Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted ascending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| the anti-canine distemper virus activities of ex vivo-expanded canine natural killer cells. | natural killer (nk) cells play critical roles in induction of antiviral effects against various viruses of humans and animals. however, few data on nk cell activities during canine distemper virus (cdv) infections are available. recently, we established a culture system allowing activation and expansion of canine non-b, non-t, large granular nk lymphocytes from pbmcs of normal dogs. in the present study, we explored the ability of such expanded nk cells to inhibit cdv infection in vitro. culture ... | 2015 | 25680810 |
| efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing leishmania antigen against leishmania challenge in dogs. | canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination confers long-term protection against cdv reinfection. to investigate the utility of cdv as a polyvalent vaccine vector for leishmania, we generated recombinant cdvs, based on an avirulent yanaka strain, that expressed leishmania antigens: lack, tsa, or lmsti1 (rcdv-lack, rcdv-tsa, and rcdv-lmsti1, respectively). dogs immunized with rcdv-lack were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent cdv, in the same way as the parental yanaka strain. ... | 2015 | 26162094 |
| molecular phylogeography of canine distemper virus: geographic origin and global spreading. | canine distemper virus (cdv) (paramyxoviridae-morbillivirus) is a worldwide spread virus causing a fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore hosts. in this study we performed bayesian inferences using 208 full-length hemagglutinin gene nucleotide sequences isolated in 16 countries during 37 years (1975-2011). the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor suggested that current cdv strains emerged in the united states in the 1880s. this ancestor diversified through time into tw ... | 2015 | 26151219 |
| immunohistochemical detection of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) in the cerebellums of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus. | we investigated the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) protein in the cerebellums of dogs infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy. the cerebellums of 20 dogs infected with cdv were used. specimens showing demyelination of white matter were considered to have an acute infection, whereas specimens showing signs of severe perivascular cuffing and demyelination of white matter were classified as having chronic cdv. cer ... | 2015 | 26179070 |
| canine dysautonomia in a litter of havanese puppies. | canine dysautonomia is a sporadic, generally fatal disease that rarely affects groups of related animals. four 10-week-old havanese puppies from a litter of 5 developed clinical signs of canine dysautonomia. the 4 affected dogs were exposed to an outdoor environment, whereas the fifth littermate was not exposed to the outdoors and remained clinically healthy. clinical signs of dysautonomia developed 10-16 days after going outside the house. an unrelated dog also developed dysautonomia after expo ... | 2015 | 26179098 |
| development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein. | canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a serious multisystemic disease in dogs and other carnivora. hemagglutinin (h) protein-specific antibodies are mainly responsible for protective immunity against cdv infection. in the present study, six neutralizing mabs to the h protein of cdv were newly obtained and characterized by immunizing balb/c mice with a recent chinese field isolate. competitive binding inhibition assay revealed that they recognized four distinct antigenic regions of the h protein. i ... | 2015 | 25644427 |
| pathology in practice. canine distemper virus disease in a dog. | 2015 | 25719842 | |
| canine distemper virus dna vaccination of mink can overcome interference by maternal antibodies. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is highly contagious and can cause severe disease against which conventional live vaccines are ineffective in the presence of maternal antibodies. vaccination in the presences of maternal antibodies was challenged by vaccination of 5 days old and 3 weeks old mink kits with cdv dna vaccines. virus neutralising (vn) antibody responses were induced in mink kits vaccinated with a plasmid encoding the haemaglutinin protein (h) of cdv (n=5, pcdv-h) or a combination of the ... | 2015 | 25637861 |
| cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. systemic cdv infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civet ... | 2015 | 28616465 |
| adenovirus 2, bordetella bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza molecular diagnostic assay results in puppies after vaccination with modified live vaccines. | canine adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, and bordetella bronchiseptica cause respiratory disease in dogs, and each has a modified live intranasal vaccine available. molecular diagnostic assays to amplify specific nucleic acids are available for each of these agents. if positive molecular diagnostic assay results are common after vaccination, the positive predictive value of the diagnostic assays for disease would be decreased. | 2015 | 26692461 |
| a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis. | meningoencephalitis (me) is a common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in dogs. clinically, me has both infectious and non-infectious causes. in the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqpcr) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (blastomyces dermatitidis, cryptococcus spp., neospora caninum, borrelia burgdorferi, bartonella spp., toxoplasma gondii, ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [cdv]). ... | 2015 | 26040611 |
| parasitology and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) in north carolina, usa. | coyotes (canis latrans) have expanded recently into the eastern us and can serve as a source of pathogens to domestic dogs (canis lupus familiaris), livestock, and humans. we examined free-ranging coyotes from central north carolina, us, for selected parasites and prevalence of antibodies against viral and bacterial agents. we detected ticks on most (81%) coyotes, with amblyomma americanum detected on 83% of those with ticks. fifteen (47%) coyotes were positive for heartworms (dirofilaria immiti ... | 2015 | 25984773 |
| prevalence of canine infectious respiratory pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at us animal shelters. | to determine the prevalence of nine canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) pathogens in asymptomatic dogs presented at animal shelters across the united states. | 2015 | 26199194 |
| development of a nanoparticle-assisted pcr (nanopcr) assay for detection of mink enteritis virus (mev) and genetic characterization of the ns1 gene in four chinese mev strains. | mink enteritis virus (mev) causes mink viral enteritis, an acute and highly contagious disease whose symptoms include violent diarrhea, and which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanopcr) is a recently developed technique for the rapid detection of bacterial and viral dna. here we describe a novel nanopcr assay for the clinical detection and epidemiological characterization of mev. | 2015 | 25582057 |
| demographic characteristics and infectious diseases of a population of american black bears in humboldt county, california. | american black bears (ursus americanus) are common, widely distributed, and broad-ranging omnivorous mammals in northern california forests. bears may be susceptible to pathogens infecting both domestic animals and humans. monitoring bear populations, particularly in changing ecosystems, is important to understanding ecological features that could affect bear population health and influence the likelihood that bears may cause adverse impacts on humans. in all, 321 bears were captured between may ... | 2015 | 25700042 |
| canine distemper virus infection among wildlife before and after the epidemic. | in 2007-2008, a canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic occurred among wild animals in wakayama prefecture, japan, and many mammals, including the wild boar and deer, were infected. in this study, cdv prevalence among wild animals was surveyed before and after the epidemic. at first, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated protein a/g was established to detect cdv antibodies in many mammalian species. this established elisa was available for testing dogs ... | 2015 | 26074342 |
| xenosurveillance: a novel mosquito-based approach for examining the human-pathogen landscape. | globally, regions at the highest risk for emerging infectious diseases are often the ones with the fewest resources. as a result, implementing sustainable infectious disease surveillance systems in these regions is challenging. the cost of these programs and difficulties associated with collecting, storing and transporting relevant samples have hindered them in the regions where they are most needed. therefore, we tested the sensitivity and feasibility of a novel surveillance technique called xe ... | 2015 | 25775236 |
| fatal canid herpesvirus 1 respiratory infections in 4 clinically healthy adult dogs. | four healthy adult dogs (golden retrievers aged 6 years and 9 years, dalmatian aged 13 years, and mastiff aged 5 years) developed clinical signs of acute respiratory disease and died within 2 to 7 days of onset of clinical signs. the lungs of the 3 dogs submitted for necropsy were diffusely and severely reddened due to hyperemia and hemorrhage. microscopic lesions in all dogs were suggestive of acute viral or toxic respiratory damage and varied from acute severe fibrinonecrotic or hemorrhagic br ... | 2015 | 25358536 |
| co-infections with respiratory viruses in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. | bacterial pneumonia (bp) is an inflammation of the lower airways and lung parenchyma secondary to bacterial infection. the pathogenesis of bp in dogs is complex and the role of canine respiratory viruses has not been fully evaluated. | 2015 | 25818209 |
| novel furin inhibitors with potent anti-infectious activity. | new peptidomimetic furin inhibitors with unnatural amino acid residues in the p3 position were synthesized. the most potent compound 4-guanidinomethyl-phenylacteyl-arg-tle-arg-4-amidinobenzylamide (mi-1148) inhibits furin with a ki value of 5.5 pm. the derivatives also strongly inhibit pc1/3, whereas pc2 is less affected. selected inhibitors were tested in cell culture for antibacterial and antiviral activity against infectious agents known to be dependent on furin activity. a significant protec ... | 2015 | 25974265 |
| serum antibody responses to vaccinal antigens in lean and obese geriatric dogs. | the immune responses in control dogs [1 to 4 years of age, body condition score (bcs): 4 to 5 out of 9] were compared to those of aging dogs (based on breed and body size) either categorized as lean (bcs: 4 to 5 out of 9) or obese (bcs: 8 to 9 out of 9). of interest were the serum titers to the following common agents found in vaccines, canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), and bordetella bronchiseptica. ... | 2016 | 27152043 |
| identification and characterization of the toll-like receptor 8 gene in the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). | tlr8 is an important sensor of single-stranded rna (ssrna) from the viral genome and plays an essential role in innate antiviral responses via the recognition of conserved viral molecular patterns. in this report, tlr8 in the chinese raccoon dog was characterized and analyzed for the first time. the full-length sequence of raccoon dog tlr8 (rdtlr8) cdna was cloned by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) and is 3191bp with a 3117-bp open reading frame (orf) encoding 1038 amino acids. the putat ... | 2016 | 27481482 |
| evolutionary characteristics of morbilliviruses during serial passages in vitro: gradual attenuation of virus virulence. | the genus morbillivirus is classified into the family paramyxoviridae, and is composed of 6 members, namely measles virus (mv), rinderpest virus (rpv), peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (pprv), canine distemper virus (cdv), phocine distemper virus (pdv) and cetacean morbillivirus (cemv). the mv, rpv, pprv and cdv have been successfully attenuated through their serial passages in vitro for the production of live vaccines. it has been demonstrated that the morbilliviral virulence in animals was pro ... | 2016 | 27477502 |
| morbillivirus experimental animal models: measles virus pathogenesis insights from canine distemper virus. | morbilliviruses share considerable structural and functional similarities. even though disease severity varies among the respective host species, the underlying pathogenesis and the clinical signs are comparable. thus, insights gained with one morbillivirus often apply to the other members of the genus. since the canine distemper virus (cdv) causes severe and often lethal disease in dogs and ferrets, it is an attractive model to characterize morbillivirus pathogenesis mechanisms and to evaluate ... | 2016 | 27727184 |
| infectious disease and toxicological monitoring of stranded pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi) in cook inlet as surrogates for monitoring endangered belugas (delphinapterus leucas). | pacific harbor seals ( phoca vitulina richardsi) and belugas ( delphinapterus leucas ) eat many of the same prey species, occupy the same geographic area, and demonstrate site fidelity in cook inlet, alaska. although most direct research involving the critically endangered belugas is currently prohibited, studying harbor seals may provide important information about this beluga population. in recent years, harbor seal populations in alaska have declined for unknown reasons. as part of its strand ... | 2016 | 27691941 |
| myd88 and functionally related genes are associated with multiple infections in a model population of kenyan village dogs. | the purpose of this study was to seek associations between immunity-related molecular markers and endemic infections in a model population of african village dogs from northern kenya with no veterinary care and no selective breeding. a population of village dogs from northern kenya composed of three sub-populations from three different areas (84, 50 and 55 dogs) was studied. canine distemper virus (cdv), hepatozoon canis, microfilariae (acantocheilonema dracunculoides, acantocheilonema reconditu ... | 2016 | 27655108 |
| occurrence of canine parvovirus in dogs from henan province of china in 2009-2014. | there is no information concerning the genotype of canine parvovirus (cpv) currently circulating in henan province, china. therefore, the aim of the present study was to provide insights into the epidemiology and molecular characterization of cpv circulating in henan province from 2009 to 2014. | 2016 | 27377264 |
| patterns of exposure of iberian wolves (canis lupus) to canine viruses in human-dominated landscapes. | wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. with the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in iberian wolves (canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus-2 (cpv), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (cav ... | 2016 | 26589403 |
| prevalence and risk factors for viral exposure in rural dogs around protected areas of the atlantic forest. | despite the crucial role of domestic dogs as reservoirs for zoonosis and some of the most threatening diseases for wild carnivores such as distemper and parvovirosis, little is known about the epidemiological features and the risk factors involved in pathogen exposure of dogs that live in human/wildlife interfaces and actually contacts wildlife. through a cross-sectional serological approach and questionnaire survey, we assessed the prevalence along with individual and environment-associated ris ... | 2016 | 26822375 |
| molecular surveillance of traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease. | a molecular survey for traditional and emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) was conducted in italy between 2011 and 2013 on a total of 138 dogs, including 78 early acute clinically ill cird animals, 22 non-clinical but exposed to clinically ill cird dogs and 38 cird convalescent dogs. the results showed that canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv) was the most commonly detected cird pathogen, followed by canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), bordetella bron ... | 2016 | 27527760 |
| utility of two modified-live virus canine distemper vaccines in wild-caught fishers (martes pennanti). | canine distemper virus (cdv) infects families in the order carnivora. as a preventive measure, vaccinations against cdv are frequently given to mustelids in captive environments. | 2016 | 26610027 |
| diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs, also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores and posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world. to get a better panorama of cdv infection in different orders, a retrospective and documental systematic review of the role of cdv in different non-dog hosts was conducted. the bibliographical data were collected from medline/pubmed and scopus ... | 2016 | 27170307 |
| screening red foxes (vulpes vulpes) for possible viral causes of encephalitis. | next to various known infectious and non-infectious causes, the aetiology of non-suppurative encephalitis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) often remains unclear. known causes in foxes imply rabies, canine distemper, toxoplasmosis, aujeszky's disease, as well as parvovirus, adenovirus, circovirus and flavivirus infections. in this study, particular attention was paid on bornaviruses, since red foxes are predators of bicoloured white-toothed shrews, a reservoir of borna disease virus 1 (bodv-1). in ad ... | 2016 | 27590473 |
| prevalence of antibodies for selected canine pathogens among wolves (canis lupus) from the alaska peninsula, usa. | we collected blood samples from wolves ( canis lupus ) on the alaska peninsula, southwest alaska, us, 2006-11 and tested sera for antibodies to canine adenovirus (cav), canine coronavirus (ccv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine herpesvirus (chv), canine parainfluenza (cpi), canine parvovirus (cpv), neospora caninum , and toxoplasma gondii . detected antibody prevalence was 90% for cav, 28% for ccv, 12% for cdv, 93% for chv, 0% for cpi, 20% for cpv, 0% for n. caninum, and 86% for t. gondii . ... | 2016 | 27195683 |
| development and application of multiplex pcr assays for detection of virus-induced respiratory disease complex in dogs. | canine infectious respiratory disease complex (cirdc) viruses have been detected in dogs with respiratory illness. canine influenza virus (civ), canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine distemper virus (cdv), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine adenovirus type 2 (cadv-2) and canine herpesvirus 1 (cahv-1), are all associated with the cirdc. to allow diagnosis, two conventional multiplex polymerase chain reactions (pcr) were developed to simultaneously identify four rna and two dna vir ... | 2016 | 27628592 |
| identification of a novel canine distemper virus b-cell epitope using a monoclonal antibody against nucleocapsid protein. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a member of the genus morbillivirus within the family paramyxoviridae and has caused severe economic losses in china. nucleocapsid protein (n) is the major structural viral protein and can be used to diagnose cdv and other morbilliviruses. in this study, a specific monoclonal antibody, 1n8, was produced against the cdv n protein (amino acids 277-471). a linear n protein epitope was identified by subjecting a series of partially overlapping synthesized peptides to ... | 2016 | 26514066 |
| low titers of canine distemper virus antibody in wild fishers (martes pennanti) in the eastern usa. | canine distemper virus (cdv) infects species in the order carnivora. members of the family mustelidae are among the species most susceptible to cdv and have a high mortality rate after infection. assessing an animal's pathogen or disease load prior to any reintroduction project is important to help protect the animal being reintroduced, as well as the wildlife and livestock in the area of relocation. we screened 58 fishers for cdv antibody prior to their release into pennsylvania, us, as part of ... | 2016 | 26555109 |
| exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus and parvovirus in the cerrado of central brazil. | human population growth around protected areas increases the contact between wild and domestic animals, promoting disease transmission between them. this study investigates the exposure of free-ranging wild carnivores and domestic dogs to canine distemper virus (cdv) and parvovirus in emas national park (enp) in the cerrado savanna of central brazil. serum samples were collected from 169 wild carnivores, including the maned wolf (chrysocyon brachyurus), crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), hoary f ... | 2016 | 27469023 |
| evaluation of two canine distemper virus vaccines in captive tigers (panthera tigris). | canine distemper virus (cdv) has caused clinical disease and death in nondomestic felids in both captive settings and in the wild. outbreaks resulting in high mortality rates in tigers (panthera tigris) have prompted some zoos to vaccinate tigers for cdv. in this study, six tigers received a recombinant canarypox-vectored cdv vaccine (1 ml s.c.) and were revaccinated with 3 ml s.c. (mean) 39 days later. blood collection for cdv antibody detection via serum neutralization was performed on (mean) ... | 2016 | 27468029 |
| unusual necrotizing encephalitis in raccoons and skunks concurrently infected with canine distemper virus and sarcocystis sp. | canine distemper virus commonly infects free-ranging, terrestrial mesopredators throughout the united states. due to the immunosuppressive effects of the virus, concurrent opportunistic infections are also common. among these, secondary systemic protozoal infections have been described in a number of species. we report an unusual presentation of necrotizing encephalitis associated withsarcocystissp in four raccoons and one skunk concurrently infected with canine distemper virus. lesions were cha ... | 2016 | 26374278 |
| commentary: slam- and nectin-4-independent noncytolytic spread of canine distemper virus in astrocytes. | 2016 | 28018332 | |
| diversified anchoring features the peptide presentation of dla-88*50801: first structural insight into domestic dog mhc class i. | canines represent a crucial animal model for studying human diseases and organ transplantation, as well as the evolution of domestic animals. mhcs, with a central role in cellular immunity, are commonly used in the study of dog population genetics and genome evolution. however, the molecular basis for the peptide presentation of dog mhc remains largely unknown. in this study, peptide presentation by canine mhc class i dla-88*50801 was structurally determined, revealing diversified anchoring mode ... | 2016 | 27511732 |
| human ifit1 inhibits mrna translation of rubulaviruses but not other members of the paramyxoviridae family. | we have previously shown that ifit1 is primarily responsible for the antiviral action of interferon (ifn) alpha/beta against parainfluenza virus type 5 (piv5), selectively inhibiting the translation of piv5 mrnas. here we report that while piv2, piv5, and mumps virus (muv) are sensitive to ifit1, nonrubulavirus members of the paramyxoviridae such as piv3, sendai virus (sev), and canine distemper virus (cdv) are resistant. the ifit1 sensitivity of piv5 was not rescued by coinfection with an ifit1 ... | 2016 | 27512068 |
| phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in south america clade 1 reveals unique molecular signatures of the local epidemic. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious pathogen for domestic dogs and several wild carnivore species. in brazil, natural infection of cdv in dogs is very high due to the large non-vaccinated dog population, a scenario that calls for new studies on the molecular epidemiology. this study investigates the phylodynamics and amino-acid signatures of cdv epidemic in south america by analyzing a large dataset compiled from publicly available sequences and also by collecting new samples fro ... | 2016 | 27060756 |
| canine distemper virus in the serengeti ecosystem: molecular adaptation to different carnivore species. | was the 1993/1994 fatal canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic in lions and spotted hyaenas in the serengeti ecosystem caused by the recent spillover of a virulent domestic dog strain or one well adapted to these noncanids? we examine this question using sequence data from 13 'serengeti' strains including five complete genomes obtained between 1993 and 2011. phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses reveal that strains from noncanids during the epidemic were more closely related to each other t ... | 2016 | 27928865 |
| measles virus fusion protein: structure, function and inhibition. | measles virus (mev), a highly contagious member of the paramyxoviridae family, causes measles in humans. the paramyxoviridae family of negative single-stranded enveloped viruses includes several important human and animal pathogens, with mev causing approximately 120,000 deaths annually. mev and canine distemper virus (cdv)-mediated diseases can be prevented by vaccination. however, sub-optimal vaccine delivery continues to foster mev outbreaks. post-exposure prophylaxis with antivirals has been ... | 2016 | 27110811 |
| influence of vaccine strains on the evolution of canine distemper virus. | 2016 | 27101783 | |
| post-mortem findings in southern right whales eubalaena australis at península valdés, argentina, 2003-2012. | between 2003 and 2012, 605 southern right whales (srw; eubalaena australis) were found dead along the shores of península valdés (pv), argentina. these deaths included alarmingly high annual losses between 2007 and 2012, a peak number of deaths (116) in 2012, and a significant number of deaths across years in calves-of-the-year (544 of 605 [89.9%]; average = 60.4 yr(-1)). post-mortem examination and pathogen testing were performed on 212 whales; 208 (98.1%) were calves-of-the-year and 48.0% of t ... | 2016 | 27068500 |
| immunoglobulins in dogs: correspondence and maturation in 15 litters of german shepherd dogs and their dams. | some dog breeds, including the german shepherd dog (gsd), are predisposed to immune-related disorders. the authors prospectively described development of serum and faecal iga and serum ige in gsd from puppies until adulthood and the relationship between mothers and their offspring. further, the authors tested whether dogs with lower serum iga also have low faecal iga and/or serum ige. to reveal whether any of the parameters could be proven to influence the immune response, the authors also measu ... | 2016 | 27547424 |
| severe canine distemper outbreak in unvaccinated dogs in mozambique. | although significant animal suffering caused by preventable diseases is frequently seen in developing countries, reports of this are scarce. this report describes avoidable animal suffering owing to a suspected canine distemper (cd) outbreak in unvaccinated dogs owned by low-income families in mozambique that killed approximately 200 animals. affected dogs exhibited clinical signs, and gross and microscopic lesions compatible with cd. immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of canine ... | 2016 | 27543040 |
| coinfection with hepatozoon sp. and canine distemper virus in a yellow-throated marten ( martes flavigula koreana) in korea. | we describe coinfection with hepatozoon sp. and canine distemper virus (cdv) in a yellow-throated marten ( martes flavigula koreana). we found hepatozoon cysts in muscular tissue and viral inclusion bodies in the brain. hepatozoon sp., and cdv was confirmed in blood and brain, respectively, by pcr. | 2016 | 27054471 |
| fatal canine distemper virus infection of giant pandas in china. | we report an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection among endangered giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca). five of six cdv infected giant pandas died. the surviving giant panda was previously vaccinated against cdv. genomic sequencing of cdv isolated from one of the infected pandas (giant panda/sx/2014) suggests it belongs to the asia-1 cluster. the hemagglutinin protein of the isolated virus and virus sequenced from lung samples originating from deceased giant pandas all possessed ... | 2016 | 27310722 |
| immunohistochemical and transcriptome analyses indicate complex breakdown of axonal transport mechanisms in canine distemper leukoencephalitis. | cdv-dl (canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis) represents a spontaneously occurring animal model for demyelinating disorders. axonopathy represents a key pathomechanism in this disease; however, its underlying pathogenesis has not been addressed in detail so far. this study aimed at the characterization of axonal cytoskeletal, transport, and potential regenerative changes with a parallel focus upon schwann cell remyelination. | 2016 | 27247850 |
| canine distemper virus in wild felids of costa rica. | several highly infectious diseases can be transmitted through feces and cause elevated mortality among carnivore species. one such infectious agent, canine distemper virus (cdv; paramyxoviridae: morbillivirus), has been reported to affect wild carnivores, among them several felid species. we screened free-ranging and captive wild carnivores in costa rica for cdv. between 2006 and 2012, we collected 306 fecal samples from 70 jaguars (panther onca), 71 ocelots ( leopardus pardalis ), five jaguarun ... | 2016 | 26967127 |
| age-related presence of selected viral and bacterial pathogens in paraffin-embedded lung samples of dogs with pneumonia. | the aim of this retrospective study was to detect selected pathogens in pneumonic lung tissue of dogs of different age groups by immunohistochemistry (ihc), in situ hybridisation (ish) or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in order to get information about their involvement in pneumonia formation. in archived formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded lung samples from 68 cases with the clinical and histologic diagnosis of pneumonia the histological pattern of pneumonia was re-evaluated and the sampl ... | 2016 | 26919147 |
| infectious progression of canine distemper virus from circulating cerebrospinal fluid into the central nervous system. | in the current study, we generated recombinant chimeric canine distemper viruses (cdvs) by replacing the hemagglutinin (h) and/or phosphoprotein (p) gene in an avirulent strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) with those of a mouse-adapted neurovirulent strain. an in vitro experimental infection indicated that the chimeric cdvs possessing the h gene derived from the mouse-adapted cdv acquired infectivity for neural cells. these cells lack the cdv receptors that have been iden ... | 2016 | 27489268 |
| canine distemper virus isolated from a monkey efficiently replicates on vero cells expressing non-human primate slam receptors but not human slam receptor. | in 2008, an outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in monkeys was reported in china. we isolated cdv strain (subsequently named monkey-bj01-dv) from lung tissue obtained from a rhesus monkey that died in this outbreak. we evaluated the ability of this virus on vero cells expressing slam receptors from dog, monkey and human origin, and analyzed the h gene of monkey-bj01-dv with other strains. | 2016 | 27484638 |
| persistent morbillivirus infection leads to altered cortactin distribution in histiocytic sarcoma cells with decreased cellular migration capacity. | histiocytic sarcomas represent rare but fatal neoplasms in humans. based on the absence of a commercially available human histiocytic sarcoma cell line the frequently affected dog displays a suitable translational model. canine distemper virus, closely related to measles virus, is a highly promising candidate for oncolytic virotherapy. therapeutic failures in patients are mostly associated with tumour invasion and metastasis often induced by misdirected cytoskeletal protein activities. thus, the ... | 2016 | 27911942 |
| canine distemper virus antibody titers in domestic cats after delivery of a live attenuated virus vaccine. | three methods for delivering a live attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccine to domestic cats ( felis catus ) were investigated, as models for developing vaccination protocols for tigers (panthera tigris). twenty domestic cats were randomly divided into four treatment groups: saline injection (negative controls); and oral, intranasal, and subcutaneous vaccinates. cats were injected with saline or a cdv vaccine (nobivac dp, merck) at wk 0 and 4. blood and nasal swabs were collected at wk 0 ... | 2016 | 27468028 |
| transcript profiling of toll-like receptor mrnas in selected tissues of mink (neovison vison). | toll-like receptors (tlrs) can recognize conserved molecular patterns and initiate a wide range of innate and adaptive immune responses against invading infectious agents. the aim of this study was to assess the transcript profile of mink tlrs (mtlrs) in mink peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and a range of tissues, and to explore the potential role of mtlrs in the antiviral immune response process. the results indicated that the mtlr partial nucleotide sequences had a high degree of nu ... | 2016 | 27435536 |
| characterization of a novel canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. outbreaks of cdv in domestic dogs in eastern tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of cdv. we hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. from 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collect ... | 2016 | 27400957 |
| epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine distemper disease in dogs and ferrets in australia, 2006-2014. | to determine the status and distribution of distemper in australian dogs and ferrets. | 2016 | 27349880 |
| controversial results of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells in the acute phase of canine distemper disease. | distemper disease is an infectious disease reported in several species of domestic and wild carnivores. the high mortality rate of animals infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) treated with currently available therapies has driven the study of new efficacious treatments. mesenchymal stem cell (msc)-based therapy is a promising therapeutic option for many degenerative, hereditary, and inflammatory diseases. therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize stem cells derived from the cani ... | 2016 | 27323085 |
| circovirus in domestic and wild carnivores: an important opportunistic agent? | circoviruses are relatively novel pathogens with increased importance in canids. in this study, we first screened the presence of dog circovirus (dogcv) by molecular methods from a total number of 389 internal organ samples originating from 277 individuals of domestic dogs and wild animals including wolves, foxes and badgers. all the animals originated from central-southern italy, specifically from abruzzi and molise regions, areas hosting several natural parks. dogcv was detected in 9/34 wolves ... | 2016 | 26848830 |
| correction: pathology in practice: canine distemper virus infection in a puppy. | 2016 | 26829273 | |
| blindness in a wild american black bear cub (ursus americanus). | an approximately six-month-old wild american black bear (ursus americanus) was found wandering in saskatchewan and was presented to the veterinary medical centre of the western college of veterinary medicine for apparent blindness. clinical examination confirmed an inability to navigate a photopic maze, bilateral tapetal hyper-reflectivity, fundi devoid of retinal vessels, and small pale optic nerve papillae. single-flash electroretinography revealed a and b-wave amplitudes of approximately 40 a ... | 2016 | 26302466 |
| specific detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goat sera by the luciferase immunoprecipitation system. | peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is a contagious and often fatal transboundary animal disease affecting mostly sheep, goats and wild small ruminants. this disease is endemic in most of africa, the middle, near east, and large parts of asia. the causal agent is peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv), which belongs to the genus morbillivirus in the family paramyxoviridae. this genus also includes measles virus (mv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and rinderpest virus (rpv). all are closely related ... | 2016 | 26506137 |
| morbillivirus and henipavirus attachment protein cytoplasmic domains differently affect protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly. | the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domains of paramyxovirus attachment glycoproteins include trafficking signals that influence protein processing and cell surface expression. to characterize the role of the cytoplasmic domain in protein expression, fusion support and particle assembly in more detail, we constructed chimeric nipah virus (niv) glycoprotein (g) and canine distemper virus (cdv) haemagglutinin (h) proteins carrying the respective heterologous cytoplasmic domain, as well as a series of m ... | 2016 | 26813519 |
| fatal nocardiosis in a dog caused by multiresistant nocardia veterana. | among pathogenic nocardia species in humans and animals, infections caused by nocardia (n.) veterana have rarely been described and so far, all non-human cases are linked to bovine mastitis in brazil. the aim of this study was to identify the causative microorganism involved in the death of a three-month-old dog suffering from dyspnea and neurological deficits ante mortem. pathomorphological investigation revealed (pyo-)granulomatous lesions in various organs. bacteriological examination was per ... | 2016 | 26790938 |
| phocine distemper virus (pdv) seroprevalence as predictor for future outbreaks in harbour seals. | phocine distemper virus (pdv) infections caused the two most pronounced mass mortalities in marine mammals documented in the past century. during the two outbreaks, 23,000 and 30,000 harbour seals (phoca vitulina), died in 1988/1989 and 2002 across populations in the wadden sea and adjacent waters, respectively. to follow the mechanism and development of disease spreading, the dynamics of morbillivirus-specific antibodies in harbour seal populations in german and danish waters were examined. 522 ... | 2016 | 26790934 |
| rt-pcr and sequence analysis of the full-length fusion protein of canine distemper virus from domestic dogs. | during 2007-2014, 84 out of 236 (35.6%) samples from domestic dogs submitted to our laboratory for diagnostic purposes were positive for canine distemper virus (cdv), as analyzed by rt-pcr amplification of a fragment of the nucleoprotein gene. fifty-nine of them (70.2%) were from dogs that had been vaccinated against cdv. the full-length gene encoding the fusion (f) protein of fifteen isolates was sequenced and compared with that of those of other cdvs, including wild-type and vaccine strains. p ... | 2016 | 26611227 |
| lethal distemper in badgers (meles meles) following epidemic in dogs and wolves. | canine distemper virus (cdv) represents an important conservation threat to many wild carnivores. a large distemper epidemic sustained by an arctic-lineage strain occurred in italy in 2013, mainly in the abruzzi region, causing overt disease in domestic and shepherd dogs, apennine wolves (canis lupus) and other wild carnivores. two badgers were collected by the end of september 2015 in a rural area of the abruzzi region and were demonstrated to be cdv-positive by real time rt-pcr and ihc in seve ... | 2016 | 27876612 |
| efficient generation of vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv)-pseudotypes bearing morbilliviral glycoproteins and their use in quantifying virus neutralising antibodies. | morbillivirus neutralising antibodies are traditionally measured using either plaque reduction neutralisation tests (prnts) or live virus microneutralisation tests (micro-nts). while both test formats provide a reliable assessment of the strength and specificity of the humoral response, they are restricted by the limited number of viral strains that can be studied and often present significant biological safety concerns to the operator. in this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication- ... | 2016 | 26706278 |
| dog overpopulation and burden of exposure to canine distemper virus and other pathogens on santa cruz island, galapagos. | dog overpopulation and diseases are hazards to native island species and humans on the galapagos. vaccination and importation of dogs are prohibited on the galapagos. risk management of these hazards requires the use of science-based risk assessment and risk communication. the objectives of the study reported here were (i) to estimate the human:dog ratio and (ii) the prevalence of and identify exposure factors associated with positive antibody titers to canine distemper virus (cdv) and other pat ... | 2016 | 26700426 |
| enhanced immunosurveillance for animal morbilliviruses using vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) pseudotypes. | the measurement of virus-specific neutralising antibodies represents the "gold-standard" for diagnostic serology. for animal morbilliviruses, such as peste des petits ruminants (pprv) or rinderpest virus (rpv), live virus-based neutralisation tests require high-level biocontainment to prevent the accidental escape of the infectious agents. in this study, we describe the adaptation of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus (vsvδg) based pseudotyping system for the measurement of neutr ... | 2016 | 27742221 |
| application of xenogeneic anti-canine distemper virus antibodies in treatment of canine distemper puppies. | the clinical feasibility of passive immunotherapy has not been demonstrated in dogs naturally infected with canine distemper. in this study, porcine anti-canine distemper virus igg and f(ab')2 antibody fragments were used to treat infected puppies. | 2016 | 27726133 |
| reduced angiogenic gene expression in morbillivirus-triggered oncolysis in a translational model for histiocytic sarcoma. | histiocytic sarcoma represents a rare malignant tumour with a short survival time, indicating the need of novel treatment strategies including oncolytic virotherapy. the underlying molecular mechanisms of viral oncolysis are largely unknown. as cancer in companion animals shares striking similarities with human counterparts, we chose a permanent canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (dh82 cells) to identify global transcriptome changes following infection with canine distemper virus (cdv), a para ... | 2017 | 27860224 |
| serosurvey for selected viral pathogens among sympatric species of the african large predator guild in northern botswana. | the recent increase in the creation of transboundary protected areas and wildlife corridors between them lends importance to information on pathogen prevalence and transmission among wildlife species that will become connected. one such initiative is the kavango zambezi transfrontier conservation area of which botswana's okavango delta constitutes a major contribution for wildlife and ecosystems. between 2008 and 2011, we collected serum samples from 14 lions ( panthera leo ), four leopards ( pa ... | 2017 | 27763827 |
| expression of canine distemper virus receptor nectin-4 in the central nervous system of dogs. | canine distemper virus (cdv) exhibits lymphotropic, epitheliotropic, and neurotropic nature, and causes a severe systemic infection in susceptible animals. initially, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) expressed on immune cells has been identified as a crucial cellular receptor for cdv. currently, nectin-4 expressed in epithelia has been shown to be another receptor for cdv. our previous study demonstrated that neurons express nectin-4 and are infected with cdv. in this study, we in ... | 2017 | 28336928 |
| pup mortality and evidence for pathogen exposure in galapagos sea lions (zalophus wollebaeki) on san cristobal island, galapagos, ecuador. | the galapagos sea lion ( zalophus wollebaeki ), an endangered species, experiences high pup mortality (up to 100%) in years when el niño events reduce food supply in the galapagos islands. mortality of pups in non-el niño years is estimated to be 5% in undisturbed colonies. from 2009 to 2012 we observed high pup mortality (up to 66%) in colonies close to the galapagos capital, puerto baquerizo moreno, where contact with humans, domestic animals, and rats is frequent. gross postmortem findings fr ... | 2017 | 28318380 |
| antibody response to paramyxoviruses in paget's disease of bone. | paget's disease of bone (pdb) is a common skeletal disorder characterised by focal abnormalities of increased and disorganised bone turnover. genetic factors play a central role in the pathogenesis of pdb but environmental factors also contribute. measles virus (mv), respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) have all been implicated as potential disease triggers but the data are conflicting. since chronic paramyxovirus infection with measles is known to be accompanied by ... | 2017 | 28361207 |
| polymerase spiral reaction (psr): a novel, visual isothermal amplification method for detection of canine parvovirus 2 genomic dna. | canine parvovirus-2 (cpv-2), which is ubiquitously distributed worldwide, causes severe and often fatal gastroenteritis in dogs. accurate, differential and rapid diagnosis of canine parvoviral enteritis remains a challenge for clinicians. a recently developed isothermal amplification technique, polymerase spiral reaction (psr), was optimized for the first time for a viral pathogen with reference recombinant plasmid standards from different cpv-2 antigenic variants (cpv-2, cpv-2a, cpv-2b and cpv- ... | 2017 | 28349355 |
| advances in canine distemper virus pathogenesis research: a wildlife perspective. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has emerged as a significant disease of wildlife, which is highly contagious and readily transmitted between susceptible hosts. initially described as an infectious disease of domestic dogs, it is now recognized as a global multi-host pathogen, infecting and causing mass mortalities in a wide range of carnivore species. the last decade has seen the effect of numerous cdv outbreaks in various wildlife populations. prevention of cdv requires a clear understanding of th ... | 2017 | 27902345 |
| outbreak of severe pseudorabies virus infection in pig-offal-fed farmed mink in liaoning province, china. | an outbreak of severe pseudorabies virus (prv) infection in farmed mink occurred in northern china in late 2014, causing significant economic losses in the local fur industry. here, we report the first case of a prv outbreak in mink in northeastern china, caused by feeding farmed mink with raw pork or organs contaminated by prv. mink infected with virulent prv exhibited diarrhea, neurologic signs, and higher mortality, which can be misdiagnosed as highly pathogenic mink enteritis virus (mev), ca ... | 2017 | 27885561 |
| multiple-host pathogens in domestic hunting dogs in nicaragua's bosawás biosphere reserve. | nicaragua's bosawás biosphere reserve is a vast forested area inhabited largely by indigenous mayangna and miskitu people. most bosawás residents rely on subsistence hunting and swidden agriculture, and hunting dogs are important for finding and securing wild game. we investigated the health of hunting dogs in three communities differing in location, size, and economy. dogs in all communities were nutritionally compromised and experienced a heavy burden of disease. seroprevalence of canine diste ... | 2017 | 28012903 |
| a histopathology study of caspian seal (pusa caspica) (phocidae, mammalia) liver infected with trematode, pseudamphistomum truncatum (rudolphi, 1819) (opisthorchidae, trematoda). | main objective of this study was to investigate the invasive activity of the liver fluke, pseudamphistomom truncatum against the caspian seal (pusa caspica) and was exemplified at the gross, light microscopy (lm) and electron microscopy (em) levels. | 2017 | 25848395 |
| canine distemper in a vaccinated snow leopard ( panthera uncia). | a 6-yr-old male snow leopard ( panthera uncia) presented with acute seizures, hyperthermia, and tachypnea. because of a diagnosis of anuric renal failure, the animal was euthanized. on histopathologic examination, numerous intralesional intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions were found in the lungs, lymph nodes, and stomach. positive immunohistochemical staining for canine distemper virus (cdv) was found in the lungs and, to a lesser extent, in the lymph nodes and brain. molecular testing ... | 2017 | 29297812 |
| molecular detection of viral agents in free-ranging and captive neotropical felids in brazil. | we describe molecular testing for felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (fhv-1), carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (cppv-1), feline calicivirus (fcv), alphacoronavirus 1 (feline coronavirus [fcov]), feline leukemia virus (felv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and canine distemper virus (cdv) in whole blood samples of 109 free-ranging and 68 captive neotropical felids from brazil. samples from 2 jaguars ( panthera onca) and 1 oncilla ( leopardus tigrinus) were positive for fhv-1; 2 jaguars, 1 puma ( puma conc ... | 2017 | 28677421 |
| dimerization efficiency of canine distemper virus matrix protein regulates membrane budding activity. | paramyxoviruses rely on the matrix (m) protein to orchestrate viral assembly and budding at the plasma membrane. although mechanistic details remain largely unknown, structural data suggested that m dimers and/or higher oligomers may facilitate membrane budding. to gain functional insights, we here employed a structure-guided mutagenesis approach to investigate the role of canine distemper virus (cdv) m protein self-assembly in membrane budding activity. three six-alanine-scan (6a) block mutants ... | 2017 | 28592541 |
| ribavirin and boceprevir are able to reduce canine distemper virus growth in vitro. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major infectious disease of dogs. although vaccines were successful to control cdv spread in canine population, the disease is still common and may pose a threat to unvaccinated dogs. in the attempt to develop specific anti-viral therapeutic tools, the efficacy of several molecules against cdv has been investigated in vitro. in this study the antiviral efficacy in vitro against cdv of ribavirin and boceprevir alone or in combination was evaluated. cdv growth in ... | 2017 | 28760649 |
| molecular cloning and functional characterization of eleven subtypes of interferon-α in amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica). | interferon has a broad-spectrum of antiviral effects and represents an ideal choice for the development of antiviral drugs. nonetheless, information about alpha interferon (ifn-α) is vacant in amur tiger (panthera tigris altaica), an endangered species and indigenous to northeast asia. herein, 11 ptifn-αs genes, which encoded proteins of 164-165 amino acids, were amplified. afterwards, expression and purification were conducted in escherichia coli. in physicochemical analysis, ptifn-αs were show ... | 2017 | 28751224 |
| rapid and sensitive detection of canine distemper virus by real-time reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification. | canine distemper, caused by canine distemper virus (cdv), is a highly contagious and fatal systemic disease in free-living and captive carnivores worldwide. recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa), as an isothermal gene amplification technique, has been explored for the molecular detection of diverse pathogens. | 2017 | 28810858 |
| surveillance for antibodies against six canine viruses in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in japan. | raccoons (procyon lotor) are found worldwide. they are frequently seen in crowded inner cities as well as in forests or wooded areas, often living in proximity to humans and their pets. we examined sera from 100 wild raccoons in japan for antibodies to six canine viruses with veterinary significance to assess their potential as reservoirs. we also aimed to understand the distribution of potentially infected wildlife. we found that 7% of samples were seropositive for canine distemper virus (cdv), ... | 2017 | 28715293 |
| serology and protein electrophoresis for evidence of exposure to 12 mink pathogens in free-ranging american mink (neovison vison) in argentina. | basic pathologic characteristics for farmed minks were previously reported worldwide. however, its status in the wild has not been studied in detail. | 2017 | 28635524 |
| homologous recombination is a force in the evolution of canine distemper virus. | canine distemper virus (cdv) is the causative agent of canine distemper (cd) that is a highly contagious, lethal, multisystemic viral disease of receptive carnivores. the prevalence of cdv is a major concern in susceptible animals. presently, it is unclear whether intragenic recombination can contribute to gene mutations and segment reassortment in the virus. in this study, 25 full-length cdv genome sequences were subjected to phylogenetic and recombinational analyses. the results of phylogeneti ... | 2017 | 28394936 |
| pathological findings in the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), with special emphasis on infectious and zoonotic agents in northern germany. | anthropogenic landscape changes contributed to the reduction of availability of habitats to wild animals. hence, the presence of wild terrestrial carnivores in urban and peri-urban sites has increased considerably over the years implying an increased risk of interspecies spillover of infectious diseases and the transmission of zoonoses. the present study provides a detailed characterisation of the health status of the red fox (vulpes vulpes), stone marten (martes foina) and raccoon dog (nyctereu ... | 2017 | 28399176 |
| pneumonia due to talaromyces marneffei in a dog from southern brazil with concomitant canine distemper virus infection. | the pathological and molecular findings associated with talaromyces marneffei-induced pneumonia with concomitant infection by canine distemper virus (cdv) are described in a dog. the principal pathological alteration occurred in the lungs. histopathology confirmed multifocal granulomatous pneumonia associated with numerous intralesional and intracellular septate fission cells consistent with t. marneffei. a molecular assay designed to amplify a partial fragment of the 18s rrna gene of t. marneff ... | 2017 | 28735673 |
| complete genomic sequence of canine distemper virus from an ethiopian wolf. | canine distemper virus (cdv) has been implicated in population declines of wildlife, including many threatened species. here we present the full genome of cdv from an ethiopian wolf, canis simensis, the world's rarest and most endangered canid. | 2017 | 28729263 |
| in vitro antiviral efficacy of caffeic acid against canine distemper virus. | canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious disease caused by the canine distemper virus (cdv), and mortality can be as high as 100%. however, there is no specific treatment for cd. in this study, the antiviral activity of the caffeic acid against cdv was evaluated in vitro. the results showed that the ic50 of the caffeic acid against cdv at 1 and 2 h post infection (pi) is 23.3 and 32.3 μg/ml, respectively. consistently, at 1 and 2 h pi, the caffeic acid exhibited a reduced (23.3-57.0% and 37. ... | 2017 | 28687324 |
| genome sequences of three vaccine strains and two wild-type canine distemper virus strains from a recent disease outbreak in south africa. | canine distemper virus causes global multihost infectious disease. this report details complete genome sequences of three vaccine and two new wild-type strains. the wild-type strains belong to the south african lineage, and all three vaccine strains to the america 1 lineage. this constitutes the first genomic sequences of this virus from south africa. | 2017 | 28684581 |