Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| prevalence of infectious diseases in bangladeshi women living adjacent to a truck stand: hiv/std/hepatitis/genital tract infections. | little is known about infection rates for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other diseases that can be transmitted sexually in bangladeshi women who may be at intermediate levels of risk--that is, women who are not commercial sex workers (csws) but whose sexual contacts may include men at high risk for std. this study examines hiv/hepatitis/std and other genital tract infections in women living near tejgaon truck stand in dhaka, bangladesh. | 2001 | 11588280 |
| structural basis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 protease inhibition by a monoclonal antibody. | since the demonstration that the protease of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv pr) is essential in the viral life cycle, this enzyme has become one of the primary targets for antiviral drug design. the murine monoclonal antibody 1696 (mab1696), produced by immunization with the hiv-1 protease, inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme of both the hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates with inhibition constants in the low nanomolar range. the antibody cross-reacts with peptides that include the n termi ... | 2001 | 11591344 |
| cd4-independent use of rhesus ccr5 by human immunodeficiency virus type 2 implicates an electrostatic interaction between the ccr5 n terminus and the gp120 c4 domain. | envelope glycoproteins (envs) of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are frequently able to use chemokine receptors, cxcr4 or ccr5, in the absence of cd4. however, while these envs are commonly dual-tropic, no isolate has been described to date that is cd4 independent on both cxcr4 and ccr5. in this report we show that a variant of hiv-2/nihz, termed hiv-2/vcp, previously shown to utilize cxcr4 without cd4, is also cd4 independent on rhesus (rh) ccr5, but requires cd4 to fuse with human ... | 2001 | 11602718 |
| genetic analyses of cis-acting sequences controlling expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coreceptor-ccr5 gene in rabbits and cxcr4 gene in monkeys. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus all use chemokine receptors (ccr5, cxcr4, and minor receptors) to gain entry into a susceptible cell and establish infection successfully by way of membrane fusion. many such chemokine receptors that can act as entry cofactors under in vitro conditions have been identified, but the roles of ccr5 and cxcr4 chemokine receptors in infection, tropism, and pathogenesis have been studied in greater detail. the promot ... | 2001 | 11694846 |
| anti-hiv effects of chloroquine: mechanisms of inhibition and spectrum of activity. | to investigate the mechanisms and spectrum of the anti-hiv activity of chloroquine. | 2001 | 11698694 |
| hepatitis b and c infections, human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted infections among women of childbearing age in côte d'ivoire, west africa. | few studies have been conducted in developing countries to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection and its association with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). we have screened for hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hcv markers 200 hiv-1-positive, 23 hiv-2-positive and 206 hiv-negative women attending gynaecology clinics in 1995/96 in abidjan, côte d'ivoire, a sample selected among 2198 consecutive consultants. taking into account the ... | 2001 | 11706657 |
| the major human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) packaging signal is present on all hiv-2 rna species: cotranslational rna encapsidation and limitation of gag protein confer specificity. | deletion of a region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) 5' leader rna reduces genomic rna encapsidation to about 5% that of wild-type virus with no defect in viral protein production but severely limits virus spread in jurkat t cells, indicating that this region contains a major cis-acting encapsidation signal, or psi (psi). being upstream of the major splice donor, it is present on all viral transcripts. we have shown that hiv-2 selects its genomic rna for encapsidation cotransl ... | 2001 | 11711596 |
| quantification of proviral load of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes a and b using real-time pcr. | we have developed and evaluated a new method to quantify human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) proviral dna based on lightcycler real-time pcr. the assay has a detection limit of 5 copies/10(5) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and is insensitive to hiv-2 strain variability: hiv-2 subtypes a and b are both recognized and quantified. the intra- and interassay coefficients of variation range from 16 to 40% for high provirus concentrations (5 x 10(5) copies) and from 41 to 39% for low ... | 2001 | 11724830 |
| inhibition of the integrases of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 by reverse transcriptases. | we present evidence that the integrases (ins) of hiv types 1 and 2 are inhibited in vitro by the reverse transcriptases (rts) of hiv-1, hiv-2 and murine leukaemia virus. both 3'-end processing and 3'-end joining (strand transfer) activities of in were affected by the rts. full inhibitions were accomplished with most rt and in combinations tested at around equimolar rt/in ratios. the disintegration activity of in was also inhibited by rts. neither dna synthesis nor the ribonuclease h (rnase h) do ... | 2002 | 11802785 |
| cellular injury associated with renal thrombotic microangiopathy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. | pigtailed macaques infected with a virulent human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) strain develop renal thrombotic microangiopathy (tma), which morphologically resembles aspects of human hiv-associated tma. apoptotic cell death of microvascular endothelial cells might be a pathogenetic clue to this disease. for defining further the pattern of cellular injury in this model, serial kidney sections of 58 macaques infected with hiv-2 and 7 uninfected controls were studied by routine microscopy, term ... | 2002 | 11805164 |
| chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and feline immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptases: role of the subunits in resistance/sensitivity to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. | non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) reverse transcriptase (rt) and do not inhibit hiv-2. given that the amino acids lining the nnrti-specific pocket of hiv-1 rt display higher similarity to the corresponding feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) rt amino acids than to hiv-2 rt, the susceptibility of fiv rt and chimeric hiv-1/fiv rts to nnrtis and the role of the p51 subunit in the inhibitory action of nnrtis were inv ... | 2002 | 11809865 |
| the enantiomers of carbocyclic 5'-norguanosine: activity towards epstein-barr virus. | (-)-5'-noraristeromycin (1) has shown antiviral activity towards, particularly cytomegalovirus, vaccinia virus and measles while its (+)-enantiomer (2) is effective towards hepatitis b virus. to determine if the antiviral characteristics of 1 and 2 extended to the guanine analogues (3 and 4), these enantiomers were prepared and evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and type 2 (hsv-2), cytomegalovirus (cmv), varicella zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), human herpes viru ... | 2002 | 11836094 |
| ccr5 or cxcr4 is required for efficient infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by promiscuous human immunodeficiency virus type 2 primary isolates. | primary human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolates are characterized by their ability to use a broad range of coreceptors, including ccr5, cxcr4, and several alternative coreceptors. however, the in vivo relevance of this in vitro promiscuity in coreceptor usage remains unclear. we set out to evaluate the relative importance of ccr5 and cxcr4 for infection of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). pbmc from donors homozygous for wild-type ccr5 (ccr5(+/+) or ccr5delta32 (c ... | 2002 | 11839153 |
| evaluation of a rapid test for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 in the setting of multiple transmitted viral subtypes. | rapid hiv testing is an appealing strategy in the approach to hiv diagnosis in developing countries. concern has been raised about the use of these tests in the setting of multiple transmitted hiv subtypes. we sought to compare the oraquick(tm) hiv-1/2 test, a qualitative immunochromatographic test for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 using stored sera, with a conventional enzyme immunoassay (eia)/western blot (wb) algorithm. the study design used was a blinded retrospective study. ... | 2002 | 11860693 |
| seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. | cytomegalovirus (cmv) is known to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following blood transfusion in children and immunocompromised adults. in india, it is not mandatory to screen donated blood for cmv in blood banks. very few studies have been conducted in india to estimate the seroprevalence of this infection in voluntary blood donors. this study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of cmv among voluntary blood donors in delhi, india. in this study, none of 200 donors tes ... | 2002 | 12659416 |
| anatomy and pathology of hiv-1 peptidase. | the peptidase of the hiv type 1 (hiv pr) is required for the replication of and further infection by the virus. a concerted effort has taken place in the past 15 years to understand the properties of this enzyme, as it serves as an excellent drug target for control of the virus. owing to drug pressure, many mutations arise during turnover of the virus and some of these lead to resistance to the effects of the inhibitors. recent advances in the understanding of the changes these mutations cause t ... | 2002 | 12463165 |
| immune responses in baboons vaccinated with hiv-2 genetic expression libraries. | immunization using genetic expression libraries may be an improvement over conventional dna immunization using a single gene because more epitopes are simultaneously presented to the immune system. in this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an hiv-2 vaccine made from a genomic expression library in baboons. we found that hiv-2 expression library immunization induced hiv-2-specific memory responses but low levels of cd8+ cell anti-viral responses and neutralizing antibodies. after intraveno ... | 2002 | 12519210 |
| prevalences of and risk factors for sexually transmitted diseases among japanese female commercial sex workers in middle- and high-class soaplands in japan. | a cross-sectional study among japanese female commercial sex workers (csws) working in soaplands (massage parlours with baths) was conducted between july 1999 and june 2000. the study subjects included 135 csws aged from 20 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to real name, working name, and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed prevalences of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisse ... | 2002 | 12537737 |
| [establishment of a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting total antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2]. | to describe and evaluate a double-antigen sandwich elisa for detecting human immunodeficiency virus type 1/2 (hiv-1/2) specific antibodies. | 2002 | 12665944 |
| nontemplated base addition by hiv-1 rt can induce nonspecific strand transfer in vitro. | after minus-strand strong-stop dna (-sssdna) synthesis, the rna template is degraded by the rnase h activity of reverse transcriptase (rt), generating a single-stranded dna. the genomes of some retroviruses contain sequences that could lead to self-priming of their minus signsssdna. self-priming was prevented by annealing a dna oligonucleotide to the 3' end of model dnas that corresponded to the 3' ends of the -sssdnas (-r ssdna) from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), type 2 (hiv-2), ... | 2002 | 11886271 |
| an estimate of the current risk of transmitting blood-borne infections through blood transfusion in italy. | we conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence of major blood-borne agents among italian blood donors and calculated the risk of infection among blood recipients using the 'incidence/window period model'. the study was conducted among 46 180 blood donors enrolled in six blood centres between 1994 and 1999. during follow-up, seven new infections were confirmed: three donors seroconverted for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv); two for anti-hepatitis c virus (hcv); and tw ... | 2002 | 11918558 |
| equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of cd4+ t cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1- and hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal, west africa. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is characterized by slower disease progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome than results from hiv-1 infection. to better understand the biological factors underlying the different natural histories of infection with these 2 retroviruses, we examined the relationship between hiv rna and dna levels and the rate of cd4(+) t cell decline among 472 hiv-1- and 114 hiv-2-infected individuals from senegal. the annual rate of cd4(+) t cell decl ... | 2002 | 11920314 |
| rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus: hospital-based evaluation. | the performance of a rapid particle agglutination test for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) (capillus hiv type 1 [hiv-1]/hiv-2) on hospital samples is compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. the test had a sensitivity and specificity of 99 and 98.9%, respectively. in addition, the test was reactive on plasma samples from all individuals infected with hiv-1 subtype c. this test can safely be used for voluntary counseling and testing in india. | 2002 | 11923395 |
| specific incorporation of heat shock protein 70 family members into primate lentiviral virions. | to determine if any heat shock proteins are incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions in a manner similar to that of the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin a, we probed purified virions with antibodies against heat shock proteins hsp27, hsp40, hsp60, hsp70, hsc70, and hsp90. of these proteins, hsp60, hsp70, and hsc70 associated with virions purified based on either particle density or size and were shown to be incorporated within the virion membrane, where they wer ... | 2002 | 11932435 |
| hiv-1 vif-derived peptide inhibits drug-resistant hiv proteases. | vif, one of the six accessory genes expressed by hiv-1, is essential for the productive infection of natural target cells. previously we suggested that vif acts as a regulator of the viral protease (pr): it prevents the autoprocessing of gag and gag-pol precursors until virus assembly, and it may control the pr activity in the preintegration complex at the early stage of infection. it was demonstrated before that vif, and specifically the 98 amino acid stretch residing at the n'-terminal part of ... | 2002 | 11944889 |
| toxic epidermal necrolysis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2. | 2002 | 11952307 | |
| 6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)alkoxy]pyrimidines with antiviral activity. | 6-hydroxypyrimidines substituted at positions 2 and 4 by hydrogen, methyl, amino, cyclopropylamino, dimethylamino, methylsulfanyl, or hydroxyl group afford by the reaction with diisopropyl 2-(chloroethoxy)methylphosphonate in the presence of nah, cs(2)co(3), or dbu a mixture of n(1)- and o(6)-[2-(diisopropylphosphorylmethoxy)ethyl] isomers which were converted to the free phosphonic acids by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis. analogously, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine ... | 2002 | 11960502 |
| differential dependence of the infectivity of hiv-1 group o isolates on the cellular protein cyclophilin a. | the cellular protein cyclophilin a (cyp a) is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles through a specific interaction with the capsid domain of the gag polyprotein. inhibition of cyp a incorporation by mutagenesis or cyclosporin treatment severely affects infectivity of all hiv-1 m subtypes tested. in contrast, the closely related lentiviruses hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not package cyp a and are not inhibited by cyclosporin. for the hiv-1 group o ... | 2002 | 12009870 |
| constitutive and induced expression of dc-sign on dendritic cell and macrophage subpopulations in situ and in vitro. | dc-sign is a c-type lectin, highly expressed on the surface of immature dendritic cells (dcs), that mediates efficient infection of t cells in trans by its ability to bind hiv-1, hiv-2, and siv. in addition, the ability of dc-sign to bind adhesion molecules on surfaces of naïve t cells and endothelium also suggests its involvement in t-cell activation and dc trafficking. to gain further insights into the range of expression and potential functions of dc-sign, we performed a detailed analysis of ... | 2002 | 11867682 |
| in vitro evidence for a long range pseudoknot in the 5'-untranslated and matrix coding regions of hiv-1 genomic rna. | the 5'-untranslated leader region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) rna contains multiple signals that control distinct steps of the viral replication cycle such as transcription, reverse transcription, genomic rna dimerization, splicing, and packaging. it is likely that fine tuned coordinated regulation of these functions is achieved through specific rna-protein and rna-rna interactions. in a search for cis-acting elements important for the tertiary structure of the 5'-untranslated ... | 2002 | 11744696 |
| envelope glycoprotein cytoplasmic domains from diverse lentiviruses interact with the prenylated rab acceptor. | lentivirus envelope glycoproteins have unusually long cytoplasmic domains compared to those of other retroviruses. to identify cellular binding partners of the simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope transmembrane protein (gp41) cytoplasmic domain (cd), we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen of a phytohemagglutinin-activated human t-cell cdna library with the siv gp41 cd. the majority of positive clones (50 of 54) encoded the prenylated rab acceptor (pra1). pra1 is a 21-kda protein associat ... | 2002 | 11739697 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2. | 2002 | 12029140 | |
| multicenter evaluation of a new automated fourth-generation human immunodeficiency virus screening assay with a sensitive antigen detection module and high specificity. | fourth-generation assays for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen and antibody that were available on the international market until now have antigen detection modules with relatively poor sensitivity and produce a higher rate of false-positive results than third-generation enzyme immunoassays (eias). the new cobas core hiv combi eia with an improved sensitivity for hiv p24 antigen was compared to alternative fourth- and third-generation assays, the p24 antige ... | 2002 | 12037046 |
| acute ethanol administration downregulates human immunodeficiency virus-1 glycoprotein 120-induced kc and rantes production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. | glycoprotein 120 from hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv is known to stimulate secretion of chemokines by mononuclear cells. thus, this work tests the hypothesis that acute ethanol intoxication suppresses hiv-1 gp120-induced chemokine production by murine kupffer cells and splenocytes. male balb/c mice were given ethanol (1.70 g/kg) by intragastric gavage in 0.1 ml volume of saline. five minutes after ethanol administration, mice received an intravenous injection of hiv-1 gp120 (5 microg/kg). after 24 hr, ser ... | 2002 | 12044837 |
| effects of l- and d-rekr amino acid-containing peptides on hiv and siv envelope glycoprotein precursor maturation and hiv and siv replication. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of synthetic l- and d-peptides encompassing the hiv-1(bru) gp160 rekr cleavage site to interfere with hiv and simian immuno-deficiency virus (siv) replication and maturation of the envelope glycoprotein (env) precursors. to facilitate their penetration into cells, a decanoyl (dec) group was added at the n-terminus. the sequences synthesized included dec5d or dec5l (decrekrv), dec9d or dec9l (decrvvqrekrv) and dec14d or dec14l (tkakrrvvqre ... | 2002 | 12071862 |
| purification and reactiongenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein expressed in pichia pastoris. | the purification of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 total external glycoprotein gp105 expressed in pichia pastoris was investigated. expression conditions were optimized by an orthogonal test. the results from tests of variance analyses showed that the most important parameter for efficient expression of total gp105 in p. pastoris is adequate aeration during methanol induction. the optimum induction conditions for gp105 expression were: more than 85% aeration, induction for 3 days, the initi ... | 2002 | 12088826 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. | in the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. as an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor ... | 2002 | 12127314 |
| new class of hiv integrase inhibitors that block viral replication in cell culture. | to improve the existing combination therapies of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and to cope with virus strains that are resistant to multiple drugs, we initiated a search for effective inhibitors of hiv integrase, the enzyme responsible for inserting the viral cdna into the host cell chromosome. | 2002 | 12176326 |
| inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration by diketo derivatives. | a series of diketo derivatives was found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase activity. only l-708,906 inhibited the replication of hiv-1(iii(b)) (50% effective concentration, 12 micro m), hiv-1 clinical strains, hiv-1 strains resistant to reverse transcriptase or fusion inhibitors, hiv-2 (rod strain) and simian immunodeficiency virus (mac(251)). the combinations of l-708,906 with zidovudine, nevirapine, or nelfinavir proved to be subsynergistic. in cell culture, addi ... | 2002 | 12234864 |
| requirements for rna heterodimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 genomes. | retroviruses are prone to recombination because they package two copies of the rna genome. whereas recombination is a frequent event within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 groups, no hiv-1/hiv-2 recombinants have been reported thus far. the possibility of forming hiv-1/hiv-2 rna heterodimers was studied in vitro. in both viruses, the dimer initiation site (dis) hairpin is used to form dimers, but these motifs appear too dissimilar to allow rna heterodimer formation. mul ... | 2002 | 12237437 |
| c-terminal gp40 peptide analogs inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus: cell fusion and virus spread. | the envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), gp160, is synthesized as a protein precursor that when proteolytically cleaved yields two subunits, gp120 and gp41. gp120 is the surface glycoprotein on hiv-1 responsible for binding to cd4, and gp41 is the transmembrane glycoprotein involved in the membrane fusion process. gp41 is divided into the n-terminal fusion peptide, the heptad repeat 1 (hr1) and hr2 regions, and the c-terminal transmembrane region, which are colle ... | 2002 | 12186891 |
| intravirion processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif protein by the viral protease may be correlated with vif function. | the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) vif protein is specifically packaged into virus particles through an interaction with viral genomic rna in which it associates with the viral nucleoprotein complex. we now demonstrate for the first time that virus-associated vif is subject to proteolytic processing by the viral protease (pr). pr-dependent processing of vif was observed both in vivo and in vitro. in vivo processing of vif was cell type independent and evident by the appearance of a ... | 2002 | 12186895 |
| blockade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression by caveolin-1. | caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a major protein constituent of caveolae, a type of plasma membrane raft. we observed that coexpression of human cav-1 with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) blocked virion production from cells that are ordinarily highly permissive. further investigation showed that this effect is specific, occurs at low ratios of cav-1 to hiv-1 dna, depends on expression of cav-1 protein, and involves severely impaired expression of hiv-1 proteins. cav-1 also blocked hiv-2 expres ... | 2002 | 12186899 |
| detection of simian immunodeficiency virus in diverse species and of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 by using consensus primers within the pol region. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans. primer pairs (inthiv-2/siv) based on a region of integrase that has considerable homology across hiv-2 and siv lineages were designed to develop a broadly cross-reactive molecular assay to detect lentivirus infection in primates. the inthiv-2/siv primers detect hiv-2 and simian viruses sivcpz, sivsmm, sivsyk, sivagm, and sivmnd. the ... | 2002 | 12202548 |
| enhancement of antibody responses to an hiv-2 dna envelope vaccine using an expression vector containing a constitutive transport element. | because immune responses to dna vaccines in humans remains suboptimal, strategies need to be devised to facilitate expression of the vaccine in vivo. one method to improve response to a dna vaccine is to construct plasmid vectors with leader sequences and post-transcriptional elements that facilitate export of transcribed rna. in this study, we sought to determine if a mammalian expression vector (pnd-14) containing a tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) leader sequence and a constitutive transpor ... | 2002 | 12215261 |
| cd4 t cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of hiv-1 and hiv-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. | the causal relationships among cd4 cell depletion, hiv replication, and immune activation are not well understood. hiv-2 infection, "nature's experiment" with inherently attenuated hiv disease, provides additional insights into this issue. we report the finding that in hiv-2 and hiv-1 patients with a comparable degree of cd4 depletion the imbalance in the relative sizes of the naive and memory t cell populations and the up-regulation of cd4 and cd8 cell activation markers (hla-dr, cd38, cd69, fa ... | 2002 | 12218162 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vector-mediated in vivo gene transfer into adult rabbit retina. | to evaluate the potential usefulness of hiv-2 viral vector in in vivo retinal gene therapy. | 2002 | 12221527 |
| low level viremia and high cd4% predict normal survival in a cohort of hiv type-2-infected villagers. | a community-based study of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection was conducted in a rural village in northern guinea bissau, west africa to assess the relationship between plasma hiv-2 rna levels, cd4 lymphocyte percentage, and survival over an 8-year period. the cohort of 133 hiv-2-infected individuals and 160 hiv-uninfected controls enrolled in 1991 were followed up at home until 1998. thirty-one (23%) hiv-2-infected and 24 (16%) hiv-uninfected individuals died over the follow- ... | 2002 | 12487822 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription is stimulated by tat from other lentiviruses. | the tat gene is required by hiv-1 for efficient reverse transcription and this function of tat can be distinguished from its role in transcription by rna polymerase ii using tat point mutations that abrogate each function independently. the mechanism of tat's role in reverse transcription, however, is not known, nor is it known whether this role is conserved among trans-activating factors in other retroviruses. here we examine the abilities of heterologous viral trans-activating proteins from je ... | 2002 | 12350353 |
| associations between mhc class i and susceptibility to hiv-2 disease progression. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) progression to disease is significantly slower than that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). genetic determinants for susceptibility to disease progression were hypothesized to play a more significant role in this infection compared with hiv-1. we sought to identify common human lymphocyte antigen (hla) alleles in the senegalese population and to compare hla profiles between hiv-2-infected individuals with low and high risk for disease prog ... | 2002 | 12352262 |
| plasma rna viral load in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtype a and subtype b infections. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is much less pathogenic than hiv-1, and hiv-2 infection is associated with plasma viral loads significantly lower than those found in hiv-1 infection. we have developed a real-time quantitative pcr method for measuring the hiv-2 rna load that covers the range of genetic diversity of hiv-2 isolates and that detects extremely low viral loads. samples from 49 patients were studied. proviral dna was first detected and quantified. the strains that were dete ... | 2002 | 12354861 |
| [selectivity of the reverse transcriptase inhibitors toward types 1 and 2 of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)]. | two novel series of acyclonucleosides active as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrti) against the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been synthesized. structural modifications, inverting the selectivity of classical nnrti, considerably more active against hiv-1 than hiv-2, are reported. in these series, an increase in anti-hiv-2 activity is correlated with an increase of the cytotoxicity of these new molecules. | 2002 | 12378149 |
| how to reach clients of female sex workers: a survey by surprise in brothels in dakar, senegal. | to describe the sampling techniques and survey procedures used in identifying male clients who frequent brothels to buy sexual services from female sex workers in dakar, senegal, with the aim of measuring the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and investigating related risk behaviours. | 2002 | 12378288 |
| low prevalence of hepatitis c virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia. | the prevalence of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection in the population of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (hiv-1)-infected individuals from slovenia and croatia was determined. one hundred and sixty-six out of a total of 188 slovenian hiv-1-infected individuals and 120 subjects who were randomly chosen out of a total 342 croatian hiv-1 antibodies-positive individuals were tested for hcv infection. detection of hcv antibodies was carried out by a third generation enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) a ... | 2002 | 12387500 |
| tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2, interacts specifically with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag polyprotein and results in increased levels of ubiquitinated gag. | the final stages of budding and release of a retroviral particle from the cell require the late (l) domain of gag. recently, ubiquitin and ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in the late stages of retroviral budding. in a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that interact with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified tsg101, an inactive homologue of ubiquitin ligase e2. tsg101 and hiv-2 gag interact specifically in vi ... | 2002 | 12388682 |
| ccr5 and hiv infection. | chemokines and chemokine receptors play a crucial role in the trafficking of leukocyte populations across the body, and are involved in the development of a large variety of human diseases. ccr5 is the main coreceptor used by macrophage (m)-tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2, which are responsible for viral transmission. ccr5 therefore plays an essential role in hiv pathogenesis. a number of inflammatory cc-chemokines, including mip-1 alpha, mip-1 beta, rante ... | 2002 | 12402506 |
| hiv association with conventional stds (sexual transmitted diseases) in lagos state, nigeria. | the study examined a possible association between hiv infection and conventional sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in a population of 700 patients seen in some hospitals and clinics in lagos state between november 1997 and december 1999. the patients were drawn mainly from luth and jolad hospitals in lagos state. in these hospitals, patients who presented with symptoms of stds were screened clinically and microbiologically for agents of stds and hiv antibodies. screening was carried out using ... | 2002 | 12403041 |
| infection with retroviruses other than hiv-1 in spain: a retrospective analysis for hiv-2, htlv-i, and/or htlv-ii. | hiv-2, human t-cell lymphotropic virus (htlv)-i, and htlv-ii infections are currently circulating in spain with no evidence of an increase in the number of reported cases over time. up to june 2002, a total of 106, 53, and 460 cases of hiv-2, htlv-i, and htlv-ii infection, respectively, have been identified in spain. most hiv-2-infected and htlv-i-infected individuals are immigrants who come from endemic areas or are spaniards with a past history of travel to or sexual contacts with persons orig ... | 2002 | 12407489 |
| torch agents in pregnant saudi women. | to determine the seroprevalence rates of igg to common torch agents in pregnant saudi women using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2002 | 12424411 |
| the conserved process of tcr/cd3 complex down-modulation by siv nef is mediated by the central core, not endocytic motifs. | the nef protein of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) associates with multiple t lymphocyte signaling proteins, including the t cell receptor (tcr) zeta chain. we demonstrate here that these interactions are conserved and highly specific. nefs derived from genetically diverse strains of siv (siv(mac)239, siv(smm)pbj, and siv(smm)deltab670) all interacted with tcr zeta on two separate domains, referred to as siv nef interaction domains (snids), as examined in both yeast two-hybrid and glutathion ... | 2002 | 12429520 |
| evaluation and interventions to reduce errors in hiv-2 testing. | when patients are evaluated for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, the possibility of hiv type 2 (hiv-2) infection should be considered in individuals who may have acquired infection in west africa or from an individual from that area. a 45.6% error rate in hiv-2 test ordering was observed among patients at the cleveland clinic foundation, this was attributed in large part to the order entry screen, which may have confused ward clerks who were entering hiv testing ordered by clinician ... | 2002 | 12432859 |
| polysulfonates derived from metal thiolate complexes as inhibitors of hiv-1 and various other enveloped viruses in vitro. | sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate reacts with the metal ions pd(ii), pt(ii), ag(i), cd(ii) and zn(ii) to yield complexes containing multiple anionic sulfonate sites. on the basis of spectroscopic and other analytical data the complexes were assigned the tentative molecular formulas: pd6(sch2ch2so3na)12, ptn(sch2ch2so3na)2n+2, agn(sch2ch2so3na)n, na2zn4(sch2ch2so3na)10, and na2cd4(sch2ch2so3na)10. the complexes displayed a variety of differences in activity towards dna and rna viruses. the platinu ... | 2002 | 12448691 |
| comparison of cis and trans tat gene expression in hiv ltr-based amplifier vectors. | the long terminal repeat (ltr) of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) drives highly efficient gene expression in the presence of the transactivator, tat. thus, tat-containing vectors may be very useful tools in gene therapy. however information about the optimal way of delivering the tat gene is limited. in this study, we compared the effects of cis and trans expressions of the tat gene and its effects on hiv ltr-driven gene expression in different cell lines using non-viral vectors. the huma ... | 2002 | 12449396 |
| evaluation of an indigenous western blot kit for human immunodeficiency virus. | the western blot test is considered a gold standard test for the confirmation of an elisa and/or rapid assay screened reactive sample in the diagnosis of hiv infection, especially in the low risk population. in this study, an indigenously developed hiv w. blot kit (j.mitra & co., new delhi, india) was compared for its performance characteristics with a widely used western blot kit, hiv blot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore). antigens of both hiv-1 and the indicator antigen gp36 of hiv-2 are included in ... | 2002 | 17657070 |
| identification of gp120 binding sites on cxcr4 by using cd4-independent human immunodeficiency virus type 2 env proteins. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian (siv) immunodeficiency virus entry is mediated by binding of the viral envelope glycoprotein (env) to cd4 and chemokine receptors, ccr5 and/or cxcr4. cd4 induces extensive conformational changes that expose and/or induce formation of a chemokine receptor binding site on gp120. cd4-independent env's of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and siv have been identified that exhibit exposed chemokine receptor binding sites and can bind directly to ccr5 or cxcr4 in ... | 2003 | 12502809 |
| actinomycin d induces high-level resistance to thymidine analogs in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by interfering with host cell thymidine kinase expression. | actinomycin d (actd) is a transcription inhibitor and has been used in the treatment of certain forms of cancer. actd has been reported to be a potential inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) replication due to its ability to inhibit reverse transcription. in contrast to what was expected, low concentrations of actd (1 to 10 nm) upregulated hiv-1 replication 8- to 10-fold in mt-2 cells and had no effect on hiv-2 replication or on hiv-1 replication in mt-4, jurkat, or periphera ... | 2003 | 12502817 |
| x-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of zinc in the n-terminal domain of hiv-2 integrase and model compounds. | x-ray absorption spectroscopy (xas), including extended x-ray absorption fine structure (exafs) and x-ray absorption near-edge structure (xanes) analysis, has been carried out at the zn k edge of the n-terminal part of the integrase protein of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 (hiv-2), and of some zinc coordination compounds. in the presence of excess beta-mercaptoethanol, which was present in the nmr structure elucidation of the protein [eijkelenboom et al. (1997), curr. biol. 7, 739-746 ... | 2003 | 12511797 |
| introduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection in the philippines. | the aim of this study was to describe and document the first case of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in the philippines by using serological and molecular techniques and to compare the diversity of this strain to that of strains from other countries. with the introduction of hiv-2 into the country and the presence of diversified strains of hiv-1, the use of highly sensitive assays to detect all these strains is recommended. | 2003 | 12517912 |
| characterization of a novel rna-binding region of eif4gi critical for ribosomal scanning. | the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4gi binds several proteins and acts as a scaffold to promote preinitiation complex formation on the mrna molecule (48s). following mrna attachment this complex scans along the messenger in a 5' to 3' direction until it locates and recognizes the initiation start codon. by using a combination of retroviral and picornaviral proteases (hiv-2 and l respectively) in the reticulocyte lysate system, we have characterized a 40 amino acid (aa) region of eif ... | 2003 | 12682023 |
| performance characteristics of the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and the opengene dna sequencing system. | the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and opengene dna sequencing system are designed to sequence the protease (pr)- and reverse transcriptase (rt)-coding regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) pol. studies were undertaken to determine the accuracy of this assay system in detecting resistance-associated mutations and to determine the effects of rna extraction methods, anticoagulants, specimen handling, and potentially interfering substances. samples were plasma obtained from hiv-infec ... | 2003 | 12682150 |
| susceptibility of hvs-immortalized lymphocytic hsc-f cells to various strains and mutants of hiv/siv. | susceptibility of hsc-f, a cynomolgus macaque cell line immortalized by herpesvirus saimiri, to infection with various primate immunodeficiency viruses were monitored. while nl432 clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) did not grow at all in hsc-f cells, gh123 and gl-an clones of hiv-2, and ma239 clone of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque monkeys (sivmac) did grow in these cells. in addition, nm-3 clone of a chimeric simian and human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) ... | 2003 | 12684704 |
| natural variation of the nef gene in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in portugal. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infections cause severe immunodeficiency in humans, although hiv-2 is associated frequently with reduced virulence and pathogenicity compared to hiv-1. genetic determinants that play a role in hiv pathogenesis are relatively poorly understood but nef has been implicated in inducing a more pathogenic phenotype in vivo. however, relatively little is known about the role of nef in hiv-2 pathogenesis. to address this, the genetic composition of 44 nef alle ... | 2003 | 12692296 |
| serum immunoglobulin a (iga)-mediated immunity in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection. | in the present study, we sought to define the importance of serum iga (siga)-mediated immunity in hiv-2 infection. serum samples from a total of 29 hiv-2-infected patients from guinea-bissau (n = 20) and portugal (n = 9) were studied. samples from seronegative individuals were used as controls. antibody reactivity to native and recombinant envelope glycoproteins as well as peptides representing various regions of the envelope glycoproteins was investigated. furthermore, the capacity of purified ... | 2003 | 12706073 |
| comparative in vitro effects of azt and extracts of ocimum gratissimum, ficus polita, clausena anisata, alchornea cordifolia, and elaeophorbia drupifera against hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. | the effects of ocimum gratissimum (ghx-2), ficus polita (ghx-6), clausena anisata (ghx-7), alchornea cordifolia (ghx-26), elaeophorbia drupifera (ghx-27), and azt on in vitro hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication and cytopathicity were compared. all plant extracts inhibited hiv-1 strain htlviii(b) cytopathicity, the leaves of ghx-2 and the seeds of ghx-26 having high antiviral indices (110 and 90, respectively). against hiv-2 strain gh1, the ec(50) values ranged from <0.005 to 0.075 mg/ml when treatment w ... | 2003 | 12719004 |
| specific g2 arrest of caprine cells infected with a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing vpr and vpx genes from simian immunodeficiency virus. | primate lentivirus (hiv and siv) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kda proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the g2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. members of the hiv-2/sivmac/sivsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called vpx. vpx and hiv vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participation in nuclear import of the preintegration complex. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and mae ... | 2003 | 12726725 |
| naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in the hiv-2 rod envelope glycoprotein regulate its ability to augment viral particle release. | the envelope glycoprotein of hiv-2 rod10 has the intriguing ability to enhance the rate of viral particle release from infected cells. however, not all hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins are active in this regard. indeed, we have previously noted that, despite a high degree of identity with that of rod10, the envelope protein of the rod14 isolate was unable to enhance virus production. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to reveal that a single naturally occurring alanine-to-threonin ... | 2003 | 12726729 |
| vpx and vpr proteins of hiv-2 up-regulate the viral infectivity by a distinct mechanism in lymphocytic cells. | mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carrying a frame-shift mutation in vpx, vpr, and in both genes were monitored for their growth potentials in a newly established lymphocytic cell line, hsc-f. worthy of note, the replication of a vpx single mutant, but not vpr, was severely impaired in these cells, and that of a vpx-vpr double mutant was more damaged. defective replication sites of the vpx single and vpx-vpr double mutants were demonstrated to be mapped, respectively, to the ... | 2003 | 12737994 |
| identification of a subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains able to exploit an alternative coreceptor on untransformed human brain and lymphoid cells. | the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). at least 12 other chemokine receptors or close relatives support infection by particular hiv and siv strains on cd4(+) transformed indicator cell lines in vitro. however, the role of these alternative coreceptors in vivo is presently thought to be insignificant. infection of cell lines expressing high levels of recombinant cd4 and coreceptors thus does ... | 2003 | 12743271 |
| hemophilia care in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil. | in the developing countries of the world, few people with hemophilia receive adequate care. nevertheless, brazil has made significant advances in the treatment of hemophilia over the last decade. the provision of factor concentrates imported by the government of brazil is gradually increasing, and patients receive the concentrates for free. a national register was established as well as a coordinated program for comprehensive care. of the 6 297 persons with hemophilia in brazil who were register ... | 2003 | 12744788 |
| a retrospective clinical, laboratory and outcome analysis in 43 cases of acute aseptic meningitis. | forty-three consecutive cases of acute aseptic meningitis (aam) presenting within a 24-months period were retrospectively analysed with respect to clinical symptomatology, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) findings, clinical course, treatment and outcome. nineteen of the 43 aam cases (44%) were caused by enterovirus, one by hiv (2%), two by varicella zoster virus (5%), three due to herpes simplex virus i (7%), two due to herpes simplex virus ii (5%), one due to central european encephalitis virus (2%), ... | 2003 | 12752401 |
| antiretroviral activity of semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics. | a variety of semisynthetic derivatives of natural antibacterial glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin, eremomycin, ristocetin a, teicoplanin a(2)-2, da-40926, their aglycons, and also the products of their partial degradation with a destroyed or modified peptide core show marked anti-retroviral activity in cell culture. in particular, aglycon antibiotic derivatives containing various substituents of a preferably hydrophobic nature displayed activity against human immunodeficiency virus typ ... | 2003 | 12801238 |
| evolution and diversity of hiv-1 in africa--a review. | the hiv/aids pandemic represents a major development crisis for the african continent, which is the worst affected region in the world. currently, almost 30 of the 42 million people infected with hiv worldwide live in africa. aids in humans is caused by two lentiviruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2, which entered the human population by zoonotic transmissions from at least two different african primate species. extensive phylogenetic analyses of partial and full-length genome sequences have helped to gain i ... | 2003 | 12803467 |
| infection with hepatitis b and c viruses and human retroviruses (htlv-i and hiv) among high-risk lebanese patients. | three groups of lebanese patients (haemophiliacs, patients on cycled cancer chemotherapy who were regularly receiving blood transfusions, and intravenous drug users) and a control group of healthy blood donors were checked for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses (b and c) and human retroviruses (hiv and htlv-i). compared with the controls, all three groups of patients were more likely to be seropositive for antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), and the haemophiliacs and cancer patien ... | 2003 | 12803874 |
| human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase activity in model systems that mimic steps in reverse transcription. | human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is a serious problem in west africa and asia. however, there have been relatively few studies of hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt), a potential target for antiviral therapy. detailed knowledge of hiv-2 rt activities is critical for development of specific high-throughput screening assays of potential inhibitors. here, we have conducted a systematic evaluation of hiv-2 rt function, using assays that model specific steps in reverse transcription ... | 2003 | 12805462 |
| diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, and emergence of resistance to antiretroviral agents in hiv-2 infection: a review. | human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the causative agents of aids. hiv-2 is prevalent at moderate to high rates in west african countries, such as senegal, guinea, gambia, and cape verde. diagnosis of hiv-2 is made with a positive hiv-1/hiv-2 elisa or simple/rapid assay, followed by one or two confirmatory tests specific for hiv-2. following cd(4)(+)t cell counts, hiv-2 viral burden and clinical signs and symptoms of immunodeficiency are beneficial in monitoring hiv ... | 2003 | 12807687 |
| mechanisms of cd4+ t lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and aids. | aids, caused by the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), has reached pandemic proportions. therefore, it is critical to understand how hiv causes aids so that appropriate therapies can be formulated. primarily, hiv infects and kills cd4(+) t lymphocytes, which function as regulators and amplifiers of the immune response. in the absence of effective anti-retroviral therapy, the hallmark decrease in cd4(+) t lymphocytes during aids results in a weakened im ... | 2003 | 12810858 |
| viral reservoirs/transient infection in hiv/aids: where are we now and where should we go? summary of the june 13-14, 2002 think tank meeting. | highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) often lowers serum levels of virus to below current detection limits. however, cessation of therapy results in there appearance of virus replication, indicating that hiv-infected cells persist in such individuals. identification, and elimination, of such reservoirs of virus-infected cells are crucial for eradicating hiv from infected individuals. more research studies are needed to devise strateg ... | 2003 | 12816085 |
| greater cd8+ tcr heterogeneity and functional flexibility in hiv-2 compared to hiv-1 infection. | virus-specific cd8(+) t cells are known to play an important role in the control of hiv infection. in this study we investigated whether there may be qualitative differences in the cd8(+) t cell response in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals that contribute to the relatively efficient control of the latter infection. a molecular comparison of global tcr heterogeneity showed a more oligoclonal pattern of cd8 cells in hiv-1- than hiv-2-infected patients. this was reflected in restricted and con ... | 2003 | 12817012 |
| identification of the nuclear localization signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx. | the vpx protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is a viral accessory protein related to, but distinct from, the vpr protein of hiv-1. vpx is packaged into virions and, as a component of the viral preintegration complex (pic), vpx is required for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells. therefore, the localization of vpx in cells is dynamic and dependent upon discrete domains of the protein. expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nucleus of ... | 2003 | 12832198 |
| clinical progression in early and late stages of disease in a cohort of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2 in guinea-bissau. | the aim of this study was to assess the rate of clinical progression to early and late stages of human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infection. cd4 cell counts and other potential prognostic markers for disease progression were also evaluated. in january 1990 an open prospective cohort of police officers in guinea-bissau was initiated with yearly serological and clinical follow-up. follow-up ended in june 1998. symptoms were classified according to the world health organization staging system ... | 2003 | 12839157 |
| whole-blood agglutination assay for on-site detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | simple and rapid diagnostic tests are needed to curtail human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, especially in the developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. the visible-agglutination assay for the detection of hiv with the naked eye (neva hiv, which represents naked eye visible-agglutination assay for hiv) is a hemagglutination-based test for the detection of antibodies to hiv in whole blood. the neva hiv reagent is a cocktail of highly stable recombinant bifunctional antibody fus ... | 2003 | 12843006 |
| polymorphism of human and primate rantes, cx3cr1, ccr2 and cxcr4 genes with regard to hiv/siv infection. | among genes that influence human susceptibility to hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection or aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) progression, chemokine-receptor and chemokine genes were extensively studied because of their role as hiv co-receptors or co-receptor competitors, respectively. we have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the rantes, ccr2 and cx3cr1 gene sequences in regions surrounding ... | 2003 | 12879309 |
| increased risk of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer among african women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 infections. | to assess the risk of prevalent high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (hsils) or invasive cervical cancer (icc) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1, hiv-2, and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections, hiv load, and cd4 cell count, we studied 4119 women attending an outpatient clinic in senegal. hiv infection was associated with increased rates of cervical infection with high-risk hpvs. among women infected with high-risk hpvs, those with hiv-1 (odds ratio [or], ... | 2003 | 12898443 |
| pol gene sequence variation in swedish hiv-2 patients failing antiretroviral therapy. | there is limited knowledge about how to treat and interpret results from genotypic resistance assays in hiv-2 infection. here, genetic variation in hiv-2 pol gene was studied in 20 of 23 known hiv-2 cases in sweden. five patients with signs of virological treatment failure were longitudinally studied. clinical, virological and immunological data were collected and the protease (pr) and first half of the reverse transcriptase (rt) was amplified and directly sequenced from plasma samples. moderate ... | 2003 | 12908931 |
| the packaging signal of simian immunodeficiency virus is upstream of the major splice donor at a distance from the rna cap site similar to that of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. | deletion mutation of the rna 5' leader sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was used to localize the virus packaging signal. deletion of sequences upstream of the major splice donor (sd) site produced a phenotype most consistent with a packaging defect when analysed by both rnase protection assay and rt-pcr. sequences downstream of the sd were deleted and produced varying effects but did not affect packaging: a large downstream deletion had little effect on function, whereas a nested ... | 2003 | 12917463 |
| male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of hiv in men. | the findings from observational studies, reviews and meta-analyses, supported by biological theories, that circumcised men appear less likely to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has contributed to the recent ground swell of support for considering male circumcision as a strategy for preventing sexually acquired infection. we sought to elucidate and appraise the global evidence from published and unpublished studies that circumcision can be used as an intervention to prevent hiv infecti ... | 2003 | 12917962 |
| cyanovirin-n gel as a topical microbicide prevents rectal transmission of shiv89.6p in macaques. | cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda cyanobacterial protein, potently inactivates diverse strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and also prevents virus-to-cell fusion, virus entry, and infection of cells in vitro. these properties make cv-n an attractive candidate for use as a topical microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of hiv. we evaluated the efficacy of gel-formulated, recombinant cv-n gel asa topical microbicide in male macaques (macaca fascicularis) that were ... | 2003 | 12921090 |
| reduction of the diagnostic window in three cases of human immunodeficiency-1 subtype e primary infection with fourth-generation hiv screening assays. | the influence of genetic variability on the sensitivity of serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has, to date, been poorly investigated. the aim of the present study was to assess whether fourth-generation assays for the combined detection of hiv antigen and antibodies to hiv (anti-hiv) permit a reduction of the diagnostic window in comparison to third-generation antibody enzyme immunoassays (eias), which so far have shown a poor sensitivity for detection of hiv-1 ... | 2003 | 12925157 |
| a non-canonical transferable signal mediates nuclear import of simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein. | protein transport into the nucleus is generally considered to involve specific nuclear localization signals (nls) though it is becoming increasingly evident that efficient and well controlled import of proteins which lack a canonical nls also occurs in cells. vpx, a 112 amino acid protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is one such protein, which does not have an identifiable canonical nls and is yet efficiently importe ... | 2003 | 12927548 |
| a small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that targets the hiv-1 envelope and inhibits cd4 receptor binding. | bms-378806 is a recently discovered small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that blocks viral entrance to cells. the compound exhibits potent inhibitory activity against a panel of r5-(virus using the ccr5 coreceptor), x4-(virus using the cxcr4 coreceptor), and r5/x4 hiv-1 laboratory and clinical isolates of the b subtype (median ec50 of 0.04 microm) in culture assays. bms-378806 is selective for hiv-1 and inactive against hiv-2, siv and a panel of other viruses, and exhibits no significant cytotoxicity ... | 2003 | 12930892 |