Publications

use of numbers by a chimpanzee.	recent studies have examined linguistic abilities in apes. however, although human mathematical abilities seem to be derived from the same foundation as those in language, we have little evidence for mathematical abilities in apes (but for exceptions see refs 7-10). in the present study, a 5-yr-old female chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), 'ai', was trained to use arabic numerals to name the number of items in a display. ai mastered numerical naming from one to six and was able to name the number, co ...	1985	3990808
evolution of the primate beta-globin gene region. high rate of variation in cpg dinucleotides and in short repeated sequences between man and chimpanzee.	a 5500 base-pair fragment including the beta-globin gene downstream from codon 122 and about 4000 base-pairs of its 5' flanking sequence was cloned from chimpanzee dna and thoroughly sequenced before being compared with the corresponding human sequence: 88 point differences (83 substitutions and 5 deletions or insertions of 1 base-pair) were detected as well as seven more important deletion/insertion events. these changes occur preferentially in two kinds of structure. first, 40% of the cpg dinu ...	1985	3999143
antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen as the sole hepatitis b marker in hospital personnel.	the epidemiologic and serologic differences between hospital employees with antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) alone or in combination with antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen (anti-hbc) were evaluated. of 105 employees with anti-hbs, 38 (36%) did not have anti-hbc. sera from employees with anti-hbs alone had significantly lower mean sample ratio units of anti-hbs than sera with both antibodies (15.9 +/- 43.2 as compared to 110.3 +/- 73.9, p less than 0.0005) and more common ...	1985	4003986
teaching apes to ape language: explaining the imitative and nonimitative signing of a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	fifteen videotaped conversations of a chimpanzee signing with his trainers were examined in order to determine (a) whether the ape was using imitation to learn about new language forms as some human children do and (b) whether the ape's nonimitative utterances implied knowledge of linguistic structures. the answers to both questions were negative. the evidence suggests that the utterances lacked the semantic and syntactic organization found in the utterances of most children. instead of learning ...	1985	4006434
chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) spatial problem solving with the use of mirrors and televised equivalents of mirrors.	two adult male chimpanzees reached through a hole in the wall of their home cage and, by tracking the images of their hands and of an otherwise hidden target object in a mirror or closed-circuit television picture, moved their hands in whichever direction was necessary to make contact with the target object. they discriminated between live video images and tapes and performed effectively when the target objects were presented in novel locations and when the video picture was presented at random ...	1985	4006435
metabolism of lithocholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in the squirrel monkey.	metabolism of lithocholic acid (lca) and chenodeoxycholic acid (cdca) was studied in the squirrel monkey to clarify the mechanism of the lack of toxicity of cdca in this animal. radioactive lca was administered to squirrel monkeys with biliary fistula. most radioactivity was excreted in the bile in the form of unsulfated lithocholyltaurine. the squirrel monkey thus differs from humans and chimpanzees, which efficiently sulfate lca, and is similar to the rhesus monkey and baboon in that lca is po ...	1985	4018504
the organization of two related subfamilies of a human tandemly repeated dna is chromosome specific.	several clones containing clusters of repetitive elements were isolated from a human chromosome 22 specific library. an ecori-xhoi fragment of 860bp was subcloned and was shown to belong to a family of tandemly repeated dna linked to the y-specific 3.4 kb haeiii band. this probe hybridizes to several sets of sequences or subfamilies. the most abundant subfamily is a 1.8kb long sequence containing one ecorv site, and in most repeats, one avaii and one kpni site. using human-rodent somatic cell hy ...	1985	4018797
the role of the chimpanzee in the evaluation of the risk of foreign chemicals to man.	various species of laboratory animals are used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drugs in man. however, the extrapolation of data from animals to man is often complicated by species differences in the disposition of foreign chemicals. the findings of comparative metabolism studies are used to illustrate species differences in metabolic pathways, rates of biotransformation, kinetics, and excretion routes. biochemical and structural consequences of the significant differences in enzyme induct ...	1985	4023288
erythrocyte acid phosphatase: species specificity in activity modulation by purine analogs.	the previous studies of the interaction of purine analogs and human erythrocyte acid phosphatase isozymes were extended to include erythrocyte acid phosphatase from seven other species. consistent responses, similar to the observations with the several genotypically different human isozymes, were observed. the isozyme from chimpanzee erythrocytes was similar to the human b-type isozyme while the baboon and cow isozymes were at the other extreme in responsiveness and were more divergent from the ...	1985	4028682
inversion (14)(q12qter) or (q11.2q32.3): the most frequently acquired rearrangement in lymphocytes.	in a large study of chromosome rearrangements occurring in human lymphocytes from normal subjects, inv (14)(q12qter) or (q11.2q32.3) is found to be the most frequent, affecting 0.15% of mitoses. the same inversion is observed in the lymphocytes of the chimpanzee, indicating the ancestry of this inversion. it is not induced by ionizing radiations, and its frequency may be increased in fanconi anemia, but not in ataxia telangiectasia. it may represent one of the steps of the process of leukemogene ...	1985	4029952
on the immunogenicity of the beta subunit of ovine luteinizing hormone (olh beta) and equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes): effect of antiserum on monkey cycle and early pregnancy.	antibody to ovine lh beta (olh beta) subunit and equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) were produced in adult male chimpanzees and evaluated for cross reactivity with olh, human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and ecg by in vitro and in vivo methods. chimpanzee antiserum to ecg failed to cross-react with hcg, but antibody raised against olh beta subunit effectively neutralized not only exogenously administered hcg but also endogenous pituitary lh and monkey (macaca radiata) chorionic gonadotropin. ch ...	1985	4037173
heterogeneity of high-mobility-group protein 2. enrichment of a rapidly migrating form in testis.	a determination of the absolute amounts of high-mobility-group proteins 1 and 2 (hmg1 and hmg2) in rat tissues demonstrated that amounts of hmg2 were low in non-proliferating tissues, somewhat higher in proliferating and lymphoid tissues, but were extremely elevated in the testis. this increase was due to a germ-cell-specific form of hmg2 with increased mobility relative to somatic hmg2 on acid/urea/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. to determine if the findings in the rat were a general featur ...	1985	4038257
isolation and characterization of an alphoid centromeric repeat family from the human y chromosome.	a collection of human y-derived cosmid clones was screened with a plasmid insert containing a member of the human x chromosome alphoid repeat family, dxz1. two positive cosmids were isolated and the repeats they contained were investigated by southern blotting, in situ hybridization and sequence analysis. on hybridization to human genomic dnas, the expected cross-hybridization characteristic of all alphoid sequences was seen and, in addition, a 5500 base ecori fragment was found to be characteri ...	1985	4040175
further evidence for phenotype frequencies of the human type blood groups in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).		1985	4046270
effects of gymnemic acid on the chorda tympani proper nerve responses to sweet, sour, salty and bitter taste stimuli in the chimpanzee.	in man gymnemic acid is able to abolish the sweet taste. also in man, the neural correlate of that effect is a disappearance of the response to sweet stimuli in the taste nerves, as indicated by the observations of diamant et al. (1965). although a variety of other mammals also show neural responses to sweet-tasting compounds, the corresponding effect of gymnemic acid has not been demonstrated. this study presents chorda tympani proper nerve recordings from the chimpanzee before and after gymnem ...	1985	4050473
acetylcholine receptors of human skeletal muscle: a species difference detected by snake neurotoxins.	the binding abilities of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (achrs) of the skeletal muscles of man and other vertebrates to two typical curaremimetic toxins, erabutoxin b (eb) and alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-bt), were investigated. fluorescent microscopy using rhodamine-labeled erabutoxin b (tmr-eb) and fitc-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin (fitc-alpha-bt) revealed that achrs of human and chimpanzee muscles were stained with fitc-alpha-bt, but not with tmr-eb. in contrast, the achrs of mouse muscle w ...	1985	4052774
replication of adenovirus types 5, 7, and 12 during inhibition of host cell oxidative metabolism.	replication of human adenovirus type 5 (non-oncogenic), type 7 (weakly oncogenic), and type 12 (highly oncogenic) was studied. inhibition of cellular oxidative metabolism with sodium cyanide resulted in much lower yields of progeny virions in chimpanzee liver cells, an established cell line derived by biopsy from a normal chimpanzee. inhibition of oxidative metabolism had no effect on virus replication in hep-2 cells, an established cell line derived from epidermoid carcinoma tissue from the lar ...	1985	4058322
characterization of a modified, stroma-free hemoglobin solution as an oxygen-carrying plasma substitute.	a new infusion solution prepared from stroma-free, crosslinked and pyridoxalated hemoglobin is described. the characteristics of which have been adapted to the functions of native, intra-erythrocyte hemoglobin. the solution contains 8.5 per cent weight per volume of glutardialdehyde modified hemoglobin with a mean molecular weight (mn) of 200,000 dalton. the non-crosslinked fraction constitutes 15 per cent of the total hemoglobin. the p50 of 27 torr at ph 7.4 (plasma ph) corresponds to the value ...	1985	4071369
evolutionary conservation of fragile sites induced by 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine in man, gorilla, and chimpanzee.	lymphocyte cultures from man, gorilla, and chimpanzee were treated with 5-azacytidine and 5-azadeoxycytidine. these cytidine analogues induce common fragile sites in the chromosome bands 1q42 and 19q13 of man. a rare fragile site is induced by 5-azadeoxycytidine in the band 1q24. the optimum conditions required for inducing these new fragile sites were determined by a series of experiments. the common fragile site in human chromosome 1q42 also exists in the gorilla and chimpanzee in the homologo ...	1985	4077049
analysis of hematologic findings in healthy and sick adult chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).	in order to assess the validity of interspecies extrapolation of hematological information, reference values obtained on 63 captive adult chimpanzees were compared with normal values for man. the discriminative power of both chimpanzee and human reference values was tested by the ability of each to identify abnormalities in the blood in 15 sick chimpanzees. the results indicated that human criteria could be applied to most chimpanzee red cell values but species differences were found in erythroc ...	1985	4078881
language learning in two species of apes.	a 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating. other apes have required training before they began to use symbols fluently. by contrast, this pygmy chimpanzee has begun to learn and appropriately employ graphic symbols simply as the result of exposure to human models. he has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken english words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information th ...	1985	4080283
morphological changes in the cochlear nuclear complex in primate phylogeny and development.	the primate cochlear nuclear complex exhibits several characteristic morphological differences in the various primate families from lorisidae through hominidae. the most striking differences occur in the organization of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in which the laminar pattern becomes progressively obscured. granule cells form an external granular layer as well as being intermixed within the molecular and pyramidal layers in slow lorises and squirrel and rhesus monkeys. whereas a prominent extern ...	1985	4087302
hbv-associated ultrastructures in the chimpanzees' livers with experimental hepatitis b.	an electron-microscopic study was carried out using chimpanzees' livers infected with experimental hepatitis b for the elucidation of intracellular development of hbv-associated ultrastructures and extracellular release of hbv. core particles were first detected in the nucleus of liver cells at around the time of the first seropositiveness for hbsag, and then in the cytoplasm. subsequently, their budding into endoplasmic reticular cisterna was seen together with other core particles in the surro ...	1985	4090978
ultrastructural studies on liver cell necrosis and lymphocytes in experimental hepatitis b.	ultrastructural studies on liver cell necrosis and the interaction of lymphocyte and liver cell were carried out in experimental hepatitis b in chimpanzees. two types of liver cell necrosis were identified. one was a lytic necrosis, and the other was a coagulation necrosis. both types of liver cell necrosis were closely associated with the apposition of lymphocytes. the interaction (or close contact) of lymphocyte and non-necrotic liver cell infected with hbv was also detected. there were two di ...	1985	4090980
neutralization of hepatitis b virus infectivity by a murine monoclonal antibody: an experimental study in the chimpanzee.	two study chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with approximately 1,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus (hbv), one with subtype adr and one with subtype ayw, each previously incubated with 0.1 ml of a murine monoclonal antibody (igg 1(k) class) directed against a single epitope on hepatitis b surface antigen common to most or all hbv. two control chimpanzees received identical doses of hbv not incubated with the murine anti-hbs. neither study chimpanzee developed hbv infect ...	1985	2413167
aids-associated retroviruses (arv) can productively infect other cells besides human t helper cells.	we have examined the host range of aids-associated retroviruses (arv) that are known to infect human t cells of the helper subset. we have observed that the virus cannot infect fibroblast and epithelial cell lines of many different animal species. it is infectious and replicates efficiently in peripheral mononuclear cells (pmc) of chimpanzee and at low levels in baboon and rhesus monkey pmc. most importantly, it has been found to replicate in established lines of human b cells, monocytes, and pr ...	1985	2416120
antigen mimicry by anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common anti-hepatitis b surface antigen idiotype.	anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common human idiotype present on antibodies to hepatitis b surface antigen (anti-hbs) from individuals naturally infected by hepatitis b virus (hbv) and an interspecies idiotype on anti-hbs produced by active immunization with hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) were used in vivo to modulate idiotype networks in mice. injection of anti-idiotype antibodies without subsequent hbsag stimulation induced an anti-hbs response. the anti-idiotype-induced anti-hb ...	1985	2416197
infection of chimpanzees by human t-lymphotropic retroviruses in brain and other tissues from aids patients.		1985	2856985
signs of intelligence in cross-fostered chimpanzees.	in cross-fostering, the young of one species are reared by adults of another, as in the classical ethological studies of imprinting and song-learning. in our laboratory, infant chimpanzees were reared under human conditions that included two-way communication in american sign language (a.s.l.), the gestural language of the deaf in north america. a large body of evidence from five chimpanzees demonstrated stage by stage replication of basic aspects of the acquisition of speech and signs by hearin ...	1985	2858873
the capacity of animals to acquire language: do species differences have anything to say to us?	following the gardners' discovery that an ape named washoe could learn to produce and combine a number of hand movements similar to those used by deaf human beings, a variety of 'ape-language projects' sprang up. some projects used different symbol systems, others used different training techniques, and others used different species of apes. while debate still rages regarding the appropriate way to interpret the symbolic productions of apes, three species of great apes (gorilla, orangutan, and c ...	1985	2858874
preliminary results of transmission experiments of non-a, non-b hepatitis by mononuclear leucocytes from a chronic patient.	mononuclear leucocytes (mainly lymphocytes), isolated by ficoll-paque gradient centrifugation of blood freshly drawn from a haemophilia a patient with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb), caused nanb when infused in a susceptible chimpanzee. plasma from the same patient also transmitted the disease, as witnessed by elevated levels of liver enzymes in serum, histopathological signs of viral hepatitis and submicroscopic cytoplasmic alterations in the hepatocytes, considered to be specific for na ...	1985	2860118
transmission of non-a, non-b hepatitis by heat-treated factor viii concentrate.	in-vitro and animal studies have shown that viral agents can be removed from or inactivated in clotting factor concentrates by physical or chemical treatment. however, clinical data have as yet not substantiated the results of these studies. 13 haemophilia a patients who had not been treated previously with blood or blood products were given a dry-heated factor viii concentrate and were tested serologically over the next 12 months. hepatitis developed in 11 patients (84%) and was invariably of t ...	1985	2861454
reliability of chimpanzee model for non-a, non-b hepatitis.		1985	2865610
the clinical chemistry of chimpanzees: ii. gamma glutamyl transferase levels in hepatitis studies.	normal ranges for gamma glutamyl transferase (ggt) in chimpanzees were determined and categorized according to age and sex. enzyme patterns presented for 36 cases of non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis and compared to others with hepatitis a and/or b show that the response of this enzyme to these viral agents in chimpanzees is comparable to that seen in human patients. the value of ggt determinations, in addition to aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase for the differentiation of var ...	1985	2867223
methods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes.	statistical methods for computing the standard errors of the branching points of an evolutionary tree are developed. these methods are for the unweighted pair-group method-determined (upgma) trees reconstructed from molecular data such as amino acid sequences, nucleotide sequences, restriction-sites data, and electrophoretic distances. they were applied to data for the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, and gibbon species. among the four different sets of data used, dna sequences for an 895- ...	1985	2897060
hemagglutination assay of polypeptide coded by the pre-s region of hepatitis b virus dna with monoclonal antibody: correlation of pre-s polypeptide with the receptor for polymerized human serum albumin in serums containing hepatitis b antigens.	the receptor for polymerized human as well as chimpanzee serum albumins has been identified on the 55-amino acid polypeptide coded by the pre-s region of hepatitis b virus dna. monoclonal antibodies were raised against a synthetic polypeptide of 19 amino acid residues representing a hydrophilic region of the pre-s amino acid sequence deduced from hepatitis b virus dna. sheep erythrocytes fixed with glutaraldehyde were coated with monoclonal antibody against the synthetic polypeptide to develop a ...	1985	2981263
posttransfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis in chimpanzees. physicochemical evidence that the tubule-forming agent is a small, enveloped virus.	posttransfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis associated with the formation of hepatocyte cytoplasmic tubules was experimentally transmitted to chimpanzees by intravenous inoculation of a proven-infectious plasma that had been pelleted and microfiltrated, or purified by a combination of pelleting and rate-zonal banding. the results of these studies indicate that a factor viii-derived non-a, non-b tubule-forming agent will pass through an 80-nm membrane filter and that it can be recovered from infected ...	1985	2981754
oral poliovirus vaccine: history of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world.	oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) is like no other live virus vaccine used in humans: vaccine strains multiply extensively in the intestinal tract, are widely disseminated in the family and community, and immunize a large proportion of the unvaccinated population. during the search for optimal strains for vaccine use, motor neurons in the spinal cord of chimpanzees (and by extrapolation those of humans) were found to be much more resistant to polioviruses than those of monkeys; the reverse was true ...	1985	2982959
infectious hepatitis b virus from cloned dna of known nucleotide sequence.	the infectivity of cloned hepatitis b viral dna (hbv) has been tested in chimpanzees to identify a fully functional hbv genome and to assess the risk associated with its handling. only one of two hbv dna sequence variants tested was shown to be infectious. "clone purified" virus of predicted nucleotide sequence was produced from the infectious hbv dna, and the cloned viral genome was identical in structure with naturally occurring hbv. infection could be initiated independent of whether circular ...	1985	2983320
production of antibody associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis in a chimpanzee lymphoblastoid cell line established by in vitro transformation with epstein-barr virus.	a continuous cell line of chimpanzee lymphocytes producing an antibody specifically associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) was established. peripheral blood lymphocytes of a chimpanzee convalescent from experimental infection with nanb hepatitis were transformed in vitro by epstein-barr virus infection into lymphoblastoid cell lines. supernatants of the cell cultures were screened by immunofluorescence for antibody activity against the liver tissue of a chimpanzee with nanb hepatitis. nin ...	1985	2984683
a truncated immunoglobulin epsilon pseudogene is found in gorilla and man but not in chimpanzee.	molecular genetic analyses of the young pseudogenes of the immunoglobulin c epsilon genes were carried out to obtain qualitative evidence for the phylogenetic branching pattern of hominoid primates. we found that old world monkeys had two c epsilon genes, one of which was processed. among the hominoids examined only the gorilla and human genomes contained three c epsilon genes: an active, a truncated, and a processed gene. other hominoids so far examined, including chimpanzee, contained two c ep ...	1985	2987940
human and chimpanzee monoclonal antibodies.	monoclonal antibody-secreting cell lines were isolated after transformation of peripheral blood leukocytes with epstein-barr virus. blood samples were obtained from human donors having circulating antibodies against hepatitis viruses (hab, hbv), rubella, or rabies virus and from a chimpanzee infected with hav. dextran-isolated leukocytes were submitted to epstein-barr virus infection at low cell concentrations (1 x 10(4) cells x ml-1). proliferating clones could be observed in 50-100% of the cul ...	1985	2989374
the spectrum of complement-fixing antinuclear antibodies in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.	sera from 230 hepatocellular carcinoma patients were tested for antinuclear antibodies by anticomplement immunofluorescence in 16 types of transformed, diploid or primary cells of human, monkey, chimpanzee or rat origin. as controls, we tested 85 sera from patients with chronic liver diseases, 48 sera from patients with nonhepatic cancers and 164 sera of normal controls. exactly 11.2% of all cancer patients but only 3.6% of noncancer patients had complement-fixing antinuclear antibody that react ...	1985	2991105
in vitro growth characteristics of simian t-lymphotropic virus type iii.	the type c retrovirus simian t-lymphotropic virus type iii (stlv-iii) has been isolated recently from immunodeficient macaque monkeys at the new england regional primate research center. the present studies were done to define the in vitro growth characteristics of this agent. stlv-iii replicates efficiently in interleukin 2-dependent t-cell cultures of macaque peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl), less efficiently in such cultures of human and gibbon pbl, and inefficiently in baboon pbl. no repli ...	1985	2996002
a human y-linked dna polymorphism and its potential for estimating genetic and evolutionary distance.	a human dna sequence (p12f2), derived from a partial y-chromosome genomic library and showing homology with the x and y chromosomes and with an undetermined number of autosomes, detected two y-specific restriction fragment length variants on male dna that had been digested with taq i and eco ri. these variants may have been generated through a deletion-insertion mechanism and their pattern of holoandric transmission indicates that they represent a two-allele y-linked polymorphism (rflp). by mean ...	1985	2999986
sites in myelin basic protein that react with monoclonal antibodies.	the epitopes (antigenic sites) for seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) evoked in rats or mice by guinea pig or monkey myelin basic protein (bp) have been located in four different sequences of the bps extracted from various species. six of the mabs were evoked by guinea pig bp. (1) one epitope, possibly a pair, is included within residues 1-14 of all bps tested and reacts with two rat igg mabs. (2) a definite pair of overlapping epitopes includes the central phe91-phe92 sequence. one epitope is c ...	1985	2578184
visual evoked potentials in the great apes.	visual evoked potentials (veps) in response to flash stimuli were recorded from occipital and central-scalp electrodes in the chimpanzee and gorilla. the most notable occipital component of the vep was a surface-positive wave (p90), the latency of which decreased with development. central scalp responses, apparent only in older animals, included a characteristic long-latency 'vertex wave' (n125-p225). observed responses are similar to those reported for humans and monkeys, but appear to share mo ...	1985	2578945
isolation of simian retroviruses closely related to human t-cell leukemia virus by establishment of lymphoid cell lines from various non-human primates.	simian retroviruses closely related to human t-cell leukemia virus (htlv) were isolated by establishing virus-producing lymphoid cell lines from 7 species of non-human primates. by co-cultivation with human umbilical cord-blood cells and/or in the presence of interleukin-2, lymphoid cell lines were successfully established from the chimpanzee. african green monkey, pig-tailed macaque, red-faced macaque, formosan monkey, japanese monkey and bonnet monkey that had antibodies against htlv antigens. ...	1985	2579038
rheumatoid factor-like reactants in sera proven to transmit non-a, non-b hepatitis: a potential source of false-positive reactions in non-a, non-b assays.	convalescent phase non-a, non-b (nanb) human and chimpanzee sera were utilized in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (ria) in an attempt to identify a specific nanb antigen in human plasma, plasma-derived pellets and np-40 disrupted pellets proven to transmit nanb infection to chimpanzees. ria reactivity was noted in 5 of 8 pedigreed nanb infectious plasmas, but did not appear to be virus-specific. the ria reactive fraction: (i) had a density of 1.27 to 1.32 gm per cm3 in cesium chloride; (ii) showe ...	1985	2579881
[hepatitis non-a, non-b: epidemiologic, clinical, serologic and morphologic aspects].	hepatitis non-a, non-b (hnanb) is due to one or more transmissible agents, probably viruses. epidemiologically, hnanb is transmitted predominantly by transfusion of blood or plasma derivatives, and percutaneous inoculation, but a non-percutaneous transmission by the fecal-oral route is also established. however, despite 10 years of intense world-wide research, the transmissible agent, or agents, have not been identified and there are no serological assays for either an antigen or an antibody tha ...	1985	2582179
the 200- and 150-kda neurofilament proteins react with igg autoantibodies from patients with kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, and other neurologic diseases.	sera from 65 patients with spongiform virus encephalopathies (29 with kuru, 36 with creutzfeldt-jakob disease), 79 with other neurologic diseases, and 65 control subjects were examined for reactivity in immunoblots of preparations of myelinated axons and neurofilaments from mouse brain. the sera reacted most frequently with the 200-kda and 150-kda neurofilament proteins and less frequently with the 70-kda neurofilament protein and a 62-kda neurofilament-associated protein. the sera reacted with ...	1985	2582415
differences among primates in defence against infection: sensitivity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to fmet-leu-phe.	the sensitivity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) to n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmet-leu-phe) for chemotaxis and for lysosomal enzyme release was examined using the pmn of four primate species, human (h. sapiens), chimpanzee (p. troglodytes), rhesus monkey (m. mulatta), and cotton-headed tamarin (s. (o) oedipus). the 50 per cent effective concentrations (ec50) of fmet-leu-phe for chemotaxis were 2.5 x 10(-9) m in human, 10(-9) m in chimpanzee, 8 x 10(-8) m in rhesus monkey, and ...	1985	3013451
a final report on safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent aqueous subunit hbv vaccine.	the bivalent form of an aqueous formalin-inactivated hepatitis b vaccine was evaluated for safety and immunogenicity in chimpanzees. to evaluate safety five animals were inoculated intravenously with vaccine containing 500 micrograms hbsag and two animals with 50 micrograms. none of these animals developed hepatitis or any serologic marker indicative of the presence of residual live virus in the vaccine. twenty-four animals were used to evaluate immunogenicity and protective efficacy. seven of t ...	1985	3156961
puberty in the chimpanzee: somatomedin-c and its relationship to somatic growth and steroid hormone concentrations.	a relationship between sex steroids and the somatomedins (sms) is well known, but poorly defined. in some primates, including man, there are pubertal increases in sms, concurrent with increased growth and sex steroid production. in the current studies, indices of somatic growth [body weight, crown-rump length (crl), and testis size (testicular volume index)] and circulating concentrations of testosterone (t), estradiol (e2), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (dhea-s), cortisol, and sm-c were determ ...	1985	3158669
comparison of human and chimpanzee zeta 1 globin genes.	the dna base sequences of the entire chimpanzee zeta 1 globin gene and an additional 1 kb of dna flanking both the human and chimpanzee genes have been determined. whereas the human zeta 1 gene contains a termination codon in the sixth position, the chimpanzee gene appears to be functional. this finding confirms proudfoot et al.'s suggestion that the human zeta 1 gene was recently inactivated. like the corresponding human zeta 1 and zeta 2 genes, the first and second introns of the chimpanzee ze ...	1985	3003369
evolution of alu family repeats since the divergence of human and chimpanzee.	the dna sequences of three members of the alu family of repeated sequences located 5' to the chimpanzee alpha 2 gene have been determined. the base sequences of the three corresponding human alu family repeats have been previously determined, permitting the comparison of identical alu family members in human and chimpanzee. here we compare the sequences of seven pairs of chimpanzee and human alu repeats. in each case, with the exception of minor sequence differences, the identical alu repeat is ...	1985	3003370
the pattern of restriction enzyme-induced banding in the chromosomes of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan and its evolutionary significance.	the pattern of banding induced by five restriction enzymes in the chromosome complement of chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan is described and compared with that of humans. the g banding pattern induced by hae iii was the only feature common to the four species. although hominid species show almost complete chromosomal homology, the restriction enzyme c banding pattern differed among the species studied. hinf i did not induce banding in chimpanzee chromosomes, and rsa i did not elicit banding in ...	1985	3003371
removal of hepatitis b virus infectivity from human gamma-globulin prepared by ion-exchange chromatography.	hepatitis b virus infectivity can be removed from human plasma used to prepare a gamma-globulin product by ion-exchange chromatography with commercially available resins. a pooled human plasma sample free of hepatitis markers was contaminated with 10,000 chimpanzee infectious doses of hepatitis b virus per milliliter from a known infectious inoculum. the contaminated plasma was diluted to yield a weakly positive radioimmunoassay result for hbsag and then processed over a double-column chromatogr ...	1985	2418590
pan paniscus: the pygmy chimpanzee.		1985	17797658
improved method for artificial insemination in the great apes.	artificial insemination in the great apes has not achieved its potential as a tool in maintenance of the endangered captive population. three factors can influence the success rate of artificial insemination: sperm preparation, site of insemination, and timing of insemination. we have tried to optimize methods regarding these three steps. a modified method for insemination is described which has resulted in a 21% success rate (six term pregnancies from 29 inseminations) in the chimpanzee and whi ...	1985	31986826
tool use by wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) to obtain termites (macrotermes herus) in the mahale mountains, tanzania.	wild chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) used probes made of vegetation to fish for termites (macrotermes herus) in the mahale mountains of western tanzania. data on both the artefacts and behavior associated with their use were recorded over a 5-month period. the chimpanzees of one unit group, b group, were seen four times to use the tools to extract the insects from their mounds. a sample of 290 tools was collected and analyzed in terms of age, seasonality, length, width, class of raw materials, spe ...	1985	31986794
serum levels of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, including testosterone, during the menstrual cycle of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes).	the objective of this study was to expand the data on menstrual cycle serum hormone patterns in female common chimpanzees, both in terms of the number of cycles analyzed and by the addition of data on testosterone levels. samples were obtained from 11 unanesthetized animals trained for conscious blood withdrawal. lh, fsh, 17β-estradiol (e2), progesterone (p), and testosterone (t) were measured by radioimmunoassay, genital swelling was recorded, and menstrual blood was noted. concurrent midcycle ...	1985	31979509
ultrastructural changes of the bile secretory apparatus and bile ductule in experimental hepatitis b with neither apparent biochemical nor light-microscopic cholestasis.	an ultrastructural study on the hepatic bile secretory apparatus and bile ductules was carried out using liver biopsy specimens of six chimpanzees with experimental hepatitis b. although biochemical cholestasis was very mild or lacking and light-microscopic evidence of cholestasis was not evident, various ultrastructural changes which had been described in association with cholestasis were detected. the significance of these ultrastructural changes in relevance to cholestasis was difficult to de ...	1985	4090979
banding of rubro-olivary terminations in the principal inferior olivary nucleus of the chimpanzee.	an electrolytic lesion centered just dorsal to, and grazing the superior surface of, the rostral red nucleus (rnr) was produced stereotactically in a single chimpanzee. perikarya of the ipsilateral rnr exhibited retrograde cell changes, demonstrating interruption of its efferent fibers. the degenerated rubro-olivary tract was followed in silver impregnated material to the ipsilateral compact part of the pedunculopontine nucleus, pontine reticular formation and inferior olivary complex. within th ...	1985	4041853
apples, oranges, and the lunate sulcus.	holloway (1984) used a method of direct tape-arc measurements on chimpanzee brain casts to reject the hypothesis that the lunate sulcus is located in an anterior position in the taung endocast. however, holloway neglected to measure the occipital pole-lunate sulcus (op-ls) arc directly on the taung endocast as he did on chimpanzee brain casts (a crucial part of his methodology); instead, he determined the relative position of taung's lunate sulcus on the basis of a calculation that confounds dir ...	1985	4061586
[three successful cases of artificial insemination in chimpanzees].	artificial inseminations were performed on two female chimpanzees from july 1981 to april 1983 and three conceptions were obtained. semen samples collected by rectal probe method of electroejaculation were incubated at 37 degrees c for about 20 minutes for liquefaction. liquefied portion of the semen was sucked up into polyethylene tube about 30 cm in length attached to a syringe and was inseminated into cervix of each female of which pelvic region was raised in prone position under anesthesia. ...	1985	4018154
chimpanzee colony.		1985	17795327
surface changes in chimpanzee sperm during epididymal transit.	intact chimpanzee caput and cauda epididymal sperm, sperm cell lysates, and caput and cauda epididymal fluid were radiolabeled by enzymatic iodination with lactoperoxidase and na125 i and were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. caput epididymal sperm showed nine labeled macromolecular components of 90, 64, 56, 48, 38, 31, 20, 18 and 16 kd and cauda epididymal sperm showed eleven macromolecular components of 90, 64, 55, 47, 42, 33, 27, 18, 17, 15 and 11 k ...	1985	3986270
diagrammatic representation for chromosomal mutagenesis studies. iii. radiation-induced rearrangements in pan troglodytes (chimpanzee).	a qualitative study is presented of chromosomal rearrangements induced by gamma-irradiation at 2 gy and 3 gy in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the chimpanzee pan troglodytes. from a sample of 460 cells, karyotyped after r-banding, 1047 rearrangements were detected. each type of rearrangement is analyzed according to the diagrammatic method previously developed. the non-random nature of the induction of the rearrangements is clear. the chimpanzee seems highly sensitive to the induction of dicent ...	1985	3974622
[in vivo cephalic x-ray computed tomography of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes, catarhinii, anthropomorpha) in the neuro-ocular plane].	a n.o.p. oriented c.t. in vivo of the head of the pan troglodytes l. the n.o.p. was recognised from many works (e.a.c.). it permitted a biometric approach and very precise morphologic study of the brain and face in comparative anatomy.	1985	3922581
hormone responses to clomiphene citrate in young chimpanzees.	the responses of gonadotropin and gonadal steroids to the administration of clomiphene citrate were studied in male and female chimpanzees, aged 3.6 to 9.9 years. follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) was significantly reduced after treatment in the prepubertal females (n = 4) and in early pubertal males (n = 2) but not in prepubertal males (n = 5). fsh was unchanged or increased in early pubertal females (n = 2) and late pubertal males (n = 2). there was no consistent response to treatment with cl ...	1985	3159897
spontaneous symbol acquisition and communicative use by pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus).	two pygmy chimpanzees (pan paniscus) have spontaneously begun to use symbols to communicate with people. in contrast to common chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) using the same communicative system, the pygmy chimpanzees did not need explicit training in order to form referential symbol-object associations. instead, they acquired symbols by observing others use these symbols in daily communications with them. in addition, the pygmy chimpanzees have begun to comprehend spoken english words and can rea ...	1986	2428917
variations in the serum esterases of chimpanzees.	seventy chimpanzees, representing pan paniscus (the pygmy chimp) and all four races of the common chimpanzee (pan troglodytes), were examined for electrophoretic variation in their serum esterases. only three variant electromorphs were observed at these six loci. one of these was at the albumin-associated esterase locus, and the other two were at esterase 4. this is the first report of any variation in an esterase or albumin in chimpanzees.	1986	3956182
sex-related behavior of immature wild mountain gorillas.	sex-related behavior in immature wild mountain gorillas consisted primarily of genital stimulating episodes in which one animal thrusted against the body of another. whereas the immature males used the d-v position predominantly, a single immature female that performed as an actor used the v-v position exclusively. all episodes of genital stimulating behavior originated in the context of play and most actors were older (and larger) than recipients of such behavior. the data support the findings ...	1986	3699256
heterochromatin in the chromosomes of the gorilla: characterization with distamycin a/dapi, d287/170, chromomycin a3, quinacrine, and 5-azacytidine.	the chromosomes of the gorilla were extensively studied with various staining techniques labeling the different classes of heterochromatin. the chromosomal distribution of distamycin a/dapi-, d287/170-, quinacrine-, and chromomycin a3-positive heterochromatic regions, as well as the nucleolus organizer regions, is described and compared with the karyotypes of other hominoid species. lymphocyte cultures were treated with low doses of 5-azacytidine during the last hours of culture. this cytidine a ...	1986	2420535
lack of detectable reverse transcriptase activity in human and chimpanzee sera with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis.	a serum sample from a patient with hepatitis and samples from two experimentally infected chimpanzees, all with a high infectivity for non-a, non-b hepatitis, were tested for reverse transcriptase. biopsy confirmed that the hepatocytes of the chimpanzees that received these sera contained the characteristic tubular structures associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis. none of these three sera revealed detectable enzyme activity. we have not been able to confirm the association of reverse transcript ...	1986	2420926
antibodies to a synthetic peptide from the pres 120-145 region of the hepatitis b virus envelope are virus neutralizing.	studies with synthetic peptides have provided evidence for the presence of pres coded sequences in the envelope (env) proteins of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and indicated that these sequences are involved in the specific attachment of hbv to liver cells. scanning of the pres sequence for immunodominant continuous epitopes identifies the sequence within residues pres (120-145) as the most immunogenic in eliciting antibodies recognizing hbv and as the most efficiently binding antibodies from sera of ...	1986	2421497
hla class i antigens on the hepatocyte membrane during recovery from acute hepatitis b virus infection and during interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis b virus infection.	in a chimpanzee model of acute type b hepatitis, at the time of onset of hepatitis b virus replication and before the development of immunity to hepatitis b virus, interferon is present in the plasma. this is followed by an increase in the display of hla class i, but not class ii proteins, on the hepatocyte membrane. in chronic hepatitis b virus infection, there is a low density of hla class i protein display on the infected hepatocyte. administration of alpha-interferon enhances hla display and ...	1986	2423427
serial transmission of a human non a-non b hepatitis viral strain to hbv-protected chimpanzees: successive histological and ultrastructural studies.	a nanb agent of human origin was inoculated in hbv-immunized chimpanzees. infection was proven in two animals and serially passed to two others. the absence of anti-hbc in serum and the absence of hbsag and hbcag in liver are arguments against the hbv nature of the transmitted infection. moreover, the reproducible appearance of the nanbcag/ab system at each passage from man to chimpanzee and from chimpanzee to chimpanzee, a response not elicited in control animals, suggests that this reaction ma ...	1986	2423837
heterogeneity of human and murine fc gamma receptors.	human leucocytes express at least two different fc receptors specific for igg (fc gamma r). a low avidity receptor (fc gamma rlo) is found on tissue macrophages, neutrophils and nk cells. this receptor is recognized by monoclonal antibody 3g8, which does not react with a high avidity fc receptor (fc gamma rhi) found on blood monocytes and macrophages. we have been interested in the physiological function of these two receptors, which have been shown to differ by more than 200-fold in avidity. si ...	1986	2426048
epitope expression on primate lymphocyte surface antigens.	the cross-reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 28 nonhuman primates was investigated with ten kinds of leu series of monoclonal antibodies specific to human t-, natural killer/killer-, and b-cells. the chimpanzees possessed all ten epitopes examined but the orangutan lacked leu4 and leu7 epitopes and the gibbons lacked leu4, leu7, and leu12 epitopes. in addition to the above epitopes, the old world monkeys lacked leu1 and leu10 epitopes. the leu3a/leu2a cell ratios varied from 0 ...	1986	2426451
production and immunological analysis of recombinant hepatitis b vaccine.	the synthesis of the hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) in cells of saccharomyces cerevisiae and its subsequent isolation, purification and analysis is described. the final, purified hbsag particle exhibits close structural and biochemical similarities to particles derived from the plasma of chronically infected humans. particles of yeast and human origin have been found, by chimpanzee efficacy studies and by various in vitro analyses, to be immunologically equivalent. the antigenic expression ...	1986	2427590
non-a, non-b hepatitis related an6520 ag is a normal cellular protein mainly expressed in liver. ii.	detection of an6520 ag/ab in human sera had indicated a close association with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh). in this study, we investigated the immunochemical nature of an6520 ag and measured the amounts in various human and chimpanzee organs in order to clarify the association with nanbh. an6520 ag was found to be composed of polypeptide(s) with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000 daltons (45 kd), which are noncovalently linked together. human antibodies in convalescent sera from nanbh pat ...	1986	2428929
structure and replication of the genome of the hepatitis delta virus.	the hepatitis delta virus can be found in the serum and liver of some hepatitis b virus patients. we now report that the rna genome of serum-derived delta virus is single-stranded and circular. livers of infected chimpanzees or woodchucks contained as many as 300,000 copies of genomic strand rna per average cell, and at least some of this rna had a circular conformation. also present in the livers were rna species complementary to the virion rna. the genomic rna was 5-22 times more abundant than ...	1986	2430299
characterization of a monoclonal antibody to a conserved epitope on human seminal vesicle-specific peptides: a novel probe/marker system for semen identification.	a novel sperm-coating antigen from the human seminal vesicles was discovered. we identified a monoclonal antibody mhs-5, recognizing an epitope with characteristics of a forensic semen marker: conservation in all vasectomized or normal semen samples tested (421); absence in all human tissues or biological fluids other than semen; and immunolocalization on the surface of ejaculated sperm. western blots of ejaculates allowed to liquefy for 5 min demonstrated the mhs-5 epitope to be located on pept ...	1986	2431723
persistent infection of chimpanzees with human t-lymphotropic virus type iii/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: a potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	the lymphadenopathy-associated virus (lav) prototype strain of human t-lymphotropic virus type iii/lav was transmitted to juvenile chimpanzees with no prior immunostimulation by (i) intravenous injection of autologous cells infected in vitro, (ii) intravenous injection of cell-free virus, and (iii) transfusion from a previously infected chimpanzee. all five animals that received more than one 50% tissue culture infective dose were persistently infected with lav or chimpanzee-passaged lav for up ...	1986	3005641
concentration of plasmodium ovale- and plasmodium vivax-infected erythrocytes from nonhuman primate blood using percoll gradients.	plasmodium vivax and plasmodium ovale schizont-infected erythrocytes were separated from peripheral blood by centrifugation using discontinuous percoll (colloidal silica) gradients. infected aotus monkey or chimpanzee blood was diluted and placed on a discontinuous gradient containing 30%, 40%, 45%, and 50% percoll (v/v in media) layers before centrifugation at 1,450 x g. parasitized erythrocytes were concentrated to greater than 95% schizont-infected cells in two bands that contained an average ...	1986	3006527
varicella-like herpesvirus infections of nonhuman primates.	at least three distinct herpesviruses cause varicella like exanthematous diseases among nonhuman primates. spontaneous epizootics have resulted in high morbidity and mortality rates among cercopithecus aethiops, erythrocebus patas and macaca species in research colonies. mild infections have been observed in infant chimpanzees and a gorilla. this group of diseases is of interest not only because they are a threat to primate colonies, but also because their pathologic similarity to progressive hu ...	1986	3007865
insertion and/or deletion of many repeated dna sequences in human and higher ape evolution.	the total numbers of copies of two repeat families, l1 (kpn i) and alu, have been measured in the dna of four higher apes by an accurate titration method. the number of members of the alu family repeats in the four genomes are as follows: human, 910,000; chimpanzee, 330,000; gorilla, 410,000; orangutan, 580,000. for the kpn i family (3'-ward higher frequency region) the number of copies in these genomes are as follows: human, 107,000; chimpanzee, 51,000; gorilla, 64,000; orangutan, 84,000. therm ...	1986	3012536
development and evolution of the helicoidal plane of dental occlusion.	the helicoidal plane of dental occlusion is a composite feature involving axial inclination of teeth and effects of dental attrition. recent studies disagree on its distribution and significance in hominoid primates. the distribution, development, and functional basis of the helicoidal plane are investigated here, based on quantitative analysis of dental morphology and attrition in 667 human and 60 chimpanzee dentitions. helicoidal planes are nearly universal in the human and chimpanzee dentitio ...	1986	3080898
inhibition of development of exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites by gamma-interferon.	a specific dna probe was used to study the effect of recombinant rat, mouse, and human gamma-interferon (gamma-ifn) on the course of sporozoite-induced malaria infections. in mice and rats infected with sporozoites of plasmodium berghei, mouse and rat gamma-ifn's strongly inhibited the development of the exoerythrocytic forms in the liver liver cells of the hosts, but not the development of the erythrocytic stages. the degree of inhibition of the exoerythrocytic forms was proportional to the dos ...	1986	3085218
non-a, non-b hepatitis: an update.	the definition of non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanb) is improved by further characterization of what it is not (like the delta agent or non-a epidemic hepatitis) rather than by providing convincing evidence of isolation of the agent responsible for blood transfusion- or blood product-related nanb or specific markers thereof. yet, nanb research is in disquieting movement. modern biotechnology yielded its blessings to the field. however, monoclonal antibodies and molecular probes will have to be evalua ...	1986	3090787
an evolutionary conserved early replicating segment on the sex chromosomes of man and the great apes.	replication studies on prometaphase chromosomes of man, the chimpanzee, the pygmy chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orangutan reveal great interspecific homologies between the autosomes. the early replicating x chromosomes clearly show a high degree of conservation of both the pattern and the time course of replication. an early replicating segment on the short arm of the x chromosomes of man (xp22.3) which escapes inactivation can be found on the x chromosomes of the great apes as well. furtherm ...	1986	3096642
transmission of non-a, non-b hepatitis agent to chimpanzees from patients of epidemic hepatitis.	two chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with acute-phase sera obtained from two patients with epidemic hepatitis. they developed histopathologically confirmed hepatitis. electron microscopic examination of the liver showed peculiar cytoplasmic tubular structures in the hepatocytes. these ultrastructural findings were similar to those described for the livers of chimpanzees inoculated with the f strain of non-a, non-b hepatitis agent derived from a posttransfusion hepatitis case. the chimpa ...	1986	3097358
further studies by immunofluorescence of the monoclonal antibodies associated with experimental non-a, non-b hepatitis in chimpanzees and their relation to d hepatitis.	to further investigate the specificity of the monoclonal antibodies (48-1 and s-1) associated with non-a, non-b hepatitis, extensive immunofluorescence studies were performed on liver biopsy specimens from chimpanzees with experimental hepatitis a, b, non-a, non-b or delta, or from normal chimpanzees. both 48-1 and s-1 antibodies reacted in the same manner with liver biopsy specimens from 47 of 50 (94%) chimpanzees with acute or chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis and 15 of 18 (83%) chimpanzees with ...	1986	3098665
fecal excretion of greek strains of hepatitis a virus in patients with hepatitis a and in experimentally infected chimpanzees.	the presence of hepatitis a virus (hav) in stool samples was determined in 36 children (mean age, 8.9 years) and 38 adults (mean age, 19.9 years) with acute type a hepatitis. three stool samples, taken on admission and thereafter at three-to-five-day intervals, were collected from each patient. the first day of dark urine was considered to be the onset of illness. molecular hybridization of cloned hav cdna to fecal extracts was used to detect hav rna; radioimmunoassay was used to detect hav anti ...	1986	3014009
a long interspersed (line) dna exhibiting polymorphic patterns in human genomes.	several human dnas digested with kpn i restriction endonuclease released a 0.6-kilobase (kb) segment that varied in its intensity among human samples. a recombinant dna clone (n6.4) of these 0.6-kb kpn i segments was isolated and used to probe the genomic content and restriction cleavage pattern of homologous sequences. the hybridization patterns revealed a previously undescribed, moderately repetitive long interspersed (line) sequence family, which we have termed l2hs (second line family in hom ...	1986	3014514
amplification and chromosomal dispersion of human endogenous retroviral sequences.	endogenous retroviral sequences in humans have undergone amplification events involving both viral and flanking cellular sequences. we cloned members of an amplified family of full-length endogenous retroviral sequences. genomic blotting, employing a flanking cellular dna probe derived from a member of this family, revealed a similar array of reactive bands in both humans and chimpanzees, indicating that an amplification event involving retroviral and associated cellular dna sequences occurred b ...	1986	3016318
the transmembrane segment of the human transferrin receptor functions as a signal peptide.	the human transferrin receptor (tr) is a protein comprising 760 amino acid residues that spans the membrane once with its n terminus towards the cytoplasm. it is synthesized without a cleavable signal peptide. we have tested whether the signal responsible for its membrane insertion is present within its transmembrane peptide using a combined recombinant dna/in vitro translation approach. the complete tr coding region was first reconstructed from overlapping tr cdna clones and then engineered int ...	1986	3017701
reinitiation of translocation in the semliki forest virus structural polyprotein: identification of the signal for the e1 glycoprotein.	the biosynthesis of the semliki forest virus (sfv) structural proteins provides an interesting model system to study the reinitiation of translocation of membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. the two transmembrane spike proteins, p62 and e1, are derived from a single polypeptide precursor. once the first protein, p62, has been anchored and its cytoplasmic tail has been synthesized, translocation must be reinitiated to account for the insertion of the e1 protein. we have used ...	1986	3017702