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influence of avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat on biological activities of marek's disease virus.gx0101 was the first reported field strain of recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) that contained a long terminal repeat (ltr) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev). it is a very virulent mdv strain, with relatively high horizontal transmission ability. the rev ltr in gx0101 genome was proved to decrease the pathogenicity but increase the potential for horizontal transmission of the virus. here we constructed a recombinant mdv gx0101-alv-ltr to study stability of avian leukosis virus (al ...201526274570
pathotyping of recent indian field isolates of marek's disease virus serotype 1.a study was undertaken to assess the virulence of marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 field isolates obtained from poultry flocks of southern part of india. five representative mdv serotype 1 strains were isolated from eighty-six blood samples collected from fifteen farms. three out of five isolates which were free from avian leukosis virus (alv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) were adapted in chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) culture and designated as ind/tn/11/01, ind/ka/12/02 and ind/t ...201526104332
effects of interferon-γ knockdown on vaccine-induced immunity against marek's disease in chickens.interferon (ifn)-γ has been shown to be associated with immunity to marek's disease virus (mdv). the overall objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between ifn-γ and vaccine-conferred immunity against mdv in chickens. to this end, 3 small interfering rnas (sirnas) targeting chicken ifn-γ, which had previously been shown to reduce ifn-γ expression in vitro, and a control sirna were selected to generate recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (raaav) expressing short-h ...201525673902
[construction of recombinant marek's disease virus expressing the ndv-f gene and its replication in chickens and in vitro].we used a meq-deleted attenuated mdv-i strain gx0101δmeq as a vector to construct a recombinant virus expressing the exogenous gene ndv-f. the orf of exogenous gene ndv-f was inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna3.1(-). then, the expression cassette of ndv-f which contains the cmv promoter was amplified. simultaneously, we amplified the selected gene kan+ expression cassette and inserted them into the pmd18-t vector. tandem expression cassettes were amplified using primers contain ...201526524905
animal herpesviruses and their zoonotic potential for cross-species infection.herpesviruses of humans and animals cause severe diseases that influence not only the health and epidemiological status but are also economically important in the context of food production. the members of herpesviridae are host specific agents that also share many properties that potentially make them capable of crossing the species barriers. the objective of presented review paper was to summarize the relationship between herpesviruses of animals and humans and their zoonotic potential. in hum ...201526094506
evaluation of the protection efficacy of a serotype 1 marek's disease virus-vectored bivalent vaccine against infectious laryngotracheitis and marek's disease.laryngotracheitis (lt) is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens that produces significant economic losses to the poultry industry. traditionally, lt has been controlled by administration of modified live vaccines. in recent years, the use of recombinant dna-derived vaccines using turkey herpesvirus (hvt) and fowlpox virus has expanded, as they protect not only against the vector used but also against lt. however, hvt-based vaccines confer limited protection against challenge, with ...201526473676
construction of recombinant hvt expressing pmpd, and immunological evaluation against chlamydia psittaci and marek's disease virus.chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) is an obligate intracellular zoonotic pathogen that can be transmitted to humans from birds. no efficacious commercial vaccine is available for clearing chlamydial infection due to lack of potential vaccine candidates and effective delivery vehicles. herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) is an efficacious commercially available vaccine against marek's disease virus (mdv). in this study, a recombinant hvt-delivered vaccine against c. psittaci and marek's disease was develo ...201525893439
understanding the molecular basis of disease is crucial to improving the design and construction of herpesviral vectors for veterinary vaccines.viral infections are associated with production losses in many animal production industries. important examples of this are marek's disease (md) and bovine respiratory disease (brd) which are significant issues in the chicken and cattle industries, respectively. viruses play key roles in md and brd development and consequently have also been utilised in vaccination strategies to control these diseases. despite the widespread availability and use of vaccines to control these diseases both are sti ...201526387436
development of a blocking latex agglutination test for the detection of antibodies to chicken anemia virus.a blocking latex agglutination test (b-lat) developed in this study was evaluated for the detection of antibodies against chicken anemia virus (cav) in chickens. polystyrene latex beads were coupled with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mab) to cav (mab-beads). when mab-beads were mixed with antigens prepared from the lysate of mdcc-msb1 cells infected with cav, agglutination occurred. a short pre-incubation of cav antigens with cav-specific antiserum inhibited the agglutination of mab-beads. ...201525952731
application of cross-priming amplification (cpa) for detection of fowl adenovirus (fadv) strains.fowl adenoviruses (fadvs) are widely distributed among chickens. detection of fadvs is mainly accomplished by virus isolation, serological assays, various polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assays, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). to increase the diagnostic capacity of currently applied techniques, cross-priming amplification (cpa) for the detection of the fadv hexon gene was developed. the single cpa assay was optimised to detect all serotypes 1-8a-8b-11 representing the species ...201525655263
simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken viruses using a gexp analyser-based multiplex pcr assay.immunosuppressive viruses are frequently found as co-infections in the chicken industry, potentially causing serious economic losses. because traditional molecular biology methods have limited detection ability, a rapid, high-throughput method for the differential diagnosis of these viruses is needed. the objective of this study is to develop a genomelab gene expression profiler analyser-based multiplex pcr method (gexp-multiplex pcr) for simultaneous detection of eight immunosuppressive chicken ...201526715327
chicken gga-mir-181a targets mybl1 and shows an inhibitory effect on proliferation of marek's disease virus-transformed lymphoid cell line.marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), is a lymphoproliferative neoplastic disease of chickens and is characterized by md lymphoma in multiple visceral organs of chicken. it causes great damage to poultry health. recently, mirna has been reported to be involved in marek's disease lymphomagenesis. our previous study showed that gga-mir-181a was downregulated in mdv-induced lymphoma, and its target gene, v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog-like 1 (mybl1), was predicte ...201526500265
fine mapping of qtl and genomic prediction using allele-specific expression snps demonstrates that the complex trait of genetic resistance to marek's disease is predominantly determined by transcriptional regulation.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of poultry induced by marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. identifying the underlying genes conferring md genetic resistance is desired for more efficacious control measures including genomic selection, which requires accurately identified genetic markers throughout the chicken genome.201526481588
evaluation of factors influencing efficacy of vaccine strain cvi988 against marek's disease in meat-type chickens.marek's disease (md) strain cvi988 is the most-protective commercially available vaccine against very virulent plus (vv+) marek's disease virus (mdv). however, its use in meat-type chickens has been controversial. while several countries have been using cvi988 for more than 40 yr, others do not authorize its use or it is restricted mainly to layers. the use of cvi988 in meat-type chickens will be necessary in the future in areas where other vaccine protocols fail. the objective of this study was ...201526478159
immune responses in cecal tonsils of marek's disease virus-infected chickens.marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of domestic chickens that is caused by a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). mdv replicates in chicken lymphocytes and establishes a latent infection within cd4+ t cells. clinical signs of md include depression, crippling, weight loss, bursal/thymic atrophy, neurologic disorders, and rapid onset of t cell lymphomas that infiltrate lymphoid tissues, visceral organs, and peripheral nerves. the cecal tons ...201526473671
the conservation and signatures of lincrnas in marek's disease of chicken.long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) associated with a number of cancers and other diseases have been identified in mammals, but they are still formidable to be comprehensively identified and characterized. marek's disease (md) is a t cell lymphoma of chickens induced by marek's disease virus (mdv). here, we used a md chicken model to develop a precise pipeline for identifying lincrnas and to determine the roles of lincrnas in t cell tumorigenesis. more than 1,000 lincrna loci were identif ...201526471251
growth inhibitive effect of betulinic acid combined with tripterine on msb-1 cells and its mechanism.marek's disease (md), a highly infectious lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, is caused by a cell-associated oncogenic herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv). msb-1 is a md-derived lymphoblastoid cell line and can induce tumors when inoculated into susceptible chickens. betulinic acid, which is present as one of the major effective components in many traditional chinese medicines, has recently been reported to inhibit growth of cancer cells and employed as a potential anticancer agent. tr ...201526467010
cytokine gene expression in lung mononuclear cells of chickens vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys and infected with marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv) enters the chicken host through the respiratory system. however, little is known about the host immune responses induced by mdv in the lungs. to characterize these responses, chickens were vaccinated with herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) and challenged with the rb1b strain of mdv via the respiratory route. lung mononuclear cells of vaccinated only, challenged only, vaccinated and challenged, as well as age-matched controls were isolated at 4, 10, and 21 days post-infectio ...201526447971
sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate affects marek's disease virus replication by inhibiting gb expression.previous studies demonstrated that sodium tanshinone iia sulfonate (sts) could inhibit mdv replication in vitro. the mechanism about how sts inhibits mdv replication is still not well understood.201626428057
recombinant marek's disease virus type 1 provides full protection against very virulent marek's and infectious bursal disease viruses in chickens.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a preferred vector in the construction of recombinant vaccines. however, bivalent vaccine based on mdv that confers full protection against both very virulent marek's and infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) infections in chickens has not been produced. here we developed a system utilizing overlapping fosmid dnas transfection that rescues an mdv type 1 (mdv1) vaccine strain. using this system, we inserted the ibdv vp2 gene at mdv1 genome sites ul41, us10 and us2. ...201627982090
marek's disease in backyard chickens, a study of pathologic findings and viral loads in tumorous and nontumorous birds.marek's disease (md) is a major cause of mortality in backyard chickens. the diagnosis of md is complex, however, and knowledge of marek's disease virus (mdv) in spontaneous field cases such as in backyard chickens is largely unknown. in this study, 40 backyard chickens with a presumptive md diagnosis based on histologic lymphoid infiltrations in peripheral nerves with and without lymphomas were investigated. twenty-eight of the birds were submitted to the diagnostic laboratory for disease explo ...201627902909
marek's disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology.marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent mdv transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. hence, to address ...201627894330
protective efficacy of a recombinant bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent marek's disease virus containing a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat.marek's disease virus (mdv), an alphaherpesvirus, causes marek's disease (md), a lymphoproliferative disease in poultry characterized by t-cell lymphomas, nerve lesions, and mortality. vaccination is used worldwide to control md, but increasingly virulent field strains can overcome this protection, driving a need to create new vaccines. previous studies revealed that insertion of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) into a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone of a ...201627258614
marek's disease herpesvirus vaccines integrate into chicken host chromosomes yet lack a virus-host phenotype associated with oncogenic transformation.marek's disease (md) is a lymphotropic and oncogenic disease of chickens that can lead to death in susceptible and unvaccinated host birds. the causative pathogen, md virus (mdv), a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, integrates into host genome near the telomeres. md occurrence is controlled across the globe by biosecurity, selective breeding for enhanced md genetic resistance, and widespread vaccination of flocks using attenuated serotype 1 mdv or other serotypes. despite over 40 years of usage ...201627720297
hyperediting by adar1 of a new herpesvirus lncrna during the lytic phase of the oncogenic marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus, or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), is an avian alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphoma in chickens. during transcriptomic studies of the rl region of the genome, we characterized the 7.5 kbp gene of the erl lncrna (edited repeat-long, long non-coding rna), which may act as a natural antisense transcript (nat) of the major gahv-2 oncogene meq and of two of the three mirna clusters. during infections in vivo and in vitro, we detected hyperediting of the erl lncrna that ...201627655063
sequence analysis of meq oncogene among indian isolates of marek's disease herpesvirus.marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), is a highly contagious neoplastic disease of chicken that can be prevented by vaccination. however, in recent years many cases of vaccine failure have been reported worldwide as chickens develop symptoms of md in spite of proper vaccination. distinct polymorphism and point mutations in meq gene of mdv have been reported to be associated with virulence and oncogenicity. the present study was carried out with the objective to isolate and ...201627617224
natural infection with avian hepatitis e virus and marek's disease virus in brown layer chickens in china.in the present study, avian hepatitis e virus (hev) and serotype-1 strains of marek's disease virus (mdv-1) were detected from a flock of 27-wk-old brown layer hens in china, accompanied by an average daily mortality of 0.44%. postmortem examination of 25 sick hens and five apparently healthy hens selected randomly from the flock showed significant pathologic changes consistent with hepatitis-splenomegaly syndrome (hss), including hepatomegaly, peritoneal fluid, and hepatic subcapsular hemorrhag ...201627610734
development and evaluation of the protective efficacy of novel marek's disease virus rispens vector vaccines against infectious bursal disease.infectious bursal disease (ibd) is a major disease affecting the poultry industry and is caused by infection with ibd virus (ibdv). to develop a novel vaccine to prevent ibd in chickens, recombinant marek's disease virus rispens viruses carrying the vp2 gene of ibdv driven by five different promoters (rispens/ibd) were constructed using homologous recombination and a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac). rispens/ibd driven by the chicken beta-actin (bac) promoter (rispens/bac-ibd), rous sarcoma ...201627610721
differences in cd8αα and cecal microbiome community during proliferation and late cytolytic phases of marek's disease virus infection are associated with genetic resistance to marek's disease.marek's disease (md) is an important neoplastic disease of chickens caused by marek ': s disease virus (mdv), a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus. in this study using two chicken lines, one resistant and another susceptible to md, splenic t cells and cecal microbiome were profiled to gain a better understanding of primary differences in these lines. the percent of splenic cd4(+) t cells were similar regardless of mdv challenge status in both bird lines. in contrast, cd8αα profiles were different ...201627604255
field studies of the detection, persistence and spread of the rispens cvi988 vaccine virus and the extent of co-infection with marek's disease virus.to use specific real-time qpcr to determine (1) the vaccination success of rispens cvi988 vaccine in feathers and dust; (2) persistence of rispens infection in vaccinated layer chickens; (3) extent of co-infection with wild-type marek's disease virus (mdv) in vaccinated layers; and (4) presence of rispens virus in unvaccinated broiler flocks.201627569836
in this issue - september 2016: portable negative pressure wound therapy for skin grafts in dogs · wellness testing in small animals · effects of pimobendan on myocardial perfusion and pulmonary transit time in dogs · rispens cvi988 vaccine virus and marek's disease virus in poultry · a field study of ovulation in oestrus mares · post-weaning growth of beef heifers. 201627569831
validation of alternative transcript splicing in chicken lines that differ in genetic resistance to marek's disease.utilizing rna-seq data, 1,574 candidate genes with alternative splicing were previously identified between two chicken lines that differ in marek's disease (md) genetic resistance under control and marek's disease virus infection conditions. after filtering out 1,530 genes with splice variants in the first or last exon, 44 genes were screened for possible exon loss or gain using pcr and gel electrophoresis. consequently, 7 genes exhibited visually detectable differential expression of splice var ...201627565867
a novel recombinant meq protein based dot-elisa for rapid and confirmatory diagnosis of marek's disease induced lymphoma in poultry.marek's disease (md), is an economically important virus disease of poultry throughout the world. in this study, we for the first time reports development of a novel dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-elisa) for the confirmatory diagnosis of lymphoma caused by marek's disease virus (mdv). suspected lymphoma tissue extracts from the diseased birds were used for the meq oncoprotein antigen detection, which is expressed specifically in mdv lymphomas. recombinant meq oncoprotein was expresse ...201627528486
morphology of immune organs after very virulent plus strain of marek's disease virus infection in vaccinated hens.marek's disease (md) outbreaks in poultry flocks may be associated with overriding of vaccine immune protection by very virulent (vvmdv) or very virulent plus (vv+mdv) strains. this paper presents the study on lymphoid organ morphology in the latent phase of md caused by vv+mdv which break post-vaccinal protection in hens. we also immunohistochemically examined b and t populations as well as b/t and cd4+/cd8+ ratio of lymphocytes in lymphatic organs and, as a background, in md lymphomas from non ...201627487506
evaluation and validation of reference gene stability during marek's disease virus (mdv) infection.quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr) is widely used in the study of relative gene expression in general, and has been used in the field of marek's disease (md) research to measure transcriptional responses to infection and/or vaccination. studies in the past have either employed cellular β-actin (bact) or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) as internal reference genes, although the stability of their expression in the context of marek's disease virus (mdv) infection has never been investig ...201627448823
oncogenic marek's disease herpesvirus encodes an isoform of the conserved regulatory immediate early protein icp27 generated by alternative promoter usage.herpesvirus gene expression is temporally regulated, with immediate early (ie), early (e) and late (l) genes. icp27, which is involved in post-transcriptional regulation, is the only ie gene product conserved in all herpesviruses. we show here that the icp27 transcript of the oncogenic marek's disease virus shares the same polyadenylation signal as the bicistronic glycoprotein k-icp27 transcript and is regulated by alternative promoter usage, with transcription from its own promoter (picp27) or ...201627411695
diversity of meq gene from clinical marek's disease virus infection in saudi arabia.the aim of this study was to demonstrate the genomic features of meq gene of marek's disease virus (mdv) recently circulating in saudi arabia (sa).201627397979
impacts of poultry vaccination on viruses of wild bird.spillover of viruses from farmed poultry into wild birds is a relatively new area of study at the livestock-wildlife interface. these transmission events can threaten the health of wild birds. there is growing evidence of transmission of vaccine viruses from poultry to wild birds, including attenuated vaccine strains of newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus, and also spread of virulent viruses that may have evolved under the pressure of vaccine use, such as marek's disease viru ...201627359320
combination of two marek's disease virus vectors shows effective vaccination against marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, and newcastle disease.herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) is a widely used vector for poultry vaccines. however, different hvts expressing different foreign antigens cannot always be used simultaneously because of the risk of recombination and interference. in this study, we inoculated a mixture of an hvt-expressing the antigen of newcastle disease virus (ndv; hvt/nd) and marek's disease virus (mdv) serotype 1 rispens virus expressing the antigen of infectious bursal disease virus (ibd; ripens/ibd) into chickens. this mixtu ...201627309290
animal genomics and infectious disease resistance in poultry.avian pathogens are responsible for major costs to society, both in terms of huge economic losses to the poultry industry and their implications for human health. the health and welfare of millions of birds is under continued threat from many infectious diseases, some of which are increasing in virulence and thus becoming harder to control, such as marek's disease virus and avian influenza viruses. the current era in animal genomics has seen huge developments in both technologies and resources, ...201627217172
severe necrotic dermatitis in the combs of line 63 chickens infected with marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv), the aetiological agent of mareks' disease (md), is a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus that replicates in chicken lymphocytes and establishes a latent infection within cd4(+) t cells. we investigated the possible effect of mdv infection on the exacerbation of necrotic dermatitis in the combs of md-susceptible (72) and md-resistant (63) chicken lines at 21 days post infection. mdv-infected birds of line 63 are relatively resistant to tumour development bu ...201627215315
transcriptional and bioinformatic analysis provide a relationship between host response changes to marek's disease viruses infection and an integrated long terminal repeat.gx0101, marek's disease virus (mdv) strain with a long terminal repeat (ltr) insert of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), was isolated from cvi988/rispens vaccinated birds showing tumors. we have constructed a ltr deleted strain gx0101δltr in our previous study. to compare the host responses to gx0101 and gx0101δltr, chicken embryo fibroblasts (cef) cells were infected with two mdv strains and a gene-chip containing chicken genome was employed to examine gene transcription changes in host cells ...201627200301
genetic evolution of gallid herpesvirus 2 isolated in china.gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), which causes marek's disease in chickens and has caused extensive economic losses, has recently evolved increased virulence in china. to better understand the genetic basis of the pathogenic characteristics changed and increased virulence, we sequenced the genomes of six new gahv-2 strains (lcc, lts, wc/1203, jl/1404, cc/1409, and hs/1412) isolated from chickens with failed immunisation as well as one previously isolated chinese gahv-2 strain, j-1. based on a multi ...201627112385
real-time pcr for differential quantification of cvi988 vaccine virus and virulent strains of marek's disease virus.cvi988/rispens vaccine, the 'gold standard' vaccine against marek's disease in poultry, is not easily distinguishable from virulent strains of marek's disease herpesvirus (mdv). accurate differential measurement of cvi988 and virulent mdv is commercially important to confirm successful vaccination, to diagnose marek's disease, and to investigate causes of vaccine failure. a real-time quantitative pcr assay to distinguish cvi988 and virulent mdv based on a consistent single nucleotide polymorphis ...201626973285
deletion of the bac sequences from recombinant meq-null marek's disease (md) virus increases immunosuppression while maintaining protective efficacy against md.marek's disease virus (mdv) gx0101 is a field strain of mdv with a naturally occurring insertion of the reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) long terminal repeat (ltr) fragment. both copies of the meq gene were knocked out in the gx0101 bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) clone to construct the recombinant virus sc9-1, resulting in a complete lack of pathogenicity and providing better protection against md than cvi988/rispens. in the present study, the bac sequences in sc9-1 were removed using a ...201626957626
effects of rispens cvi988 vaccination followed by challenge with marek's disease viruses of differing virulence on the replication kinetics and shedding of the vaccine and challenge viruses.vaccination with "imperfect" vaccines that prevent disease but not infection is strongly implicated in the observed increased virulence of marek's disease virus (mdv) over the past six decades. the current "gold standard" vaccine, rispens cvi988 (rispens), has maintained efficacy despite use for five decades, raising the question of whether it too favours higher virulence mdvs. to investigate this, we studied the kinetics of rispens cvi988 (rispens) and two mdv strains of different virulence in ...201626790931
virus and host genomic, molecular, and cellular interactions during marek's disease pathogenesis and oncogenesis.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a chicken alphaherpesvirus that causes paralysis, chronic wasting, blindness, and fatal lymphoma development in infected, susceptible host birds. this disease and its protective vaccines are highly relevant research targets, given their enormous impact within the poultry industry. further, marek's disease (md) serves as a valuable model for the investigation of oncogenic viruses and herpesvirus patterns of viral latency and persistence--as pertinent to human health ...201626755654
keratinocytes derived from chicken embryonic stem cells support marek's disease virus infection: a highly differentiated cell model to study viral replication and morphogenesis.marek's disease is a virus disease with worldwide distribution that causes major losses to poultry production. vaccines against marek's disease virus, an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, reduce tumour formation but have no effect on virus shedding. successful horizontal virus transmission is linked to the active viral replication in feather follicle epithelial cells of infected chickens, from which infectious viral particles are shed into the environment. the feather follicle epithelium is the sole t ...201626742789
marek's disease virus undergoes complete morphogenesis after reactivation in a t-lymphoblastoid cell line transformed by recombinant fluorescent marker virus.t-lymphocytes are central targets of marek's disease, a major chicken disease induced by the oncogenic alphaherpesvirus marek's disease virus (mdv). t-lymphocyte infection is also associated with immunosuppression and virus latency. to decipher viral morphogenesis in t-lymphocytes, we used the recombinant vrb-1b 47egfp marker virus to generate a new lymphoblastoid cell line, 3867k, that exhibited typical properties of other mdv-transformed chicken cell lines in term of cell markers, reactivation ...201626612074
molecular and pathogenicity characterization of gallid herpesvirus 2 newly isolated in china from 2009 to 2013.during the course of our continuous surveillance of gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), 44 isolates were obtained from gahv-2-positive chickens of different flocks in china from 2009 to 2013. the meq gene, considered as a major gahv-2 oncogene, was sequenced and was found to contain an open reading frame of 1020 nucleotides encoding a 339 amino acid (aa) polypeptide in all isolates. compared with the gahv-2 ga strain, the meq genes in 15.9 % (7/44) of the isolates analyzed in this study contained an ...201626611441
activation of toll-like receptor 3 inhibits marek's disease virus infection in chicken embryo fibroblast cells.toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) is a critical component of the innate immune system against viral infection and controls the activation of adaptive immunity. the role of tlr3 in marek's disease virus (mdv) infection is not clear. in this study, we found that the abundance of tlr3 mrna was significantly higher in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (cef) infected with mdv than in a control group. activated tlr3 signaling via tlr3 ligand stimulation inhibited replication of the rb1b strain of mdv in cef c ...201626597188
development, characterization and optimization of a new suspension chicken-induced pluripotent cell line for the production of newcastle disease vaccine.traditionally, substrates for production of viral poultry vaccines have been embryonated eggs or adherent primary cell cultures. the difficulties and cost involved in scaling up these substrates in cases of increased demand have been a limitation for vaccine production. here, we assess the ability of a newly developed chicken-induced pluripotent cell line, ba3, to support replication and growth of newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota vaccine strain. the characteristics and growth profile of the ...201626586283
protection provided by rispens cvi988 vaccine against marek's disease virus isolates of different pathotypes and early prediction of vaccine take and md outcome.we tested the level of protection provided by the rispens cvi988 (rispens) vaccine against challenge with a virulent marek's disease virus (mdv) pathotype (vmdv) and a very virulent pathotype (vvmdv) and the accuracy of a range of predictive measures of marek's disease (md) incidence and vaccine take. commercial layer chicks (n = 236) were vaccinated (or not) with 4000 plaque-forming units (pfu) of rispens vaccine at hatch and challenged (or not) with 500 pfu of each challenge virus five days po ...201626503904
effects of different promoters on the protective efficacy of recombinant marek's disease virus type 1 expressing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus.the vaccine efficacy of recombinant viruses can be influenced by many factors. accordingly, the activity of promoters has been one of the major factors affecting the antigen expression and protection rate. in the present study, two recombinant marek's disease virus type 1 (mdv1) vaccines containing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) under control of different promoters were generated from overlapping fosmid dnas. the rmdv-pec-vp2 virus containing the vp2 gene under control of ...201627742216
chicken gga-mir-103-3p targets ccne1 and tfdp2 and inhibits mdcc-msb1 cell migration.marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious viral neoplastic disease caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), which can lead to huge economic losses in the poultry industry. recently, micrornas (mirnas) have been found in various cancers and tumors. in recent years, 994 mature mirnas have been identified through deep sequencing in chickens, but only a few mirnas have been investigated further in terms of their function. previously, gga-mir-103-3p was found downregulated in mdv-infected samples by ...201626935418
persistence of chicken anemia virus antigen and inclusions in spontaneous cases of marek's disease visceral lymphomas in broiler chickens at slaughterhouses.the chicken anemia virus (cav) and marek's disease virus (mdv) infect chickens worldwide; a single or dual infection by these viruses has a great impact on poultry production. in the present study, we examined the existence of cav antigen and its inclusions in marek's disease (md) lymphomas in chickens in the slaughterhouses of iwate prefecture, japan. forty-nine spleens and 13 livers with different degrees of nodular lesions were histopathologically examined at our laboratory. grossly, the test ...201626888585
current and future vaccines and vaccination strategies against infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) respiratory disease of poultry.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry that affects the industry worldwide. vaccination is the principal tool in the control of the disease. two types of vaccines, live attenuated and recombinant viral vector, are commercially available. the first generation of gahv-1 vaccines available since the early 1960's are live viruses, attenuated by continuous passages in cell culture or embryos. these vaccines significantly reduce mortalities and, ...201628057380
early infection with marek's disease virus can jeopardize protection conferred by laryngotracheitis vaccines: a method to study mdv-induced immunosuppression.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphomas and immunosuppression in chickens. mdv-induced immunosuppression (mdv-is) is divided into two phases: early-mdv-is occurring mainly in chickens lacking maternal antibodies (mab) against mdv and associated with lymphoid organ atrophy; and late-mdv-is occurring once mdv enters latency and during tumour development. our objectives were to document the impact of late-mdv-is on commercial poultry (meat-type chickens bearing mab again ...201627207594
efficacy of various marek's disease vaccines protocols for prevention of marek's disease virus-induced immunosuppression.marek's disease virus (mdv) induces tumors and severe immunosuppression in chickens. mdv-induced immunosuppression (mdv-is) is very complex and difficult to study. in particular, the late mdv-is (late-mdv-is) is of great concern since it can occur in the absence of lymphoid organ atrophy or gross tumors. we have recently developed a model to reproduce late-mdv-is under laboratory conditions. this model measures mdv-is indirectly by assessing the effect of mdv infection on the efficacy of infecti ...201627371103
emergence of reticuloendotheliosis virus in pigeons in guangdong province, southern china.reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an important immunosuppressive pathogen, has many hosts, including chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and wild birds. clinically, rev may lead to increased susceptibility to other pathogens, resulting in serious tissue damage (especially tumors) and the death of its host. in this study, we encountered a disease outbreak resulting in a large number of deaths of pigeons in guangdong province, southern china. histopathological analysis revealed apparent tumor-like l ...201627120185
expression of the env gene from the avian endogenous retrovirus alve and regulation by mir-155.endogenous retroviruses (ervs) are important retroelements that reside in host genomes. however, erv expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. in this study, chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs) and msb1 cells infected with marek's disease virus (mdv) exhibited significantly increased expression of env from the endogenous retrovirus alve. in contrast, env expression was significantly lower in cef and msb1 cells infected with exogenous avian leukosis virus j (alvj) at the ...201627016933
isolation and pathogenic analysis of virulent marek's disease virus field strain in china.marek's disease (md) has become increasingly common in china, resulting in considerable economic loss. the etiological agent is unclear. in this study, we isolated a field md virus (mdv) strain, designated sx1301, from cvi988/rispens-vaccinated chickens with tumors. co-infection of avian leukosis virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, and chicken infectious anemia virus was excluded by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, dna blotting hybridization, and indirect immunofluor ...201626976907
history of the first-generation marek's disease vaccines: the science and little-known facts.shortly after the isolation of marek's disease (md) herpesvirus (mdv) in the late 1960s vaccines were developed in england, the united states, and the netherlands. biggs and associates at the houghton poultry research station (hprs) in england attenuated hprs-16, the first cell-culture-isolated mdv strain, by passaging hprs-16 in chick kidney cells. although hprs-16/att was the first commercially available vaccine, it never became widely used and was soon replaced by the fc126 strain of herpesvi ...201627902902
recombinant marek's disease virus as a vector-based vaccine against avian leukosis virus subgroup j in chicken.avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j) is an immunosuppressive virus that causes considerable economic losses to the chicken industry in china. however, there is currently no effective vaccine to prevent alv-j infection. in order to reduce the losses caused by alv-j, we constructed two effective alv-j vaccines by inserting the alv-j (strain jl093-1) env or gag+env genes into the us2 gene of the marek's disease herpesviruses (mdv) by transfection of overlapping fosmid dnas, creating two recombin ...201627827933
gp85 genetic diversity of avian leukosis virus subgroup j among different individual chickens from a native flock.to compare the genetic diversity and quasispecies evolution of avian leukosis virus (alv) among different individuals, 5 chickens, raised in shandong provice of china, were randomly selected from a local chicken flock associated with serious tumor cases. blood samples were collected and inoculated into chicken embryo fibroblast and df-1 cell lines for virus isolation and identification, respectively, of marek's disease virus (mdv), reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), and alv. five strains of alv ...201627794054
downregulation of cellular prion protein inhibited the proliferation and invasion and induced apoptosis of marek's disease virus-transformed avian t cells.cellular prion protein (prp(c)) is ubiquitously expressed in the cytomembrane of a considerable number of eukaryotic cells. although several studies have investigated the functions of prp(c) in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and tumorigenesis of mammals, the correlated functions of chicken prp(c) (chprp(c)) remain unknown. in this study, stable chprp(c)-downregulated marek's disease (md) virus-transformed avian t cells (msb1-sirna-3) were established by introducing short interfering rna (si ...201626243599
alternative splicing of a viral mirtron differentially affects the expression of other micrornas from its cluster and of the host transcript.interplay between alternative splicing and the microprocessor may have differential effects on the expression of intronic mirnas organized into clusters. we used a viral model - the lat long non-coding rna (lat lncrna) of marek's disease oncogenic herpesvirus (mdv-1), which has the mdv1-mir-m8-m6-m7-m10 cluster embedded in its first intron - to assess the impact of splicing modifications on the biogenesis of each of the mirnas from the cluster. drosha silencing and alternative splicing of an ext ...201627715458
marek's disease virus immunosuppression alters host cellular responses and immune gene expression in the skin of infected chickens.marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated lymphotropic α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of marek's disease (md) in domestic chickens. mdv replicates in chicken lymphocytes and establishes a latent infection within cd4(+) t cells. the latently infected cd4(+) t cells carry the virus to visceral organs, peripheral nerves, and feather follicle epithelium (ffe). ffe is the only anatomical site where infectious enveloped cell-free virus particles are produced and disseminated into th ...201627692091
marek's disease herpesvirus: a model of vaccine-dependent adaptation.marek's disease (md) virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes a rapid-onset t-cell lymphoma in chickens. in order to preserve the viability of poultry industry, non sterilizing vaccines have been used since fifty years, preventing lymphoma development but leading to an imperfect control of md. vaccination has been accompanied with the increase in virulence of mdv forcing the development of new vaccine formulations. several loci of mdv genome are variable and have evolved in link with virul ...201632260024
positive selection drives rapid evolution of the meq oncogene of marek's disease virus.marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), a poultry-borne alphaherpesvirus, is a devastating disease of poultry causing an estimated annual loss of one billion dollars to poultry producers, worldwide. despite decades of control through vaccination, mdv field strains continue to emerge having increased virulence. the evolutionary mechanism driving the emergence of this continuum of strains to increased mdv virulence, however, remains largely enigmatic. increase in mdv virulence ...201727662574
evaluation of factors influencing the development of late marek's disease virus-induced immunosuppression: virus pathotype and host sex.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a herpesvirus that induces lymphoma and immunosuppression in chickens. mdv induced immunosuppression (mdv-is) is complex and can be divided into two phases: early-mdv-is associated with cytolytic infection in the lymphoid organs in chickens lacking maternal antibodies against mdv (mabs) and late-mdv-is that appears later in the pathogenesis and occurs even in chickens bearing mabs. we have recently developed a model to reproduce late-mdv-is under laboratory conditi ...201728151004
capacity of the meq-deleted strain marek's virus sc9-1 to acquire the meq gene by natural recombination.we wished to explore the ability of the meq-deleted marek's disease virus (mdv) vaccine strain sc9-1 to acquire the meq gene from the mdv wild strain md5 by recombination. chicken embryo fibroblast cells (cefs) were co-infected with the sc9-1 vaccine virus and md5 virus, passaged to third generation, and viral dna was extracted from a single plaque in the cell culture. specific pathogen-free chickens pre-immunized with the sc9-1 vaccine virus were infected with the md5 virus. viruses were isolat ...201730702827
progress toward the development of polyvalent vaccination strategies against multiple viral infections in chickens using herpesvirus of turkeys as vector.vaccination is the most cost effective strategy for the control and prevention of the plethora of viral diseases affecting poultry production. the major challenge for poultry vaccination is the design of vaccines that will protect against multiple pathogens via a single protective dose, delivered by mass vaccination. the marek disease virus and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus cause severe disease outbreaks in chickens. vaccination with live herpesvirus of turkeys protects chickens fr ...201722705840
identification of the receptor and cellular ortholog of the marek's disease virus (mdv) cxc chemokine.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a cell associatedalphaherpesvirusthat causes fatal lymphoma in chickens. one factor that plays a crucial role in mdv pathogenesis is the viral cxc chemokine vil-8 that was originally named after chicken interleukin 8 (cil-8). however, a recent study demonstrated that vil-8 recruits b cells and a subset of t cells but not neutrophils, suggesting that vil-8 is not a cil-8 orthologue. in this study, we set to identify the cellular orthologues and receptor of vil-8 usi ...201729326678
epidemiological investigation of outbreaks of fowl adenovirus infections in commercial chickens in china.one hundred and five fowl adenovirus (fadv) strains were isolated in china from 2015 to 2016 from poultry with inclusion body hepatitis (ibh) and hydropericardium syndrome (hps). polymerase chain reactions determined that 68 were fadv species c, five were fadv species d, two were fadv species e, and 30 contained two or more different fadv strains. a phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated fadv strains clustered into three major groups: fadv-c, fadv-d and fadv-e. based on a hexon gene sequ ...201728804982
a novel method for genome-wide profiling of dynamic host-pathogen interactions using 3' end enriched rna-seq.marek's disease is a contagious lymphoproliferative disease of chickens and typical model of viral oncogenesis. mapping changes or different states over the course of infection for both host and pathogen would provide important insights into dynamic host-pathogen interactions. here we introduced 3' end enriched rna-seq as a novel method to study host-pathogen interactions in chicken embryo fibroblasts cells challenged with marek's disease virus. the method allowed accurate profiling of gene expr ...201728819105
molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a virulent marek's disease virus field strain in broiler chickens in japan.marek's disease is a lymphoproliferative disease causing a serious threat in poultry production. field strains of marek's disease virus (mdvs) are continuously re-emerging, causing great economical losses to the poultry industry worldwide in spite of the intensive vaccination and restrictive management policy used. histopathological and molecular characterizations of mdvs are essential for monitoring the changes of viruses and evaluating the effectiveness of existing vaccines. during 2016, 190 v ...201728762757
marek's disease virus type 1 encoded analog of mir-155 promotes proliferation of chicken embryo fibroblast and df-1 cells by targeting hnrnpab.marek's disease virus type 1 (mdv-1) is a representative oncogenic alpha herpesvirus that causes an immunosuppressive and neoplastic lymphoproliferative avian disease, namely marek's disease (md). the rapid-onset t-cell lymphoma in chickens induced by mdv-1 has been historically regarded as an ideal natural model for herpesvirus-related cancer research. as a viral analog of cellular mir-155, the mdv-1-encoded mir-m4-5p has been shown to be crucial for the virally-induced md tumorigenesis. our pr ...201728757026
a tiny rna that packs a big punch: the critical role of a viral mir-155 ortholog in lymphomagenesis in marek's disease.micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas that have been identified in animals, plants, and viruses. these small rnas play important roles in post-transcriptional regulation of various cellular processes, including development, differentiation, and all aspects of cancer biology. rapid-onset t-cell lymphoma of chickens, namely marek's disease (md), induced by gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2), could provide an ideal natural animal model for herpesvirus-related cancer research. gahv2 encodes 26 ...201728694799
telomeres and telomerase: role in marek's disease virus pathogenesis, integration and tumorigenesis.telomeres protect the ends of vertebrate chromosomes from deterioration and consist of tandem nucleotide repeats (ttaggg)n that are associated with a number of proteins. shortening of the telomeres occurs during genome replication, thereby limiting the replication potential of somatic cells. to counteract this shortening, vertebrates encode the telomerase complex that maintains telomere length in certain cell types via de novo addition of telomeric repeats. several herpesviruses, including the h ...201728677643
industry-wide surveillance of marek's disease virus on commercial poultry farms.marek's disease virus is a herpesvirus of chickens that costs the worldwide poultry industry more than us$1 billion annually. two generations of marek's disease vaccines have shown reduced efficacy over the last half century due to evolution of the virus. understanding where the virus is present may give insight into whether continued reductions in efficacy are likely. we conducted a 3-yr surveillance study to assess the prevalence of marek's disease virus on commercial poultry farms, determine ...201728665725
co-infection with marek's disease virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus increases illness severity and reduces marek's disease vaccine efficacy.marek's disease virus (mdv) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) cause marek's disease (md) and reticuloendotheliosis (re), respectively. co-infection with mdv and rev is common in chickens, causing serious losses to the poultry industry. however, experimental studies of such co-infection are lacking. in this study, chinese field strains of mdv (zw/15) and rev (jlr1501) were used as challenge viruses to evaluate the pathogenicity of co-infection and the influence of md vaccination in chickens. ...201728635675
comparative transcriptomics of genetically divergent lines of chickens in response to marek's disease virus challenge at cytolytic phase.marek's disease (md), caused by marek's disease virus (mdv), remains an economically significant threat to the poultry industry worldwide. genetic resistance to md is a promising alternative strategy to augment current control measures (vaccination and management). however, only a few functional genes reportedly conferring md resistance have been identified. here, we performed a comparative transcriptomics analysis of two highly inbred yet genetically divergent lines of chickens (line 63 and 72) ...201728591220
marek's disease virus infection of phagocytes: a de novo in vitro infection model.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphomas in chickens. natural infections in vivo are caused by the inhalation of infected poultry house dust and it is presumed that mdv infection is initiated in the macrophages from where the infection is passed to b cells and activated t cells. virus can be detected in b and t cells and macrophages in vivo, and both b and t cells can be infected in vitro. however, attempts to infect macrophages in vitro have not been succ ...201728548038
differential amplification of marek's disease cvi988 vaccine and of wild-type isolates from organs of commercial chickens using single or duplexed probes in real-time pcr.the differentiation of marek's disease virus (mdv)-infected and vaccinated animal (diva) test, based on the mdv pp38 gene was described by baigent et al. [(2016). real-time pcr for differential quantification of cvi988 vaccine and virulent mdv strains. journal of virological methods, 233, 23-36], using similar primers and alternate probes for virulent mdv-1 and the vaccine cvi988 virus. we explored the assay's applicability for commercial vaccines and commercial chickens, as the above-mentioned ...201728532188
interindividual spread of herpesviruses.interindividual spread of herpesviruses is essential for the virus life cycle and maintenance in host populations. for most herpesviruses, the virus-host relationship is close, having coevolved over millions of years resulting in comparatively high species specificity. the mechanisms governing interindividual spread or horizontal transmission are very complex, involving conserved herpesviral and cellular proteins during the attachment, entry, replication, and egress processes of infection. also ...201728528445
putative roles as oncogene or tumour suppressor of the mid-clustered micrornas in gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) induced marek's disease lymphomagenesis.in the last decade, numerous micrornas (mirnas) have been identified in diverse virus families, particularly in herpesviruses. gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) is a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas in its natural hosts, namely marek's disease (md). in the gahv2 genome there are 26 mature mirnas derived from 14 precursors assembled into three clusters, namely the meq-cluster, mid-cluster and lat-cluster. several gahv2 mirnas, especially those in ...201728510513
protective efficacy of a novel recombinant marek's disease virus vector vaccine against infectious bursal disease in chickens with or without maternal antibodies.infectious bursal disease (ibd) causes significant clinical and economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. current vaccine programs using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines have numerous drawbacks. as an alternative solution to control ibd, a marek's disease virus (mdv) vector vaccine (rmdv-vp2) expressing the vp2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) has been developed. in this study, the protective efficacy of rmdv-vp2 was evaluated in a dose-related experiment which sho ...201728413051
transcriptomic analysis of host immune response in the skin of chickens infected with marek's disease virus.marek's disease virus (mdv), a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus, is the causative agent of t cell lymphoma and neuropathic disease called marek's disease. the skin is the only anatomical site where infectious enveloped cell-free virions are produced and shed into the environment. studies have demonstrated that mdv infection induces immunological responses within the skin, including the release of cytokines and the recruitment of t lymphocytes. the host immune response, however, is ...201728410454
escdl-1, a new cell line derived from chicken embryonic stem cells, supports efficient replication of mardiviruses.marek's disease virus is the etiological agent of a major lymphoproliferative disorder in poultry and the prototype of the mardivirus genus. primary avian somatic cells are currently used for virus replication and vaccine production, but they are largely refractory to any genetic modification compatible with the preservation of intact viral susceptibility. we explored the concept of induction of viral replication permissiveness in an established pluripotent chicken embryonic stem cell-line (ces) ...201728406989
in ovo evaluation of floramax®-b11 on marek´s disease hvt vaccine protective efficacy, hatchability, microbiota composition, morphometric analysis, and salmonella enteritidis infection in broiler chickens.three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of in ovo administration of floramax®-b11 (fm) on marek´s disease (md) herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) vaccine protective efficacy, hatchability, microbiota composition, morphometric analysis, and salmonella enteritidis (se) infection in chickens. experiment 1 consisted of 3 trials. in trials 1 and 2, d 18 white leghorn 15i5x71 embryos were randomly distributed in 4 groups: 1) hvt vaccinated in ovo and no marek's disease virus (mdv) challenge; ...201728160004
association of marek's disease induced immunosuppression with activation of a novel regulatory t cells in chickens.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens, transforms cd4+ t cells and causes deadly lymphomas. in addition, mdv induces immunosuppression early during infection by inducing cell death of the infected lymphocytes, and potentially due to activation of regulatory t (treg)-cells. furthermore, immunosuppression also occurs during the transformation phase of the disease; however, it is still unknown how the disease can suppress immune response prior or after lymphoma fo ...201729267390
application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in the detection of herpesvirus of turkey (fc 126 strain) from chicken samples in nigeria.this study was designed to optimize and apply the use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) as an alternative to conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) (fc 126 strain) in vaccinated and non-vaccinated poultry in nigeria.201729263603
a phylogenomic analysis of marek's disease virus reveals independent paths to virulence in eurasia and north america.virulence determines the impact a pathogen has on the fitness of its host, yet current understanding of the evolutionary origins and causes of virulence of many pathogens is surprisingly incomplete. here, we explore the evolution of marek's disease virus (mdv), a herpesvirus commonly afflicting chickens and rarely other avian species. the history of mdv in the 20th century represents an important case study in the evolution of virulence. the severity of mdv infection in chickens has been rising ...201729151863
characterization of the deubiquitination activity and substrate specificity of the chicken ubiquitin-specific protease 1/usp associated factor 1 complex.deubiquitinases (dubs) are essential regulators of intracellular processes involving ubiquitin (ub) modification. the human dub ubiquitin-specific protease 1 (husp1) interacts with human usp-associated factor 1 (huaf1), and helps to regulate processes such as dna damage repair. previously, we identified a chicken usp1 homologue (chusp1) during an investigation into the properties of marek's disease virus (mdv). however, chusp1's deubiquitination activity, interaction with chuaf1, and substrate s ...201729091922
toll-like receptor 3 pathway restricts marek's disease virus infection.marek's disease virus (mdv) is an α-herpesvirus that causes immune suppression and t lymphoma in chickens. toll-like receptor 3 (tlr3) is critical for the host immune response against mdv infection. previously, our team demonstrated that pre-treatment of tlr3 agonist poly (i:c) inhibited marek's disease virus infection in chicken embryo fibroblasts (cefs). however, whether tlr3 inhibits the aggravation of mdv infection is unknown. in the current study, we found that tlr3 activation in mdv-infect ...201729050325
depression of vaccinal immunity to marek's disease by infection with chicken infectious anemia virus.marek's disease (md) has been occurring with increasing frequency in chickens in recent years. to our knowledge, however, there has been no report of the very virulent plus (vv+) md virus (mdv) field isolate in china. studies have shown that dual infection with immunosuppressive viruses such as chicken infectious anemia virus (ciav) occurs frequently in chickens developing md. in this study, we performed a designed set ofin vivoexperiments, which comprised five different groups of chickens, incl ...201729018431
induction of dna damages upon marek's disease virus infection: implication in viral replication and pathogenesis.marek's disease virus (mdv) is a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes a deadly neoplastic disease. we previously demonstrated that mdv infection arrests cells in s phase and that the tegument protein vp22 plays a major role in this process. in addition, expression of vp22 induces double-strand breaks (dsbs) in the cellular dna, suggesting that dna damage and the associated cellular response might be favorable for the mdv life cycle. here, we addressed the role of d ...201728978699
dynamic changes in the splenic transcriptome of chickens during the early infection and progress of marek's disease.gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (gahv2) is an oncogenic avian herpesvirus inducing marek's disease (md) and rapid-onset t-cell lymphomas. to reveal molecular events in md pathogenesis and tumorigenesis, the dynamic splenic transcriptome of gahv2-infected chickens during early infection and pathogenic phases has been determined utilizing rna-seq. based on the significant differentially expressed genes (degs), analysis of gene ontology, kegg pathway and protein-protein interaction network has demonstrat ...201728912500
long intergenic non-coding rna galmd3 in chicken marek's disease.long intergenic non-coding rnas (lincrnas) are transcribed from non-coding dna sequences. studies have revealed that aberrant expressions of lincrnas are associated with various types of cancers and neurological disorders. marek's disease (md) is a highly contagious t-cell lymphoid neoplasia of chicken induced by marek's disease virus (mdv). in this study, we first identified and validated linc-galmd3 highly expressed in mdv-infected cd4+ t cells by rna-seq and qrt-pcr. by rna-seq analysis in md ...201728860661
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