Publications

bystander effects: intercellular transmission of radiation damage signals.	biological effects were examined in confluent cultures of fibroblasts and epithelial cells exposed to very low mean doses of alpha radiation, doses by which only 1-2% of the cells were actually traversed by an alpha particle. enhanced frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges and hprt mutations occurred in the non-irradiated, 'bystander' cells associated with a similar increase in the frequency of micronuclei, indicating the induction of dna damage in these cells. in order to gain information co ...	2002	12194273
histological thin-sections: a method for the microscopic study of teeth in spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	a method to obtain thin histological sections (4-5 microm thick) from teeth, using a conventional microtome, is described for incisors, molars and canines from spanish red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). decalcifying solutions of formic acid and nitric acid at different concentrations were ineffective. this was not the case for a solution of 14% hypochloric acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone (tbd-1(r) of shandon). however, the time needed to complete decalcification was longer than the time estimat ...	2002	12196264
an ecosystem approach to population management of ungulates.	harvest objectives for wild ungulates have traditionally been based on population models that do not consider ecosystem effects of ungulate herbivory, nor interactions between native and domestic ungulate species. there is a need for ecosystem models to allow wildlife managers to evaluate potential ecosystem effects of management scenarios. the utility of the savanna simulation model for estimating elk population objectives within an ecosystem context was demonstrated for north park, colorado, u ...	2002	12197079
malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2.	eight barbary red deer (cervus elaphus barbarus) developed clinical signs suggestive of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) over a 28-day period. these animals were housed outdoors with four other species of ruminants. affected red deer had lethargy, ocular signs, and nasal discharge and were euthanatized within 48 h. lesions included ulcers of the muzzle, lips, and oral cavity associated with infiltrates of neutrophils and lymphocytes. serologically, six of seven red deer tested during the outbreak ...	2002	12202582
dietary salt intake activates map kinases in the rat kidney.	this study explored the hypothesis that dietary salt promoted changes in renal expression of tgf-beta1 and nos3 by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. sprague-dawley rats were maintained for four days on formulated diets that contained 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, or 8.0% nacl. an increase in salt intake to greater than or equal to 3.0% nacl increased kinase activities of p38 mapk and p42/44 mapk, but not p46/54 jnk/sapk, in the cortex and outer and inner medulla. associated with ...	2002	12206991
canadian male farm residents, pesticide safety handling practices, exposure to animals and non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl).	a majority of published studies indicate that farmers have an elevated risk of developing non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) compared to other workers.	2002	12210683
activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) by aromatic hydrocarbons: role in the regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) function.	the aromatic hydrocarbon (ah) receptor (ahr) is the only known cellular receptor of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) and of many other widespread environmental contaminants that cause diverse toxic effects in animals and humans. most, if not all, the biological effects of tcdd are mediated by the activation of ahr, which is a ligand-activated transcription factor required for ligand-induced expression of several detoxification genes, including those encoding for cytochrome p450 enzymes ...	2002	12213569
rheb is in a high activation state and inhibits b-raf kinase in mammalian cells.	rheb (ras homolog enriched in brain) is a member of the ras family of proteins, and is in the immediate ras/rap/ral subfamily. we found in three different mammalian cell lines that rheb was highly activated, to levels much higher than for ras or rap 1, and that rheb's activation state was unaffected by changes in growth conditions. rheb's high activation was not secondary to unique glycine to arginine, or glycine to serine substitutions at positions 14 and 15, corresponding to ras residues 12 an ...	2002	12214276
identification of a jak2-independent pathway regulating growth hormone (gh)-stimulated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. gh activation of ral and phospholipase d is src-dependent.	we have demonstrated here that growth hormone (gh) stimulates the formation of the active gtp-bound form of both rala and ralb in nih-3t3 cells. full activation of rala and ralb by gh required the combined activity of c-src and jak2, both kinases activated by gh independent of the other. activation of rala and ralb by growth hormone did not require the activity of jak2 per se. ras was also activated by gh and was required for the gh-stimulated formation of gtp-bound rala and ralb. activation of ...	2002	12218045
effects of gnrh agonist (leuprolide) on reproduction and behaviour in female wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni).	fertility control offers a potential alternative to traditional methods for regulating the growth of overabundant wild ungulate populations. however, current technology is limited due to practical treatment application, undesirable side-effects and economic considerations. a promising non-steroidal, non-immunological approach to contraception involves the use of a potent gnrh agonist. two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a gnrh agonist (leuprolide) for controlling fert ...	2002	12220155
use of porcine zona pellucida (pzp) vaccine as a contraceptive agent in free-ranging tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes).	the potential for the application of porcine zona pellucida (pzp) immunocontraception in wildlife population management has been tested over a 15 year period and promises to provide a useful wildlife management tool. these studies have provided evidence indicating that the use of pzp immunocontraception in wildlife: (i) is effective at both the physiological and population level (liu et al., 1989; kirkpatrick et al., 1996; turner et al., this supplement); (ii) is deliverable by remote means (kir ...	2002	12220156
regulation of transcription factor phosphorylation by metabotropic glutamate receptor-associated signaling pathways in rat striatal neurons.	the group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are positively coupled to phospholipase c. through phospholipase c, group i mglur activation increases intracellular concentrations of diacylglycerol which is known as a strong activator of protein kinase c (pkc). this study investigated the putative role of pkc in the regulation of transcription factor phosphorylation induced by group i mglur activation in the rat striatum in vivo. we found that the group i agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine ...	2002	12220559
involvement of elk-1 in l6e9 skeletal muscle differentiation.	in l6e9 skeletal muscle cells ternary complex factor (tcf) elk-1 expression increased with the onset of skeletal muscle differentiation, whereas its activation decreased as a function of differentiation. its expression was predominantly restricted to cytoplasm and activated ones were predominantly restricted to the nucleus of the differentiated cells. inhibition of erk-1/-2 activities by pd098059 resulted into significant reduction in elk-1 expression and phosphorylation during differentiation. ...	2002	12220646
distinct signaling pathways are activated in response to mechanical stress applied axially and transversely to skeletal muscle fibers.	in the diaphragm muscle we tested the hypothesis that map kinase signaling pathways are activated by mechanical stress and such signaling pathways are dependent on the direction in which mechanical stress is applied. although equal magnitudes of mechanical stress were applied axially and transversely a greater level of activation of erk1/2, p38, raf-1, p90 rsk, elk-1, and the dna binding activity of ap-1 transcription factor was produced when the muscle was stretched transversely than when stret ...	2002	12221078
sampling technique to discriminate the different tissue layers of growing antler tips for gene discovery.	the utilization of a deer antler model to study gene expression in tissues undergoing rapid growth has been hampered by an inability to sample the different tissue types. we report here a standardized procedure to identify different tissue types in growing antler tips and demonstrate that it can help in the classification of expressed sequence tags (ests). the procedure was developed using observable morphological markers within the unstained tissue at collection, and was validated by histologic ...	2002	12221718
p42/p44 mapks are intracellular targets of the cdk inhibitor purvalanol.	chemical inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) have a great therapeutic potential against various proliferative and neurodegenerative disorders. intensive screening of a combinatorial chemistry library of 2,6,9-trisubstituted purines has led to the identification of purvalanol, one of the most potent and selective cdk inhibitors to date. in preliminary studies, this compound demonstrates definite anti-mitotic properties, consistent with its nanomolar range efficiency towards purified cdk ...	2002	12226745
menin uncouples elk-1, jund and c-jun phosphorylation from map kinase activation.	menin, a nuclear protein encoded by the tumor suppressor gene men1, interacts with the ap-1 transcription factor jund and inhibits its transcriptional activity. in addition, overexpression of menin counteracts ras-induced tumorigenesis. we show that menin inhibits erk-dependent phosphorylation and activation of both jund and the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. we also show that menin represses the inducible activity of the c-fos promoter. furthermore, menin expression inhibits jun n-termi ...	2002	12226747
c-fos expression in ouabain-treated vascular smooth muscle cells from rat aorta: evidence for an intracellular-sodium-mediated, calcium-independent mechanism.	in this study, we examined the effect of na(+)-k(+) pump inhibition on the expression of early response genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc) as possible intermediates of the massive rna synthesis and protection against apoptosis seen in ouabain-treated vsmc in our previous experiments. incubation of vsmc with ouabain resulted in rapid induction of c-fos protein expression with an approximately sixfold elevation after 2 h of incubation. c-jun expression was increased by approximately four ...	2002	12231642
developmental expression of serum response factor in the rat central nervous system.	serum response factor (srf), a transcription factor known to be essential for early embryonic development as well as post-natal regulation of both cellular proliferation and myogenic differentiation, is expressed broadly in neurons within the adult mammalian central nervous system (cns). the function of srf within the developing cns is not well established, but it is likely to play an important role in neuraxial development and neuronal function, since many of its known target genes (e.g., c-fos ...	2002	12234660
serum antibody prevalence of malignant catarrhal fever viruses in seven wildlife species from alaska.	blood samples were collected from seven species of free-ranging ungulates in alaska. sera were tested for evidence of exposure to malignant catarrhal fever viruses (mcfv) by means of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. antibody prevalences were as follows: muskox (ovibos moschatus) 100 positive samples of 104 tested (96%); dall sheep (ovis dalli) 212 of 222 (95%); elk (cervus elaphus) 14 of 51 (27%); bison (bison bison) 34 of 197 (17%); caribou (rangifer tarandus) nine of 232 (4%); ...	2002	12238366
safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes.	brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ...	2002	12238372
effects of diet and body condition on fecal progestagen excretion in elk.	recent research demonstrated the utility of fecal progestagens (p4) for detecting pregnancy in elk (cervus elaphus) during mid- to late gestation. several factors, however, may influence fecal p4 excretion and limit its use in free-ranging animals. we investigated the effects of nutrition and body condition (percent ingesta-free body fat) on fecal p4 concentrations and incidence of abortion. during mid-gestation (late december 1997 through early march 1998), 40 gravid cow elk varying in body con ...	2002	12238373
hematologic values for tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes).	hematologic values for 99 tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) from california (usa) are presented. these were obtained from individuals from three captures at tomales point (point reyes national seashore, california) from 1997-98. differences between capture groups were assessed. greatest differences were detected between yearling bulls and cows in december 1998 which may be a reflection of age and reproductive status.	2002	12238377
gastrin stimulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells through multiple signaling pathways. evidence for involvement of erk5 kinase and transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.	gastrin is a hormone produced by g-cells in the normal gastric antrum. however, colorectal carcinoma cells may aberrantly produce gastrin and exhibit increased expression of cholecystokinin b (cck-b)/gastrin receptors. gastrin is trophic for the normal gastric oxyntic mucosa and exerts a growth-promoting action on gastrointestinal malignancy. thus, gastrin may act as an autocrine/paracrine or endocrine factor in the initiation and progression of colorectal carcinoma. the molecular mechanisms inv ...	2002	12239223
interaction of serum response factor (srf) with the elk-1 b box inhibits rhoa-actin signaling to srf and potentiates transcriptional activation by elk-1.	serum response factor (srf) is a transcription factor which regulates many immediate-early genes. rho gtpases regulate srf activity through changes in actin dynamics, but some srf target genes, such as c-fos, are insensitive to this pathway. at the c-fos promoter, srf recruits members of the ternary complex factor (tcf) family of ets domain proteins through interactions with the tcf b-box region. analysis of c-fos promoter mutations demonstrates that the tcf and atf/ap1 sites adjoining the srf b ...	2002	12242287
otzi's last meals: dna analysis of the intestinal content of the neolithic glacier mummy from the alps.	samples of the intestinal content were collected from the ileum and colon of the neolithic glacier mummy popularly known as the tyrolean iceman, or otzi. dna was extracted from the samples and pcr amplified, using a variety of primer pairs designed to bind to different genes (mammal mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna gene, plant/fungal nuclear 18s ribosomal rna gene, plant chloroplast ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit gene). this made it possible to distinguish between animal and plan ...	2002	12244211
[vector systems and rhythms in movements and orientation of elk (alces alces l.) and other wild animals (mammalia)].	the orientation of elk and other mammals studied in fields with visual and instrumental tracing has obviously hierarchical organization. animals usually choose general direction headed for distant markers and then select short-distance landmarks. movements of animals to distant and close landmarks is characterized by almost constant or regularly changing angles between main direction and movement vector. fragments of trajectories represent left-side or right-side spirals with decreasing or incre ...	2002	12298181
antler size in red deer: heritability and selection but no evolution.	we present estimates of the selection on and the heritability of a male secondary sexual weapon in a wild population: antler size in red deer. male red deer with large antlers had increased lifetime breeding success, both before and after correcting for body size, generating a standardized selection gradient of 0.44 (+/- 0.18 se). despite substantial age- and environment-related variation, antler size was also heritable (heritability of antler mass = 0.33 +/- 0.12). however the observed selectio ...	2002	12353761
5-ht1a receptor-mediated regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat brain.	mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), a family of signal transduction mediators important in a host of cellular activities, include the extracellular signal-regulated kinases erk1 and erk2. we determined whether 5-ht(1a) receptors activate erk1/2 in rat brain in vivo, as they do in recombinant cell lines. in contrast to the effect in cells, the 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-n,n-diproylaminotetralin (8-oh-dpat) dose- and time-dependently decreased basal levels of phosphorylated erk1/2 ...	2002	12354565
meningoencephalitis and pneumonia associated with cryptococcus neoformans infection in a free-ranging elk in the usa.		2002	12356239
bovine spongiform encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease, scrapie, and the threat to humans from prion disease epizootics.	ongoing endemics and epidemics of prion disease afflict several species of ruminants regularly consumed by humans. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is epidemic in british cattle, and is now found in the cattle of more than 20 countries. a large, and apparently growing, epidemic of chronic wasting disease plagues deer and elk in north america. finally, scrapie has been endemic in the sheep of most countries for many decades. it was once assumed that humans were not susceptible to these rumi ...	2002	12359101
oxidative metabolism modulates signal transduction and micronucleus formation in bystander cells from alpha-particle-irradiated normal human fibroblast cultures.	the role of oxidative metabolism in the up-regulation/activation of stress-induciblesignaling pathways as well as induction of micronucleus formation in bystander cells was investigated. by immunoblotting and in situ immunofluorescence, active cu-zn superoxide dismutase (sod) enzyme and active catalase enzyme were shown to inhibit the up-regulation of p21(waf1) as well as the induction of micronucleus formation in bystander cells from confluent cultures of normal human diploid fibroblasts irradi ...	2002	12359750
reproductive seasonality in female iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	this study characterized the seasonal pattern of luteal cyclicity in iberian red deer (n=16), by measuring plasma progesterone concentrations in hinds (female red deer) twice per week from calving (may and june) 1996 until may 1997. in eight of these hinds we also examined plasma prolactin profiles to assess seasonal responses to photoperiod. plasma progesterone concentration in the 16 hinds studied indicated that the reproductive pattern is seasonal, and lasts for 5.73 +/- 0.27 months. after ca ...	2002	12374125
negative regulatory role of overexpression of plc gamma 1 in the expression of early growth response 1 gene in rat 3y1 fibroblasts.	the early growth response 1 (egr-1) gene product is a transcription factor that functions as an oikis factor. loss of egr-1 expression is closely associated with tumor formation. phospholipase cgamma1 (plcgamma1) is overexpressed in some tumors, and its overexpression causes anchorage-independent growth. here we report that overexpression of plcgamma1 and sh2-sh3 domain of plcgamma1 decreased induction of egr-1 and the egr-1-regulated genes tsp-1 and pai-1. results from the nuclear run-on assay ...	2002	12374773
amphetamine increases phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and transcription factors in the rat striatum via group i metabotropic glutamate receptors.	amphetamine is an indirect dopamine receptor agonist and increases glutamate release in the striatum. activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) upregulates camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. in the present study the role of mglurs in the regulation of erk1/2 pathways leading to creb and elk-1 phosphorylation by amphetamine was investigated using immunohist ...	2002	12377393
evaluation of brucella abortus strain rb51 and strain 19 in pronghorn antelope.	free-roaming elk and bison in the greater yellowstone area remain the only wildlife reservoirs for brucella abortus in the united states, and the large number of animals and a lack of holding facilities make it unreasonable to individually vaccinate each animal. therefore, oral delivery is being proposed as a possible option to vaccinate these wild ungulates. one of the main problems associated with oral vaccination is the potential exposure of nontarget species to the vaccines. the purpose of t ...	2002	12381572
elk restoration in ontario, canada: infectious disease management strategy, 1998-2001.	ontario has embarked upon a program to restore elk (cervus elaphus) that were once native to that province. a comprehensive disease-management strategy has ensured that elk are free of infectious diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis prior to shipment to ontario. postmortem analysis occurs on elk mortalities in ontario to ensure that elk are not infected with diseases such as chronic wasting disease and tuberculosis. between 1998 and 2001, a total of 443 elk were transported from elk isl ...	2002	12381618
extracellular zinc stimulates erk-dependent activation of p21(cip/waf1) and inhibits proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.	zinc is an important trace element in the body and is involved in both the proliferation and growth arrest of many kinds of cells including colorectal epithelial cells. the aim of this study was to identify the molecular mechanism of the growth regulation of colorectal cancer cells by extracellular zinc. zinc-stimulated activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade was measured by immunoblotting and elk-1 dependent trans-reporter gene expression, and zinc-stimulated p21(cip/w ...	2002	12381673
failure to demonstrate involvement of antibodies to acinetobacter calcoaceticus in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of animals.	acinetobacter calcoaceticus, a soil microbe, contains molecular sequences which resemble those found in neurofilaments of the brain tissue. it was hypothesized that if cattle ingest large amounts of feedstuff containing a. calcoaceticus, they may develop an autoimmune reaction, with consequences of pathological changes associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). the hypothesis was tested using a small number of serum samples collected from cattle and it was found that affec ...	2002	12383651
measuring prions causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy or chronic wasting disease by immunoassays and transgenic mice.	there is increasing concern over the extent to which bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) prions have been transmitted to humans, as a result of the rising number of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) cases. toward preventing new transmissions, diagnostic tests for prions in livestock have been developed using the conformation-dependent immunoassay (cdi), which simultaneously measures specific antibody binding to denatured and native forms of the prion protein (prp). we employed high-aff ...	2002	12389035
effects of nutritional stress during lactation on immunity costs and indices of future reproduction in iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus).	nutrition may affect the balance between immunity and traits such as reproduction or growth. this study examines the effect of low nutrient availability on immunity indices and lactation in captive iberian red deer. twelve hinds and their calves were allotted to a food-restricted (50-60% daily energy requirements) or a control group just after calving. low calorie intake exerted a greater effect on the immunity of calves than on that of hinds. whereas no difference was found for hinds, calves of ...	2002	12390895
[transformation with the e1a + cha-ras oncogenes enhances the trans-repressor function of the elk-1 transcription factor].	rat embryo fibroblasts (ref) transformed with the complementing e1a and cha-ras oncogenes show a down-regulation of the c-fos early response gene, which is transcribed with the participation of elk-1. the role of elk-1 was studied with constructs coding for the full-length factor or its n- or c-terminal fragment fused with gal. the trans-activating effect of each construct on the gal4-luc reporter plasmid was estimated in contransfected ref52 and e1a + cha-ras cells stimulated with serum or trea ...	2002	12391846
hypoglycemia in sick and moribund farmed elk calves.	blood glucose was found to be below the reference range in most farmed elk calves examined at the western college of veterinary medicine teaching hospital. hypoglycemia was associated with diarrhea, sepsis, and malnutrition. blood glucose analysis and, when indicated, intravenous dextrose administration are recommended when treating moribund farmed elk calves.	2002	12395760
comparative ungulate dynamics: the devil is in the detail.	attempts to relate species differences in population dynamics to variation in life histories rely on the assumption that the causes of contrasts in demography are sufficiently simple to be derived from first principles. here, we investigate the causes of contrasts in dynamics between two ungulate populations on hebridean islands (red deer and soay sheep) and show that differences in stability, as well as in the effects of variation in density and climate, are related to differences in timing of ...	2002	12396519
a case of chronic wasting disease in an elk imported to korea from canada.	a seven-year-old male elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) was euthanized and necropsied after having a 3-week history of body weight loss, emaciation, excessive salivation, teeth grinding, fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress. the elk was imported into korea from canada on march 9, 1997. gross pathologic findings were restricted to a diffuse fibrinous pneumonia. microscopic lesions included mild neuronal vacuolation and spongiform change in the neuropil of selected brain stem nuclei and generalize ...	2002	12399615
activation of the epha2 tyrosine kinase stimulates the map/erk kinase signaling cascade.	intracellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases regulates many different aspects of cell behavior. recent studies in our laboratory and others have demonstrated that the epha2 receptor tyrosine kinase critically regulates tumor cell growth, migration and invasiveness. although the cellular consequences of epha2 signaling have been the focus of recent attention, the biochemical changes that are triggered by ligand-mediated activation of epha2 remain largely unknown. herein, we demonstrate th ...	2002	12400011
effects of calcium modulation on percutaneous absorption of a model drug.	to investigate the effect of modulation of the calcium gradient in the skin on the percutaneous absorption of nicotinic acid (na).	2002	12403077
macrophage signaling and respiratory burst.	macrophages are key defenders of the lung and play an essential role in mediating the inflammatory response. critical to this is the activation of the nadph oxidase. through receptor-mediated interactions, extracellular stimuli activate pathways that signal for the phosphorylation and assembly of the nadph oxidase. once the nadph oxidase is activated, it produces superoxide and h2o2 in a process known as the respiratory burst. the involvement of o2.- and h2o2 in the antimicrobicidal function of ...	2002	12403349
glucose upregulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.	we investigated the effects of high concentrations of glucose on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (pai-1) gene expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmc). in response to a high glucose concentration (27.5 mm), pai-1 mrna increased within 2 h, peaked at 4 h, remained elevated for another 4 h, then decreased to basal levels at 24 h. on the other hand, mannose at the same concentration (22.5 mm mannose plus 5.5 mm glucose) as an osmotic control had little effect on pai-1 mrna e ...	2002	12409145
grp receptor-mediated immediate early gene expression and transcription factor elk-1 activation in prostate cancer cells.	bombesin (bn) and its mammalian homologue gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) have been shown to play an important role in human cancer as autocrine and paracrine growth factors. prostatic neuroendocrine cells are thought to secrete these regulatory peptides and they may therefore interact with their specific, aberrantly expressed grp receptor (grp-r) in prostate cancer. in this study, we investigated the effect of bn on immediate early gene expression in two androgen-independent prostate cancer cel ...	2002	12409226
ventilation-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.	mechanical ventilation of patients can be a life-saving treatment, but also imposes additional stress on the lung. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) represent a family of protein kinases that become phosphorylated and activated by many different forms of stress. using western blot analysis, the present study analysed the effects of high distending pressure ventilation on the activation of the mapk extracellular signal-related kinases (erk)-1/2, c-jun amino-terminal kinases (jnk) and p38 k ...	2002	12412688
brucella vaccines in wildlife.	brucellosis has been known to exist in populations of wildlife since the early part of the 20th century. at the beginning of this century in the us, brucella abortus is a problem in elk and bison in the greater yellowstone area, b. suis is prevalent in millions of feral swine in most of the southern states, and caribou/reindeer in alaska are infected with b. suis biovar 4. brucellosis has been virtually eliminated in domestic livestock in the us after decades of expensive governmental disease pr ...	2002	12414169
comparison of abnormal prion protein glycoform patterns from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agent-infected deer, elk, sheep, and cattle.	analysis of abnormal prion protein glycoform patterns from chronic wasting disease (cwd)-affected deer and elk, scrapie-affected sheep and cattle, and cattle with bovine spongiform encephalopathy failed to identify patterns capable of reliably distinguishing these transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases. however, prp-res patterns sometimes differed among individual animals, suggesting infection by different or multiple cwd strains in some species.	2002	12414979
development of pcr assay for differentiation of some important wild animal meat of sri lanka.	a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to differentiate meat of ceylon spotted deer (axis axis ceylonensis), ceylon hog deer (a. porcius oryzus), ceylon sambhur (cervus unicolor unicolor) and barking deer (muntiacus muntijak malabaricus) from meat of cattle, goat, buffalo, pig, dog and sheep. a set of primers was designed according to the sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of c. elaphus canadensis and by pcr amplification about 450 bp band was observed for all four an ...	2002	12420866
infection with anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages.	human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) was recently recognized as an emerging tick-borne infection in europe. the disease is caused by anaplasma (previously ehrlichia) phagocytophila. the first confirmed acute human disease caused by a. phagocytophila was reported from slovenia in 1998. the tick ixodes ricinus was identified as the likely vector for this pathogen of humans and animals in europe. in order to assess the possibility that roe and red deer in slovenia serve as potential reservoir host ...	2002	12422618
hiv nef increases t cell erk map kinase activity.	the human immunodeficiency regulatory protein nef enhances viral replication and is central to viral pathogenesis. although nef has displayed a capacity to associate with a diverse assortment of cellular molecules and to increase t cell activity, the biochemical activity of nef in t cells remains poorly defined. in this report we examine the bioactivity of nef in primary cd4 t cells and, in particular, focus on the biochemical pathways known to be central to t cell activity. the extracellular si ...	2002	11726657
studies on the inhibition of tumor cell growth and microtubule assembly by 3-hydroxy-4-[(e)-(2-furyl)methylidene]methyl-3-cyclopentene-1,2-dione, an intensively coloured maillard reaction product.	very recently, 3-hydroxy-4-[(e)-(2-furyl)methylidene]methyl-3-cyclopentene-1,2-dione (1) has been successfully identified as an intensively coloured maillard product formed from glucose and l-proline upon thermal food processing. using a biomimetic synthetic strategy, reference material of compound 1 was prepared and purified, and then used to study its effect on the growth of human tumor cells. compound 1 was found to potently inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro. using a reporter g ...	2002	11731031
linkage of rapid estrogen action to mapk activation by eralpha-shc association and shc pathway activation.	e2 rapidly activates mapk in breast cancer cells, and the mechanism for this effect has not been fully identified. since growth factor-induced mapk activation involves signaling via the adapter protein shc (src-homology and collagen homology) and its association with membrane receptors, we hypothesized that breast cancer cells utilize similar signaling mechanisms in response to e2. in the present study, we demonstrated that e2 rapidly induced shc phosphorylation and shc-grb2 (growth factor recep ...	2002	11773443
at1 receptor mutant lacking heterotrimeric g protein coupling activates the src-ras-erk pathway without nuclear translocation of erks.	angiotensin ii (ang ii) type 1 receptors (at1rs) activate tyrosine kinases, including src. whether or not tyrosine kinase activation by at1r occurs independently of heterotrimeric g protein coupling and, if so, the cellular function of such a mechanism are unknown. to address these questions, we used an at1ar intracellular second loop mutant, which lacks heterotrimeric g protein coupling (at1a-i2m). surprisingly, ang ii-induced src activation was preserved in at1a-i2m, which was not attenuated b ...	2002	11777928
specificity determinants in mapk signaling to transcription factors.	one critical component in determining the specificity, fidelity, and efficiency of mapk substrate phosphorylation is the presence of distinct docking domains in the substrate proteins. these docking domains are found in a range of substrates, including the transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor-2a and sap-1. however, the sequences of these motifs differ, as does their targeting preferences by mapks, with sap-1 being targeted by both the erk and p38 isoforms, whereas myocyte enhancer facto ...	2002	11786537
identification of the critical features of a small peptide inhibitor of jnk activity.	the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) are a subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks). although progress in evaluating the functions of other mapks has been facilitated by the characterization of specific inhibitors, no jnk-directed inhibitor is commercially available. we have identified a 21-amino acid peptide inhibitor of activated jnks, based on amino acids 143-163 of the jnk-binding domain (jbd) of the jnk scaffolding protein, jnk-interacting protein-1 (jip-1). this peptide, i ...	2002	11790767
a distinct class of dominant negative ras mutants: cytosolic gtp-bound ras effector domain mutants that inhibit ras signaling and transformation and enhance cell adhesion.	cytosolic gtp-bound ras has been shown to act as a dominant negative (dn) inhibitor of ras by sequestering raf in non-productive cytosolic complexes. nevertheless, this distinct class of dn mutants has been neither well characterized nor extensively used to analyze ras signaling. in contrast, dn ras17n, which functions by blocking ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors, has been well characterized and is widely used. cytosolic gtp-bound ras mutants could be used to inhibit particular ras effect ...	2002	11799108
mapping the receptor site for ergtoxin, a specific blocker of erg channels.	we show here that ergtoxin (ergtx) is a bona fide, specific blocker of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (herg) channels. it does not affect the function of either m-eag or m-elk channels. a chimeric construction containing a segment of the p-region of m-eag channel inserted into the herg channel drastically diminished or completely abolished the inhibitory effect of ergtx, whereas chimeras of the p-region of herg channel into m-eag channels recovered the inhibitory effect. from the p-region ...	2002	11755529
selective in vivo inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation using cell-permeable peptides.	the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation, and thus there exists great interest to develop specific and selective inhibitors of this enzyme. whereas small molecule inhibitors pd098095 and u0126 have been used to study mapk/erk kinase (mek), their target selectivity has been questioned recently. the cross-reactivity of atp-directed inhibitors with other protein kinases pro ...	2002	11756441
acidic extracellular ph induces vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) in human glioblastoma cells via erk1/2 mapk signaling pathway: mechanism of low ph-induced vegf.	overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is associated with disease progression in human glioblastomas. we recently showed that vegf promoter activity is inversely correlated with tumor extracellular ph (ph(o)) in vivo in the human glioma (u87 mg) xenografts. here we show that substitution of the neutral culture medium (ph 7.3) with acidic ph medium (ph 6.6) up-regulates vegf mrna and protein production in human glioblastoma cells as reflected by northern blot analysis and enz ...	2002	11741977
isolation and characterization of a drosophila homologue of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 which has a high substrate specificity towards extracellular-signal-regulated kinase.	a partial c-terminal cdna sequence of a novel drosophila mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (mkp), designated dmkp-3, was identified from an epitope expressed sequence tag database, and the missing n-terminal cdna fragment was cloned from a drosophila cdna library. dmkp-3 is a protein of 411 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8 kda; the deduced amino acid sequence is most similar to that of mammalian mkp-3. recombinant dmkp-3 produced in escherichia coli retained intri ...	2002	11742539
felodipine inhibits nuclear translocation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and human smooth muscle cell growth.	smooth muscle cell (smc) proliferation contributes to vascular structural changes in cardiovascular disease. ca(2+) antagonists exert antiproliferative effects and may also be clinically beneficial in the patients. however, the underlying mechanisms of action remain elusive. activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), in particular p42/44mapk plays a central role in cell proliferation. we hypothesise that ca(2+) antagonists inhibit cell proliferation by interfering with the p42/44map ...	2002	11744032
creb and elk-1 phosphorylation by metabotropic glutamate receptors in striatal neurons (review).	metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are implicated in the regulation of diverse neuronal plasticity and neuropathological processes in the central nervous system. activation of mglurs couples glutamatergic signals to second messengers in a subtype-specific manner: activation of group i mglurs upregulates ca2+ cascades, while group ii/iii downregulates the adenylate cyclase and camp cascades. dominant presynaptic inhibitory actions of group ii/iii mglurs on the glutamate release, extensive ...	2002	11744988
nonradioactive assay of flag-tagged mapk using anti-flag antibody-coated multiwell plates.	we have developed a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative 96-well microplate-based nonradioactive immunoprecipitation/kinase assay to evaluate mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity. three quantitative nonradioactive imunoprecipitation/kinase assays of mapk were demonstrated on a 96-well microplate coated with anti-flag m2 antibody (anti-flag m2 plate): (i) the capture of phosphorylated flag-tagged mapk fusion protein (flag-mapk) from phorbol esters-stimulated, flag-mapk-transfected cos-7 ...	2002	11848420
downregulation of c-fos gene transcription in cells transformed by e1a and cha-ras oncogenes: a role of sustained activation of map/erk kinase cascade and of inactive chromatin structure at c-fos promoter.	ref cells transformed by oncogenes e1a and cha-ras reveal high and constitutive dna-binding activity of ap-1 factor lacking in c-fos protein. consistently, the transcription of c-fos gene has been found to be downregulated. to elucidate the mechanisms of c-fos downregulation in e1a+cha-ras transformants, we studied the levels of activity of erk, jnk/sapk and p38 kinases and phosphorylation state of elk-1 transcription factor involved in regulation of c-fos gene. using two approaches, western blo ...	2002	11850800
ecdysone-inducible expression of oncogenic ha-ras in nih 3t3 cells leads to transient nuclear localization of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1.	the ras family of gtp-binding proteins are key transducers of extracellular signals, particularly through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway. constitutively active forms of ras are found in a variety of tumours, suggesting an important role for this pathway in cancer. here we report that initial cellular exposure to oncogenic ras chronically activated the mapk pathway in the cytoplasm, but transiently activated the same pathway in the nucleus. nuclear-activated extracellular sig ...	2002	11853538
immunodiagnosis of experimental parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in elk.	elk infected with the meningeal worm, parelaphostrongylus tenuis (protostrongylidae), do not consistently excrete larvae in feces, making the current method of diagnosing live animals using the baermann fecal technique unreliable. serological diagnosis could prove more useful in diagnosing field-infected animals but depends on the identification and availability of good quality antigen. to mimic field infections, 2 elk were inoculated with 6 infective l3 larvae of p. tenuis, and another 2 with 2 ...	2002	11858642
[role of the tcf phosphorylation state and the chromatin structure in the negative transcription regulation of the c-fos proto-oncogene in e1a + c-ha-ras transformed cells].	as compared with normal rat embryo fibroblasts (ref), c-fos transcription is suppressed in ref transformed with the e1a and cha-ras complementing oncogenes. negative regulation of the fos promoter is due to the serum-responsive element (sre) constantly bound with the serum response factor (srf) and with the ternary complex factor (tcf), which form the srf/srf/tcf complex. possible mechanisms of the c-fos suppression were studied, including changes in the tcf content and phosphorylation and repla ...	2002	11862715
inhibition of mek1,2/erk mitogenic pathway by estrogen with antiproliferative properties in rat aortic smooth muscle cells.	proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) are believed to contribute significantly to intimal thickening in atheroscleosis, restenosis, and venous bypass graft disease. estrogen inhibits proliferation and migration of vsmcs. however, antiproliferative mechanisms of estrogen were not well elucidated yet. in this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect of estrogen to determine whether the transduction signals and protooncogenes were affected in rat aortic smoo ...	2002	11867267
hepatitis c virus core protein induces cell proliferation and activates erk, jnk, and p38 map kinases together with the map kinase phosphatase mkp-1 in a hepg2 tet-off cell line.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein is a multifunctional protein interacting with cellular and viral proteins and promoters. a tetracycline-regulated system was used to generate a hepg2 tet-off cell line allowing regulated expression of a full-length (191 aa) and an n(c)-truncated core protein (160 aa). in this system hcv core protein expression activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), and p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase, induces map kinas ...	2002	11878930
a phylogenetic comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochondrial dna.	a phylogeny was constructed for red deer/wapiti (cervus elaphus) subspecies using sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the tree was rooted using cervus nippon (sika deer), cervus albirostris (thorold's white-lipped deer), and several odocoileinae species. a division between the mtdna haplotypes of red deer (european) and wapiti (asian/north american) corresponds to subspecies found on opposite sides of the himalayan mountains and gobi, which suggests wapiti should ...	2002	11884159
troglitazone activates p21cip/waf1 through the erk pathway in hct15 human colorectal cancer cells.	in this study, we identified a new mechanism for the anti-proliferation of hct15 colorectal cancer cells by troglitazone (tro). treating hct15 cells with 20 microm of tro transiently increased extracellular signal regulated kinase (erk) activity within 15 min, and this subsequently induced p21cip/waf1 cell cycle regulator and localized in the nucleus. raf-1 modification and mek activation also occurred after tro treatment, and elk-1-dependent trans-reporter gene expression was concomitantly indu ...	2002	11888673
long-term depression in the adult hippocampus in vivo involves activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphorylation of elk-1.	protein kinase cascades likely play a critical role in the signaling events that underlie synaptic plasticity and memory. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade is suited well for such a role because its targets include regulators of gene expression. here we report that the erk cascade is recruited during long-term depression (ltd) of synaptic strength in area ca1 of the adult hippocampus in vivo and selectively impacts on phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor elk- ...	2002	11896145
active, phosphorylation-dependent map kinases, mapk/erk, sapk/jnk and p38, and specific transcription factor substrates are differentially expressed following systemic administration of kainic acid to the adult rat.	excitotoxicity is considered a major cell death inductor in neurodegeneration. yet the mechanisms involved in cell death and cell survival following excitotoxic insults are poorly understood. expression of active, phosphorylation-dependent mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (mapk/erks), stress-activated c-jun n-terminal kinases (sapk/jnks) and p38 kinases, as well as their putative active, phosphorylation-dependent specific transcriptional factor substrates creb, elk-1, atf ...	2002	11904760
inducer-specific enhanceosome formation controls tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in t lymphocytes.	we present evidence that the inducer-specific regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene in t cells involves the assembly of distinct higher-order transcription enhancer complexes (enhanceosomes), which is dependent upon inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. while atf-2, c-jun, and the coactivator proteins cbp/p300 play a central role in tnf-alpha gene activation stimulated by virus infection or intracellular calcium ...	2002	11909956
the madness of the elk.		2002	11930778
transcription control by e1a and map kinase pathway via sur2 mediator subunit.	sur2 is a metazoan mediator subunit that interacts with the adenovirus e1a protein and functions in a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway required for vulva development in caenorhabditis elegans. we generated sur2-/- embryonic stem cells to analyze its function as a mammalian mediator component. our results show that sur2 forms a subcomplex of the mediator with two other subunits, trap/med100 and 95. knock-out of sur2 prevents activation by e1a-cr3 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase-r ...	2002	11934987
dopamine activates erks in alveolar epithelial cells via ras-pkc-dependent and grb2/sos-independent mechanisms.	recently it has been described that dopamine (da), via dopaminergic type 2 receptors (d(2)r), activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) proteins in alveolar epithelial cells (aec), which results in the upregulation of na(+)-k(+)-atpase. in the present report, we used aec to investigate the signaling pathway that links da with erk activation. incubation of aec with da resulted in rapid and transient stimulation of erk activity, which was media ...	2002	11943676
radionuclides in soil and water near a low-level disposal site and potential ecological and human health impacts.	material disposal area g is the primary low-level radioactive waste disposal site at los alamos national laboratory, new mexico, and is adjacent to pueblo of san ildefonso lands. pueblo residents and los alamos scientists are concerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of area g radionuclides by mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus), then consumption of deer and elk meat by humans. tissue samples were collected from deer and elk accidentally killed ...	2002	11944797
inhibiting transcription factor/dna complexes using fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts).	fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts) are a/t selective, minor groove-binding bisbenzimidazole ligands. basic side chains extending from these agents electrostatically contact the major groove side of the phosphodiester backbone of dna, endowing them with high binding affinity. here, we evaluate the potential of these agents as inhibitors of transcription factor (tf) binding to dna and explore whether their ability to contact both grooves enhances their inhibitory activity. a series of fmgts (l2- ...	2002	11955618
a possible role for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 autocrine/paracrine loops in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation.	hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a common malignancy, but treatment outcomes have generally remained poor. specific factors important for the pathogenesis of hcc are incompletely understood. insulin-like growth factors (igfs) are potent autocrine and paracrine mitogens for liver cancer cell proliferation, and their bioactivity is reduced by igf-binding protein 3 (igfbp-3). in the present study, we report that igfbp-3 protein levels were either undetectable (28.5%) or low (71.5%) in human hcc sa ...	2002	11959812
fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease.	consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans.	2002	11960292
rac is activated by erythropoietin or interleukin-3 and is involved in activation of the erk signaling pathway.	previous studies have shown that hematopoietic cytokines, including erythropoietin (epo) and interleukin (il)-3, activate the ras gtpase and the downstream raf/erk/elk-1 signaling pathway. here we report that epo or il-3 rapidly and transiently activates rac, a rho family gtpase, in hematopoietic cell lines, 32d/epor-wt and ut-7. the cytokine-induced activation of rac was augmented in a 32d/epor-wt clone that inducibly overexpresses the adaptor protein crkl or the ras guanine nucleotide exchange ...	2002	11965537
role of regulatory elements and the mapk/erk or p38 mapk pathways for activation of human cytomegalovirus gene expression.	a series of recombinant viruses with either site-specific mutations or various deletions of the early ul4 promoter of human cytomegalovirus were used to determine the roles of regulatory elements and the effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. viral gene expression was regulated by upstream cis-acting sites and by basic promoter elements that respond to the mapk signal transduction pathways. inhibitors of either the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-r ...	2002	11967304
epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 requires nuclear calcium.	cytosolic and nuclear ca(2+) have been shown to differentially regulate transcription. however, the impact of spatially distinct ca(2+) signals on mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated gene expression remains unknown. here we investigated the role of nuclear and cytosolic ca(2+) signals in epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced transactivation of the ternary complex factor elk-1 using a gal4-elk-1 construct. egf increased ca(2+) in both the nucleus and cytosol of hepg2 or 293 cells. pretreatm ...	2002	11971908
grap negatively regulates t-cell receptor-elicited lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 induction.	grb-2-related adaptor protein (grap) is a grb2-like sh3-sh2-sh3 adaptor protein with expression restricted to lymphoid tissues. grap(-/-) lymphocytes isolated from targeted grap-deficient mice exhibited enhanced proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and c-fos induction in response to mitogenic t-cell receptor (tcr) stimulation, compared to wild-type cells. ectopic expression of grap led to a suppression of elk-1-directed transcription induced by the ras/erk pathway, without having effects on ...	2002	11971956
a deer (subfamily cervinae) genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes.	comparative maps between ruminant species and humans are increasingly important tools for the discovery of genes underlying economically important traits. in this article we present a primary linkage map of the deer genome derived from an interspecies hybrid between red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). the map is approximately 2500 cm long and contains >600 markers including both evolutionary conserved type i markers and highly polymorphic type ii markers (micr ...	2002	11973312
chronic wasting disease in deer and elk in north america.	chronic wasting disease (cwd) has emerged as an important disease of wildlife in north america. the disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) or prion diseases, which naturally affect only a few species. of the tses, cwd is the only one found in free-ranging species. however, interest in cwd has recently grown, by association with the better-known tses such as variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease of humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. knowledge of t ...	2002	11974617
aspirin and ns-398 inhibit hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasiveness of human hepatoma cells.	nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) inhibit cyclooxygenase (cox) activity and are considered to exert antitumor actions in a variety of cancer cells, although the effects are unlikely entirely due to cox inhibition. because clinical observations suggest that hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) can promote metastasis of hepatoma cells while stimulating tumor invasiveness, we investigated the effect of aspirin and ns-398, a selective cox-2 inhibitor, on hgf-mediated invasiveness of hepg2 huma ...	2002	11981761
rgs3 interacts with 14-3-3 via the n-terminal region distinct from the rgs (regulator of g-protein signalling) domain.	rgs3 belongs to a family of the regulators of g-protein signalling (rgs), which bind and inhibit the g alpha subunits of heterotrimeric g-proteins via a homologous rgs domain. increasing evidence suggests that rgs proteins can also interact with targets other than g-proteins. employing yeast two-hybrid screening of a cdna library, we identified an interaction between rgs3 and the phosphoserine-binding protein 14-3-3. this interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding and co-immunoprecipitation e ...	2002	11985497
netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancer-dependent mapk activation.	neuronal growth cones are guided to their targets by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. in mammals, netrin-1 is a bifunctional cue, attracting some axons and repelling others. deleted in colorectal cancer (dcc) is a receptor for netrin-1 that mediates its chemoattractive effect on commissural axons, but the signalling mechanisms that transduce this effect are poorly understood. here we show that dcc activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling, by means of extracellular sign ...	2002	11986622
follicle-stimulating hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in preneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells.	to investigate the role of fsh in ovarian cancer development, the present study examined the expression of fsh receptor (fsh-r) and the effect of fsh on proliferation of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium (ose) cells. recently, immortalized ose (iose) cell lines, including iose-29 (preneoplastic) and iose-29ec (neoplastic), were used. our results indicated that fsh-r mrna was expressed and that fsh exerted a growth stimulatory effect in normal, preneoplastic, and ne ...	2002	11994371
evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park.	we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ...	2002	11995238
role of shp-2 in fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated suppression of myogenesis in c2c12 myoblasts.	ligand activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (fgfr) represses myogenesis and promotes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erks). the precise mechanism through which the fgfr transmits both of these signals in myoblasts remains unclear. the sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, has been shown to participate in the regulation of fgfr signaling. however, no role for shp-2 in fgfr myogenic signaling is known. in this study, we show that st ...	2002	11997521
antibodies to granulocytic ehrlichia in moose, red deer, and roe deer in norway.	serum samples from 104 moose (alces alces), 124 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 114 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected from different counties in southern norway from 1994 to 2000, were analysed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining method for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. the overall seroprevalences for granulocytic ehrlichia spp. in moose, red deer, and roe deer from ixodes ricinus infested counties were 43%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. antibody prevalence was significantly h ...	2002	11838199