Publications

risk factors for enterobacter septicemia in a neonatal unit: case-control study.	thirty cases of enterobacter aerogenes or enterobacter cloacae septicemia diagnosed over a 32-month period in a tertiary care neonatal unit were enrolled in a case-control study. each case patient was matched with two controls (patients occupying the cots nearest the case patient when the latter developed septicemia). of the 32 perinatal characteristics evaluated, 11 were identified by univariate analysis to be significantly associated with the infection. these included parents being residents o ...	1998	9827270
mechanism of cross-contamination of blood culture bottles in a pseudoepidemic of enterobacter cloacae bacteremia.		1998	9827303
comparison of five days versus seven days of incubation for detection of positive blood cultures by the bactec 9240 system.	the specimen capacity of blood culture systems is determined by the length of time that blood cultures are incubated. since the patient populations served by hospitals vary, individual laboratories should evaluate the relative cost and benefits of different testing regimens for their particular setting. to be cost-effective, the use of a 5-day rather than a 7-day protocol for the bactec 9240 system (becton dickinson diagnostic instrument systems, usa) has been recommended. to evaluate whether th ...	1998	9832265
novel oxa-10-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamases selected in vivo or in vitro.	a clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa, pae191, was found to be highly resistant to all anti-pseudomonas beta-lactam antibiotics (except imipenem) and resistant also to aminoglycosides. it produced a beta-lactamase (with an apparent pi of 7.6) which was not inhibited by clavulanic acid. cloning and characterization of the beta-lactamase gene showed that it coded for a novel extended-spectrum oxa-10 variant, called oxa-19, which differed from oxa-10 by nine amino acids and from oxa-13 by tw ...	1998	9835500
an ampd gene in pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a negative regulator of ampc beta-lactamase expression.	the ampd and ampe genes of pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1 were cloned and characterized. these genes are transcribed in the same orientation and form an operon. the deduced polypeptide of p. aeruginosa ampd exhibited more than 60% similarity to the ampd proteins of enterobacteria and haemophilus influenzae. the ampd product transcomplemented escherichia coli ampd mutants to wild-type beta-lactamase expression.	1998	9835532
efficacies of cefepime, ceftazidime, and imipenem alone or in combination with amikacin in rats with experimental pneumonia due to ceftazidime-susceptible or -resistant enterobacter cloacae strains.	the antibacterial activities of human regimens of cefepime, ceftazidime, and imipenem alone or in combination with amikacin against an isogenic pair of enterobacter cloacae strains (wild type and its corresponding derepressed cephalosporinase mutant) were compared by using our nonlethal model of pneumonia with 180 immunocompetent rats. compared with untreated animals, all beta-lactam-treated rats, except those inoculated with the mutant isolate and receiving ceftazidime, had significantly lower ...	1998	9835534
effect of canavanine from alfalfa seeds on the population biology of bacillus cereus	bacillus cereus uw85 suppresses diseases of alfalfa seedlings, although alfalfa seed exudate inhibits the growth of uw85 in culture (j. l. milner, s. j. raffel, b. j. lethbridge, and j. handelsman, appl. microbiol. biotechnol. 43:685-691, 1995). in this study, we determined the chemical basis for and biological role of the inhibitory activity. all of the alfalfa germ plasm tested included seeds that released inhibitory material. we purified the inhibitory material from one alfalfa cultivar and i ...	1998	9835549
microbial populations associated with the retting of melon pods (colocynthis citrullus l.) during seed recovery.	the traditional process for the retting of melon pulp and microbiological characteristics in the recovery of melon seeds (colocynthis citrullus l.) were investigated. melon pods were sliced open and exposed for seven days. the pulp underwent a natural fermentation that was characterized by the growth of microorganisms to 10(8)-10(10) cfu/g. the ph fluctuated between 4.8 and 5.1 with a lactic acid content of 0.72%. bacillus subtilis, b. polymyxa, lactobacillus fermentum, l. brevis and streptococc ...	1998	9839833
characterization of the galu gene of streptococcus pneumoniae encoding a uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase: a gene essential for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis.	the galu gene of streptococcus pneumoniae has been cloned and sequenced. escherichia coli cells harboring the recombinant plasmid pmmg2 (galu) overproduced a protein that has been shown to correspond to a uridine 5'-triphosphate:glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (uridine diphosphoglucose [udp-glc] pyrophosphorylase) responsible for the synthesis of udp-glc, a key compound in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides. a gene very similar to the s. pneumoniae galu has been found in a partial nucle ...	1998	9841918
a cluster of bloodstream infections and pyrogenic reactions among hemodialysis patients traced to dialysis machine waste-handling option units.	from june 17 through november 15, 1995, ten episodes of enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infection and three pyrogenic reactions occurred in patients at a hospital-based hemodialysis center. in a case-control study limited to events occurring during october 1-31, 1995, seven dialysis sessions resulting in e. cloacae bacteremia or pyrogenic reaction without bacteremia were compared with 241 randomly selected control sessions. dialysis machines were examined, dialysis fluid and equipment were cult ...	1998	9845821
isolation and characterization of acc deaminase genes from two different plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria.	we have recently proposed that one way that plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) stimulate plant growth is through the activity of the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, which causes a lowering of plant ethylene levels resulting in longer roots. as part of an effort to understand the role of this enzyme in pgpr, the genes for acc deaminase from two pgpr, enterobacter cloacae cal2 and uw4, have been isolated. these genes are highly homologous to the acc deaminase gen ...	1998	9851025
immuno-detection of the virulence determinant ompx at the cell surface of enterobacter cloacae.	a model for the topology of the enterobacter cloacae outer membrane protein ompx has been proposed, based on the primary sequence and on analogy to homologous proteins. according to this model the membrane embedded part of the protein consists of eight antiparallel beta-strands. four random coil loops are located at the bacterial surface and three beta-turns at the periplasmic side of the membrane. antibodies were raised against synthetic peptides representing five ompx domains, four of which ar ...	1998	9453162
occurrence of virulence-associated properties in enterobacter cloacae.	enterobacter cloacae is not a primary human pathogen but has been considered to be an important cause of nosocomial infections. even so, there are almost no reports on its ability to produce recognized virulence-associated properties. in this study, we show that most of the e. cloacae strains examined were resistant to serum bactericidal activity and were able to produce aerobactin and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin, and all of them could adhere to and invade hep-2 cells. since e. cloacae is pa ...	1998	9453621
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new carbapenem.	the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of s-4661, a new 1beta-methylcarbapenem, were compared with those of imipenem, meropenem, biapenem, cefpirome, and ceftazidime. the activity of s-4661 against methicillin-susceptible staphylococci and streptococci was comparable to that of imipenem, with an mic at which 90% of the strains tested were inhibited (mic90) equal to 0.5 microg/ml or less. s-4661 was highly active against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, haemophilus influenzae, ...	1998	9449267
sequences of homologous beta-lactamases from clinical isolates of serratia marcescens with different substrate specificities.	genes for two group 1 beta-lactamases, srt-1 and sst-1, were sequenced. these beta-lactamases were produced by clinical isolates of serratia marcescens, isolates gn16694 and gn19450, respectively. the resulting enzymes were 96% identical. srt-1 hydrolyzed oxyimino cephalosporins, but sst-1 hardly hydrolyzed them. at residue 213 in the third motif, which is conserved among group 1 beta-lactamases, srt-1 and sst-1 had lys and glu, respectively. by site-directed mutagenesis, the substitution of glu ...	1998	9449282
enterobacter cloacae endophthalmitis: report of four cases.	members of the genus enterobacter are commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract and are considered pathogenic only for patients with lowered resistance to infection (e.g., chronic infection, cancer, or diabetes mellitus) or those with impaired immunity (congenital, acquired, or impaired immunity secondary to therapy). we report on four cases of endophthalmitis caused by enterobacter cloacae: two in patients with acute postoperative endophthalmitis, one in a patient with delayed bleb-rela ...	1998	9431918
repetitive sequence-based pcr versus pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for typing of enterococcus faecalis at the subspecies level.	repetitive sequence-based pcr was compared to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) for the ability to discriminate enterococcus faecalis isolates at the subspecies level. the boxa2r primer, derived from repetitive sequences in streptococcus pneumoniae, was applied to 41 isolates of e. faecalis collected from various sources. the rep1r-dt and rep2-dt primers, derived from the gram-negative repetitive extragenic palindromic element, were also applied to 18 selected isolates. of the 41 isolates ...	1998	9431949
first report of a human isolate of erwinia persicinus.	erwinia persicinus was first described in 1990 after being isolated from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including bananas, cucumbers, and tomatoes. in 1994, it was shown to be the causative agent of necrosis of bean pods. we now report the first human isolate of e. persicinus. the strain was isolated from the urine of an 88-year-old woman who presented with a urinary tract infection. by the hydroxyapatite method, dna from this strain was shown to be 94.5% related at 60 degrees c and 86% rel ...	1998	9431957
high turnover rate of escherichia coli strains in the intestinal flora of infants in pakistan.	the escherichia coli flora of infants in developed countries is dominated by one or a few strains which persist for prolonged periods of time, but no longitudinal studies have been performed in developing countries. to this end, we studied the rectal enterobacterial flora in 22 home-delivered pakistani infants during their first 6 months of life. three colonies were isolated and species typed on each of 11 sampling occasions. e. coli isolates were strain typed using electromorphic typing of cyto ...	1998	10030708
degradation of nitrate ester and nitroaromatic explosives by enterobacter cloacae pb2.		1998	10047806
[enzymatic resistance to imipenem in gram-negative bacilli: nmc-a, an original carbapenemase].	carbapenems such as imipenem are beta-lactam antibiotics usually stable to the hydrolytic activity of beta-lactamases. nevertheless, resistance to imipenem by production of carbapenemases has been described in few species of gram negative bacilli. this mechanism of resistance remains exceptional in enterobacteriaceae. these carbapenemases are principally metallo-enzymes that possess a zinc ion in their active site. enterobacter cloacae strain nor-1, is resistant to imipenem by production of an i ...	1998	9872010
investigation of the presence of different broad-spectrum beta-lactamases among clinical isolates of enterobacteriacae.	chromosomal or plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases are the most frequent causes of resistance to broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotics in clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria. different screening methods can be used for their detection during routine laboratory work, while molecular biological methods may help in the detection of the genetic background of the phenotypic resistance. clinical isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae (170) and enterobacter cloaceae (82) were obtained from different pa ...	1998	9873949
type i beta-lactamases of enterobacter cloacae and resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.	the interaction of type-i beta-lactamases from enterobacter cloacae with diverse beta-lactam compounds was examined. the ability of penicillin and cefoxitin to induce beta-lactamase production in this strain was assessed. the effect of beta-lactamase inhibitors was measured on beta-lactamase extracts and on intact cells. e. cloacae 78 strain is a stably derepressed mutant showing limited susceptibility to a number of antibiotics except imipenem. imipenem would therefore be the appropriate choice ...	1998	10069013
effects of unsaturated uronic acid residues at non-reducing end on bond cleavage frequency of poly(1,4-α-l-guluronide) lyase from enterobacter cloacae m-1.	the mode of action of poly(1,4-α-l-guluronide) lyase from enterobacter cloacae m-1 on unsaturated oligoguluronic acids was studied using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. the polyguluronate lyase degraded unsaturated penta-, hexa-, and heptaguluronic acids, but not unsaturated oligoguluronic acids with dps less than 4. on comparison with the aspect of enzymatic degradation of unsaturated oligoguluronic acid and saturated oligoguluronic acid having the same dp, the former was deg ...	1998	27393363
conversion of unsaturated fatty acids by bacteria isolated from compost.	a compost mixture amended with soybean oil was enriched in microorganisms that transformed unsaturated fatty acids (ufas). when oleic acid or 10-ketostearic acid was the selective fatty acid, sphingobacterium thalpophilum (nrrl b-23206, nrrl b-23208, nrrl b-23209, nrrl b-23210, nrrl b-23211, nrrl b-23212), acinetobacter spp. (nrrl b-23207, nrrl b-23213), and enterobacter cloacae (nrrl b-23264, nrrl b-23265, nrrl b-23266) represented isolates that produced either hydroxystearic acid, ketostearic ...	1999	10069863
cloning and expression in escherichia coli of an azoreductase gene from clostridium perfringens and comparison with azoreductase genes from other bacteria.	a genomic library of clostridium perfringens atcc 3626 was constructed in phage lambda gt11 and screened with an antibody against the c. perfringens azoreductase, which catalyzes the reduction of azo dyes to aromatic amines. a positive recombinant phage, containing a 3.8 kb dna fragment insert was selected and purified. lytic and lysogenic escherichia coli cultures infected with the recombinant phage had higher azoreductase activity than cultures infected only with the vector lambda gt11. the 3. ...	1999	10071864
antibacterial activity of pure flavonoids isolated from mosses.	seven pure flavonoids were isolated and identified from five moss species. the flavonoids were the flavones apigenin, apigenin-7-o-triglycoside, lucenin-2, luteolin-7-o-neohesperidoside, saponarine and vitexin; and the biflavonoid bartramiaflavone. some of these flavonoids were shown to have pronounced antibacterial effects against enterobacter cloaceae, e. aerogenes and pseudomonas aeruginosa (minimal bacteriostatic concentration mic in the range of 4-2048 micrograms/ml). because of their antib ...	1999	10647220
microbiological contamination of enteral feeding solutions used in costa rican hospitals.	enteral feeding is the most common and preferred modality for providing nutritional support to hospital patients with a functional gastrointestinal tract that can not satisfy their nutritional requirements. nevertheless, enteral feeding may be an important cause of bacterial infection. the aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level of enteral feedings distributed in costa rican hospitals. a total of 124 samples of enteral feeding, coming from five different hospitals fro ...	1999	10883302
[the change in bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance of bacteria of burn patients in our hospital during 1986-1996].	in this article we investigated and analyzed the pathogenetic bacteria of burn infection and their drug resistance in recent 5 years from 1991.	1999	11593615
exoproteinases of the type a in pathogenesis of insect bacterial diseases.	immune inhibitors produced in infected larvae of galleria mellonella by such entomopathogens as pseudomonas aeruginosa, serratia marcescens and heterorhabditis bacteriophora effectively blocked in vitro bactericidal activity of insect haemolymph against escherichia coli d31, both in galleria mellonella and pieris brassicae pupae previously vaccinated with enterobacter cloacae. even at a trace concentration, the extracellular proteinases, by proteolytic degradation, totally destroyed the activity ...	1999	10754793
the discriminatory power of ribo-pcr compared to conventional ribotyping for epidemiological purposes.	molecular typing techniques have become increasingly important for confirmation of epidemiological relationships and delimitation of nosocomial outbreaks. the discriminatory power of the two dna-based typing methods, conventional ribotyping and ribo-pcr, was assessed to distinguish between selected strains of acinetobacter calcoaceticus, enterobacter cloacae, serratia marcescens and pseudomonas aeruginosa. overall, conventional ribotyping was more discriminatory than ribo-pcr.	1999	10660137
investigations into the sterility of manually assembled extracorporeal circuits with vented reservoirs.	this study was designed to investigate the ability of an extracorporeal circuit (ecc) with a vented hard shell reservoir to remain sterile for a period of 72 h under dry conditions. the study was conducted in three phases. in phase one: two previously published methods for detecting contamination of the ecc were compared. a group of positive controls was collected by contaminating identical circuits with a known level of enterobacter cloacae (attc: 13047) before initiating a regimen of "sample-d ...	1999	10847954
analysis of mutations to gyra in quinolone-resistant clinical isolates of enterobacter cloacae.	the gyra subgenes of a quinolone-resistant enterobacter cloacae clinical isolate (ofloxacin mic, 16 mg/l) and of a control, e. cloacae nctc 10005 (ofloxacin mic, 0.03 mg/l), were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and sequenced. the resistant isolate had mutations at the codons for amino acids 83, 89 and 90. the first of these mutations led to replacement of serine-83 by tyrosine, whereas the other mutations were silent. digestion of pcr-amplified dna fragments with the restriction enz ...	1999	9920128
development of a pcr assay for detection of yersinia ruckeri in tissues of inoculated and naturally infected trout.	a pcr-based method was developed for the specific detection of yersinia ruckeri in tissues of inoculated trout and naturally infected trout. no amplification products were obtained with other yersiniae, bacterial fish pathogens, or phylogenetically related bacteria (n = 34). the sensitivity of pcr detection was 60 to 65 bacterial cells per pcr tube, which was decreased to 10 to 20 cells by hybridization with a nonradioactive probe. the pcr assay proved to be as reliable as and faster than the co ...	1999	9872807
chlorine inactivation of sphingomonas cells attached to goethite particles in drinking water.	bacteria in drinking water, attached or not attached to goethite particles, were disinfected with chlorine. no additional protection was provided to the bacteria by their attachment to particles, and the limited efficiency of inactivation by chlorine was attributed to the presence of bacterial aggregates in both types of suspension.	1999	9872809
intestinal protozoa in hiv-infected patients: effect of rifaximin in cryptosporidium parvum and blastocystis hominis infections.	in hiv-1 infected patients severe enteritis and chronic diarrhea are often documented as a consequence of multiple opportunistic infections. we analyzed 48 hiv-1 positive patients for the presence of intestinal pathogenic protozoa. patients with cd4 > or = 200/mm3 showed a higher prevalence of a single pathogenic protozoa than patients with cd4 < or =200/mm3, who showed the presence of multiple protozoal infections. patients who proved positive for only a single protozoa, cryptosporidium or blas ...	1999	10632386
[enterobacter cloacae related meningitis].		1999	10637854
surveillance of antibiotic resistance in taiwan, 1998.	for the first national surveillance of antibiotic resistance in taiwan, we collected in 1998 from 22 hospitals (6 medical centers, 15 regional hospitals, and 1 local hospital) 3,211 isolates in all parts of the country. besides 50 random successive isolates from inpatients, each hospital was requested to collect 25 isolates each from positive blood cultures, hospital-acquired infections, outpatients and the pediatric department. we re-speciated all the submitted specimens and determined their an ...	1999	10650488
[in vitro activity of biapenem (bipm) against clinically isolated respiratory pathogens in 1996-1998].	the in vitro antibacterial activity of biapenem (bipm), a new carbapenem antibiotic, was compared with those of imipenem (ipm), panipenem (papm), meropenem (mepm), ceftazidime (caz) and piperacillin (pipc) against 280 isolates of 9 respiratory pathogens. the mic90s of biapenem (bipm) for methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), streptococcus pneumoniae, moraxella catarrhalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and haemophilus influenzae were ...	1999	10695024
in vitro activities of aminomethyl-substituted analogs of novel tetrahydrofuranyl carbapenems.	cl 188,624, cl 190,294, and cl 191,121 are novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl (thf)-1 beta-methylcarbapenems. the in vitro antibacterial activities of these thf carbapenems were evaluated and compared with those of biapenem, imipenem, and meropenem against 554 recent clinical isolates obtained from geographically distinct medical centers across north america. the antibacterial activities of the thf carbapenems were equivalent to that of biapenem, and the thf carbapenems were slightly more activ ...	1999	10049250
in vivo activities of peptidic prodrugs of novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl-1 beta-methylcarbapenems.	a series of novel aminomethyl tetrahydrofuranyl (thf)-1 beta-methylcarbapenems which have excellent broad-spectrum antibacterial activities exhibit modest efficacies against acute lethal infections (3.8 mg/kg of body weight against escherichia coli and 0.9 mg/kg against staphylococcus aureus) in mice when they are administered orally. in an effort to improve the efficacies of orally administered drugs through enhanced absorption by making use of a peptide-mediated transport system, several diffe ...	1999	10049251
structure-function studies of ser-289 in the class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae p99.	site-directed mutagenesis of ser-289 of the class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae p99 was performed to investigate the role of this residue in beta-lactam hydrolysis. this amino acid lies near the active site of the enzyme, where it can interact with the c-3 substituent of cephalosporins. kinetic analysis of six mutant beta-lactamases with five cephalosporins showed that ser-289 can be substituted by amino acids with nonpolar or polar uncharged side chains without altering the catalyt ...	1999	10049265
molecular and biochemical characterization of veb-1, a novel class a extended-spectrum beta-lactamase encoded by an escherichia coli integron gene.	a clinical isolate, escherichia coli mg-1, isolated from a 4-month-old vietnamese orphan child, produced a beta-lactamase conferring resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and aztreonam. in a disk diffusion test, a typical synergistic effect between ceftazidime or aztreonam and clavulanic acid was observed along with an unusual synergy between cefoxitin and cefuroxime. the gene for veb-1 (vietnamese extended-spectrum beta-lactamase) was cloned and expressed in e. coli jm109. the recombin ...	1999	10049269
use of an isogenic escherichia coli panel to design tests for discrimination of beta-lactamase functional groups of enterobacteriaceae.	a study was designed to determine if an isogenic panel of escherichia coli strains containing many different beta-lactamases could be used for the preliminary screening of a large number of beta-lactam agents to identify which might be most useful in the development of a definitive test for specific beta-lactamases found among the members of family enterobacteriaceae. the susceptibilities of 46 strains, comprising the isogenic panel, to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, cephamycins, and aztreona ...	1999	10049278
secretion, localization, and antibacterial activity of tasa, a bacillus subtilis spore-associated protein.	the synthesis and subcellular localization of the proteins that comprise the bacillus subtilis spore are under a variety of complex controls. to better understand these controls, we have identified and characterized a 31-kda sporulation protein, called tasa, which is secreted into the culture medium early in sporulation and is also incorporated into the spore. tasa synthesis begins approximately 30 min after the onset of sporulation and requires the sporulation transcription factor genes spo0h a ...	1999	10049401
microbiological spectrum of septicemia and peritonitis in nephrotic children.	from april 1993 to december 1997, 452 admissions of 231 children with nephrotic syndrome to chang gung children's hospital were retrospectively reviewed. there were 10 episodes of sepsis and 8 episodes of peritonitis in 18 children, and 14 microorganisms were cultured. two children died due to streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis. gram-positive microorganisms (n=7) and gram-negative microorganisms (n=7) were found in equal numbers. enterococcus (1), streptococcus pneumoniae (4), group d streptococcus ...	1999	10603131
serum is more suitable than whole blood for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis by nested pcr.	pcr assays for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis can be performed either on serum or on whole blood, but results obtained with the two kinds of samples have never been formally compared. thus we designed a nested pcr assay in which five specific inner pairs of primers were used to amplify specific targets on the rrna genes of candida albicans, c. tropicalis, c. parapsilosis, c. krusei, and c. glabrata. in vitro, the lower limit of detection of each nested pcr assay was 1 fg of purified dna f ...	1999	10074503
identification and characterization of is2404 and is2606: two distinct repeated sequences for detection of mycobacterium ulcerans by pcr.	molecular analysis of mycobacterium ulcerans has revealed two new insertion sequences (iss), is2404 and is2606. is2404 was identified by complete sequencing of a previously described repetitive dna segment from m. ulcerans. this element is 1,274 bp long, contains 12-bp inverted repeats and a single open reading frame (orf) potentially encoding a protein of 327 amino acids (aa), and apparently generates 7-bp direct repeats upon transposition. amino acid similarity was found between the putative t ...	1999	10074520
the effect of new disinfectant substances on the metabolism of enterobacter cloacae.	the antimicrobial mechanism of 16 new commercially manufactured disinfectant substances on an enterobacter cloacae strain was studied. the substances tested represent 11 quaternary ammonium salts (qas) and five combinated qas with other ingredients. the antimicrobial efficacy was characterized by influencing the growth of bacterial cells expressed by mic and ed50 values as well as by the inhibition of the incorporation rate of [14c] adenine and [14c] leucine. the disinfectants are divided into t ...	1999	10075279
phop-phoq-regulated loci are required for enhanced bile resistance in salmonella spp.	as enteric pathogens, salmonella spp. are resistant to the actions of bile. salmonella typhimurium and salmonella typhi strains were examined to better define the bile resistance phenotype. the mics of bile for wild-type s. typhimurium and s. typhi were 18 and 12%, respectively, and pretreatment of log-phase s. typhimurium with 15% bile dramatically increased bile resistance. mutant strains of s. typhimurium and s. typhi lacking the virulence regulator phop-phoq were killed at significantly lowe ...	1999	10084994
the major phase-variable outer membrane protein of escherichia coli structurally resembles the immunoglobulin a1 protease class of exported protein and is regulated by a novel mechanism involving dam and oxyr.	here we report the characterization of an escherichia coli gene (agn43) which encodes the principal phase-variable outer membrane protein termed antigen 43 (ag43). the agn43 gene encodes a precursor protein of 107 kda containing a 52-amino-acid signal sequence. posttranslational processing generates an alpha43 subunit (predicted mr of 49,789) and a c-terminal domain (beta43) with features typical of a bacterial integral outer membrane protein (predicted mr of 51, 642). secondary structure analys ...	1999	10094691
a periplasmic d-alanyl-d-alanine dipeptidase in the gram-negative bacterium salmonella enterica.	the vanx protein is a d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-ala-d-ala) dipeptidase essential for resistance to the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin. while this enzymatic activity has been typically associated with vancomycin- and teicoplainin-resistant enterococci, we now report the identification of a d-ala-d-ala dipeptidase in the gram-negative species salmonella enterica. the salmonella enzyme is only 36% identical to vanx but exhibits a similar substrate specificity: it hydrolyzes d-ala-d-ala, dl-ala-dl-p ...	1999	10094694
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel glycylcycline, the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (gar-936).	the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (tbg-mino) is a recently synthesized member of a novel group of antibiotics, the glycylcyclines. this new derivative, like the first glycylcyclines, the n,n-dimethylglycylamido derivative of minocycline and 6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline, possesses activity against bacterial isolates containing the two major determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance: ribosomal protection and active efflux. the in vitro activities of tbg-mino and the c ...	1999	10103174
cloning, sequence analyses, expression, and distribution of ampc-ampr from morganella morganii clinical isolates.	shotgun cloning experiments with restriction enzyme-digested genomic dna from morganella morganii 1, which expresses high levels of cephalosporinase, into the pbkcmv cloning vector gave a recombinant plasmid, ppon-1, which encoded four entire genes: ampc, ampr, an hybf family gene, and orf-1 of unknown function. the deduced ampc beta-lactamase of pi 7.6 shared structural and functional homologies with ampc from citrobacter freundii, escherichia coli, yersinia enterocolitica, enterobacter cloacae ...	1999	10103179
in vitro antibacterial properties of pexiganan, an analog of magainin.	pexiganan, a 22-amino-acid antimicrobial peptide, is an analog of the magainin peptides isolated from the skin of the african clawed frog. pexiganan exhibited in vitro broad-spectrum antibacterial activity when it was tested against 3,109 clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. the pexiganan mic at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic90) was 32 micrograms/ml or less for staphylococcus spp., streptococcus spp., enterococcus faecium, corynebacteriu ...	1999	10103181
emergence of fosfomycin-resistant isolates of shiga-like toxin-producing escherichia coli o26.	we evaluated the susceptibilities of 129 shiga-like toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) isolates to various antibiotics. the numbers of isolates for which mics were high (> or = 128 micrograms/ml) were as follows: 5 for fosfomycin, 14 for ampicillin, 1 for cefaclor, 6 for kanamycin, 22 for tetracycline, and 2 for doxycycline. for two isolates of stec o26 mics of fosfomycin were high (1,024 and 512 micrograms/ml, respectively). conjugation experiments and glutathione s-transferase assays sugg ...	1999	10103182
strength and regulation of the different promoters for chromosomal beta-lactamases of klebsiella oxytoca.	the two groups of chromosomal beta-lactamases from klebsiella oxytoca (oxy-1 and oxy-2) can be overproduced 73- to 223-fold, due to point mutations in the consensus sequences of their promoters. the different versions of promoters from blaoxy-1 and blaoxy-2 were cloned upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene of pkk232-8, and their relative strengths were determined in escherichia coli and in k. oxytoca. the three different mutations in the oxy beta-lactamase promoters result ...	1999	10103190
clavulanate induces expression of the pseudomonas aeruginosa ampc cephalosporinase at physiologically relevant concentrations and antagonizes the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin.	although previous studies have indicated that clavulanate may induce ampc expression in isolates of pseudomonas aeruginosa, the impact of this inducer activity on the antibacterial activity of ticarcillin at clinically relevant concentrations has not been investigated. therefore, a study was designed to determine if the inducer activity of clavulanate was associated with in vitro antagonism of ticarcillin at pharmacokinetically relevant concentrations. by the disk approximation methodology, clav ...	1999	10103195
development of resistance during antimicrobial therapy caused by insertion sequence interruption of porin genes.	we have demonstrated by using an in vitro approach that interruption of the ompk36 porin gene by insertion sequences (iss) is a common type of mutation that causes loss of porin expression and increased resistance to cefoxitin in klebsiella pneumoniae. this mechanism also operates in vivo: of 13 porin-deficient cefoxitin-resistant clinical isolates of k. pneumoniae, 4 presented iss in their ompk36 gene.	1999	10103203
microbiology of the oil fly, helaeomyia petrolei.	helaeomyia petrolei larvae isolated from the asphalt seeps of rancho la brea in los angeles, calif., were examined for microbial gut contents. standard counts on luria-bertani, macconkey, and blood agar plates indicated ca. 2 x 10(5) heterotrophic bacteria per larva. the culturable bacteria represented 15 to 20% of the total population as determined by acridine orange staining. the gut itself contained large amounts of the oil, had no observable ceca, and maintained a slightly acidic ph of 6.3 t ...	1999	10103240
detection of small numbers of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested pcr assay.	a rapid and sensitive assay was developed for detection of small numbers of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples. water and sewage samples were filtered, and the filters were enriched overnight in a nonselective medium. the enrichment cultures were prepared for pcr by a rapid and simple procedure consisting of centrifugation, proteinase k treatment, and boiling. a seminested pcr based on specific amplification of the intergenic sequen ...	1999	10103261
direct quantification of the enteric bacterium oxalobacter formigenes in human fecal samples by quantitative competitive-template pcr.	homeostasis of oxalic acid appears to be regulated, in part, by the gut-associated bacterium oxalobacter formigenes. the loss of this bacterium from the gut flora is associated with an increased susceptibility to hyperoxaluria, a condition which can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystalluria and kidney stones. in order to identify and quantify the presence of o. formigenes in clinical specimens, a quantitative-pcr-based assay system utilizing a competitive dna template as an internal ...	1999	10203513
[application of gas chromatography in the identification of enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, and enterobacter agglomerans].	enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes and enterobacter agglomerans were identified using gas chromatography as a substitution of the traditional techniques. their acid methyl esters profiles were determined using a gas chromatograph hewlett packard 5890a and a rsl-150 heliflex capillary column. a total of 120 samples were analyzed from reference strains (atcc 13047, 13048, 27155) and environmental isolations, eleven fatty acids were included in the profiles from which cis-9, 10-methyleneo ...	1999	10932747
rapid identification of burkholderia pseudomallei by latex agglutination based on an exopolysaccharide-specific monoclonal antibody.	we recently identified a constitutively expressed exopolysaccharide of burkholderia pseudomallei which is composed of a unique linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit consisting of three galactose residues and one 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid residue. in this study we developed a latex agglutination test based on monoclonal antibody 3015, which is specific for this exopolysaccharide, and evaluated this test for rapid identification of b. pseudomallei grown on agar plates. all 74 environmenta ...	1999	9854098
identification and characterization of a new porin gene of klebsiella pneumoniae: its role in beta-lactam antibiotic resistance.	klebsiella pneumoniae porin genes were analyzed to detect mutations accounting for the porin deficiency observed in many beta-lactam-resistant strains. pcr and southern blot analysis revealed the existence of a third porin gene in addition to the ompk36 and ompk35 porin genes previously described. this new porin gene was designated ompk37 and is present in all of the clinical isolates tested. the ompk37 porin gene was cloned, sequenced, and overexpressed in escherichia coli. in contrast to that ...	1999	10217760
bloodstream infections in a neonatal intensive-care unit: 12 years' experience with an antibiotic control program.	to assess the prevalence of gram-positive coccal (gpc), gram-negative bacillary (gnb), and fungal blood-stream infections (bsis) during a 12-year period in which a consistent antibiotic treatment protocol was in place; to evaluate the efficacy of these antibiotic policies in relation to treatment, to the emergence of bacterial or fungal resistance, and to the occurrence of infection outbreaks or epidemics.	1999	10219874
[comparative studies on activities of antimicrobial agents against causative organisms isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (1997). i. susceptibility distribution].	the frequencies of isolation and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were investigated on 560 bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (utis) in 9 hospitals during the period of june 1997 to may 1998. of the above bacterial isolates, gram-positive bacteria accounted for 29.3% and a majority of them were enterococcus faecalis. gram-negative bacteria accounted for 70.7% and most of them were escherichia coli. susceptibilities of several isolated bacteria to antim ...	1999	10221177
in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone.	the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ...	1999	10223917
negative regulation of the pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane porin oprd selective for imipenem and basic amino acids.	pseudomonas aeruginosa oprd is a specific porin which facilitates the uptake of basic amino acids and imipenem, a carbapenem antibiotic. resistance to imipenem due to the loss of oprd is an important mechanism for the loss of clinical effectiveness. to investigate the negative regulatory mechanisms influencing oprd expression, a gene upstream of the coregulated mexef-oprn efflux operon, designated mext, was cloned. the predicted 304-amino-acid mature mext protein showed strong homology to lysr-t ...	1999	10223918
carbapenem resistance in escherichia coli associated with plasmid-determined cmy-4 beta-lactamase production and loss of an outer membrane protein.	three cefoxitin-resistant escherichia coli isolates from stool specimens of a patient with leukemia were either resistant, intermediate, or sensitive to imipenem. conjugation experiments showed that cefoxitin resistance, but not imipenem resistance, was transferable. all isolates were shown by isoelectric focusing to produce two beta-lactamases with isoelectric points of 5.4 (tem-1, confirmed by sequencing of a pcr product) and >8.5 (consistent with a class c beta-lactamase). the gene coding for ...	1999	10223937
an shv-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in pseudomonas aeruginosa.	a clinical isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa rp-1 produced the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) shv-2a. its gene was expressed from a composite promoter made of the -35 region derived from the left inverted repeat of is26 and the -10 region from the blashv-2a promoter itself. the dna sequences immediately surrounding blashv-2a were homologous to plasmid pmpa2a from klebsiella pneumoniae kpzu-3, while further away and 3' to the blashv-2a gene, a sequence corresponding to the left end of tn ...	1999	10223953
pulmonary infiltrates in liver transplant recipients in the intensive care unit.	a frequent dilemma is discerning the likelihood of pneumonia and the need for empiric antibiotic therapy in liver transplant recipients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit (icu).	1999	10232564
bacteriocin release protein triggers dimerization of outer membrane phospholipase a in vivo.	bacteriocin release protein is known to activate outer membrane phospholipase a (ompla), which results in the release of colicin from escherichia coli. in vivo chemical cross-linking experiments revealed that the activation coincides with dimerization of ompla. permeabilization of the cell envelope and dimerization were characterized by a lag time of 2 h.	1999	10322034
controlled clinical comparison of biomérieux vital and bactec nr-660 blood culture systems for detection of bacteremia and fungemia in adults.	a total of 9,446 blood cultures were collected from adult patients at three university-affiliated hospitals. of these, 8,943 cultures were received with both aerobic bottles filled adequately; 885 yielded 1,016 microorganisms, including 622 isolates (61%) that were the cause of sepsis, 337 isolates (33%) that were contaminants, and 57 isolates (6%) that were indeterminate as the cause of sepsis. with the exception of staphylococcus aureus, which was recovered more often from vital aerobic bottle ...	1999	10325312
rapid and reliable identification of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates by pneumolysin-mediated agglutination.	a pneumolysin-based agglutination test which allows an easy, rapid, cost-effective, and accurate (100% specific and 95% sensitive) discrimination between pneumococci and other related human and animal pathogenic bacterial strains has been assayed.	1999	10325355
extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing strains of enterobacter cloacae transferring resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime.	transferability of ceftazidime resistance and of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl) production was recorded in three strains of enterobacter cloacae from frankfurt university clinics. all three strains were resistant to rifampicin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem and meropenem. they transferred directly determinants of resistance to carbenicillin and cephaloridine to escherichia coli k-12 no. 185 nal+ recipient strain. all transconjugant colonies a ...	1999	10326739
antigenic and molecular conservation of the gonococcal nspa protein.	a low-molecular-weight protein named nspa (neisserial surface protein a) was recently identified in the outer membrane of all neisseria meningitidis strains tested. antibodies directed against this protein were shown to protect mice against an experimental meningococcal infection. hybridization experiments clearly demonstrated that the nspa gene was also present in the genomes of the 15 neisseria gonorrhoeae strains tested. cloning and sequencing of the nspa gene of n. gonorrhoeae b2 revealed an ...	1999	10338491
metabolism of l(-)-carnitine by enterobacteriaceae under aerobic conditions.	different enterobacteriaceae, such as escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris and proteus mirabilis, are able to convert l(-)-carnitine, via crotonobetaine, into gamma-butyrobetaine in the presence of carbon and nitrogen sources under aerobic conditions. intermediates of l(-)-carnitine metabolism (crotonobetaine, gamma-butyrobetaine) could be detected by thin-layer chromatography. in parallel, l(-)-carnitine dehydratase, carnitine racemasing system and crotonobetaine reductase activities were determi ...	1999	10339822
presumed clostridial and aerobic bacterial infections of the cornea in two horses.	microscopic examination of gram-stained tissue specimens collected from severe corneal ulcers in 2 horses revealed large gram-positive rods suggestive of clostridium spp. clostridium perfringens was isolated from specimens collected from horse 1; anaerobic organisms were not detected in specimens from horse 2. aerobic bacterial culture revealed aeromonas hydrophila and enterobacter cloacae in specimens collected from horses 1 and 2, respectively. an insect exoskeleton was presumed to be the unde ...	1999	10340080
chemoselective nitro group reduction and reductive dechlorination initiate degradation of 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol by ralstonia eutropha jmp134.	ralstonia eutropha jmp134 utilizes 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol as a sole source of nitrogen, carbon, and energy. the initial steps for degradation of 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol are analogous to those of 3-nitrophenol degradation in r. eutropha jmp134. 2-chloro-5-nitrophenol is initially reduced to 2-chloro-5-hydroxylaminophenol, which is subject to an enzymatic bamberger rearrangement yielding 2-amino-5-chlorohydroquinone. the chlorine of 2-amino-5-chlorohydroquinone is removed by a reductive mechanism, ...	1999	10347008
role of pfka and general carbohydrate catabolism in seed colonization by enterobacter cloacae.	enterobacter cloacae a-11 is a transposon mutant of strain 501r3 that was deficient in cucumber spermosphere colonization and in the utilization of certain carbohydrates (d. p. roberts, c. j. sheets, and j. s. hartung, can. j. microbiol. 38:1128-1134, 1992). in vitro growth of strain a-11 was reduced or deficient on most carbohydrates that supported growth of strain 501r3 but was unaffected on fructose, glycerol, and all amino acids and organic acids tested. colonization by strain a-11 was signi ...	1999	10347036
use of microdilution panels with and without beta-lactamase inhibitors as a phenotypic test for beta-lactamase production among escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp., citrobacter freundii, and serratia marcescens.	over the past decade, a number of new beta-lactamases have appeared in clinical isolates of enterobacteriaceae that, unlike their predecessors, do not confer beta-lactam resistance that is readily detected in routine antibiotic susceptibility tests. because optimal methodologies are needed to detect these important new beta-lactamases, a study was designed to evaluate the ability of a panel of various beta-lactam antibiotics tested alone and in combination with beta-lactamase inhibitors to discr ...	1999	10348759
characterization of novel antimicrobial peptoids.	peptoids differ from peptides in that peptoids are composed of n-substituted rather than alpha-carbon-substituted glycine units. in this paper we report the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of several antibacterial peptoids discovered by screening combinatorial chemistry libraries for bacterial growth inhibition. in vitro, the peptoid chir29498 and some of its analogues were active in the range of 3 to 12 microg/ml against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria which in ...	1999	10348765
efficacy of beta-lactam and inhibitor combinations in a diffusion chamber model in rabbits.	using a diffusion chamber in rabbits, we evaluated therapy with the combination of ceftriaxone plus the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam in comparison with ceftriaxone alone. one sensitive and one resistant strain of escherichia coli, enterobacter cloacae and klebsiella pneumoniae were inoculated into one of the six diffusion chambers, implanted in the same animal. in order to simulate pharmacokinetics in humans, both substances were administered in decreasing doses. ceftriaxone was given 0, ...	1999	10350378
rupture of the spleen associated with enterobacter cloacae.	a 58-year-old male, with abdominal pain but no signs of sepsis, was admitted as a medical emergency. during hospitalization, spontaneous splenic rupture was diagnosed and splenectomy successfully performed. a smear revealed presence of enterobacter cloacae on the splenic surface; histopathology demonstrated granulocytous infiltration of the spleen.	1999	10352739
survival of enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas paucimobilis in yoghurts manufactured from cow's milk and soymilk during storage at different temperatures.	the survival of two microbial contaminants, enterobacter cloacae and pseudomonas paucimobilis, in yoghurts manufactured from cow's milk and soymilk was investigated during storage for 45 days at 4 and 12 degrees c. sensory panel tests performed before microbiological investigation, showed that the flavor of soy-yoghurts made with cocoa powder or malt added did not have the beany taste of soy beans. both contaminants were significantly resistant to low ph values during storage for 32 days at 4 de ...	1999	10356792
most enterobacter aerogenes strains in france belong to a prevalent clone.	the aim of this study was to determine the distribution in france of the enterobacter aerogenes prevalent clone isolated in the hospitals of the marseille area (a. davin-regli, d. monnet, p. saux, c. bosi, r. charrel, a. barthelemy, and c. bollet, j. clin. microbiol. 34:1474-1480, 1996). a total of 123 e. aerogenes isolates were collected from 23 hospital laboratories and analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic dna and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-pcr to determine thei ...	1999	10364580
evaluation of statens serum institut enteric medium for detection of enteric pathogens.	the efficacy of the statens serum institut (ssi) enteric medium for isolation and direct identification of enteric pathogens was evaluated. six different biochemical reactions can be read by using the ssi enteric medium, allowing direct identification of a range of enteric pathogens. all 248 gram-negative bacterial species that were tested grew on the ssi enteric medium. only 10 of 248 bacteria (4%) showed discrepant results in the biochemical reactions, and none of these were enteric pathogens. ...	1999	10364603
markedly different rates and resistance profiles exhibited by seven commonly used and newer beta-lactams on the selection of resistant variants of enterobacter cloacae.	seven beta-lactam antibiotics (cefepime, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefamandole, imipenem and meropenem) were tested for their potential to select resistance in standard and clinical strains of enterobacter cloacae (n = 9). the strains were subcultured daily with the test antibiotics at doubling concentrations starting at 0.125 x mic. development of resistance throughout the passages was detected by a disc diffusion test. ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and cefamandole selected resistance ...	1999	10381101
identification of a putative p-transporter operon in the genome of a burkholderia strain living inside the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus gigaspora margarita.	this article reports the identification of a putative p-transporter operon in the genome of a burkholderia sp. living in the cytoplasm of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus gigaspora margarita. its presence suggests that burkholderia sp. has the potential for p uptake from this environment. this finding raises new questions concerning the importance of intracellular bacteria for mycorrhizal symbiosis.	1999	10383982
in vitro activity of clinafloxacin against fluoroquinolone resistant spanish clinical isolates.	the in vitro activity of clinafloxacin against 162 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates was determined. isolates were selected when their mic to ciprofloxacin was 2 mg/l (intermediate) or > 2 mg/l (resistant). the following strains were tested: 61 escherichia coli, 12 klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 proteus mirabilis, 21 serratia marcescens, 4 enterobacter cloacae, 21 pseudomonas aeruginosa, 21 staphylococcus. aureus (resistant to methicillin) and 15 enterococcus spp. clinafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ...	1999	10389645
roles of beta-lactamases and porins in activities of carbapenems and cephalosporins against klebsiella pneumoniae.	two clinical isolates of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (esbl)-producing klebsiella pneumoniae were noted to be less susceptible than expected to imipenem. both were missing outer membrane proteins that serve as channels for antibiotic entry. the role of beta-lactamase in resistance was investigated by eliminating the original esbl and introducing plasmids encoding various esbls and ampc beta-lactamase types, by studying the effect of an increased inoculum, and by evaluating interactions with ...	1999	10390220
class c beta-lactamases operate at the diffusion limit for turnover of their preferred cephalosporin substrates.	it has been suggested that class c beta-lactamases have evolved to carry out a metabolic reaction other than hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics. it is demonstrated in the present study that the class c beta-lactamase from enterobacter cloacae p99 has reached the diffusion limit in its ability to hydrolyze its preferred cephalosporin substrates. the increase in the solution viscosity by addition of a microviscogen (sucrose) caused the decline in the parameter kcat/km for hydrolysis of cephalor ...	1999	10390233
sequence of the mir-1 beta-lactamase gene.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the plasmid-mediated mir-1 beta-lactamase gene confirms its relationship to chromosomally located ampc genes of enterobacter cloacae. blamir-1 is not part of a typical gene cassette but does lie near an element that could be involved in its capture on a plasmid.	1999	10390237
in vitro activity of hsr-903, a new oral quinolone, against bacteria causing respiratory infections.	the in vitro activity of hsr-903, an oral quinolone, against 196 recent clinical isolates of respiratory pathogens was evaluated. hsr-903 was 2 to 32 times more active than ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sparfloxacin against staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, and streptococcus pneumoniae and was at least as active as the other quinolones against gram-negative pathogens.	1999	10390240
rapid detection, by pcr and reverse hybridization, of mutations in the helicobacter pylori 23s rrna gene, associated with macrolide resistance.	a pcr-based reverse hybridization system (research prototype kit inno-lipa for h. pylori resistance) was developed and evaluated for simultaneous detection of 23s ribosomal dna point mutations, associated with macrolide resistance in helicobacter pylori. fifty-seven h. pylori strains (51 natural, 6 laboratory-derived artificial, 52 resistant, and 5 susceptible strains) were tested by pcr-lipa (detecting mutations a2115-->g, g2141-->a, a2142-->g, a2142-->c, a2143-->g, a2143-->c, and a2143-->t), d ...	1999	10390244
identification of a novel beta-lactamase produced by xanthomonas campestris, a phytopathogenic bacterium.	the xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 11 chromosome encodes a periplasmic beta-lactamase of 30 kda. gene replacement and complementation confirmed the presence of this enzyme. its deduced amino acid sequence shows identity and conserved domains between it and stenotrophomonas maltophilia l2 and other ambler class a/bush group 2 beta-lactamases. southern hybridization detected a single homologous fragment in each of 12 other xanthomonas strains, indicating that the presence of a beta-lactamas ...	1999	10390247
peptidase activity of beta-lactamases.	although beta-lactamases have generally been considered as being devoid of peptidase activity, a low but significant hydrolysis of various n-acylated dipeptides was observed with representatives of each class of beta-lactamases. the kcat/km values were below 0.1 m(-1). s(-1), but the enzyme rate enhancement factors were in the range 5000-20000 for the best substrates. not unexpectedly, the best 'peptidase' was the class c beta-lactamase of enterobacter cloacae p99, but, more surprisingly, the ac ...	1999	10393100
[survey of the sensitivities of clinical isolates to antibacterial agents (annual report)].	research groups were formed in 21 institutions nationwide to investigate carbapenem resistance. the activities of various antibacterial agents, principally carbapenems, were tested against clinical isolates collected from these institutions. the broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 17 antibacterial agents for 1,241 strains of 11 bacterial species isolated at all institutions between october and december 1996. the results were as follows: ...	1999	10396685
[a consideration on the results of nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities--gram-negative bacilli].	the results of the semi-annual nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities, conducted by the japanese ministry of health and welfare during the period of january 1993 to july 1995, were analyzed for typical gram-negative bacilli in the purpose of provision of an index for antimicrobial selection. during these 3 years, escherichia coli, citrobacter freundii, enterobacter aerogenes and proteus mirabilis showed slightly increasing tendency in susceptibility to fosfomycin (fom) and cit ...	1999	10396690