, it is critical to perform additional sample preparation steps to improve the quality of the final results, yet without selectively losing the proteins. to address this, we developed a general method that is suitable for ...	2011	22433892
structural variation of the superintegron in the toxigenic vibrio cholerae o1 el tor.	to understand the genetic structures and variations of the superintegron (si) in vibrio cholerae isolated in the seventh cholera pandemic.	2011	22365393
resistotypes of vibrio cholerae 01 ogawa biotype el tor in kathmandu, nepal.	cholera continued to be a major diarrheal illness in nepal and antibiotic resistance has appeared as a serious problem in cholera management. the study aimed at analyzing the distribution pattern of the resistotypes (r-types) of vibrio cholerae in the kathmandu valley, nepal. during june 2008 to january 2009, 210 diarrheal specimens received at national public health laboratory from suspected cholera patients were subjected to standard bacteriological investigation including biotyping and seroty ...	2011	22364087
[in vitro induction of transmissive resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin chloramphenicol in vibrio cholera non-o1/non-o139 serogroups isolated within 1990-2005].	inducible character of resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin was investigated in 20 strains of vibrio cholera non-o1/non-o139 serogroups isolated from inhabitants of uzbekistan in 1990 (10 strains, ctx+) and in 2001 (5 strains, ctx-) and from inhabitants of kalmykiya within 2003-2005 (5 strains, ctx-). eight of the 20 isolates showed not only capacity for induction of the antibiotic resistance, but also its possible self transfer to escherichia coli and reverse crosses in el ...	2011	22359864
[surveillance program on and the distribution related to the virulence-associated genes of vibrio cholerae in estuary of pearl river].	to understand the distribution, molecular characteristics and virulence genes of the o1 and o139 vibrio cholerae isolates from the pearl river estuary water.	2011	22336609
the role of aquatic reservoir fluctuations in long-term cholera patterns.	we propose and analyze an important extension of standard cholera epidemiological models, explicitly accounting for fluctuations of water availability to the human community under study. the seasonality of water input in the reservoir drives the variation of concentration of vibrio cholerae. two compartments are added to the susceptible-infected-bacteria model. first, the recovered individuals, which, over many seasons, lose their immunity to the disease and replenish the susceptible group. seco ...	2011	22325012
[molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistances of vibrio cholerae o1 isolates in hangzhou in 2009].	to study the molecular characteristics and antibiotic resistances of vibrio cholerae (v. cholerae) o1 isolates in hangzhou in 2009.	2011	22321588
role of shrimp chitin in the ecology of toxigenic vibrio cholerae and cholera transmission.	seasonal plankton blooms correlate with occurrence of cholera in bangladesh, although the mechanism of how dormant vibrio cholerae, enduring interepidemic period in biofilms and plankton, initiates seasonal cholera is not fully understood. in this study, laboratory microcosms prepared with estuarine mathbaria water (mw) samples supported active growth of toxigenic v. cholerae o1 up to 7 weeks as opposed to 6 months when microcosms were supplemented with dehydrated shrimp chitin chips (cc) as the ...	2011	22319512
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic studies of a new class of enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase, fabv, from vibrio fischeri.	enoyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase (enr) catalyzes the last step of the fatty-acid elongation cycle of the bacterial fatty-acid biosynthesis (fas ii) pathway. recently, a new class of enr has been identified from vibrio cholerae and was named fabv. in order to understand the molecular mechanism of the new class of enr at the structural level, fabv from v. fischeri was overexpressed, purified and crystallized. diffraction data were collected to 2.7 å resolution from a native crystal. the crys ...	2011	22232178
epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease: a shoe leather epidemiology.	health care problems faced by migrant construction workers are always neglected. fifteen patients were admitted with the complaints of loose motion and pain in the abdomen from a labor settlement at a construction site near our city. three stool samples revealed darting motility.	2011	22224000
vibrio cholerae o1 biotype el tor strains isolated in 1992 from varanasi, india harboured el tor ctxφ and classical ctxb on the chromosome-i and classical ctxφ and classical ctxb on the chromosome-ii.	in this study, we report the presence of the el tor ctxφ and classical ctxφ in vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated from varanasi, india. polymerase chain reaction, dna sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism revealed that, although ctx-positive strains isolated after 1990 contain ctxφ harbouring el tor type of rstr and classical ctxb, strains isolated before 1990 contain el tor type of rstr and el tor ctxb. two v. cholerae o1 strains (vc104 and vc106) represent an altered/hybrid ...	2011	23761370
re-identification of aeromonas isolates from chironomid egg masses as the potential pathogenic bacteria aeromonas aquariorum.	egg masses of the non-biting midge chironomous sp. have recently been found to serve as a reservoir for vibrio cholerae and aeromonas species. these insects are widely distributed in freshwater and evidence suggests that they may disseminate pathogenic bacteria species into drinking water systems. in the current study the taxonomy of 26 aeromonas isolates, previously recovered from chironomid egg masses, was re-evaluated. it was found that 23 isolates, which had previously been identified as aer ...	2011	23761256
clonal transmission, dual peak, and off-season cholera in bangladesh.	vibrio cholerae is an estuarine bacterium associated with a single peak of cholera (march-may) in coastal villages of bangladesh. for an unknown reason, however, cholera occurs in a unique dual peak (march-may and september-november) pattern in the city of dhaka that is bordered by a heavily polluted freshwater river system and flood embankment. in august 2007, extreme flooding was accompanied by an unusually severe diarrhea outbreak in dhaka that resulted in a record high illness. this study wa ...	2011	22957115
a note on water quality associated with slaughter premises in bangladesh.	water quality used for washing carcasses and abattoir premises was assessed at two sites in southeast bangladesh. in addition, the effect of discharging untreated washings from slaughter premises on water purity in the receiving waterways was assessed from ph, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity measurements. premises effluents did not have a significant effect on the physico-chemical properties of the water in the receiving canals, as determined from the difference between the 4 m upst ...	2011	21450411
the vibrio cholerae quorum sensing response is mediated by hfq-dependent srna/mrna base pairing interactions.	vibrio cholerae quorum sensing controls expression of four redundant srnas, qrr1-4. the qrr srnas are predicted to alter the translation of several mrnas, including, hapr, which encodes a transcription factor that controls genes for virulence factors, biofilm formation, protease production and dna uptake. each qrr contains a 21 nucleotide region absolutely conserved among pathogenic vibrios, and predicted to base pair with mrna targets, like hapr, aided by the rna chaperone hfq. this molecular m ...	2011	21453446
origin of vibrio cholerae in haiti.		2011	21453867
antagonistic bacteria from live corals, tuticorin coastal waters, southeastern india.	the objective of this study is to isolate and production of secondary metabolites with bioactive substances by coral reef (acropora formosa and favia palida) associated bacteria was carried out from the tuticorin coastal waters, southeastern india. the isolated coral associated bacteria were found to have an antagonistic effect against 10 human pathogens. the pathogens were escherichia coli, shigella dysentriae, staphylococcus epidermidis, s. aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aerogenosa ...	2011	21454167
insights into the biochemistry of the ubiquitous nhap family of cation/h+ antiporters.	na+/h+ antiporters are integral membrane proteins that exchange na+ for h+ across the cytoplasmic or organellar membranes of virtually all living cells. they are essential for control of cellular ph, volume homeostasis, and regulation of na+ levels. na+/h+ antiporters have become increasingly characterized and are now becoming important drug targets. the recently identified nhap family of na+/h+ antiporters, from the cpa1 superfamily, contains proteins with a surprisingly broad collective range ...	2011	21455265
a rapid dna biosensor for the molecular diagnosis of infectious disease.	treating patients with infectious diseases relies heavily on rapid and proper diagnosis. molecular detection such as pcr has become increasingly important and efforts have been made to simplify these detection methods. this study reports the development of a glass fibre-based lateral flow dna biosensor that uses capture reagents coupled to carrier beads and detector reagent bioconjugated to gold nanoparticles, for the detection of foodborne pathogen, vibrio cholerae. the dna biosensor contains a ...	2011	21458979
structural inferences for cholera toxin mutations in vibrio cholerae.	cholera is a global disease that has persisted for millennia. the cholera toxin (ct) from vibrio cholerae is responsible for the clinical symptoms of cholera. this toxin is a hetero-hexamer (ab(5)) complex consisting of a subunit a (cta) with a pentamer (b(5)) of subunit b (ctb). the importance of the ab(5) complex for pathogenesis is established for the wild type o1 serogroup using known structural and functional data. however, its role is not yet documented in other known serogroups harboring ...	2011	21464837
actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins.	various bacterial protein toxins and effectors target the actin cytoskeleton. at least three groups of toxins/effectors can be identified, which directly modify actin molecules. one group of toxins/effectors causes adp-ribosylation of actin at arginine-177, thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. members of this group are numerous binary actin-adp-ribosylating exotoxins (e.g. clostridium botulinum c2 toxin) as well as several bacterial adp-ribosyltransferases (e.g. salmonella enterica spvb) whi ...	2011	21466657
proteases produced by vibrios.	bacteria of the genus vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment but the some species are believed to be human pathogens. pathogenic vibrios produce various pathogenic factors, and the proteases are also recognized to play pathogenic roles in the infection: the direct roles by digesting many kinds of host proteins or indirect roles by processing other pathogenic protein factors. especially vvp from vibrio vulnificus is thought to be a major pathogenic factor of the vibrio. although h ...	2011	21467624
detection of vibrio cholerae and acanthamoeba species from same natural water samples collected from different cholera endemic areas in sudan.	abstract:	2011	21470437
diarrheagenic pathogens in polymicrobial infections.	during systematic active surveillance of the causes of diarrhea in patients admitted to the infectious diseases and beliaghata general hospital in kolkata, india, we looked for 26 known gastrointestinal pathogens in fecal samples from 2,748 patients. samples from about one-third (29%) of the patients contained multiple pathogens. polymicrobial infections frequently contained vibrio cholerae o1 and rotavirus. when these agents were present, some co-infecting agents were found significantly less o ...	2011	21470448
recent clonal origin of cholera in haiti.	altered el tor vibrio cholerae o1, with classical cholera toxin b gene, was isolated from 16 patients with severe diarrhea at st. mark's hospital, arbonite, haiti, <3 weeks after onset of the current cholera epidemic. variable-number tandem-repeat typing of 187 isolates showed minimal diversity, consistent with a point source for the epidemic.	2011	21470464
phenotypic, genotypic, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of strains isolated from the cholera epidemic in zimbabwe.	this paper details the phenotypic, genotypic, and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 88 vibrio cholerae strains from zimbabwe. of the 88 strains, 83 were classified as "altered el tor" and 5 as "hybrid el tor" strains. all of the strains were susceptible to tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin by disc diffusion, but susceptibility to tetracycline and azithromycin diminished when observed using the mic method.	2011	21471347
dissemination of ndm-1 positive bacteria in the new delhi environment and its implications for human health: an environmental point prevalence study.	not all patients infected with ndm-1-positive bacteria have a history of hospital admission in india, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases are known to be circulating in the indian community. we therefore measured the prevalence of the ndm-1 gene in drinking water and seepage samples in new delhi.	2011	21478057
comparative pcr-based fingerprinting of vibrio cholerae isolated in malaysia.	vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is endemic in many parts of the world, especially in countries poor in resources. molecular subtyping of v. cholerae is useful to trace the regional spread of a clone or multidrug-resistant strains during outbreaks of cholera. current available pcr-based fingerprinting methods such as random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd)-pcr, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (eric)-pcr, and repetitive extragenic palindromic (rep)-pcr wer ...	2011	21478644
vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera in haiti with implications for the developing world.	in october 2010, a virulent south asian strain of el tor cholera began to spread in haiti. interventions have included treatment of cases and improved sanitation. use of cholera vaccines would likely have further reduced morbidity and mortality, but such vaccines are in short supply and little is known about effective vaccination strategies for epidemic cholera. we use a mathematical cholera transmission model to assess different vaccination strategies. with limited vaccine quantities, concentra ...	2011	21482756
impact of rapid urbanization on the rates of infection by vibrio cholerae o1 and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli in dhaka, bangladesh.	in bangladesh, increases in cholera epidemics are being documented with a greater incidence and severity. the aim of this prospective study was to identify the prevalence and importance of v. cholerae o1 and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) as causal agents of severe diarrhea in a high diarrhea prone urban area in dhaka city.	2011	21483709
c-di-gmp turn-over in clostridium difficile is controlled by a plethora of diguanylate cyclases and phosphodiesterases.	clostridium difficile infections have become a major healthcare concern in the last decade during which the emergence of new strains has underscored this bacterium's capacity to cause persistent epidemics. c-di-gmp is a bacterial second messenger regulating diverse bacterial phenotypes, notably motility and biofilm formation, in proteobacteria such as vibrio cholerae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and salmonella. c-di-gmp is synthesized by diguanylate cyclases (dgcs) that contain a conserved ggdef dom ...	2011	21483756
evaluation of a new chromogenic medium, chromid™ vibrio, for the isolation and presumptive identification of vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus from human clinical specimens.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the chromid™ vibrio medium for the detection of vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus in stool and swab specimens in comparison with thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (tcbs) medium. a total of 96 samples including 30 fresh stool, 32 stool, and 34 swab specimens originating from routine laboratories were tested. all samples were seeded on both media, the tcbs medium and the chromid vibrio, directly and after an enrichment step on alk ...	2011	21484255
local mobile gene pools rapidly cross species boundaries to create endemicity within global vibrio cholerae populations.	vibrio cholerae represents both an environmental pathogen and a widely distributed microbial species comprised of closely related strains occurring in the tropical to temperate coastal ocean across the globe (colwell rr, science 274:2025-2031, 1996; griffith dc, kelly-hope la, miller ma, am. j. trop. med. hyg. 75:973-977, 2006; reidl j, klose ke, fems microbiol. rev. 26:125-139, 2002). however, although this implies dispersal and growth across diverse environmental conditions, how locally succes ...	2011	21486909
a mathematical model for adaptive prediction of environmental changes by microorganisms.	survival in natural habitats selects for microorganisms that are well-adapted to a wide range of conditions. recent studies revealed that cells evolved innovative response strategies that extend beyond merely sensing a given stimulus and responding to it on encounter. a diversity of microorganisms, including escherichia coli, vibrio cholerae, and several yeast species, were shown to use a predictive regulation strategy that uses the appearance of one stimulus as a cue for the likely arrival of a ...	2011	21487001
two gene clusters co-ordinate for a functional n-acetylglucosamine catabolic pathway in vibrio cholerae.	pathogenic microorganisms like vibrio cholerae are capable of adapting to diverse living conditions, especially when they transit from their environmental reservoirs to human host. v. cholerae attaches to n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac) residues in glycoproteins and lipids present in the intestinal epithelium and chitinous surface of zoo-phytoplanktons in the aquatic environment for its survival and colonization. glcnac utilization thus appears to be important for the pathogen to reach sufficient t ...	2011	21488982
unfolding distinguishes the vibrio cholerae cytolysin precursor from the mature form of the toxin.	vibrio cholerae cytolysin (vcc) is a potent cytolytic toxin that induces colloid osmotic lysis of its target eukaryotic cells by forming transmembrane oligomeric β-barrel channels. vcc is secreted by the bacteria as an inactive precursor (pro-vcc) and is subsequently activated by proteolytic removal of an n-terminal "pro-domain", thus generating the active form of the toxin (mature-vcc). earlier studies have indicated an intramolecular chaperone-like role of the pro-domain favoring efficient sec ...	2011	21491932
probing domain interactions in soluble guanylate cyclase.	eukaryotic nitric oxide (no) signaling involves modulation of cyclic gmp (cgmp) levels through activation of the soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase (sgc). sgc is a heterodimeric hemoprotein that contains a heme-nitric oxide and oxygen binding (h-nox) domain, a per/arnt/sim (pas) domain, a coiled-coil (cc) domain, and a catalytic domain. to evaluate the role of these domains in regulating the ligand binding properties of the heme cofactor of no-sensitive sgc, we constructed chimeras by swapping ...	2011	21491957
biosynthesis of a bacterial communication signal.		2011	21491960
the curse of the pharaoh revisited: evolutionary bi-stability in environmentally transmitted pathogens.	ecology letters (2011) 14: 569-575 abstract: it is increasingly evident that for a number of high-profile pathogens, transmission involves both direct and environmental pathways. much of the distinguished evolutionary theory has, however, focused on each of transmission component separately. herein, we use the framework of adaptive dynamics to study the evolutionary consequences of mixed transmission. we find that environmental transmission can select for increased virulence when direct transmis ...	2011	21496194
functional characterization of an alkaline exonuclease and single strand annealing protein from the sxt genetic element of vibrio cholerae.	abstract: background: sxt is an integrating conjugative element (ice) originally isolated from vibrio cholerae, the bacterial pathogen that causes cholera. it houses multiple antibiotic and heavy metal resistance genes on its ca. 100kb circular double stranded dna (dsdna) genome, and functions as an effective vehicle for the horizontal transfer of resistance genes within susceptible bacterial populations. here, we characterize the activities of an alkaline exonuclease (s066, sxt-exo) and single ...	2011	21501469
crystal structure of the vibrio cholerae cytolysin heptamer reveals common features among disparate pore-forming toxins.	pore-forming toxins (pfts) are potent cytolytic agents secreted by pathogenic bacteria that protect microbes against the cell-mediated immune system (by targeting phagocytic cells), disrupt epithelial barriers, and liberate materials necessary to sustain growth and colonization. produced by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria alike, pfts are released as water-soluble monomeric or dimeric species, bind specifically to target membranes, and assemble transmembrane channels leading to cell dama ...	2011	21502531
filamentous bacteriophage: biology, phage display and nanotechnology applications.	filamentous bacteriophage, long and thin filaments that are secreted from the host cells without killing them, have been an antithesis to the standard view of head-and-tail bacterial killing machines. episomally replicating filamentous phage ff of escherichia coli provide the majority of information about the principles and mechanisms of filamentous phage infection, episomal replication and assembly. chromosomally- integrated "temperate" filamentous phage have complex replication and integration ...	2011	21502666
horizontal gene transfers with or without cell fusions in all categories of the living matter.	this article reviews the history of widespread exchanges of genetic segments initiated over 3 billion years ago, to be part of their life style, by sphero-protoplastic cells, the ancestors of archaea, prokaryota, and eukaryota. these primordial cells shared a hostile anaerobic and overheated environment and competed for survival. "coexist with, or subdue and conquer, expropriate its most useful possessions, or symbiose with it, your competitor" remain cellular life's basic rules. this author emp ...	2011	21506007
association of cholera toxin with vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles which are internalized by human intestinal epithelial cells.	cholera toxin (ct) is the major virulence factor of pathogenic vibrio cholerae. the present study demonstrates that a fraction of ct is associated with the outer membrane vesicles (omvs) released by v. cholerae. atomic force microscopy (afm) and also transmission electron microscopy (tem) of purified omvs from toxigenic v. cholerae o395 revealed spherical shaped vesicles of size range 20-200nm. immunoblotting of purified omvs with polyclonal anti-ct antibody and gm1-ganglioside dependent elisa s ...	2011	21510946
genetic variation analysis of vibrio cholerae using multilocus sequencing typing and multi-virulence locus sequencing typing.	this paper describes the development and application of multilocus sequencing typing (mlst) and multi-virulence locus sequencing typing (mvlst) methods in determining the genetic variation and relatedness of 43 vibrio cholerae strains of different serogroups isolated from various sources in malaysia. the mlst assay used six housekeeping genes (dnae, lap, reca, gyrb, cat and gmd), while the mvlst assay incorporated three virulence genes (ctxab, tcpa and tcpi) and three virulence-associated genes ...	2011	21511055
larvicidal, antimicrobial and brine shrimp activities of extracts from cissampelos mucronata and tephrosia villosa from coast region, tanzania.	abstract:	2011	21513544
global stability for cholera epidemic models.	cholera is a water and food borne infectious disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium, vibrio cholerae. its dynamics are highly complex owing to the coupling among multiple transmission pathways and different factors in pathogen ecology. although various mathematical models and clinical studies published in recent years have made important contribution to cholera epidemiology, our knowledge of the disease mechanism remains incomplete at present, largely due to the limited understanding of t ...	2011	21513717
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some novel dicationic sulphonophanes.	the synthesis of some novel imidazole-based dicationic sulfonophanes incorporating various spacer units is described. all the sulphonophanes exhibit good antibacterial and antifungal activity against five bacterial strains bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, vibrio cholera, escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris and human pathogenic fungus candida albicans.	2011	21514980
the physical basis of type 4 pilus-mediated microcolony formation by vibrio cholerae o1.	the vibrio cholerae toxin co-regulated pilus (tcp) is a type 4b pilus that mediates bacterial microcolony formation, which is essential for intestinal colonization. structural analyses have defined a surface domain of the tcpa pilin subunit that is displayed repeatedly around the pilus filament surface and forms the molecular basis for pilus-pilus interactions required for microcolony formation. the physical attributes of this domain that lead to pilus-pilus association between bacteria are not ...	2011	21527347
epidemiology of rotavirus and cholera in children aged less than five years in rural bangladesh.	despite the known presence of rotavirus-associated diarrhoea in bangladesh, its prevalence, including records of hospitalization in rural health facilities, is largely unknown. in a systematic surveillance undertaken in two government-run rural health facilities, 457 children, aged less than five years, having acute watery diarrhoea, were studied between august 2005 and july 2007 to determine the prevalence of rotavirus. due to limited financial support, the surveillance of rotavirus was include ...	2011	21528784
the 2010 outbreak of cholera among workers of a jute mill in kolkata, west bengal, india.	on 10 march 2010, an outbreak of diarrhoeal disease was reported among workers of a jute mill in kolkata, west bengal, india. the cluster was investigated to identify the agent(s) and the source of infection and make recommendations. a suspected case of cholera was defined as having >3 loose watery stools in a 24-hour period and searched for case-patients in the workers' colony. the outbreak was described by time, place, and person, and a case-control study was conducted to identify the source o ...	2011	21528785
prevalence of sos-mediated control of integron integrase expression as an adaptive trait of chromosomal and mobile integrons.	abstract:	2011	21529368
multiplex pcr assay for identification of three major pathogenic vibrio spp., vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.	a multiplex pcr assay was developed based on atpa-sequence diversification for molecular identification of 3 major pathogenic vibrio species: vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus. it specifically identified them from among 133 strains of various vibrio species and other genera, and was applicable for testing seawater, suggesting its usefulness.	2011	21530641
emergence of multiple drug resistance vibrio cholerae o1 in east delhi.	considering the changing geographical and temporal occurrence of vibrio cholerae, there is a continuing need to monitor the strain characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns of this pathogen. the present study was conducted to document the changing biology of v. cholerae isolates in and around delhi, india, and the development of antibiotic resistance.	2011	21537071
on the emergence of atypical vibrio cholerae o1 el tor & cholera epidemic.		2011	21537088
hybrid & el tor variant biotypes of vibrio cholerae o1 in thailand.	background & objectives : el tor vibrio cholerae o1 carrying ctxb c trait, so-called el tor variant that causes more severe symptoms than the prototype el tor strain, first detected in bangladesh was later shown to have emerged in india in 1992. subsequently, similar v. cholerae strains were isolated in other countries in asia and africa. thus, it was of interest to investigate the characteristics of v. cholerae o1 strains isolated chronologically (from 1986 to 2009) in thailand. methods: a tota ...	2011	21537091
rapid situation & response assessment of diarrhoea outbreak in a coastal district following tropical cyclone aila in india.	background & objectives : cyclone aila hit indian states on eastern coast on may 25, 2009. an investigation was conducted to examine if aila was responsible for increased reporting of diarrhoea cases from the district of east-medinipur in west bengal. identifying causative organisms for diarrhoea and assessing their antibiotic susceptibility profile were other objectives. methods: rapid situation and response assessment technique was employed to triangulate primary and secondary data collected t ...	2011	21537092
[environmental drivers of emergence and spreading of vibrio epidemics in south america.]	vibrio cholerae and v. parahaemolyticus are the two vibrio species with a major impact on human health. diseases caused by both pathogens are acquiring increasing relevance due to their expansion at global scale. in this paper, we resume the ecological aspects associated with the arrival and spreading of infections caused by v. parahaemolyticus and v. cholerae in peru from a south american perspective. moreover, we discuss the similarities in the emergence in peru of cholera cases in 1991 and v. ...	2011	21537778
[experiences in the epidemiological surveillance of foodborne pathogens by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) in peru.]	foodborne diseases and other enteric infections often occur as outbreaks and cause morbidity and mortality all over the world. in perú, they represent a serious public health problem, and are caused by a great variety of infectious agents. for epidemiological research, a wide array of typification methods are used. one of the most important tools for the molecular subtyping of bacterial pathogens is the pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge), which is a highly precise method that allows the dis ...	2011	21537781
[historical report: first isolation of vibrio cholera serogroup o1 biovar el tor serovar inaba during the cholerae epidemic in perú ‑ 1991.]	20 years ago, a new diarrheal disease was introduced in peru and the enteropathogens reference laboratory of the instituto nacional de salud had an outstanding role in the isolation and rapid and timely identification of vibrio cholerae. cholera had not been seen before, but during the last week of january 1991 an outbreak of acute diarrhea was detected, presenting intense dehydration and some deaths. the epidemic affected, in the beginning, many locations of the peruvian coast. some working tea ...	2011	21537782
molecular characterization reveals involvement of altered el tor biotype vibrio cholerae o1 strains in cholera outbreak at hyderabad, india.	thirty-four vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a cholera outbreak in hyderabad, south india were found to belong to serogroup ol biotype el tor serotype ogawa. the genotype of all the isolates was confirmed by pcr assays. all the isolates were found pcr positive for ctxab, ompw, rflol, rtxc, and tcpa genes. all the isolates but one harboured rstr ( el tor ) allele. however, one isolate carried both rstr ( el tor ) as well as rstr ( classical ) alleles. cholera toxin (ctxb) genotyping of the ...	2011	21538250
mathematical analysis of a cholera model with public health interventions.	cholera, an acute gastro-intestinal infection and a waterborne disease continues to emerge in developing countries and remains an important global health challenge. we formulate a mathematical model that captures some essential dynamics of cholera transmission to study the impact of public health educational campaigns, vaccination and treatment as control strategies in curtailing the disease. the education-induced, vaccination-induced and treatment-induced reproductive numbers r(e), r(v), r(t) r ...	2011	21540075
the two faces of toxr: activator of ompu, co-regulator of toxt in vibrio cholerae.	toxr of vibrio cholerae directly activates the ompu promoter, but requires a second activator, tcpp to activate the toxt promoter. ompu encodes a porin, while toxt encodes the transcription factor, toxt, which activates v. cholerae virulence genes including cholera toxin and the toxin co-regulated pilus. using an ompu-sacb transcriptional fusion, toxr mutant alleles were identified that encode toxr molecules defective for ompu promoter activation. many toxr mutants defective for ompu activation ...	2011	21542860
fvba is required for vibriobactin utilization in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	bacteria acquire iron through a highly specific mechanism involving iron chelating molecules termed siderophores. the gram-negative bacterium pseudomonas aeruginosa can utilize siderophores produced by other microorganisms to facilitate iron uptake. here we show that a p. aeruginosa strain deficient in siderophore production can use the vibrio cholerae siderophore, vibriobactin, as an iron source. in addition, we identified a p. aeruginosa pa4156 gene (fvba) encoding a protein highly homologous ...	2011	21546589
demonstration of viable but nonculturable vibrio cholerae o1 in fresh water environment of india using ciprofloxacin dfa-dvc method.	aim: to demonstrate the presence of culturable and nonculturable viable pathogenic vibrio cholerae o1 in fresh water environments of a cholera-endemic region in india. methods and results: conventional culture and ciprofloxacin dfa-dvc were utilized to investigate the existence of v. cholerae o1. we isolated pathogenic culturable v. cholerae o1 from water samples collected from cholera-affected areas. no culturable v. cholerae o1 was isolated from water and plankton samples from natural fresh ...	2011	21554341
vibrio cholerae requires the type vi secretion system virulence factor vasx to kill dictyostelium discoideum.	the type vi secretion system (t6ss) is recognized as an important virulence mechanism in several gram-negative pathogens. in vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, a minimum of three gene clusters-one main cluster and two auxiliary clusters-are required to form a functional t6ss apparatus capable of conferring virulence towards eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. despite an increasing understanding of the components that make up the t6ss apparatus, little is known a ...	2011	21555399
haiti's cholera outbreak. cholera linked to u.n. forces, but questions remain.		2011	21566166
sensitive and rapid detection of cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae using loop-mediated isothermal amplification.	loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is an established nucleic acid amplification method offering rapid, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis of infectious diseases. the lamp assay requires 12-18 min for amplification with a single colony on selective agar from cholera toxin (ct)-producing vibrio cholerae strains and less than 60 min with human feces and seafood samples. the assay requires less than 35 and 80 min for the detection of ct-producing v. cholerae with a colony on selective ...	2011	21567314
cys377 residue in nqrf subunit confers ag(+) sensitivity of na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio harveyi.	the na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na+-nqr) is a component of the respiratory chain of various bacteria that generates a redox-driven transmembrane electrochemical na+ potential. the na+-nqr activity is known to be specifically inhibited by low concentrations of silver ions. replacement of the conserved cys377 residue with alanine in the nqrf subunit of na+-nqr from vibrio harveyi resulted in resistance of the enzyme to ag(+) and to other heavy metal ions. analysis of the catalyt ...	2011	21568851
dry-reagent gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow biosensor for the simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139.	cholera is a communicable disease caused by consumption of contaminated food and water. this potentially fatal intestinal infection is characterised by profuse secretion of rice watery stool that can rapidly lead to severe dehydration and shock, thus requiring treatment to be given immediately. epidemic and pandemic cholera are exclusively associated with vibrio cholerae serogroups o1 and o139. in light of the need for rapid diagnosis of cholera and to prevent spread of outbreaks, we have develo ...	2011	21571011
energy-dependent stability of shewanella oneidensis mr-1 biofilms.	stability and resistance to dissolution are key features of microbial biofilms. how these macroscopic properties are determined by the physiological state of individual biofilm cells in their local physical-chemical and cellular environment is largely unknown. in order to obtain molecular and energetic insight into biofilm stability, we investigated whether maintenance of biofilm stability is an energy-dependent process and whether transcription and/or translation are required for biofilm dissol ...	2011	21572002
cholera epidemic in guinea-bissau (2008): the importance of "place".	as resources are limited when responding to cholera outbreaks, knowledge about where to orient interventions is crucial. we describe the cholera epidemic affecting guinea-bissau in 2008 focusing on the geographical spread in order to guide prevention and control activities.	2011	21572530
vaccination strategies to combat an infectious globe: oral cholera vaccines.	cholera is a substantial health burden in many countries in africa and asia, where it is endemic. it is as well responsible for ongoing epidemics in sub-saharan africa which are becoming greater in terms of frequency, extension, and duration. given the availability of two oral cholera vaccines and the new data on their efficacy, field effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptance in cholera-affected populations and in travelers, these vaccines should be used in endemic areas, in travelers for these ...	2011	21572610
[identification of vibrio mimicus bacteriophages].	lysogeny was studied in vibrio mimicus; the indicator v. cholerae el tor strain was selected to identify phages. new v. mimicus phages were obtained and identified, which had a morphological similarity and an antigen affinity for morphological group i cholerae phages. phage differentiation revealed that morphological group i v. mimicus phages showed certain differences manifested as their lytic activity against v. cholerae strain 1322-69 of serovar 37 while this property was absent in cholerae p ...	2011	21574461
complete genome sequence of the marine fish pathogen vibrio anguillarum harboring the pjm1 virulence plasmid and genomic comparison with other virulent strains of v. anguillarum and v. ordalii.	we dissected the complete genome sequence of the o1 serotype v. anguillarum 775 (pjm1), and determined the draft genomic sequences of the plasmidless strains of serotype o1, 96f and o2β, rv22 and v. ordalii. all strains harbor two chromosomes but 775 also carries the virulence plasmid pjm1 that encodes the genes to produce anguibactin and cognate transport genes, one of the main virulence factors of v. anguillarum. genomic analysis identified eight genomic islands in chromosome 1 of v. anguillar ...	2011	21576332
suppressed induction of proinflammatory cytokines by a unique metabolite produced by vibrio cholerae o1 el tor biotype in cultured host cells.	vibrio cholerae o1 has two biotypes, el tor and classical, and the latter is now presumed to be extinct in nature. in carbohydrate-rich growth conditions, el tor biotype strains produce the neutral fermentation end product 2,3-butanediol (2,3-bd), which prevents accumulation of organic acids from mixed acid fermentation and thus avoids a lethal decrease in the medium ph, while the classical biotype strains fail to do the same. in this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of 2,3-bd on the ...	2011	21576340
[water quality and personal hygiene in rural areas of senegal].	the high prevalence of diarrhea in developing countries is mostly due to poor water quality and hygiene practices. the purpose of this study was to assess water quality as well as hygiene practices and their determinants in ngohé, i.e., a rural community (rc) in senegal.	2011	21585090
characterization of the single-stranded dna binding protein pv(vgjφ) of vgjφ phage from vibrio cholerae.	pv(vgjφ), a single-stranded dna binding protein of the vibriophage vgjφ was subject to biochemical analysis. here, we show that this protein has a general affinity for single-stranded dna (ssdna) as documented by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa). the apparent molecular weight of the monomer is about 12.7kda as measured by hplc-sec. moreover, isoelectrofocusing showed an isoelectric point for pv(vgjφ) of 6.82 ph units. size exclusion chromatography in 150mm nacl, 50mm sodium phosphate ...	2011	21586349
characters of homogentisate oxygenase gene mutation and high clonality of the natural pigment-producing vibrio cholerae strains.	abstract: background: some microorganisms can produce pigments such as melanin, which has been associated with virulence in the host and with a survival advantage in the environment. in vibrio cholerae, studies have shown that pigment-producing mutants are more virulent than the parental strain in terms of increased uv resistance, production of major virulence factors, and colonization. to date, almost all of the pigmented v. cholerae strains investigated have been induced by chemicals, culture ...	2011	21592381
role of a novel copper chelate in modulation of resistance by time and dose-dependent potential on the growth of tetracycline-resistant vibrio cholerae o1.		2011	21596527
structure of the pilm-piln inner membrane type iv pilus biogenesis complex from thermus thermophilus.	type iv pili are surface-exposed filaments which extend from a variety of bacterial pathogens and play a major role in pathogenesis, motility and dna uptake. here we present the crystal structure of a complex between a cytoplasmic component of the type iv pilus biogenesis system from thermus thermophilus, pilm, in complex with a peptide derived from the cytoplasmic portion of the inner membrane protein piln. pilm also binds atp, and its structure is most similar to the actin-like protein ftsa. p ...	2011	21596754
in silico comparative study of the genomic islands of vibrio cholerae mj1236 with those of classical and el tor n16961 strains of vibrio cholerae.	the evolution of microbial genomes is greatly influenced by horizontal gene transfer (hgt), where large blocks of horizontally acquired foreign sequences, often encoding virulence determinants, occur in chromosomes of pathogenic bacteria. a program design-island developed in our laboratory was used on three completely sequenced vibrio cholerae genomes, v. cholerae classical o395, el tor n16961 and mj1236, in order to identify the putative horizontally acquired regions. the putative genomic islan ...	2011	21599729
[sialic acids and o-acetyl groups as markers of biological activity of microbial polysaccharides in plague and cholera agents].	to determine sialic acids and o-acetyl groups content in yersinia pestis and vibrio cholerae antigens in order to establish their association with biological activity.	2011	21604388
[evaluation of toxin producing abilities of non-o1/non-o139 serogroup vibrio cholerae isolated from humans].	determination of non-o1/non-o139 vibrio cholerae toxin (ct) gene expression by using eia, and biological effect of non-o1/non-o139 v. cholerae supernatant on cell cultures evaluation.	2011	21604389
the rocks and shallows of deep rna sequencing: examples in the vibrio cholerae rnome.	new deep rna sequencing methodologies in transcriptome analyses identified a wealth of novel nonprotein-coding rnas (npcrnas). recently, deep sequencing was used to delineate the small npcrna transcriptome of the human pathogen vibrio cholerae and 627 novel npcrna candidates were identified. here, we report the detection of 223 npcrna candidates in v. cholerae by different cdna library construction and conventional sequencing methods. remarkably, only 39 of the candidates were common to both sur ...	2011	21610211
toxin producing vibrio cholerae o75 outbreak, united states, march to april 2011.		2011	21616048
isolation of microbial pathogens of subclinical mastitis from raw sheep's milk of epirus (greece) and their role in its hygiene.	the natural raw milk microflora is a factor that expresses its sensorial characteristics. the microbial charge into the mammary gland of healthy animal is low and the application of right and healthy conditions during milking and cheese making procedure, prevents from contaminating as well as maintains the natural microflora in order to lend the particular characteristics of milk. the purpose of the present project was the study of the total viable count (t.v.c.) and the count of total psychrotr ...	2011	21620987
the vars/vara two-component system modulates the activity of the vibrio cholerae quorum-sensing transcriptional regulator hapr.	the human pathogen vibrio cholerae uses quorum sensing to regulate the expression of a number of phenotypes, including virulence factor production, in response to changes in cell density. it produces small molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as cell density increases, and these autoinducers bind to membrane sensors once they reach a certain threshold. this binding leads to signalling through a downstream phosphorelay pathway to alter the expression of the transcriptional ...	2011	21393367
zoonotic pathogens isolated from wild animals and environmental samples at two california wildlife hospitals.	to determine types and estimate prevalence of potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens shed by wild animals admitted to either of 2 wildlife hospitals and to characterize distribution of these pathogens and of aerobic bacteria in a hospital environment.	2011	21401435
the binding of cholera toxin to the periplasmic vestibule of the type ii secretion channel.	the type ii secretion system (t2ss) is a large macromolecular complex spanning the inner and outer membranes of many gram-negative bacteria. the t2ss is responsible for the secretion of virulence factors such as cholera toxin (ct) and heat-labile enterotoxin (lt) from vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, respectively. ct and lt are closely related ab5 heterohexamers, composed of one a subunit and a b-pentamer. both ct and lt are translocated, as folded protein complexes, from th ...	2011	21406971
binding efficiencies of carbohydrate ligands with different genotypes of cholera toxin b: molecular modeling, dynamics and docking simulation studies.	vibrio cholerae produces cholera toxin (ct) that consists of two subunits, a and b, and is encoded by a filamentous phage ctxf. the a subunit carries enzymatic activity that ribosylates adp, whereas the b subunit binds to monosialoganglioside (gm1) receptor in epithelial cells. molecular analysis of toxigenic v. cholerae strains indicated the presence of multiple ctxb genotypes. in this study, we employed a comparative modeling approach to define the structural features of all known variants of ...	2011	21409571