Publications

mucosal administration of raccoonpox virus expressing highly pathogenic avian h5n1 influenza neuraminidase is highly protective against h5n1 and seasonal influenza virus challenge.	we previously generated recombinant poxviruses expressing influenza antigens and studied their efficacy as potential highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) vaccines in mice. while both modified vaccinia ankara (mva) and raccoon poxvirus (rcn) expressing hemagglutinin (ha) provided strong protection when administered by parenteral routes, only rcn-neuraminidase (na) showed promise as a mucosal vaccine. in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of rcn-na constructs by both intradermal (id) ...	2015	26271828
echinococcus multilocularis: epidemiology, surveillance and state-of-the-art diagnostics from a veterinary public health perspective.	alveolar echinococcosis (ae), caused by the larval (metacestode) stage of echinococcus multilocularis, is considered one of the most serious parasitic zoonoses in central and eastern europe and is emerging also in large parts of asia and in north america. the red fox represents the main definitive host of e. multilocularis in europe, but the raccoon dog, the domestic dog and to a much lesser extent the domestic cat also represent potential definitive hosts. the natural intermediate hosts of e. m ...	2015	26298509
first report of the zoonotic tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis in raccoon dogs in estonia, and comparisons with other countries in europe.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is an alien species in europe and an important vector of zoonotic diseases. however, compared to the red fox (vulpes vulpes), less attention has been paid to the raccoon dog as a potentially important host for echinococcus multilocularis, the infective agent of alveolar echinococcosis, which is an emerging infectious disease with a high mortality rate. we examined the small intestines of 249 estonian raccoon dogs and found 1.6% of individuals to be infe ...	2015	26165632
correction: genotyping of enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed blue foxes (alopex lagopus) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in china.		2015	26618705
genotyping of enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed blue foxes (alopex lagopus) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in china.	enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species of microsporidia found both in humans and animals. farmed animals, particularly closely associated to humans, may play an important role of zoonotic reservoir in transmitting this disease to humans. the fur industry is a major economic component in some parts of china. to understand the prevalence, genotype variety and zoonotic risk of e. bieneusi in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs, two species of fur animals, fecal specimens of 110 blue foxes and ...	2015	26544711
widespread presence of human-pathogenic enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype d in farmed foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in china: first identification and zoonotic concern.	enterocytozoon bieneusi is a well-known causative agent of microsporidial infections in a variety of mammal hosts including humans in china, whereas there were no epidemiological data on wild animals bred in captivity, and the role of the neglected hosts in transmission of zoonotic microsporidiasis remains unknown. herein, we investigated feces from 191 farmed foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 162 farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) for the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of e. biene ...	2015	26341801
oral immunization of mice with recombinant rabies vaccine strain (erag3g) induces complete protection.	new rabies vaccine bait for both pets and raccoon dogs residing in korea is needed to eradicate rabies infection among animals. in this study, we constructed a recombinant rabies virus (rabv), the erag3g strain, using a reverse genetics system. then we investigated the efficacy of this strain in mice after oral administration and the safety of this strain in cats after intramuscular administration.	2015	25648184
detection of angiostrongylus vasorum in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from brandenburg, germany.	angiostrongylus (a.) vasorum is a nematode that causes angiostrongylosis in domestic and wild canids. red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) are suspected of providing a wildlife reservoir for a. vasorum infections in pet dogs. to obtain data on the occurrence of a. vasorum in wildlife, red fox and raccoon dog carcasses (hunted or found dead) were collected from january to september 2009 in the federal state of brandenburg, germany. lung tissue samples were subject ...	2015	26152419
aleutian mink disease virus in striped skunks (mephitis mephitis): evidence for cross-species spillover.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes a parvovirus infection, initially characterized in american mink (neovison vison), that may have harmful effects on wild populations of susceptible animals. in north america, where american mink are native, the origin, host range, and prevalence of amdv in wild species is not clear. we studied striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (procyon lotor) to determine whether species sympatric with mink are potential reservoirs in the transmission of am ...	2015	25647590
molecular epidemiology of aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) in estonia, and a global phylogeny of amdv.	aleutian mink disease virus (amdv) causes a severe disease called aleutian disease (ad). amdv infects primarily mustelids, but also other mammal species. recent evidence suggests that amdv may also affect humans. to examine amdv in different wild animals and in farmed mink in estonia, we collected 203 blood samples from eight mammal species in 2007-2010, of which 152 were from species living in the wild (american mink, european mink, pine marten, polecat, raccoon dog, badger, otter, and stone ma ...	2015	25616049
a case report on oral subcutaneous dirofilariasis.	dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection affecting human. the natural hosts for this nematode are animals such as dogs, cats, foxes, jackals, and raccoons. this disease is endemic in south eastern united states, australia, europe, and central and southern asia. dirofilaria immitis and d. repens are the common mosquito borne filarial nematodes that cause infection. several species of mosquitos including mansonia uniformis, m. annulifera, and aedes aegypti are the potential vecto ...	2015	26858848
candidatus neoehrlichia sp. in an austrian fox is distinct from candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis, but closer related to candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris.	candidatus neoehrlichia came under the focus of recent research in terms of human and pet relevance. candidatus neoehrlichia mikurensis seems to be relatively abundant in animals and humans from central european countries, whereas candidatus neoehrlichia lotoris was found solely in raccoons from the usa.	2015	26471191
hamburger polyomaviruses.	epidemiological studies have suggested that consumption of beef may correlate with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. one hypothesis to explain this proposed link might be the presence of a carcinogenic infectious agent capable of withstanding cooking. polyomaviruses are a ubiquitous family of thermostable non-enveloped dna viruses that are known to be carcinogenic. using virion enrichment, rolling circle amplification (rca) and next-generation sequencing, we searched for polyomaviruses in ...	2015	25568187
canine distemper virus infection among wildlife before and after the epidemic.	in 2007-2008, a canine distemper virus (cdv) epidemic occurred among wild animals in wakayama prefecture, japan, and many mammals, including the wild boar and deer, were infected. in this study, cdv prevalence among wild animals was surveyed before and after the epidemic. at first, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated protein a/g was established to detect cdv antibodies in many mammalian species. this established elisa was available for testing dogs ...	2015	26074342
serological investigation of heartland virus (bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) exposure in wild and domestic animals adjacent to human case sites in missouri 2012-2013.	heartland virus (hrtv; bunyaviridae: phlebovirus) has recently emerged as a causative agent of human disease characterized by thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in the united states. the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum l.) has been implicated as a vector. to identify candidate vertebrate amplification hosts associated with enzootic maintenance of the virus, sera and ticks were sampled from 160 mammals (8 species) and 139 birds (26 species) captured near 2 human case residences in andrew and no ...	2015	25870419
association between body size and reservoir competence of mammals bearing borrelia burgdorferi at an endemic site in the northeastern united states.	the reservoirs for the lyme disease agent, borrelia burgdorferi, are dominated by several different small to medium sized mammals in eastern north america.	2015	26024881
the role of wildlife in the transmission of parasitic zoonoses in peri-urban and urban areas.	during the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. in contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban and urban habitats due to the availability of an abundant food supply and the presence of structures in w ...	2015	25830108
baylisascaris procyonis in wild raccoons (procyon lotor) in denmark.	the nematode baylisascaris procyonis, which may cause severe clinical disease in humans and animals, is emerging in europe after its introduction with raccoons (procyon lotor) from north america. b. procyonis has a broad spectrum of paratenic hosts, including rodents, birds, wild carnivores and primates, which are severely affected by the migrating larval stages of the parasite. we report here the recovery of b. procyonis from two out of 18 examined wild raccoons in denmark. the parasites were i ...	2015	31018410
impacts of mesopredator control on conservation of mesopredators and their prey.	declining large carnivore populations, increased habitat fragmentation, declining interests in fur trapping, and other anthropogenic factors can all lead to increased mesopredator populations and these may negatively impact biodiversity. lethal mesopredator control potentially mitigates some of these effects but can be controversial, largely because impacts on mesopredator populations have not been evaluated. estimating these impacts may reduce controversies while increasing our understanding of ...	2015	26361211
evaluation of trapper-collected nobuto filter-paper blood samples for distemper and parvovirus antibody detection in coyotes (canis latrans) and raccoons (procyon lotor).	blood samples are often collected from free-ranging wildlife for antibody detection. however, filter-paper (fp) strips are more cost efficient and easy to collect and store. we evaluated trapper-collected fp strips and body-cavity blood for canine distemper (cdv) and parvovirus (cpv-2) antibody detection in raccoons (procyon lotor) and coyotes (canis latrans). from 2008 to 2010, licensed trappers near madison and milwaukee, wisconsin, us collected paired samples from harvested animals. canine di ...	2015	25973631
host switching vs. host sharing in overlapping sylvatic trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycles.	the principle of competitive exclusion is well established for multiple populations competing for the same resource, and simple models for multistrain infection exhibit it as well when cross-immunity precludes coinfections. however, multiple hosts provide niches for different pathogens to occupy simultaneously. this is the case for the vector-borne parasite trypanosoma cruzi in overlapping sylvatic transmission cycles in the americas, where it is enzootic. this study uses cycles in the usa invol ...	2015	26364539
agent-based mathematical modeling as a tool for estimating trypanosoma cruzi vector-host contact rates.	the parasite trypanosoma cruzi, spread by triatomine vectors, affects over 100 mammalian species throughout the americas, including humans, in whom it causes chagas' disease. in the u.s., only a few autochthonous cases have been documented in humans, but prevalence is high in sylvatic hosts (primarily raccoons in the southeast and woodrats in texas). the sylvatic transmission of t. cruzi is spread by the vector species triatoma sanguisuga and triatoma gerstaeckeri biting their preferred hosts an ...	2015	26215127
giant pandas (carnivora: ailuropoda melanoleuca) and living hominoids converge on lumbar vertebral adaptations to orthograde trunk posture.	living hominoids share a common body plan characterized by a gradient of derived postcranial features that distinguish them from their closest living relatives, cercopithecoid monkeys. however, the evolutionary scenario(s) that led to the derived postcranial features of hominoids are uncertain. explanations are complicated by the fact that living hominoids vary considerably in positional behaviors, and some miocene hominoids are morphologically, and therefore probably behaviorally, distinct from ...	2015	26341032
[new evidence for the spread of thelazia callipaeda in the far east].	thelazia callipaeda nematodes parasitize in the eyes of domestic and wild carnivorous mammals (more often in canidae). numerous cases of human infestation are also known. the nematode spreads in south and east asia although in the last decade this has been reported from dogs, cats and wolves in south and central europe as well. in the russian federation, t. callipaeda was earlier observed in dogs, cats, foxes and raccoon dogs in some regions of the russian far east. two cases of human infestatio ...	2015	25850318
sarcocyst development in raccoons (procyon lotor) inoculated with different strains of sarcocystis neurona culture-derived merozoites.	sarcocystis neurona is considered the major etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (epm), a neurological disease in horses. raccoon ( procyon lotor ) is considered the most important intermediate host in the life cycle of s. neurona in the united states; s. neurona sarcocysts do mature in raccoon muscles, and raccoons also develop clinical signs simulating epm. the focus of this study was to determine if sarcocysts would develop in raccoons experimentally inoculated with different ...	2015	25811893
molecular identification of sarcocystis rileyi sporocysts in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) in lithuania.	despite the fact that sarcocystis rileyi is one of the earliest described species of the genus sarcocystis forming macrocysts in ducks, the life cycle of this species is still unknown in europe. sarcocystis spp. oocysts/sporocysts were observed in faeces of four of 23 (17.4 %) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of four of 20 (20.0 %) red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and in small intestine mucosal scrapings of seven of 13 (53.8 %) raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) hunted in lithuania. a very ...	2015	25656464
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of salmonella enterica in captive wildlife and exotic animal species in ohio, usa.	the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance patterns, phenotypic and genotypic relatedness of salmonella enterica recovered from captive wildlife host species and in the environment in ohio, usa. a total of 319 samples including faecal (n = 225), feed (n = 38) and environmental (n = 56) were collected from 32 different wild and exotic animal species in captivity and their environment in ohio. salmonellae were isolated using conventional culture methods a ...	2015	25388917
resampling method for applying density-dependent habitat selection theory to wildlife surveys.	isodar theory can be used to evaluate fitness consequences of density-dependent habitat selection by animals. a typical habitat isodar is a regression curve plotting competitor densities in two adjacent habitats when individual fitness is equal. despite the increasing use of habitat isodars, their application remains largely limited to areas composed of pairs of adjacent habitats that are defined a priori. we developed a resampling method that uses data from wildlife surveys to build isodars in ...	2015	26042998
apparent field safety of a raccoon poxvirus-vectored plague vaccine in free-ranging prairie dogs (cynomys spp.), colorado, usa.	prairie dogs (cynomys spp.) suffer high rates of mortality from plague. an oral sylvatic plague vaccine using the raccoon poxvirus vector (designated rcn-f1/v307) has been developed for prairie dogs. this vaccine is incorporated into palatable bait along with rhodamine b as a biomarker. we conducted trials in august and september 2012 to demonstrate uptake and apparent safety of the rcn-f1/v307 vaccine in two prairie dog species under field conditions. free-ranging prairie dogs and other associa ...	2015	25588006
coexistence of two different genotypes of sarcoptes scabiei derived from companion dogs and wild raccoon dogs in gifu, japan: the genetic evidence for transmission between domestic and wild canids.	sarcoptes scabiei is the causal agent of sarcoptic mange in domestic/companion dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides). although there have been successful cases of experimental transmission of s. scabiei from mangy wild canidae hosts to healthy dogs, and suspected cases of transmission between raccoon dogs and companion dogs, no clear-cut evidence has been obtained. in the present study, the genetic relationships between sarcoptes mites from raccoon dogs and co ...	2015	26165631
involvement of two genetic lineages of sarcoptes scabiei mites in a local mange epizootic of wild mammals in japan.	similar to wild mammals on the continents, mange caused by the mange mite, sarcoptes scabiei (acari: sarcoptidae) is spreading in wild mammals in most of japan. we collected crusted or alopetic skin from 120 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), three raccoons (procyon lotor), six japanese badgers (meles anakuma), one japanese marten (martes melampus), one stray dog (canis lupus familiaris), four wild boars (sus scrofa leucomystax), and one japanese serow (capricornis crispus), mai ...	2015	25397999
development of an automated dispenser for the delivery of medicinal or vaccine-laden baits to raccoons (procyon lotor).	medicinal baits are distributed to manage zoonotic diseases, including raccoon (procyon lotor) rabies, but efficient distribution strategies are needed for suburban environments. we developed an automated dispenser that transfers fishmeal polymer baits at user-specified intervals from a magazine to a receptacle fitted with a filter that exploits raccoon dexterity to limit consumption by nontarget species. we introduce the concept of automated dispensers and describe bait removal success rates fo ...	2015	25647587
a behaviorally-explicit approach for delivering vaccine baits to mesopredators to control epizootics in fragmented landscapes.	despite the widespread use of aerial baiting to manage epizootics among free-ranging populations, particularly in rabies management, bait acceptance and seroconversion rates often are lower than required to eliminate spread of disease. our objectives in this study, therefore, were to evaluate the performance of stratified bait distribution models derived from resource selection functions (rsf) on uptake of placebo rabies baits by raccoons (procyon lotor) and virginia opossums (didelphis virginia ...	2015	25587900
variable infection of stream salamanders in the southern appalachians by the trematode metagonimoides oregonensis (family: heterophyidae).	many factors contribute to parasites varying in host specificity and distribution among potential hosts. metagonimoides oregonensis is a digenetic trematode that uses stream-dwelling plethodontid salamanders as second intermediate hosts in the eastern us. we completed a field survey to identify which stream salamander species, at a regional level, are most likely to be important for transmission to raccoon definitive hosts. we surveyed six plethodontid species (n = 289 salamanders) from 23 appal ...	2015	26026670
seeds recovered from the droppings at latrines of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus): the possibility of seed dispersal.	medium-sized carnivorous mammals are important seed dispersers of fleshy fruits. the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) often feeds on fleshy fruits and forms latrines. this behavior may potentially lead to seed dispersal. to determine if this is the case, we studied 1) seed recovery in the droppings of raccoon dogs, and 2) the transportation of seeds between habitats using plastic markers in a western suburb of tokyo, japan. in total, 32,473 seeds of 50 plant taxa were recovered ...	2015	25826064
toxic identification and evaluation of androgen receptor antagonistic activities in acid-treated liver extracts of high-trophic level wild animals from japan.	sulfuric acid-treated liver extracts of representative high-trophic level japanese animals were analyzed by toxic identification and evaluation (tie) with chemically activated luciferase expression (calux) and chemical analysis to elucidate androgen receptor (ar) antagonistic activities and potential contributions of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). the activities were detected in striped dolphins (n = 5), stejneger's beaked whales (n = 6), golden eagle (n = ...	2015	26321157
cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update.	canine distemper virus (cdv) is a pantropic morbillivirus with a worldwide distribution, which causes fatal disease in dogs. affected animals develop dyspnea, diarrhea, neurological signs and profound immunosuppression. systemic cdv infection, resembling distemper in domestic dogs, can be found also in wild canids (e.g. wolves, foxes), procyonids (e.g. raccoons, kinkajous), ailurids (e.g. red pandas), ursids (e.g. black bears, giant pandas), mustelids (e.g. ferrets, minks), viverrids (e.g. civet ...	2015	28616465
home range, body condition, and survival of rehabilitated raccoons (procyon lotor) during their first winter.	the effects of raccoon (procyon lotor) rehabilitation on postrelease survivorship are unknown. raccoon rehabilitation success was measured as differences in prewinter body condition, home range size, distance to manmade structures, and during-winter survival between raccoons in the wild and those who have been rehabilitated. prewinter body condition did not differ between wild and rehabilitated raccoons, but there was a trend for rehabilitated raccoons to have better body conditions. there was n ...	2015	25257398
identification of alk5 inhibitor via structure-based virtual screening and admet prediction.	tgf-β plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis in various organ systems such as kidney, heart, lung and liver. tgf-β and its receptors (alk5 and tβr ii) are able to control the cellular growth and promote several biological responses. to date, many pharmaceutical companies have employed virtual screening to identify potent inhibitors against alk5. nevertheless, none of these studies had involved the in silico admet evaluation and raccoon filtering. in our experiment, a ...	2015	26042458
historical invasion records can be misleading: genetic evidence for multiple introductions of invasive raccoons (procyon lotor) in germany.	biological invasions provide excellent study systems to understand evolutionary, genetic and ecological processes during range expansions. there is strong evidence for positive effects of high propagule pressure and the associated higher genetic diversity on invasion success, but some species have become invasive despite small founder numbers. the raccoon (procyon lotor) is often considered as a typical example for such a successful invasion resulting from a small number of founders. the species ...	2015	25946257
identification of a polyomavirus microrna highly expressed in tumors.	polyomaviruses (pyvs) are associated with tumors including merkel cell carcinoma (mcc). several pyvs encode micrornas (mirnas) but to date no abundant pyv mirnas have been reported in tumors. to better understand the function of the merkel cell pyv (mcpyv) mirna, we examined phylogenetically-related viruses for mirna expression. we show that two primate pyvs and the more distantly-related raccoon pyv (racpyv) encode mirnas that share genomic position and partial sequence identity with mcpyv mirn ...	2015	25514573
recognizing the role of skunks in human and animal rabies exposures in the southwest.	rabies is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide with an estimated 55,000 human deaths each year. globally, dogs are the primary animals affected. in the united states, especially on the east coast, raccoons and bats are the primary reservoir. however, in the southwestern united states, skunk and bat rabies play a large role. we describe the epidemiology and environmental risk factors associated with rabies in the us southwest using exposure data for 2004-2012 from one ariz ...	2015	26273811
raccoon contact networks predict seasonal susceptibility to rabies outbreaks and limitations of vaccination.	infectious disease transmission often depends on the contact structure of host populations. although it is often challenging to capture the contact structure in wild animals, new technology has enabled biologists to obtain detailed temporal information on wildlife social contacts. in this study, we investigated the effects of raccoon contact patterns on rabies spread using network modelling. raccoons (procyon lotor) play an important role in the maintenance of rabies in the united states. it is ...	2015	26172427
a very rare presentation of multiple myeloma: unilateral raccoon eye.	multiple myeloma (mm), the second most common hematological malignancy, is caused by the accumulation of monoclonal plasma cells in bone marrow. it accounts for 10-15% of deaths from hematological malignancies and approximately 2% of deaths from cancer. the median age at presentation is 70 years old. the diagnosis is incidental in 30% of cases. mm is often discovered through routine blood screening with a large gap between the total protein and the albumin levels. two thirds of patients complain ...	2015	27275266
immunophenotyping of immune cell populations in the raccoon (procyon lotor).	the raccoon (procyon lotor) is a highly adaptable carnivore that has rapidly conquered europe over the last decades and represents a potential candidate as pathogen reservoir, bearing the risk for transmission of infectious agents, as zoonosis or spill-over, to other wild life and domestic animals and man. comprehensive investigations of infectious diseases in raccoons require a detailed knowledge of the participating immune cell populations. to close this gap of knowledge, various antibodies we ...	2015	26672912
[painless skin nodules and ecchymosis in a school-aged girl].	a 7-year-old girl was admitted to xiangya hospital due to systemic lymphadenectasis for 2 months and skin ecchymosis for 3 days. nine months ago, the girl experienced painless nodules in the left lower extremity with no apparent causes. three months later, dermatorrhagia and ecchymosis occurred in many regions such as the periocular areas, conjunctiva, oral mucosa, perineal area, and groin, with a "raccoon sign" in both eyes; superficial lymphadenectasis and hepatosplenomegaly were also observed ...	2015	26483238
dog biting louse (trichodectes canis) infestation in raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) in japan.		2015	25399525
follicular cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland in three captive aged raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).	the clinical and histologic features of thyroid carcinoma in raccoon dogs have not been previously reported. three of four raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) over 8 yr of age at the nogeyama zoological gardens developed thyroid follicular cell carcinomas that were detected at necropsy. the affected raccoon dogs were rescued from the wild and were housed at the nogeyama zoological gardens for 8 yr 8 mo, 8 yr 10 mo, and 10 yr 3 mo, respectively. although all of them appeared lethargic and dev ...	2015	26667546
cloning and identification of the asip gene in chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides).	the quantity, quality, and distribution of eumelanin and pheomelanin determine a wide variety of coat colors in animals. three coat color variants exist in farmed wild-type chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides), which is an important fur-bearing animal species. the asip gene is an important candidate gene for coat color variation in some species. in this study, the complete cdna sequences of asip were amplified from a wild-type chinese raccoon dog. sequence analysis reveale ...	2015	26662425
[species-specific features of tocopherol content in carnivorous mammals during autumn period].	a comparative study of the major liposoluble antioxidant, vitamin e (α-tocopherol), content was conducted in carnivorous mammals (polar fox, silver fox, raccoon dog, mink, sable) during late autumn under natural lowering of temperature. the highest vitamin e content in liver and kidney was found in polar fox and raccoon dog, obviously due to seasonal metabolic changes and ecological specialization determining the accumulation of considerable amounts of tocopherol both in polar and hibernating sp ...	2015	25859604
intraspecific comparison of complete mitogenome sequences from two asian raccoon dogs (canidae: nyctereutes procyonoides).	we determined the complete mitochondrial genome (genbank accession number: kf709435) of the korean raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis and compared it with a previously published mitogenome (genbank accession number: gu256221) of a chinese raccoon dog. the total length of n. p. koreensis mitogenome is 16,802 bp, with a base composition of 32.1% a, 26.9% t, 26.8% c and 14.2% g. high similarity of 98.7% was found between the complete mitogenome sequences of korean and chinese raccoon do ...	2015	24409844
cloning and association analysis of kit and ednrb polymorphisms with dominant white coat color in the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides).	the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) is one of the most important fur-bearing animal species. the dominant white individual, a coat color variant in farmed chinese raccoon dog, shows a completely white phenotype over the entire body. the kit and ednrb genes have been reported to be associated with the dominant white coat color in some mammalian species. in the present study, the full-length coding sequences of kit and ednrb were amplified from a dominant white and a wi ...	2015	26125860
individual and temporal variation in habitat association of an alien carnivore at its invasion front.	gathering information on how invasive species utilize the habitat is important, in order to better aim actions to reduce their negative impact. we studied habitat use and selection of 55 gps-marked raccoon dogs (30 males, 25 females) at their invasion front in northern sweden, with particular focus on differences between males and females, between movement states, and between seasons and times of the day. daily movement pattern was used to classify gps-locations into dispersing and settled. we f ...	2015	25815509
maintenance of skeletal muscle energy homeostasis during prolonged wintertime fasting in the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species with autumnal fattening and prolonged wintertime fasting. nonpathological body weight cycling and the ability to tolerate food deficiency make this species a unique subject for studying physiological mechanisms in energy metabolism. amp-activated protein kinase (ampk) is a cellular energy sensor regulating energy homeostasis. during acute fasting, ampk promotes fatty acid oxidation and enhances glucose uptake. we evaluated the effects ...	2015	25652584
[comparison of fluoride concentrations in human, dog, fox and raccoon dog bones from northwestern poland].	since the beginning of the xxth there has been a constant increase in fluoride (f-) emissions into the environment, mainly due to the development of industry, the fluoridation of drinking water, and the widespread use of toothpaste containing fluoride. all these factors have resulted in an intensive accumulation of f- in the bodies of vertebrates, mainly in their bones. it is therefore reasonable to estimate the f- concentration in humans and other long-lived mammals. accordingly, ecotoxicologis ...	2015	27344876
evaluating risks to wildlife from coal fly ash incorporating recent advances in metals and metalloids risk assessment.	current scientific advances in metal and metalloid risk assessment were applied to evaluate risk to aquatic and riparian wildlife species potentially impacted by residual coal fly ash after cleanup of an unprecedented large ash release into an aquatic environment-the first assessment of its kind. risk was evaluated using multiple lines of evidence (loe), including 1) tissue-based risk assessment of inorganic concentrations in piscivorous and insectivorous bird eggs and raccoon organs, 2) determi ...	2015	25158048
imaging of a brain abscess with "raccoon eye"- like changes on imaging.		2016	23644341
raccoon eyes in a case of metastatic neuroblastoma.		2016	23075644
from the centers for disease control and prevention. update: raccoon rabies epizootic--united states, 1996.		2016	9002478
radiology case of the month. raccoon eyes and abdominal distention. neuroblastoma.		2016	12778988
[feeding habits of raccoon (procyon lotor) (carnivora: procyonidae) in a coastal, tropical wet forest of costa rica].	raccoon (procyon lotor) food habits were studied at manuel antonio national park, a tropical rain forest in the pacific coast of costa rica from may to december 1987, from september to december 1989 and from january to april 1990. a 134 feces sample size was used to assess the most important items in raccoon diet: two crab species (gecarcinus quadratus and cardisoma crassum) with a relative frequency of 0.94 in the rainy season of 1987, 0.76 in the rainy season of 1989 and 0.65 in the dry season ...	2016	12189801
first record of giardia assemblage d infection in farmed raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides).	the presence of giardia genotypes was investigated in 18 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and 80 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) on one farm. to demonstrate giardia cysts, fresh and trichrome stained smears were microscopically screened. two molecular markers were used for giardia genotyping: a fragment of the beta-giardin gene and a fragment of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. all faecal samples obtained from red foxes were negative. giardia cysts were identified only in 2 of the 18 raccoon d ...	2016	28030946
the occurrence of trichinella spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in different regions of poland: current data.	trichinellosis is one of the most widespread parasitic zoonoses. trichinella owen, 1835 nematodes are found in pigs, horses, and humans in the domestic cycle, and in many carnivores and omnivores in the sylvatic cycle, such as wild boars, red foxes, raccoon dogs, and wolves. carnivores are known to be involved in the circulation of trichinella nematodes and they act as a reservoir in the sylvatic environment. the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of trichinella spp. infection in ...	2016	27705096
quality of fresh and chilled-stored raccoon dog semen and its impact on artificial insemination efficiency.	the aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of fresh raccoon dog semen and raccoon dog semen stored at 4 °c. the qualitative evaluation was based on apoptosis in the sperm cells, which was tested by the annexin v/pi assay, the tunel method and jc-1. in addition, the suitability of the semen for insemination and its effect on reproduction in females were determined in relation to the time of storage.	2016	27724853
population structure of the raccoon dog on the grounds of the imperial palace, tokyo, revealed by microsatellite analysis of fecal dna.	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides, canidae, carnivora) is highly adaptable to urban environments. populations of carnivorans inhabiting urban areas sometimes differ ecologically and genetically from those in rural areas. however, there is little information on urban raccoon dogs. this study focused on raccoon dog populations in tokyo, one of the most highly urbanized cities in the world. we examined the genotypes of 10 microsatellites for 101 fecal samples from raccoon dogs inhabiting th ...	2016	27715424
adverse reactions from consumption of oral rabies vaccine baits in dogs in finland.	oral rabies vaccination of wildlife has effectively reduced the incidence of rabies in wildlife and has led to the elimination of rabies in large areas of europe. the safety of oral rabies vaccines has been assessed in both target (red fox and raccoon dog) and several non-target species.	2016	27633386
lack of sex-specific movement patterns in an alien species at its invasion front - consequences for invasion speed.	efficient targeting of actions to reduce the spread of invasive alien species relies on understanding the spatial, temporal, and individual variation of movement, in particular related to dispersal. such patterns may differ between individuals at the invasion front compared to individuals in established and dense populations due to differences in environmental and ecological conditions such as abundance of conspecifics or sex-specific dispersal affecting the encounter rate of potential mates. we ...	2016	27547338
mercury content in organs and tissues of indigenous (vulpes vulpes l.) and invasive (nyctereutes procyonoides gray.) species of canids from areas near cherepovets (north-western industrial region, russia).	trophic and spatial components of ecological niches of two canids native vulpes vulpes and introduced nyctereutes procyonoides are overlapping partially in the studied region. maximum concentrations of mercury in predatory mammals of canidae family from surroundings of cherepovets have been determined in liver and kidneys (over 0.50 mg/kg wet weight), with minimal concentrations in brain (<0.2 mg/kg wet weight). the amount of mercury in the same organs of the red fox and raccoon dog is not signi ...	2016	27437948
homogenous population genetic structure of the non-native raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in europe as a result of rapid population expansion.	the extent of gene flow during the range expansion of non-native species influences the amount of genetic diversity retained in expanding populations. here, we analyse the population genetic structure of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) in north-eastern and central europe. this invasive species is of management concern because it is highly susceptible to fox rabies and an important secondary host of the virus. we hypothesized that the large number of introduced animals and the species' ...	2016	27064784
are humans the initial source of canine mange?	scabies, or mange as it is called in animals, is an ectoparasitic contagious infestation caused by the mite sarcoptes scabiei. sarcoptic mange is an important veterinary disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality in wild and domestic animals. a widely accepted hypothesis, though never substantiated by factual data, suggests that humans were the initial source of the animal contamination. in this study we performed phylogenetic analyses of populations of s. scabiei from humans and fro ...	2016	27015813
molecular identification of sarcocystis spp. in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) from germany.	more than 200 sarcocystis spp. have been named and most of them appear to be involved in a particular predator-prey cycle. among canids, the european fox (vulpes vulpes) and the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) are widely distributed in europe and probably play an important role as definitive hosts in the epidemiology of sarcocystis spp. infections. a total of 50 small intestines from foxes and 38 from raccoon dogs were sampled in the federal state of brandenburg, germany. mucosal scraping ...	2016	26995715
identification of polymorphisms and transcriptional activity of the proto-oncogene kit located on both autosomal and b chromosomes of the chinese raccoon dog.	b chromosomes are dispensable and co-exist with autosomal and sex chromosomes. the karyotype of the chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides) comprises 0-4 b chromosomes. the proto-oncogene kit is found on all b chromosomes of the chinese raccoon dog. in the present study, partial dna and mrna sequences of kit were amplified and sequenced from four individuals containing b chromosomes. sequence analyses revealed that polymorphisms including single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps ...	2016	26909958
seasonal and diel activity patterns of eight sympatric mammals in northern japan revealed by an intensive camera-trap survey.	the activity patterns of mammals are generally categorized as nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (active at twilight), and cathemeral (active throughout the day). these patterns are highly variable across regions and seasons even within the same species. however, quantitative data is still lacking, particularly for sympatric species. we monitored the seasonal and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in hokkaido, japan. through an intensive camera-trap survey a total of 13,279 capture event ...	2016	27732611
brains of native and alien mesocarnivores in biomonitoring of toxic metals in europe.	mercury (hg), lead (pb) and cadmium (cd) are involved in mammalian brain damage. however, little is known about pb and cd brain levels in wildlife that reflect the geochemical background. the aims of the study include the estimation of hg, pb and cd concentrations, and the determination of relationships between these elements in the brains of 94 mesocarnivores. road-killed or hunted animals were obtained from north-western poland near the polish-german border. the investigation covered the nativ ...	2016	27513467
anatomy and disorders of the oral cavity of ferrets and other exotic companion carnivores.	exotic companion carnivores such as ferrets, skunks, fennec foxes, coatimundis, raccoons, and kinkajous presented in clinical practice share similar dental anatomy, function, and diseases. the domestic ferret serves as the representative species for this group with its anatomy, diseases, and conditions described in detail. dog and cat guidelines for veterinary and home care seem to be relevant and applicable, including dental endodontic procedures. annual or biannual dental examinations and prop ...	2016	27497211
detection of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from wild animals and ixodidae ticks in the republic of korea.	severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is caused by sfts virus (sftsv), a novel bunyavirus reported to be endemic to central-northeastern china, southern japan, and the republic of korea (rok). to investigate sftsv infections, we collected serum samples and ticks from wild animals. using serum samples and ticks, sftsv-specific genes were amplified by one-step rt-pcr and nested pcr and sequenced. indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) was performed to analyze virus-specific antibody ...	2016	27043361
quantifying dilution and amplification in a community of hosts for tick-borne pathogens.	recent controversy over whether biodiversity reduces disease risk (dilution effect) has focused on the ecology of lyme disease, a tick-borne zoonosis. a criticism of the dilution effect is that increasing host species richness might amplify disease risk, assuming that total host abundance, and therefore feeding opportunities for ticks, increase with species richness. in contrast, a dilution effect is expected when poor quality hosts for ticks and pathogens (dilution hosts) divert tick blood meal ...	2016	27209790
differential habitat use or intraguild interactions: what structures a carnivore community?	differential habitat use and intraguild competition are both thought to be important drivers of animal population sizes and distributions. habitat associations for individual species are well-established, and interactions between particular pairs of species have been highlighted in many focal studies. however, community-wide assessments of the relative strengths of these two factors have not been conducted. we built multi-scale habitat occupancy models for five carnivore taxa of new york's adiro ...	2016	26731404
effects of wintertime fasting and seasonal adaptation on ampk and acc in hypothalamus, adipose tissue and liver of the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides).	the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid with autumnal fattening and passive wintering strategy. we examined the effects of wintertime fasting and seasonality on amp-activated protein kinase (ampk), a regulator of metabolism, and its target, acetyl-coa carboxylase (acc) on the species. twelve farmed raccoon dogs (eleven females/one male) were divided into two groups: half were fasted for ten weeks in december-march (winter fasted) and the others were fed ad libitum (winter fed). a t ...	2016	26603554
an elderly woman with bilateral raccoon eyes.		2016	28319930
epidemiology of salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) in southern ontario, canada.	raccoons are common in urban and rural environments and can carry a wide range of bacteria, including salmonella, that can negatively affect human and livestock health. although previous studies have reported that raccoons shed a variety of salmonella serovars in their faeces, it is unknown whether salmonella is carried on raccoon paws. our objective was to compare the prevalence of salmonella on the paws and in the faeces of raccoons in south-western ontario. raccoons were sampled in a repeat c ...	2016	26404182
modeling agricultural watersheds with the soil and water assessment tool (swat): calibration and validation with a novel procedure for spatially explicit hrus.	applications of the soil and water assessment tool (swat) model typically involve delineation of a watershed into subwatersheds/subbasins that are then further subdivided into hydrologic response units (hrus) which are homogeneous areas of aggregated soil, landuse, and slope and are the smallest modeling units used within the model. in a given standard swat application, multiple potential hrus (farm fields) in a subbasin are usually aggregated into a single hru feature. in other words, the stand ...	2016	26616430
assessing the relation of usda conservation expenditures to suspended sediment reductions in an iowa watershed.	from 1936 to 2010, u.s. department of agriculture (usda) agencies spent $293.7 billion (value adjusted for inflation at the 2009 level) on conservation programs. of these expenditures, $75.2 billion (26%) were allocated for technical assistance (ta; it is related to costs associated with usda field staff providing their expert advice to farmers) and $218.5 billion (74%) for financial assistance (fa; monetary incentives for farmers to adopt conservation programs). a major environmental goal of th ...	2016	27262032
the energetic contributions of aquatic primary producers to terrestrial food webs in a mid-size river system.	rivers are increasingly recognized as providing nutritional subsidies (i.e., energy and nutrients) to adjacent terrestrial food webs via depredation of aquatic organisms (e.g., emergent aquatic insects, crayfish, fish) by terrestrial consumers. however, because these prey organisms assimilate energy from both aquatic (e.g., benthic algae, phytoplankton, aquatic macrophytes) and terrestrial (e.g., riparian leaf detritus) primary producers, river subsidies to terrestrial consumers represent a comb ...	2016	27197396
production of a recombinant capsid protein vp1 from a newly described polyomavirus (racpyv) for downstream use in virus characterization.	here we describe the methods for production of a recombinant viral capsid protein and subsequent use in an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and for use in production of a rabbit polyclonal antibody. these reagents were utilized in development and optimization of an elisa, which established the extent of exposure of free ranging raccoons to a newly described polyomavirus (racpyv) [1]. production of a polyclonal antibody has allowed for further characterization of racpyv, includ ...	2016	26955649
polyomavirus and naturally occuring neuroglial tumors in raccoons (procyon lotor).	polyomavirus (pyv) infections are widespread in human populations and, although generally associated with silent persistence, rarely cause severe disease. among diseases convincingly associated with natural pyv infections of humans, there are remarkably different tissue tropisms and outcomes, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, transient or progressive nephropathy, and cancer. the variable character and unpredictable outcomes of infection attest to large gaps in our basic under ...	2016	26912716
fear of large carnivores causes a trophic cascade.	the fear large carnivores inspire, independent of their direct killing of prey, may itself cause cascading effects down food webs potentially critical for conserving ecosystem function, particularly by affecting large herbivores and mesocarnivores. however, the evidence of this has been repeatedly challenged because it remains experimentally untested. here we show that experimentally manipulating fear itself in free-living mesocarnivore (raccoon) populations using month-long playbacks of large c ...	2016	26906881
exposure to raccoon polyomavirus (racpyv) in free-ranging north american raccoons (procyon lotor).	there is evidence that raccoon polyomavirus is causative for neuroglial brain tumors in the western united states. it is unknown if infection is limited to geographic locales where tumors have been reported or is widespread, like human polyomaviruses. we demonstrate raccoons in western, eastern and midwestern states have been exposed to racpyv by detection of antibodies to capsid protein, vp1. while raccoons in eastern and midwestern states are seropositive, exposure is lower than in the western ...	2016	26802526
the economics of a successful raccoon rabies elimination program on long island, new york.	raccoon rabies is endemic in the eastern u.s.; however, an epizootic had not been confirmed on long island, new york until 2004. an oral rabies vaccination (orv) program was initiated soon after the first rabies-positive raccoon was discovered, and continued until raccoon rabies was eliminated from the vaccination zone. the cost-effectiveness and economic impact of this rabies control program were unknown. a public health surveillance data set was evaluated following the orv program on long isla ...	2016	27935946
soybean area and baseflow driving nitrate in iowa's raccoon river.	improved understanding of the drivers of stream nitrate is necessary to improve water quality. this is particularly true for iowa, a large contributor to mississippi river basin nitrate loads. here, we focus on the raccoon river at des moines, iowa, and develop statistical models to describe the monthly (from march to august) nitrate concentrations in terms of eight drivers representing monthly climate, monthly hydrology, and yearly cropping practices. we consider six two-parameter distributions ...	2016	27898792
reconstructive approach to an acquired absence of multiple facial components: a case report.	the subject of our case report is a young girl who was attacked by a raccoon when she was 5 months old. she lost the majority of her nose, her entire right ear, and part of her upper lip. she had previous attempts at reconstructive surgery with poor results. our collective goals were to provide lifelong reconstruction without the use of synthetic implants and to organize the steps in a way that provided psychological benefit early on while allowing her to continue education and childhood activit ...	2016	27826477
brd4 is associated with raccoon polyomavirus genome and mediates viral gene transcription and maintenance of a stem cell state in neuroglial tumour cells.	polyomavirus infection often results in persistence of the viral genome with little or no virion production. however, infection of certain cell types can result in high viral gene transcription and either cytolysis or neoplastic transformation. while infection by polyomavirus is common in humans and many animals, major questions regarding viral persistence of most polyomaviruses remain unanswered. specifically, identification of target cells for viral infection and the mechanisms polyomaviruses ...	2016	27600312
investigation into seasonal scavenging patterns of raccoons on human decomposition.	although raccoons are known as one of the most common scavengers in the u.s., scavenging by these animals has seldom been studied in terms of forensic significance. in this research, the seasonal pattern of raccoon scavenging and its effect on human decomposition was investigated using 178 human cadavers placed at the anthropological research facility (arf) of the university of tennessee, knoxville (utk) between february 2011 and december 2013. the results reveal that (i) the frequency of scaven ...	2016	27404620
total phosphorus concentration trends in 40 iowa rivers, 1999 to 2013.	excessive phosphorus (p) in rivers is prompting states to develop strategies to reduce p concentrations and export. the goal of this study was to assess the current condition by analyzing trends in total p (tp) concentrations at 40 river monitoring sites in iowa for the period 1998 to 2013. we used monthly river monitoring data collected by the state of iowa at ambient sites located beyond the influence of point sources or cities. study objectives were to assess the presence of any linear trends ...	2016	27380084
the incidence of jackal bites and injuries in the zagreb anti rabies clinic during the 1995-2014 period.	rabies is a zoonotic disease (a disease transmitted to humans from animals) that is caused by a virus. the disease affects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infectious material, usually saliva, via bites or scratches. rabies is present on all continents with the exception of antarctica, but more than 95% of human deaths occur in asia and africa. once the symptoms of the disease have developed, rabies is nearly always fatal. people are usually infected ...	2016	27333730
curious case of raccoon eye under general anaesthesia.		2016	27330215
prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella infections in the pennsylvania raccoon (procyon lotor).	a study was conducted to determine the prevalence and spatial distribution of salmonella infection in pennsylvania raccoons (procyon lotor), common wildlife mammals known to occupy overlapping habitats with humans and domestic food animals. the pennsylvania game commission provided a total of 371 raccoon intestinal samples from trapped and road-killed raccoons collected between may and november 2011. salmonella was isolated from the faeces of 56 (15.1%) of 371 raccoons in 35 (54%) of 65 counties ...	2016	26272724
abelson kinase inhibitors are potent inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion.	the highly pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) cause significant morbidity and morality. there is currently no approved therapeutic for highly pathogenic coronaviruses, even as mers-cov is spreading throughout the middle east. we previously screened a library of fda-approved drugs for inhibitors of coronavirus replication in which we identified abelson (abl) kinase inhibitors, including the anticancer dru ...	2016	27466418
satellite dna sequences in canidae and their chromosome distribution in dog and red fox.	satellite dna is a characteristic component of mammalian centromeric heterochromatin, and a comparative analysis of its evolutionary dynamics can be used for phylogenetic studies. we analysed satellite and satellite-like dna sequences available in ncbi for 4 species of the family canidae (red fox, vulpes vulpes, vvu; domestic dog, canis familiaris, cfa; arctic fox, vulpes lagopus, vla; raccoon dog, nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides, npr) by comparative sequence analysis, which revealed 86-90 ...	2016	28122375
first international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in europe.	the most effective and sustainable method to control and eliminate rabies in wildlife is the oral rabies vaccination (orv) of target species, namely foxes and raccoon dogs in europe. according to who and oie, the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns should be regularly assessed via disease surveillance and orv antibody monitoring. rabies antibodies are generally screened for in field animal cadavers, whose body fluids are often of poor quality. therefore, the use of alternative methods su ...	2016	27751949