Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| protection of weaned pigs by vaccination with human adenovirus 5 recombinant viruses expressing the hemagglutinin and the nucleoprotein of h3n2 swine influenza virus. | swine influenza virus (siv), subtype h3n2, is a recent reassortant virus that emerged in 1998 in north american swine causing severe respiratory and reproductive disease. in this study, two replication-defective adenovirus recombinants were developed as potential vaccines against h3n2 influenza viruses. three groups of 3-week-old pigs (10 pigs per group) were vaccinated intramuscularly (im) with the recombinants; one group was vaccinated with the recombinant adenovirus expressing the influenza v ... | 2004 | 15308368 |
| influenza and the winter increase in mortality in the united states, 1959-1999. | in economically developed countries, mortality increases distinctly during winter. many causes have been suggested, including light-dark cycles, temperature/weather, and infectious agents. the authors analyzed monthly mortality in the united states during the period 1959-1999 for four major disease classes. the authors isolated the seasonal component of mortality by removing trends and standardizing the time series. they evaluated four properties: coincidence in mortality peaks, autocorrelation ... | 2004 | 15321847 |
| effect of the addition of oligosaccharides on the biological activities and antigenicity of influenza a/h3n2 virus hemagglutinin. | influenza a/h3n2 viruses have developed an increased number of glycosylation sites on the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein since their appearance in 1968. here, the effect of addition of oligosaccharide chains to the ha of a/h3n2 viruses on its biological activities was investigated. we constructed seven mutant has of a/aichi/2/68 virus with one to six glycosylation sites on the globular head, as found in natural isolates, by site-directed mutagenesis and analyzed their intracellu ... | 2004 | 15331693 |
| resistant influenza a viruses in children treated with oseltamivir: descriptive study. | oseltamivir is an effective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase. although viruses resistant to oseltamivir emerge less frequently than those resistant to amantadine or rimantadine, information on oseltamivir-resistant viruses arising during clinical use of the drug in children is limited. our aim was to investigate oseltamivir resistance in a group of children treated for influenza. | 2004 | 15337401 |
| [antigenic and genetic characterizations of group a influenza viruses h3n2 circulated in men in china during 2000-2002]. | to understand the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza a h3n2 viruses circulated in man in china from 2000 to 2002. | 2004 | 15340518 |
| exposure of sero-positive gilts to swine influenza virus may cause a few stillbirths per litter. | six pregnant gilts were purchased from a high health herd and were found to be serologically positive for swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h3n2. three of the gilts, at 80 to 82 days of gestation, were experimentally exposed a second time to the same siv subtype--h3n2. no clinical signs resulted from the second exposure to siv and hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) titers for siv at 4 weeks postexposure were unchanged suggesting that the gilts had not been reinfected. however, the second exposur ... | 2004 | 15352547 |
| influenza surveillance in indonesia: 1999-2003. | although influenza is recognized for its worldwide importance, little is known about the disease from tropical countries like indonesia. from august 1999 through january 2003, a surveillance study was conducted in clinics at 6 sentinel locations. adults (age, >14 years) and children (age, 4-14 years) presenting with respiratory symptoms suggestive of influenza were asked to enroll in the study. nasal and pharyngeal swabs were examined by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid immu ... | 2004 | 15356802 |
| detection and control of influenza outbreaks in well-vaccinated nursing home populations. | influenza outbreaks continue to occur in nursing homes despite high vaccination coverage among residents. recommendations for outbreak control in institutions such as nursing homes advises use of antiviral drugs to reduce influenza transmission. | 2004 | 15356805 |
| measuring antibody responses to a live attenuated influenza vaccine in children. | hemagglutination inhibition (hai) assay is the standard method for evaluating inactivated influenza vaccines, but no standard assay has been established for evaluating live attenuated influenza vaccines (laiv). laiv containing a/beijing/262/95(h1n1) induced low serum hai antibody responses to the antigenic variant, a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) in a serologic study but provided protection against the a/new caledonia-like viruses in a community study. neutralization and hai assays were compared by ... | 2004 | 15361726 |
| influenza circulating strains in argentina exhibit differential induction of cytotoxicity and caspase-3 in vitro. | human influenza infections are a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. though damage to the respiratory epithelium and has been related to apoptosis, which occurs subsequent to influenza virus infection, little information is available regarding cell cytotoxicity of human strains. | 2004 | 15364270 |
| influenza-associated hospitalizations in the united states. | respiratory viral infections are responsible for a large number of hospitalizations in the united states each year. | 2004 | 15367555 |
| [emergence of new viruses in asia: is climate change involved?]. | tropical africa is not the only area where deadly viruses have recently emerged. in south-east asia severe epidemics of dengue hemorrhagic fever started in 1954 and flu pandemics have originated from china such as the asian flu (h2n2) in 1957, the hong-kong flu (h3n2) in 1968, and the russian flu (h1n1) in 1977. however, it is especially during the last ten years that very dangerous viruses for mankind have repeatedly developed in asia, with the occurrence of alkhurma hemorrhagic fever in saudi ... | 2004 | 15620053 |
| [safety and immunogenicity of split vaccines of influenza viruses]. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of influenza split vaccine. | 2004 | 15640848 |
| [application of fluorescent real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in detecting influenza viruses]. | to apply fluorescent real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in detecting influenza viruses. | 2004 | 15640871 |
| h3n2 influenza virus transmission from swine to turkeys, united states. | in 1998, a novel h3n2 reassortant virus emerged in the united states swine population. we report the interspecies transmission of this virus to turkeys in two geographically distant farms in the united states in 2003. this event is of concern, considering the reassortment capacity of this virus and the susceptibility of turkey to infection by avian influenza viruses. two h3n2 isolates, a/turkey/nc/16108/03 and a/turkey/mn/764/03, had 98.0% to 99.9% nucleotide sequence identity to each other in a ... | 2004 | 15663853 |
| antibodies to human-related h3 influenza a virus in baikal seals (phoca sibirica) and ringed seals (phoca hispida) in russia. | antibodies to influenza a virus were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in the sera from two of seven baikal seals (phoca sibrica) and from five of six ringed seals (phoca hispida) in russia. in a hemagglutination-inhibition test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses, elisa-positive sera from one baikal seal and four ringed seals reacted to a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/bangkok/1/79 (h3n2) strains. one ringed seal serum sample reacted to a/seal/massachusetts/1/80 (h7n7). t ... | 2004 | 15557750 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor-rimantadine combinations exert additive and synergistic anti-influenza virus effects in mdck cells. | there is insufficient information about combination therapy with approved anti-influenza agents. we tested combinations that paired a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor (zanamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, or peramivir) with rimantadine against infection of mdck cells with h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes of influenza a virus and characterized their mode of interaction. when reduction of extracellular virus was analyzed by individual regression models and three-dimensional representations of the data, all three ... | 2004 | 15561867 |
| induction of interferon-inducible protein-10 and monokine induced by interferon-gamma from human endothelial cells infected with influenza a virus. | primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs) were infected with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) in order to determine the role of endothelial cells in mediating inflammation induced upon virus infection. structural proteins of the virus and mrna of the m2 protein were detected in the infected cells, indicating that virus infection had occurred in huvecs. the influenza a virus-infected huvecs showed elevated levels of gene expression of interferon (ifn)-inducible protein (ip)-10 an ... | 2004 | 14689273 |
| influence of antigenic drift on the intensity of influenza outbreaks: upper respiratory tract infections of military conscripts in finland. | a total of 102,600 upper respiratory infections (uri) were recorded among young military conscripts in the finnish defence forces during the study period from october 1991 to march 1994. this period covered three outbreaks caused by h3n2-subtype influenza a virus and one outbreak of influenza b. during the 1991/92 outbreak caused by a/beijing/353/89-like virus, the calculated influenza a incidence was 2,206/10,000 men. during the 1992/93 outbreak when influenza b was the predominant virus, a new ... | 2004 | 14695670 |
| direct and total effectiveness of the intranasal, live-attenuated, trivalent cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine against the 2000-2001 influenza a(h1n1) and b epidemic in healthy children. | the efficacy of the intranasal, live-attenuated, trivalent cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a(h3n2) and b infections in healthy persons is established, but its effectiveness against natural influenza a(h1n1) infection is unknown. | 2004 | 14706961 |
| evolutional analysis of human influenza a virus n2 neuraminidase genes based on the transition of the low-ph stability of sialidase activity. | the 1957 and 1968 human pandemic influenza a virus strains as well as duck viruses possess sialidase activity under low-ph conditions, but human h3n2 strains isolated after 1968 do not possess such activity. we investigated the transition of avian (duck)-like low-ph stability of sialidase activities with the evolution of n2 neuraminidase (na) genes in human influenza a virus strains. we found that the na genes of h3n2 viruses isolated from 1971 to 1982 had evolved from the side branches of na ge ... | 2004 | 14741372 |
| generation of high-yielding influenza a viruses in african green monkey kidney (vero) cells by reverse genetics. | influenza a viruses are the cause of annual epidemics of human disease with occasional outbreaks of pandemic proportions. the zoonotic nature of the disease and the vast viral reservoirs in the aquatic birds of the world mean that influenza will not easily be eradicated and that vaccines will continue to be needed. recent technological advances in reverse genetics methods and limitations of the conventional production of vaccines by using eggs have led to a push to develop cell-based strategies ... | 2004 | 14747549 |
| comparison of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with hemagglutination inhibition assay for serodiagnosis of swine influenza virus (h1n1) infection. | a commercial indirect swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was compared with the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assay by testing 72 samples from experimentally infected pigs and 780 field samples of undefined siv status. the hi assay was performed using siv isolates a/swine/ia/73 for h1n1 and a/swine/ia/8548-1/98 for h3n2. the elisa used an siv isolated in 1988. the results showed that hi and elisa detected an antibody in 11 and 6, respectively, of 72 seru ... | 2004 | 14974854 |
| transmission of h7n7 avian influenza a virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the netherlands. | an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza a virus subtype h7n7 started at the end of february, 2003, in commercial poultry farms in the netherlands. although the risk of transmission of these viruses to humans was initially thought to be low, an outbreak investigation was launched to assess the extent of transmission of influenza a virus subtype h7n7 from chickens to humans. | 2004 | 14987882 |
| design of n-acetyl-6-sulfo-beta-d-glucosaminide-based inhibitors of influenza virus sialidase. | biological activity of n-acetyl-6-sulfo-beta-d-glucosaminides (6-sulfo-glcnac 1) having a structural homology to n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac 2) and 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetylneuraminic acid (neu5ac2en 3) was examined in terms of inhibitory activity against influenza virus sialidase (influenza, a/memphis/1/71 h3n2). pnp 6-sulfo-glcnac 1a was proved to show substantial activity to inhibit the virus sialidase (ic(50)=2.8 mm), though p-nitrophenyl (pnp) glcnac without 6-sulfo group and pnp 6-s ... | 2004 | 15018909 |
| [evaluation of influenza vaccine vaxigrip in the combined immunization of conscripts during influenza seasons of 2002-2003]. | the immunization properties of the influenza vaccine vaxigrip, used in combination with vaccines against pneunococcal infection and hepatitis a (respectively, pneumo 23 and avaxim), were evaluated. in central russia in one of the units of the internal forces of the rf ministry of internal affairs 3 groups totaling 755 servicemen were formed, depending on the complex of the introduced vaccines. active medical observation and the registration of the complaints of the vaccinees at the postvaccinal ... | 2004 | 15024982 |
| evaluation of transmission of swine influenza type a subtype h1n2 virus in seropositive pigs. | to examine clinical signs, virus infection and shedding, and transmission of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n2 among seropositive pigs. | 2004 | 15027676 |
| changes in in vitro susceptibility of influenza a h3n2 viruses to a neuraminidase inhibitor drug during evolution in the human host. | influenza a h3n2 viruses isolated recently have characteristic receptor binding properties that may decrease susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitor drugs. a panel of clinical isolates and recombinant viruses generated by reverse genetics were characterized and tested for susceptibility to zanamivir. | 2004 | 15028666 |
| rapid detection and simultaneous subtype differentiation of influenza a viruses by real time pcr. | a real time rt-pcr, using the lightcycler, was developed and compared with rapid antigen enzyme immunoassay (ageia) and enhanced virus culture for rapid detection of influenza a viruses in stored and prospectively collected respiratory specimens. specific hybridization probes were used for simultaneous detection and differentiation between h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes. the sensitivity of the rt-pcr for influenza a h1n1 was 120 copies and h3n2 350 copies of in vitro transcribed rna. a specimen was cons ... | 2004 | 15041206 |
| antigenic and molecular analysis of influenza a (h3n2) virus strains isolated from a localised influenza outbreak in south africa in 2003. | a severe acute institutional influenza outbreak occurred in a police residential college in pretoria amongst new recruits and staff members at the end of may 2003. the outbreak was characterised by marked illness which affected a total of 648 students, 26 of whom were admitted to hospital. symptoms included pyrexia, severe headache, and myalgia. the attack rate per dormitory building ranged from 20 to 47%, with an overall attack rate of 34%. throat swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were ... | 2004 | 15042651 |
| cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine. | the recently licensed cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine (caiv-t, flumist, medimmune vaccines inc.) has the potential to enhance control of epidemic influenza. the intranasal vaccine has proven safety and efficacy. regulatory constraints and cost of caiv-t have hampered the introduction of the vaccine in the first year. unwarranted concern about possible transmission of the virus from vaccine recipients to immunocompromised patients limited use in healthcare personnel. the intense i ... | 2004 | 15056039 |
| detection of avian paramyxoviruses and influenza viruses amongst wild bird populations in victoria. | to isolate and characterise avian paramyxoviruses and other haemagglutinating viruses amongst victorian wild bird populations. | 2004 | 15088965 |
| structural and functional analysis of glycosylated cu/zn-superoxide dismutase from the fungal strain humicola lutea 103. | the fungal strain humicola lutea 103 produces a naturally glycosylated cu/zn-superoxide dismutase (cu/znsod) (hlsod). to improve its yield, the effect of increased concentration of cu2+ (from 1 to 750 microg/ml) on growth and enzyme biosynthesis was studied. the primary structure of this fungal enzyme has been determined by edman degradation of peptide fragments derived from proteolytic digest. a single chain of the protein, consisting of 152 amino acid residues, reveals a very high degree (74-8 ... | 2004 | 15094369 |
| [an analysis of the 2002-2003 influenza epidemic focusing on patients infected with types a and b in the same season sequentially]. | a total of 2,320 cases of influenza a (1,517 cases) and b (803 cases) in the 2002-2003 influenza season were analyzed. influenza infection was confirmed by a rapid diagnosis kit, based on the immunochromatography method, at 24 clinics in 18 of the 47 prefectures of japan. influenza a/h3n2 was reported between november 22 and april 12 (the median at january 21), and influenza b was reported between december 24 and april 20 (the median at february 16). the mean age of type b patients (16.7 years o ... | 2004 | 15103903 |
| influenza-induced tachypnea is prevented in immune cotton rats, but cannot be treated with an anti-inflammatory steroid or a neuraminidase inhibitor. | influenza viruses are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality during winter months. increased respiratory rate (tachypnea) is a sign of increasing lower respiratory disease during influenza infection and is frequently observed in hospitalized patients. we investigated this clinical sign in influenza virus-infected cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) and the efficacy of antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy in reducing symptomatic disease. cotton rats infected intranasally with a/wuhan ... | 2004 | 15110527 |
| use of the dna flow-thru chip, a three-dimensional biochip, for typing and subtyping of influenza viruses. | influenza a viruses, which are further subtyped on the basis of antigenic differences in external hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins, and influenza b viruses are prominent among the viral causes of respiratory diseases and can cause a wide spectrum of illness. each year these viruses are responsible for recurrent epidemics, frequently in association with genetic variation. there is a requirement for sensitive and rapid diagnostic techniques in order to improve both the diagnosis of in ... | 2004 | 15131186 |
| moderate exercise improves antibody response to influenza immunization in older adults. | influenza vaccine efficacy is reduced among adults over age 65 and a significant number of vaccinated elderly may remain susceptible to influenza virus infection. the effect of moderate exercise training on the immune response to influenza immunization was evaluated in this study. twenty-seven adults >or=age 64 were assigned to an exercise group (n= 14) or a control group (n = 13). the subjects exercised at 65-75% heart rate reserve (hrr), 25-30 min, 3 days per week, for 10 months. controls did ... | 2004 | 15149789 |
| comparison of a commercial h1n1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and hemagglutination inhibition test in detecting serum antibody against swine influenza viruses. | recently a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit for detecting antibody against h1n1 swine influenza virus (siv) has been made available to diagnosticians and veterinary practitioners. because the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test has been considered the standard test for siv serology, diagnostic performance of the new elisa was evaluated using positive (n = 60) and negative (n = 188) serum samples from young pigs with known status of siv infection and compared with that o ... | 2004 | 15152833 |
| influenza a viruses possessing type b hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: potential as vaccine components. | a licensed live attenuated influenza vaccine is available as a trivalent mixture of types a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b vaccine viruses. thus, interference among these viruses could restrict their replication, affecting vaccine efficacy. one approach to overcoming this potential problem is to use a chimeric virus possessing type b hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) in a type a vaccine virus background. we previously generated a type a virus possessing a chimeric ha in which the entire ectodomai ... | 2004 | 15158192 |
| differences in antibody responses of mice to intranasal or intraperitoneal immunization with influenza a virus and vaccination with subunit influenza vaccine. | two antigenically related but different influenza a virus strains of h3n2 subtype, a/dunedin/ 4/73 (h3n2) (dunedin) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) (mississippi), were used for intranasal (i.n.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization of mice and respective antibody responses were compared. in elisa, using purified influenza a virus as antigen, the highest titer of antiviral antibodies was observed after a repeated i.n. infection, in which the dunedin strain was followed by the mississippi strain ... | 2005 | 16402681 |
| [diagnostics of viral respiratory infections in hospitalized patients and ambulatory patients from sentinel program during 2004/05 season in poland]. | the aim of the study was to evaluate an impact of respiratory infections on the study population, type/subtype of influenza viruses circulating during 2004/05 season within the groups of hospitalised (n=35) and ambulatory patients (n=420) and to determine antigenic affinity of isolated viral strains. laboratory diagnostics of influenza a and b type, rsv, adenovirus and parainfluenzavirus (type 1, 2 and 3) was performed using direct immunofluorescence test (difa), virus isolation on mdck cell lin ... | 2005 | 16789521 |
| a non-living nasal influenza vaccine can induce major humoral and cellular immune responses in humans without the need for adjuvants. | twenty-eight healthy adult volunteers were immunized intranasally with an inactivated whole-virus influenza vaccine based on the strain a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), either in saline or mixed with formaldehyde-inactivated bordetella pertussis as a mucosal adjuvant, or in a thixotropic vehicle with mucoadhesive properties. after four doses, all groups of vaccinees developed significant igg- and iga-antibody responses, measured by elisa, in respectively serum and nasal secretions. none of the volu ... | 2005 | 17038826 |
| phase i, randomized, controlled trial to study the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a nasal, inactivated trivalent influenza virus vaccine in healthy adults. | we performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion, trivalent, nasal influenza vaccine using lipid/polysaccharide molecules as carriers. a total of 64 adults (mean age 29; range 19-69 years) were randomly allocated to receive a mixture of lipid/polysaccharide carrier molecules and 7.5, 15, or 30 microg hemagglutinin antigen of each of the three influenza strains (a/johannesburg/82/96 [h1n1], a/na ... | 2005 | 17038827 |
| immune response to influenza vaccine in healthy adults and the elderly: association with nutritional status. | the immune response and serum nutritional status of 153 elderly residents of nursing homes (mean age 84.4 years) and 95 health care workers (mean age 36.8 years) were assessed before and after immunization with trivalent split-virus influenza vaccine. postvaccination titers of hemagglutination inhibition (hai) antibody to a/h1n1 and b among the elderly were lower than those among workers, but the seroconversion rates (greater than or equal to a four-fold rise) for a/h1n1 and a/h3n2 were unexpect ... | 2005 | 15670881 |
| monoclonal antibodies versus reverse transcription-pcr for detection of respiratory viruses in a patient population with respiratory tract infections admitted to hospital. | in the winter season 2001-2002, 239 nasopharyngeal aspirate and 15 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 208 patients (135 pediatric and 73 adults, including 19 lung transplant recipients) admitted to hospital because of an acute respiratory tract infection were examined for rapid diagnosis of respiratory viruses by two diagnostic approaches: immunological, using specific monoclonal antibodies (mab); and molecular, using specific reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays. both methods detected influen ... | 2005 | 15602736 |
| incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. | adamantanes have been used to treat influenza a virus infections for many years. studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in asia. we sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in who's global influenza surve ... | 2005 | 16198766 |
| [sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus a]. | to study antiviral activity of arbidol in relation to various antigenic subtypes of influenza virus isolated from humans; efficacy of arbidol action in combination with adamantanic antiviral drugs, ribavirin and ribamidil on reproduction of influenza virus a (iva) in cell culture. | 2005 | 16206613 |
| influenza virus hemagglutinin (h3 subtype) requires palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic tail for assembly: m1 proteins of two subtypes differ in their ability to support assembly. | the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) transmembrane domain boundary region and the cytoplasmic tail contain three cysteines (residues 555, 562, and 565 for the h3 ha subtype) that are highly conserved among the 16 ha subtypes and which are each modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid. previous analysis of the role of these conserved cysteine residues led to differing data, suggesting either no role for ha palmitoylation or an important role for ha palmitoylation. to reexamine the r ... | 2005 | 16227287 |
| it's not about smoldering or neuraminidase: there were 2 variants of the a(h3n2) pandemic virus differing in internal genes. | 2005 | 16235189 | |
| [the rimantadine sensitivity spectrum in influenza a viruses circulating in the 2002-2004 epidemic seasons]. | a total of 200 influenza a virus strains were studied. among them there 32 strains of a(h1n1) and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2002-2003 epidemic season and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2003-2004 epidemic season. most rimantadine-sensitive strains whose infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were found to decrease by the drug given at a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. in terms of infectivity and hemagglutinating activity, the number of rimantadine-resistant strains of a (h1n1) was equal t ... | 2005 | 16250597 |
| [multiplex rt-pcr for the rapid detection of influenza virus types and subtypes]. | to establish a sensitive and specific multiplex rt-pcr(mrt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types and subtypes. | 2005 | 16261209 |
| [the influenza season 2004/'05 in the netherlands with the largest epidemic of the last 5 years caused by the virus variant a/california and the composition of the vaccine for the season 2005/'06]. | in the netherlands, the influenza epidemic of the 2004/'05 season started late. the background value of 3 cases of an influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants per week was exceeded from week 1 until week 14 of 2005. the magnitude of the epidemic was the largest of the last 5 years, namely 104 per 10,000 inhabitants. as usual, the epidemic was caused mainly by influenza-a viruses of subtype h3n2 and to a lesser degree by a/h1n1 and b viruses. the h3n2-virus isolates belonged to the newly eme ... | 2005 | 16261717 |
| avian influenza viruses in korean live poultry markets and their pathogenic potential. | we surveyed live-poultry markets in korea in 2003 and isolated 9 h9n2, 6 h3n2, and 1 h6n1 influenza viruses. antigenic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all 9 h9n2 isolates were of a/chicken/korea/25232-96006/96-like lineage (which caused disease in chickens in korea in 1996) but were different from h9n2 viruses of southeastern china. they had at least 4 genotypes and replicated in chickens but not in mice. the h3n2 and h6n1 viruses were new to korea and were probably reassortants of avian i ... | 2005 | 15680418 |
| impact of influenza vaccination on seasonal mortality in the us elderly population. | observational studies report that influenza vaccination reduces winter mortality risk from any cause by 50% among the elderly. influenza vaccination coverage among elderly persons (> or =65 years) in the united states increased from between 15% and 20% before 1980 to 65% in 2001. unexpectedly, estimates of influenza-related mortality in this age group also increased during this period. we tried to reconcile these conflicting findings by adjusting excess mortality estimates for aging and increase ... | 2005 | 15710788 |
| summer outbreak of respiratory disease in an australian prison due to an influenza a/fujian/411/2002(h3n2)-like virus. | an outbreak of influenza a occurred in a prison system in new south wales, australia in january 2003 during the southern hemisphere summer. this report documents only the third confirmed outbreak of influenza in a prison environment. the outbreak investigation included case ascertainment, state-wide surveillance, a case-control study and interventions to limit the outbreak such as infection control, quarantine, cohorting of cases, and the use of antiviral medication for prophylaxis. a total of 3 ... | 2005 | 15724717 |
| a prototype prophylactic anti-influenza preparation in aerosol form on the basis of abies sibirica polyprenols. | this research investigates a promising antiviral compound based on polyprenols from siberian silver fir (abies sibirica). the physico-chemical characteristics of a preparation developed in aerosol form and an estimation of its protective efficacy against aerosol challenge of laboratory animals are presented. it is shown that (1) by using a simple ultrasonic disperser one can obtain aerosol of three formulations studied with about 70% of its mass accumulated in the size range below 1.8 microm; (2 ... | 2005 | 15741774 |
| consequences of immunodominant epitope deletion for minor influenza virus-specific cd8+-t-cell responses. | the extent to which cd8+ t cells specific for other antigens expand to compensate for the mutational loss of the prominent dbnp366 and dbpa224 epitopes has been investigated using h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses modified by reverse genetics. significantly increased numbers of cd8+ kbpb1(703)+, cd8+ kbns2(114)+, and cd8+ dbpb1-f2(62)+ t cells were found in the spleen and in the inflammatory population recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage from mice that were first given the -np-pa h1n1 virus intr ... | 2005 | 15767433 |
| a plant polyphenol-rich extract restores the suppressed functions of phagocytes in influenza virus-infected mice. | influenza infection was induced in white icr mice by intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the number, migration and phagocyte indices of alveolar and peritoneal macrophages (pmø) and of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmns), as well as the inhibition of the pmn adherence in the presence of a specific antigen were followed for 9 days after infection. the effect of the i.n. application of a polyphenol-rich extract, designated as polyphenolic complex (pc), isolated fr ... | 2005 | 15780977 |
| cranberry juice constituents affect influenza virus adhesion and infectivity. | cranberry juice contains high molecular weight materials (ndm) that inhibit bacterial adhesion to host cells as well as the co-aggregation of many oral bacteria. because of its broad-spectrum activity, we investigated ndm's potential for inhibiting influenza virus adhesion to cells, and subsequent infectivity. hemagglutination (ha) of red blood cells (rbc) caused by representatives of both influenza virus a subtypes (h1n1)and h3n2) and the b type was inhibited by ndm at concentrations of 125 mic ... | 2005 | 15781126 |
| postreassortment changes in a model system: ha-na adjustment in an h3n2 avian-human reassortant influenza virus. | in our previous studies we described the postreassortment changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) of h2n1, h3n1, h4n1 and h13n1 influenza a virus reassortants with has derived from avian viruses and low-functional neuraminidase (na) of a human parent virus a/ussr/90/77 (h1n1). the changes involved amino acid substitutions that increased the negative local charge in the vicinity of the receptor-binding pocket and decreased the affinity of ha to sialic acid receptors. in the present report we describe t ... | 2005 | 15789269 |
| virus-like particle (vlp) vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge. | we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1) and m2, or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 and ha) foll ... | 2005 | 15802970 |
| influenza a virus-induced apoptosis is a multifactorial process: exploiting reverse genetics to elucidate the role of influenza a virus proteins in virus-induced apoptosis. | three influenza viruses, a/puerto rico/8/34-a/england/939/69 clone 7a (h3n2), a/fiji/15899/83 (h1n1), and a/victoria/3/75 (h3n2), induce different levels of apoptosis in vitro at equal moi; clone 7a > a/victoria > a/fiji. previous studies have shown that several viral proteins from clone 7a and a/fiji, including pb2, na, ns1, m1, and m2, induce apoptosis when expressed individually fused to the herpes simplex virus tegument protein, vp22. however, this did not reflect viral protein-protein-rna i ... | 2005 | 15840519 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| purification and characterization of a soluble recombinant human st6gal i functionally expressed in escherichia coli. | a soluble and active form of recombinant human st6gal i was expressed in escherichia coli. the gene encoding the soluble form of st6gal i lacking the membrane and cytosolic regions was introduced into a bacterial expression vector, pmal-p2x, fused in frame with a maltose-binding protein (mbp) tag. low-temperature cultivation at 13 degrees c during iptg-induction significantly improved both solubility and mbp-tagging of the recombinant enzyme expressed in bacteria. the supernatant prepared by dis ... | 2005 | 15864429 |
| two residues in the hemagglutinin of a/fujian/411/02-like influenza viruses are responsible for antigenic drift from a/panama/2007/99. | the h3n2 vaccine strain (a/panama/2007/99) for the 2003-2004 influenza season did not antigenically match the circulating a/fujian/411/02-like h3n2 viruses and had reduced effectiveness against influenza outbreaks. a/wyoming/03/2003, an a/fujian-like virus, was recommended as the vaccine strain for the 2004-2005 season. a/wyoming differed from a/panama by 16 amino acids in the ha1 molecule. reverse genetics was used to determine the minimal amino acid changes that were responsible for the antige ... | 2005 | 15866076 |
| arginine supplementation enhances mitogen-induced splenocyte proliferation but does not affect in vivo indicators of antigen-specific immunity in mice. | arginine is a conditionally essential amino acid with many physiologic roles. its role in immune function has been one of major focus with conflicting results. early in vitro immune studies demonstrated increased mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation with dietary arginine supplementation; however, not all studies confirmed this effect. even less is known about the effect of arginine supplementation on in vivo immune responses. to test whether arginine supplementation enhances in vivo indicato ... | 2005 | 15867295 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the 2003-2004 season. | the 2003-2004 influenza season in europe was dominated by the spread of the new drift variant a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2)-like virus which was not perfectly matched with the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine. sporadic cases of this virus were detected in europe at the end of the 2002-2003 season and influenza activity associated with this virus began relatively early during the 2003-2004 season. generally, influenza activity first occurred in the west of europe (ireland, the united kingdom ... | 2005 | 15879646 |
| [immunogenicity and safety of the influenza vaccine, in a population older than 55-years in mexico]. | to confirm the immunogenicity and tolerance of the inactivated, fractionated, and purified influenza vaccine, in a mexican adult population aged 55 and older, medically served at a petróleos mexicanos hospital (pemex, mexican oil company). | 2005 | 15889641 |
| improvement of influenza a/fujian/411/02 (h3n2) virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs by balancing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, using reverse genetics. | the h3n2 influenza a/fujian/411/02-like virus strains that circulated during the 2003-2004 influenza season caused influenza epidemics. most of the a/fujian/411/02 virus lineages did not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated originally by cell culture. the molecular basis for the poor replication of a/fujian/411/02 virus was examined in this study by the reverse genetics technology. two antigenically related strains that replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs, a/ ... | 2005 | 15890915 |
| an influenza a(h3) reassortant was epidemic in australia and new zealand in 2003. | during 2003, australia and new zealand experienced substantial outbreaks of influenza. the strain responsible was an a(h3n2) influenza virus described as a/fujian/411/2002-like, which had circulated as a minor variant in the previous northern hemisphere (nh) winter, mainly in korea and japan. early in the year the isolates were very similar to those that had been previously isolated in the nh, however, a reassortant strain emerged early in the new zealand winter, followed by the appearance of si ... | 2005 | 15902711 |
| sensitivity of diagnostic tests for influenza varies with the circulating strains. | effective strategies to combat the spread of influenza viruses rely on accurate diagnosis of the infection, which is greatly affected by the sensitivity of the assays used. | 2005 | 15911434 |
| divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza a h1n1 and a h1n2 subtypes isolated in the south-france since the winter of 2001-2002. | influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (h1 to h15) and neuraminidase (n1 to n9) glycoproteins. of these, three a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 circulate in the human population. influenza a viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization. | 2005 | 15911445 |
| [antigenic and genetic study of hemagglutinin gene of influenza virus (h3n2) circulated in china in 2004]. | to study the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza (h3n2) virus circulated in china in 2004. | 2005 | 16415996 |
| molecular evolution of human influenza a/h3n2 virus in asia and europe from 2001 to 2003. | hemagglutinin sequences of 146 human influenza a/h3n2 strains identified in respiratory specimens from asia and europe during the 2001-2003 influenza seasons were analyzed by dna sequencing. our results suggest that four amino acid substitutions, l25i, h75q, h155t, and q156h, led to the antigenic conversion of the previously predominant a/panama/2007/99-like strains to the more recent a/fujian/411/2002-like strains. | 2005 | 16333111 |
| evaluation of a recombinant human adenovirus-5 vaccine administered via needle-free device and intramuscular injection for vaccination of pigs against swine influenza virus. | to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a human adenovirus-5 vaccine for protecting weaned pigs against swine influenza virus subtype h3n2 infection when administered via 2 injection methods. | 2005 | 16334954 |
| [evaluation on the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine]. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine. | 2005 | 16335001 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus morbidity among 0-19 aged group in yunus emre health center. | the objective of the study was to determine the morbidity of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the 0-19 years of age group with influenza-like illness among the outpatient cases. from 20 january to 31 march 2003 a total of 123 subjects with upper respiratory tract infection attended yunus emre health center. ninety-one subjects fit the case definition of influenza-like illness, which consisted of acute fever of more than 38 degrees c, cough, and sore throat. after obta ... | 2005 | 16363339 |
| preparing for the next influenza pandemic: lessons from multinational data. | in the past decade, avian influenza has made several incursions of increasing scope and virulence into humans. the likelihood of another pandemic is increasing with time. in work recently published, influenza was found to be the principal cause of the increase in mortality in the united states during the winter months. in a companion report, the u.s. national vaccination program was shown to have increased coverage of high risk groups 5-fold from 1980 to 1999, but excess mortality did not declin ... | 2005 | 16378051 |
| [a study on the influenza surveillance program in tianjin, 2004]. | to explore the trend of influenza epidemics, predominate strains of the virus in tianjin city and to analyze the economic impact of vaccine-based interventions for the prevention and control of influenza. | 2005 | 16676603 |
| characterization of different strains of poliovirus and influenza virus by differential scanning calorimetry. | vaccines against poliomyelitis and influenza contain inactivated forms of poliovirus and influenza virus. these antigens are generated on an industrial scale from the purified active viruses that have been analysed in this study by dsc (differential scanning calorimetry). multiple unfolding transitions are seen for influenza virus a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) and b/shangdong/7/97. these data, combined with previously reported data on other influenza viruses, indicates th ... | 2005 | 15377284 |
| protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal administration of hemagglutinin vaccine with chitin microparticles as an adjuvant. | chitin in the form of microparticles (chitin microparticles, cmp) has been demonstrated to be a potent stimulator of macrophages, promoting t-helper-1 (th1) activation and cytokine response. in order to examine the mucosal adjuvant effect of cmp co-administered with influenza hemagglutinin (ha) vaccine against influenza infection, cmp were intranasally co-administered with influenza ha vaccine prepared from pr8 (h1n1) virus. inoculation of the vaccine with cmp induced primary and secondary anti- ... | 2005 | 15543590 |
| mismatched hemagglutinin and neuraminidase specificities in recent human h3n2 influenza viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses initiates infection by binding to sialic acid on the cell surface via alpha2,6 (human) or alpha2,3 (avian) linkage. the influenza neuraminidase (na) can cleave both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, but all influenza nas have a marked preference for the non-human alpha2,3 linkage. recent h3n2 influenza viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells. to determine if changes in ha specificity or affinity correlate with na ... | 2005 | 15950996 |
| respiratory vaccination of mice against influenza virus: dissection of t- and b-cell priming functions. | we find that a single respiratory administration of replicationally inactivated influenza a viral particles most often elicits a waning serum antibody response, as the long-sustained bone marrow antiviral plasma cell populations characteristically induced by viral infection are lacking, though antiviral plasma cells at other sites may occasionally persist for a long time. to determine whether this alteration in the pattern of the b-cell response is a reflection of the nature of t-helper (th) pri ... | 2005 | 15953188 |
| multinational impact of the 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic: evidence for a smoldering pandemic. | the first pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the united states, but it was the second pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in england. we further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period. | 2005 | 15962218 |
| the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among thai elderly persons living in the community. | to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the thai elderly living in an urban community. | 2005 | 15962680 |
| estimation of the neuraminidase content of influenza viruses and split-product vaccines by immunochromatography. | the neuraminidase (na) of the influenza virus, as well as the hemagglutinin, is the most important protective components in the vaccine. however, the na content of the vaccine remains to be standardized because of the labile nature of this glycoprotein during various chemical treatments and storage. in the present study, the na content of the split-product (sp) vaccine (virus treated with ether then formalin) was estimated together with that of the virus by an immunochoromatography technique usi ... | 2005 | 15964668 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2004. | influenza activity during the traditional victorian influenza season from may to october 2004 was low with no well-defined peak. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notification with laboratory confirmation, locum service ili notification and laboratory reporting of influenza detections. eight hundred and fifteen consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices and 216 consultations for ili were reported from the locum service. the averag ... | 2005 | 15966678 |
| immunization against influenza a virus: comparison of conventional inactivated, live-attenuated and recombinant baculovirus produced purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase vaccines in a murine model system. | to simulate the 2003-2004 influenza season and compare available vaccination methods, immunologically naive mice were immunized with: influenza a virus hemagglutinin (rha) and neuraminidase (rna) from a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 or a/fujian/411/2002 h3n2 expressed by recombinant baculovirus, chromatographically purified, either as single antigens (rha or rna) or in combination (rharna); conventional inactivated monovalent (civ) vaccines from each heterotypic strain; or a live-attenuated influenza (lav ... | 2005 | 15996702 |
| clinical experience with inactivated, virosomal influenza vaccine. | current available influenza vaccines are safe and effective in preventing influenza. nevertheless, there is a need for influenza vaccines with improved efficacy in the elderly. this need is underscored by both the observation that influenza has a major clinical and economic impact in the elderly and the fact that currently available vaccines are generally less effective in elderly than in younger subjects. several approaches are currently being pursued in order to improve the efficacy of influen ... | 2005 | 16005120 |
| influenza-related hospitalisations among children aged less than 5 years old in the basque country, spain: a 3-year study (july 2001-june 2004). | this population-based study evaluated the incidence of virologically confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation in children aged <5 years between july 2001 and june 2004 in a region of southern europe. forty-nine children with influenza virus infection were hospitalised. the annual hospitalisation rates per 1000 inhabitants for each period were 5.1, 0 and 7.3 for infants aged less than 6 months, 0.9, 0.2 and 0.9 for children aged 6-23 months, and 0.7, 0.1 and 0.8 for those aged 24-59 months. mo ... | 2005 | 16005741 |
| effect of quercetin supplementation on lung antioxidants after experimental influenza virus infection. | in the mice, instillation of influenza virus a/udorn/317/72(h3n2) intranasally resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. there was a decrease in vitamin e level also. these effects were observed on the 5th day after viral instillation. oral supplementation with quercetin simultaneous with viral instillation produced significant increases in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and super ... | 2005 | 16019982 |
| whole-genome analysis of human influenza a virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent h3n2 viruses. | understanding the evolution of influenza a viruses in humans is important for surveillance and vaccine strain selection. we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 156 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1999 and 2004 from new york state, united states, and observed multiple co-circulating clades with different population frequencies. strikingly, phylogenies inferred for individual gene segments revealed that multiple reassortment events had occurred among these cla ... | 2005 | 16026181 |
| virus-like particle vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge. | we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1), and matrix 2 (m2), or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 ... | 2005 | 16035948 |
| cross-reactive protection against influenza a virus by a topically applied dna vaccine encoding m gene with adjuvant. | the skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. in this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a dna vaccine encoding influenza m protein with adjuvant. the immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus a: a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2). this adjuvanated and topically applied dna vaccine effici ... | 2005 | 16035949 |
| influenza activity among the paediatric age group in chennai. | respiratory viral infections have a major impact on public health. acute respiratory infections largely caused by viruses, are the most common illnesses experienced by otherwise healthy adults and children. among the respiratory viruses, influenza viruses are known to cause outbreaks globally. information on the activity of influenza virus in our country is limited and none from chennai. the present study was carried out to isolate and identify the influenza virus serotypes causing acute respira ... | 2005 | 16037623 |
| p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent hyperinduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in response to avian influenza virus h5n1. | avian influenza a virus subtype h5n1 can infect humans to cause a severe viral pneumonia with mortality rates of more than 30%. the biological basis for this unusual disease severity is not fully understood. we previously demonstrated that in contrast to human influenza a virus subtypes including h1n1 or h3n2, the h5n1 virus associated with the "bird flu" outbreak in hong kong in 1997 (h5n1/97) hyperinduces proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), in primary ... | 2005 | 16051807 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates the 2004 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2004;53[no. rr-6]:1-40). the 2005 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) vaccination of persons with conditions leading to compromise of the respiratory system; 2) vaccination of health-c ... | 2005 | 16086456 |
| in vitro and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of viramidine. | viramidine, the 3-carboxamidine derivative of ribavirin, was effective against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) and b viruses in vitro, with the 50% effective concentration (ec50) ranging from 2 to 32 microg/ml. the mean 50% cytotoxic concentration (cc50) in the mdck cells used in these experiments was 760 microg/ml. ribavirin, run in parallel, had a similar antiviral spectrum, with ec50 values ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 microg/ml; the mean cc50 for ribavirin was 560 microg/ml. oral ... | 2005 | 16087250 |
| whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an igg2a response in balb/c mice. | the aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. balb/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) split or whole virus vaccine. the two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magni ... | 2005 | 16092921 |
| isolation and characterization of h3n2 influenza a virus from turkeys. | five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late january to early february 2004. tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and vero and mdck cells. virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodif ... | 2005 | 16094824 |