Publications

[comparison of characterization of hemagglutination and ha1 sequence of currently circulating strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and in japan].	to compare the characterization of hemagglutination and the sequence of ha1 region of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and japan in recent years.	2003	12678955
[analysis on the aetiology of influenza in children in tianjin].	to analyse the pathogen of child patients with influenza in tianjin area.	2003	12678956
nosocomial influenza infection among post-influenza-vaccinated patients with severe pulmonary diseases.	to report an outbreak of nosocomial influenza in thirteen out of twenty-two admitted patients suffering from severe lung emphysema.	2003	12634075
influenza vaccination of dialysis patients: cross-reactivity of induced haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to h3n2 subtype antigenic variants is comparable with the response of naturally infected young healthy adults.	annual influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with chronic renal failure, although vaccination responses in haemodialysis (hd) patients may be suboptimal. typically, the seroreactivity has been analysed against the vaccine virus or the corresponding year's epidemic virus. no studies analysing cross-reactivity against subsequent years' viruses have been presented.	2003	12637648
reverse genetics studies on the filamentous morphology of influenza a virus.	we have investigated the genetic determinants responsible for the filamentous morphology of influenza a viruses, a property characteristic of primary virus isolates. a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to transfer the m segment of influenza a/udorn/72 (h3n2) virus into influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. while wsn virions display spherical morphology, recombinant wsn-mud virus acquired the ability of the parental udorn strain to form filamentous virus particles. this was determined by ...	2003	12604801
protection against a european h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs previously infected with h1n1 and/or h3n2 subtypes.	a novel swine influenza virus, h1n2, circulates in european swine populations together with h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this study examines whether post-infection immunity to h1n1 and/or h3n2 viruses provides cross-protection against h1n2 infection. pigs (n=51) were inoculated intranasally with either sw/belgium/1/98 (h1n1) or sw/flanders/1/98 (h3n2), or with both viruses at a 5-week interval. control groups were left uninoculated or inoculated with sw/gent/7625/99 (h1n2). four weeks later, all the p ...	2003	12615433
chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of glycopolymers containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a poly(l-glutamic acid) backbone for inhibition of infection by influenza viruses.	highly water-soluble glycopolymers with poly(alpha-l-glutamic acid) (pga) backbones carrying multivalent sialyl oligosaccharides units were chemoenzymatically synthesized as polymeric inhibitors of infection by human influenza viruses. p-aminophenyl disaccharide glycosides were coupled with gamma-carboxyl groups of pga side chains and enzymatically converted to neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnacalpha-, and neu5acalpha2-3galbet ...	2003	12626382
pathologic mechanisms of influenza encephalitis with an abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of mini-plasmin.	the pathogenesis of influenza encephalopathy or encephalitis is poorly understood. this review summarizes our recent studies of the roles played by inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), adhesion molecules and mini-plasmin in influenza encephalitis. after the intranasal infection of newborn mice with the non-neurotropic strain of influenza a virus (iav) aichi/2/68/h3n2, encephalitis and severe brain edema were observed within 3-5 days. iav-rna and abnormalities in the bl ...	2003	12630563
heterogeneous influenza activity across europe during the winter of 2002-2003.	influenza activity varied across europe during the 2002-2003 season both in terms of the intensity of clinical activity and the circulating virus types/subtypes. influenza b was generally predominant in the 'western' parts of europe (portugal, spain, the united kingdom and ireland) and influenza a (h3n2) in the 'central' and 'eastern' areas (germany, italy, denmark, switzerland, poland, slovenia, the slovak republic, the netherlands). a number of countries experienced mixed seasons, first experi ...	2003	14724332
efficacy trial of live, cold-adapted and inactivated influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a va cooperative study.	we assessed whether trivalent live, cold-adapted influenza virus (caiv-t) vaccine provides added protection when co-administered with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (tvv) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). subjects (n=2215) were randomly assigned to receive either tvv intramuscularly (im) and caiv-t intranasally (tc), or tvv and placebo (tp). the vaccines were well-tolerated. efficacy of tc compared to tp was not statistically significant and was 0.16 f ...	2003	12706704
differential requirements of rab5 and rab7 for endocytosis of influenza and other enveloped viruses.	enveloped viruses often enter cells via endocytosis; however, specific endocytic trafficking pathway(s) for many viruses have not been determined. here we demonstrate, through the use of dominant-negative rab5 and rab7, that influenza virus (influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/x-31 (h3n2)) requires both early and late endosomes for entry and subsequent infection in hela cells. time-course experiments, monitoring viral ribonucleoprotein colocalization with endosomal markers, indicated that influenza ...	2003	12713661
comparison of the pathogenesis of two genetically different h3n2 influenza a viruses in pigs.	in 1997 and 1998, h3n2 influenza a viruses emerged among pigs in north america. genetic analyses of the h3n2 isolates demonstrated that they had distinctly different genotypes. the most commonly isolated viruses in the united states have a triple-reassortant genotype, with the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and pb1 polymerase genes being of human influenza virus origin, the nucleoprotein, matrix, and nonstructural genes being of classical swine influenza virus origin, and the pa and pb2 polymeras ...	2003	12734230
the comparison of antibody response to influenza vaccination in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients.	the immune system in renal transplant (tx), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) and hemodialysis (hd) patients have been suppressed and antibody response to vaccination is weaker than that of the normal population. additionally immune response to vaccination also differs from each other in aforementioned three groups resulting from different levels immunosuppression. in the present study, detection of antibody response to influenza vaccine as an indicator of the level of immunity in ...	2003	12745749
occurrence of influenza b/hong kong-like strains in brazil, during 2002.	through the influenza virus surveillance from january to october 2002, influenza b/hong kong-like strains circulating in the southeast and centre east regions of brazil have been demonstrated. this strain is a variant from b/victoria/02/88 whose since 1991 and until recently have been isolated relatively infrequently and have been limited to south-eastern asia. a total of 510 respiratory secretions were collected from patients 0 to 60 years of age, with acute respiratory illness, living in the s ...	2003	12751324
a molecular mechanism for the low-ph stability of sialidase activity of influenza a virus n2 neuraminidases.	four human pandemic influenza a virus strains isolated in 1957 and 1968, but not most of the epidemic strains isolated after 1968, possess sialidase activity under low-ph conditions. here, we used cell-expressed neuraminidases (nas) to determine the region of the n2 na that is associated with low-ph stability of sialidase activity. we found that consensus amino acid regions responsible for low-ph stability did not exist in pandemic nas but that two amino acid substitutions in the low-ph-stable a ...	2003	12753908
prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2002 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2002;51 [no. rr-3]:1-31). the 2003 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by age and risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 20 ...	2003	12755288
protection and compensation in the influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cell response.	influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cells generally recognize peptides derived from conserved, internal proteins that are not subject to antibody-mediated selection pressure. prior exposure to any one influenza a virus (h1n1) can prime for a secondary cd8+ t cell response to a serologically different influenza a virus (h3n2). the protection afforded by this recall of established cd8+ t cell memory, although limited, is not negligible. key characteristics of primary and secondary influenza-specific h ...	2003	12775762
update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2002-03 season, and composition of the 2003-04 influenza vaccine.	in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments, health-care providers, and vital statistic registries, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. during the 2002-03 influenza season, influenza a (h1), a (h3n2), and b viruses co-circulated in the northern hemisphere. human infections with avian influenza a (h5n1) and a (h7n7) ...	2003	12803198
effect of vitamin e and vitamin c combination on experimental influenza virus infection.	successful antioxidant treatment of the so-called "free radical diseases" has been reported in the literature. in this study we examined the preventive effect of vitamin e and vitamin c, alone and in combination, on the damage caused by influenza virus infection (ivi). male mice (icr), infected with influenza virus a/2/68/(h3n2) (1.5 of ld(50)), were administered single once-daily doses of vitamin e (60 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin c (80 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (3 days before virus inoculation) ...	2003	12808470
neuraminidase sequence analysis and susceptibilities of influenza virus clinical isolates to zanamivir and oseltamivir.	the influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir were introduced into clinical practice in various parts of the world between 1999 and 2002. in order to monitor the potential development of resistance, the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network was established to coordinate testing of clinical isolates collected through the world health organization influenza surveillance network from different regions of the world (m. zambon and f. g. hayden, antivir. res. 49: ...	2003	12821478
[avian influenza and oseltamivir; a retrospective view].	the outbreak of avian influenza a due to an h7n7 virus in dutch poultry farms turned out to have public-health effects for those who were involved in the management of the epidemic and who were thus extensively exposed to contaminated excreta and dust. an outbreak-management team (omt) of experts in virology, infectious diseases and public health advised the dutch government with respect to the potential health effects on humans. strict hygiene measures were advised. moreover, vaccination agains ...	2003	12822517
epidemiology and molecular characterization of co-circulating influenza a/h3n2 virus variants in children: houston, texas, 1997-8.	co-circulating variants of influenza a/h3n2 viruses in children were studied in houston, texas between october 1997 and march 1998 to assess the effects of a new variant strain on the severity of clinical illness. influenza a virus was isolated from the nasal wash or nasal aspirate specimens collected from children at two tertiary care hospitals, and 271 isolates were available for variant-specific subtyping using rt-pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. we classified ...	2003	12825738
combined protective effect of a fungal cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase and rimantadine hydrochloride in experimental murine influenza a virus infection.	the combined protective effect of a novel naturally glycosylated cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced by the fungus humicula lutea (hl-sod) strain 103, and the selective anti-influenza drug rimantadine hydrochloride (rim) was evaluated in experimental virus infection in mice, induced with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). a combined application of hl-sod and rim in doses, which by themselves did not protect significantly mice against the infection, resulted in a synergistically inc ...	2003	12828346
pathogenic and antigenic properties of phylogenetically distinct reassortant h3n2 swine influenza viruses cocirculating in the united states.	swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by type a influenza viruses. before 1998, swine influenza virus isolates in the united states were mainly of the classical h1n1 lineage. since then, phylogenetically distinct reassortant h3n2 viruses have been identified as respiratory pathogens in pigs on u.s. farms. the h3n2 viruses presently circulating in the u.s. swine population are triple reassortants containing avian-like (pa and pb2), swine-like (m, np, and ns), and human-like (ha, ...	2003	12843064
investigations of the efficacy of european h1n1- and h3n2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel h1n2 subtype.	the efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strains was tested against challenge with an h1n2 swine influenza virus. influenza virus-seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an h1n2 component. control pigs were left unvaccinated. three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the ...	2003	12877210
[differences in oligomerization of nucleocapsid protein of epidemic human influenza a(h1n1), a(h1n2) and b viruses].	a comparative analysis of involving the nucleocapsid protein (np) into shaping-up of sds-resistant oligomers was carried out presently in circulating epidemic strains of human influenza, viruses a and b. the study results of viral isolates obtained from clinical samples and recent standard strains revealed that the involvement of np in the sds-resistant oligomers, which are different in various subtypes of influenza a viruses. according to this sign, the human viruses a(9h3n2) are close to the a ...	2003	12894477
estimating efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a (h1n1) and b using surveillance cultures.	the authors report on a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label study, conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season in temple-belton, texas, of the protective effectiveness of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) in children aged 18 months-18 years. the dominant circulating strains in 2000-2001 were influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) and influenza b/sichuan/379/99. children had access to caiv-t during the 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001 influenza seasons. the v ...	2003	12915495
[development of a live culture of cold-adapted reassortant influenza vaccines].	optimal conditions for the cultivation of the mdck cell lines in the laboratory spinner or by using the eagle-mem with or without fetal serum were worked out. the cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strains of virus influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b are well replicated in the mdck cells both in a monolayer and in the spinner by using the serum-free medium. a maximum virus titer depends on a multiplicity of infection used in a fetal medium and on the addition of trypsin. under the optimal conditions, t ...	2003	12924092
economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.	to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients the authors conducted a stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from june 1997 to november 1998 at a university hospital in thailand. a total of 125 copd patients were stratified based on their fev1 as mild copd (fev1 > or = 70% predicted), moderate copd (fev1 50-69% predicted) and severe copd (fev1 < 50% predicted) and in each severity stra ...	2003	12924797
[influenza in poland in 2001].	in 2001 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ili) registered in poland amounted to 576,449. this is 36.1% of the number of cases recorded in 2000. the highest influenza incidence was found in dolnoślaskie voivodship (3013.4 per 100,000), mazowieckie voivodship (2688.5 per 100,000) and zachodniopomorskie voivodship (2132.2 per 100,000). in children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ili cases amounted to 275,358 (incidence was 3851.4 per 100,000) and this is 47 ...	2003	12926309
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2002.	surveillance for influenza in australia in 2002 was based on notifications to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system from all states and territories, national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness and reports of influenza virus isolations from a laboratory network. the impact of influenza was assessed by absenteeism data from a major national employer. influenza a was the dominant type, 99 per cent of which were subtype h3n2 with only a single h ...	2003	12926731
epidemiology and control of influenza.	influenza causes frequent epidemics and periodic pandemics, and is a major public health problem. pandemics occurred in 1918 (swine influenza), 1957 (asian influenza), 1968 (hong kong influenza) and 1977 (russian influenza) due to major antigenic variation of the type a influenza virus. frequent epidemics occur after pandemics as a result of minor antigenic variation of the pandemic virus strains. minor antigenic variant strains of type a (h1n1), a (h3n2) and type b influenza viruses are current ...	2003	12929857
characterization of sialidase from an influenza a (h3n2) virus strain: kinetic parameters and substrate specificity.	neuraminidase (na) of influenza a (h3n2) viruses was characterized after purification by gel filtration and proteolytic treatment, using the x-31 variant strain that is a reassortment between the influenza a/victoria/3/75 (responsible for the 1975 pandemic) and the influenza a/pr/8/34 virus samples, as a model. in the purification process, na heads, that is the spike responsible for the virus sialidase activity, were purified by filtration through a bio-gel polyacrylamide column. the enzyme acti ...	2003	12931027
restriction of amino acid change in influenza a virus h3ha: comparison of amino acid changes observed in nature and in vitro.	we introduced 248 single-point amino acid changes into hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. these changes were classified as positive or negative according to their effect on hemadsorption activity. we observed following results. (i) the percentage of surviving amino acid changes on the ha1 domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be ca. 44%. in nature, it is estimated to be ca. 39.6%. this difference in surviv ...	2003	12941919
[spread and properties of epidemic influenza a and b virus strains accountable for morbidity in russia during 1999-2002].	the strains of influenza a -a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses were shown in the paper to have been circulating in russia in 1999-2002. a co-circulation of viruses of 2 to 3 types was detected in all epidemic seasons. a majority of strains was isolated on the culture of cells mdck. a study of epidemic strains revealed the predominance of viruses a(h3n2) in 1999-2000, the predominance of viruses a(h1n1) in 2000-2001, and the predominance of influenza b viruses in 2001-2002. according to the conducted ...	2003	12945200
human influenza a viruses are proteolytically activated and do not induce apoptosis in caco-2 cells.	replication of human influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses was studied in human caco-2 cells, a continuous line of intestinal epithelial differentiated cells. hemagglutinin (ha) was cleaved in these cells by an endogenous protease. thus, infectious virus was produced that underwent multiple cycle replication and plaque formation in the absence of trypsin added to the media. cleavage of de novo-synthesized ha occurred at a late stage of the exocytic pathway as indicated by pulse-chase labeling and ...	2003	12951033
influenza virus vaccine live intranasal--medimmune vaccines: caiv-t, influenza vaccine live intranasal.	medimmune vaccines (formerly aviron) has developed a cold-adapted live influenza virus vaccine [flumist] that can be administered by nasal spray. flumist is the first live virus influenza vaccine and also the first nasally administered vaccine to be marketed in the us. the vaccine will be formulated to contain live attenuated (att) influenza virus reassortants of the strains recommended by the us public health service for each 'flu season. the vaccine is termed cold-adapted (ca) because the viru ...	2003	12952502
receptor-binding properties of modern human influenza viruses primarily isolated in vero and mdck cells and chicken embryonated eggs.	to study the receptor specificity of modern human influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses, the analogs of natural receptors, namely sialyloligosaccharides conjugated with high molecular weight (about 1500 kda) polyacrylamide as biotinylated and label-free probes, have been used. viruses isolated from clinical specimens were grown in african green monkey kidney (vero) or madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and chicken embryonated eggs. all vero-derived viruses had hemagglutinin (ha) sequences indistin ...	2003	12954214
antigenic and genomic relation between human influenza viruses that circulated in argentina in the period 1995-1999 and the corresponding vaccine components.	the analysis of epidemic influenza virus has been focused on antigenic and genomic characterization of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein in order to detect new variants for the recommendation of the vaccine strains in each season. since october 1998, who organized a second meeting to evaluate the vaccine formula for the southern hemisphere.	2003	12957183
isolation and identification of influenza virus strains circulating in thailand in 2001.	local influenza surveillance plays an important role in preparing for, and responding to, epidemics and pandemics. between january and december 2001, the national institute of health of thailand collected a total of 711 throat swab specimens from outpatients affected with acute respiratory symptoms from several centers throughout thailand, of which 374 were virus-positive. of these, 338 (90.4%) were positive for influenza virus by immunofluorescence testing. by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) t ...	2003	12971520
generation and characterization of a cold-adapted influenza a h9n2 reassortant as a live pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate.	h9n2 subtype influenza a viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide and were isolated from humans in 1999, raising concerns about their pandemic potential and prompting the development of candidate vaccines to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a virus. reassortant h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses with the internal genes of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) (aa) cold-adapted (ca) virus have proven to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines in humans. u ...	2003	14505926
are the 2-isomers of the drug rimantadine active anti-influenza a agents?	there is a lack of information in the medical chemistry literature concerning the anti-influenza a activity of the drug rimantadine's 2-isomer (2-rimantadine). we now present results showing that, although 2-adamantanamine (2-amantadine) 3 is only moderately active, some 2-rimantadine analogues are effective anti-influenza a virus agents in vitro. the 2-rimantadine analogues and their spirocyclobutane and spirocyclopentane congeners were synthesized through interesting routes. the 2-rimantadine ...	2003	14521332
burden of influenza in children: preliminary data from a pilot survey network on community diseases.	the burden of influenza and its clinical presentation are both poorly documented in french children.	2003	14551477
influenza burden in children newborn to eleven months of age in a pediatric emergency department during the peak of an influenza epidemic.	the aim of this study was to determine the burden of influenza-related diseases in children 0 to 11 months of age during the peak of the 2001 to 2002 influenza epidemic.	2003	14551479
[the 2002/2003 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2003/2004 season].	as in the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons, the influenza epidemic in the 2002/2003 season started late (week 7 of 2003) and was only moderate in size. influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses were detected in equal numbers among patients of general practitioners and these two viruses were therefore equally responsible for the epidemic. however, h3n2 viruses dominated isolates taken from hospitals. in haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays most of the h3n2 viruses proved highly reactive with antiserum ...	2003	14574782
the quest of influenza a viruses for new hosts.	there is increasing evidence that stable lineages of influenza viruses are being established in chickens. h9n2 viruses are established in chickens in eurasia, and there are increasing reports of h3n2, h6n1, and h6n2 influenza viruses in chickens both in asia and north america. surveillance in a live poultry market in nanchang, south central china, reveals that influenza viruses were isolated form 1% of fecal samples taken from healthy poultry over the course of 16 months. the highest isolation r ...	2003	14575076
land-based birds as potential disseminators of avian mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses.	chickens, quail, and other land-based birds are extensively farmed around the world. they have been recently implicated in zoonotic outbreaks of avian influenza in hong kong. the possibility that land-based birds could act as mixing vessels or disseminators of avian/mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses with pandemic potential has not been evaluated. in this report, we investigated whether chickens and japanese quail are susceptible to a mammalian influenza virus (a/swine/texas/4199-2/98 [h3 ...	2003	14575124
generation and characterization of an h9n2 cold-adapted reassortant as a vaccine candidate.	h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were confirmed in hong kong in 1998. subsequently, h9n2 viruses were isolated from two children in hong kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from china, raising the possibility that h9n2 viruses pose a potential pandemic threat for humans. these events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a viruses. reassortant h1n ...	2003	14575127
assaying susceptibility of avian and other influenza a viruses to zanamivir: comparison of fluorescent and chemiluminescent neuraminidase assays.	zanamivir has been shown to inhibit both human and avian influenza viral neuraminidases (nas) and has been approved in several countries for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection. reliable monitoring of drug resistance is important for assessment of the impact of drug therapy on circulating virus populations. this study compares the current fluorometric (fl) method for evaluating zanamivir susceptibility with a recently developed chemiluminescent (cl) na activity assay using virus ...	2003	14575130
recombinant protein comprising multi-neutralizing epitopes induced high titer of antibodies against influenza a virus.	in previous studies, we suggested that epitope-vaccine might be a new strategy against virus infection. based on this hypothesis, we designed and expressed a recombinant immunogen (multi-epitope-peptide) comprising repeats of three neutralizing-epitopes (neutralizing epitopes: aa92-105, 127-133 and 183-195) of hemagglutininin (ha) of influenza virus (h3n2) in e. coli. after vaccination, the recombinant multi-epitope protein could induce a high level of antibodies with predefined multi-epitope-sp ...	2003	14575146
assessment of development of resistance to antivirals in the ferret model of influenza virus infection.	we attempted to develop in vivo resistance of influenza virus to amantadine and to zanamivir, by use of the ferret model of influenza virus infection. resistance of influenza virus a/losangeles/1/87 (h3n2) to amantadine was generated within 6 days, during a single course of treatment, and mutations in the m2 gene that are characteristic of human infections were observed. in contrast, during an identical single course of treatment with zanamivir, no evidence of reduced susceptibility was demonstr ...	2003	14593594
[the use of bromelain in obtaining the subviral particles of influenza a and b viruses].	subviral particles of modern strains of influenza a viruses, i.e. a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2), reassortant x-31 (subtype h3n2) and b/sichuan/379/99, were obtained by using two preparations of bromeline ("sigma co., catalogues' nos. b2252 and b5144). a selective ability of bromeline b5144 was detected to the proteolytic splitting of hemagglutinin of influenza a and b viruses. an influence of enzyme b5144 produced on influenza b viruses brought about an appearance of subvir ...	2003	14598475
reassortants in recent human influenza a and b isolates from south east asia and oceania.	from 2000 to 2002, human influenza a and b viruses that were genetic reassortants of contemporary circulating human strains, were isolated in south east asia and oceania. similar to reports from other regions, a(h1n2) isolates were found to be reassortants of circulating a(h3n2) viruses that had acquired only the haemagglutinin gene of an a(h1n1) virus. some of these reassortants from thailand and singapore predate those previously recorded during the winter of 2001-2002 in europe and the middle ...	2003	14609628
[influenza activity in japan, 2002/03 season].	influenza epidemic in 2002/03 season in japan was second largest among recent 10 seasons. both influenza a(h3) and b viruses circulated widely this season. nationally, influenza a(h3) viruses predominated during the first half of the season, but after the week ending february 16, influenza b viruses were reported more frequently than influenza a viruses. influenza a(h3n2) isolates were reported to be similar to a/panama/2007/99, the h3n2 component of the 2002/03 influenza vaccine. antigenic char ...	2003	14619424
[the possibility and preparedness for pandemic of new influenza].	influenza is endemic in the world. influenza a/h1n1(ussr), a/h3n2(hong kong), and b are the major strain for human influenza. both influenza a/h1n1 and h3n2 has been overrun for 20-20 years, and it has been warned new influenza a virus should appeared in near future. as foretaste, avian influenza a/h5n1 was transmitted to human in hong kong in 1997 and 2003, and avian influenza a/h7n7 was transmitted to human in netherlands in 2003. who requests member states to prepare influenza pandemic and to ...	2003	14619429
effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine in older adults.	the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to a defined antigen, in particular, the hemagglutinin-inhibition response to the h3n2 (a/sidney/05/97) and h1n1 (a/ beij-ing/262/95) component of the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine.	2003	14625524
influenza.	influenza a(h3n2) viruses are predominating and causing most outbreaks in north america (canada and united states) and in some european countries (finland, norway, portugal, spain and the united kingdom). a rising trend in influenza a(h3n2) activity has been observed. the only outbreak due to influenza a(h1) virus was reported in iceland but has declined since week 45.	2003	14669457
induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza a virus using a dna vaccine expressing hemagglutinin-c3d fusion proteins.	cross-protection between different subtypes of influenza a virus has been attributed to heterosubtypic immunity (hsi). although, hsi can occur in the absence of anti-ha or anti-na antibodies, hsi seems to be mediated, in part, by cross-reactive antibodies. in this study, we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine c3d of complement (ha-mc3d(3)). ha-mc3d(3) elicited heterosubtypic immunity more efficiently than non-fused forms of ha and prot ...	2003	12547601
comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects.	a randomised, open study was carried out among an elderly population in order to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion influenza vaccine (vaxigrip, aventis pasteur msd, lyon, france) with that of an mf59-adjuvanted, subunit vaccine (fluad, chiron vaccines, siena, italy). both vaccines contained the three strains: a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2), a/beijing/262/95 (h1n1) and b/beijing/184/93, recommended by the who for the 1998-1999 influenza season. a total of 2150 su ...	2003	12559808
genetic characterization of a porcine h1n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany.	we examined selected influenza virus strains from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases among pigs in germany. besides h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes presently circulating in europe, an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated in 2000. sequence analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix genes indicated that this virus is a reassortant of human h1n1 and human h3n2 strains with an internal gene, the m gene of avian origin. it is a result of a multiple reassortment event.	2003	12566701
the influenza virus gene pool in a poultry market in south central china.	we surveyed influenza activity in a live poultry market in central china for 16 months, isolating viruses from 1% of 6360 fecal samples. we obtained multiple h3n6, h9n2, h2n9, h3n3, and h4n6 isolates and single h1n1 and h3n2 isolates. two distinct h3 molecules were identified; other hemagglutinin subtypes were phylogenetically homogeneous. the h3n6 viruses (9 genotypes) and h9n2 viruses (4 genotypes) were genetically heterogeneous, whereas the h2n9, h3n3 and h4n6 viruses had single genotypes. th ...	2003	12573572
evaluation of neuraminidase enzyme assays using different substrates to measure susceptibility of influenza virus clinical isolates to neuraminidase inhibitors: report of the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network.	the increasing use of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nis) necessitates the development of reliable methods for assessing the ni susceptibility of clinical isolates. we evaluated three na inhibition assays against a panel of five clinical isolates each of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b strains and four viruses with a defined resistance genotype (r292k, h274y, r152k, and e119v). for fluorometric enzyme assay (fa) 1 (fa-1), 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic ...	2003	12574276
isolation of h3n2 swine influenza virus in south korea.	swine influenza is a significant respiratory disease causing occasional reproductive problems in naïve swine herds. although different subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv) have been implicated in clinical outbreaks of swine influenza in asian countries, no virus isolation has been made to identify siv of subtypes other than the h1n1 subtype in the korean swine population. in december 1998, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was identified in a commercial swine farm located in the kyungg ...	2003	12580292
mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states.	influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the united states attributable to influenza have not accounted for rsv circulation.	2003	12517228
[epidemics of acute respiratory infections in madagascar in 2002: from alert to confirmation].	an epidemiological investigation (ministry of health/institut pasteur de madagascar (ipm)) was conducted in july 2002, in two districts of a same province (fianarantsoa: fianarantsoa ii and ikongo) considering the high frequency of deaths linked with acute respiratory infection (ari). morbidity and mortality data was collected in the centre de santé de base (csb) which gave the alert (village of sahafata, district fianarantsoa ii). analysis of monthly activity reports (mar) allowed calculation o ...	2003	15678810
[influenza epidemiologic and virologic surveillance in antananarivo from 1995 to 2002].	the "institut pasteur de madagascar" virology laboratory is the national who centre for influenza surveillance in madagascar. on this surveillance collaborate the ministry of health with 9 sentinel centres. in the present article, the authors relate the results of influenza surveillance in antananarivo between 1995 and 2002. among 6341 patients with nasal and/or pharyngeal swabs, influenza virus were isolated from 427 patients (6.7%): 307 (68.4%) influenza virus a (h3n2), 124 (27.1%) influenza v ...	2003	15678811
liposome-mediated dna immunisation via the subcutaneous route.	compared to naked dna immunisation, entrapment of plasmid-based dna vaccines into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method has shown to enhance both humoural and cell-mediated immune responses to encoded antigens administered by a variety of routes. in this paper, we have investigated the application of liposome-entrapped dna and their cationic lipid composition on such potency after subcutaneous immunisation. plasmid pi.18sfi/np containing the nucleoprotein (np) gene of a/sichuan/2/87 (h ...	2003	15203925
[survey research of serum anti-influenza virus antibody levels in chinese young people during 1997-2000].	to survery the levels of serum anti-influenza virus antibodies and variable extent of the virus in the young people.	2003	15163386
epidemiological features of a new strain of the influenza a virus--influenza a (h1n2) circulating in england and its public health implications.	the uk influenza season of 2001/2002 was characterized by widespread geographic circulation of a new subtype of influenza a (h1n2) virus throughout the duration of the season. younger children were predominantly infected, suggesting primary infection. despite this, the public health impact of this new virus was minimal. it remains to be seen whether influenza a (h1n2) virus will persist and co-circulate with the previously circulating subtypes of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2), or whether it was a ...	2004	15163488
reassortment and evolution of current human influenza a and b viruses.	during the 2001-2002 influenza season, human influenza a (h1n2) reassortant viruses were detected globally. the hemagglutinin (ha) of these h1n2 viruses was similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, while their neuraminidase (na) was antigenically and genetically related to that of recent human influenza h3n2 reference viruses such as a/moscow/10/99. all six internal genes of the h1n2 reassortants originated from an h3n2 virus. after b ...	2004	15163489
multiple lineages of antigenically and genetically diverse influenza a virus co-circulate in the united states swine population.	before the isolation of h3n2 viruses in 1998, swine influenza in the united states was an endemic disease caused exclusively by classical-swine h1n1 viruses. in this study we determined the antigenic and phylogenetic composition of a selection of currently circulating strains and revealed that, in contrast to the situation pre-1998, the swine population in the united states is now a dynamic viral reservoir containing multiple viral lineages. h3n2 viruses still circulate and representatives of ea ...	2004	15163491
genetic relationships, serological cross-reaction and cross-protection between h1n2 and other influenza a virus subtypes endemic in european pigs.	this study examines the genetic relationships between the recently emerged h1n2 swine influenza virus and viruses of h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes, and the extent of protection against h1n2 challenge in pigs immune after infection or vaccination with the other subtypes. there was low amino acid homology (70.4-71.9%) in the haemagglutinin (ha) gene between h1n1 viruses used for primary infection or vaccination and the h1n2 challenge strain, with 94-99 amino acid changes between these viruses involving a ...	2004	15163499
current status of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine in the us.	the efficacy and effectiveness of cold adapted live attenuated (caiv-t, flumist intranasal influenza vaccine is reviewed. caiv-t consists of approximately 10(7) tcid50 per dose of each influenza a/h1n1, influenza a/h3n2, and influenza b vaccine strain. the exact strains are updated each year to antigenically match the antigens recommended by national health authorities for inclusion in the vaccine. in one year in which the vaccine strain did not well match the epidemic strain, the live attenuate ...	2004	15163507
live cold-adapted influenza a vaccine produced in vero cell line.	the african green monkey kidney (vero) cell line was used as a substrate for the development of a live cold-adapted (ca) reassortant influenza vaccine. for that purpose, a new master strain was generated by an adaptation of the wild type (wt) a/singapore/1/57 virus to growth at 25 degrees c in a vero cell line. the resulting cold-adapted (ca) muster strain a/singapore/1/57ca showed temperature sensitive (ts) phenotype and was attenuated in animal models and protective in the challenge experiment ...	2004	15163508
prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).	this report updates the 2003 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2003;52[no. rr-8]:1-34). the 2004 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 2) vaccination of health-care workers with live, attenuated influenza va ...	2004	15163927
[influenza viruses which preconditioned the epidemic rise in russia in 2002-2003. a resumed circulation of influenza viruses similar to v/victoria/2/87].	according to research, the epidemic rise of influenza was preconditioned, during 2002-2003, in russia by the circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center of influenza ecology and epidemiology undertook a study of 178 epidemic strains: 41 strains a(h1n1), 116 strains a(h3n2) and 21 strains of influenza b were among them. all strains were isolated in the mdck cell culture. a simultaneous isolation in embryonated eggs as well as changing of the isolation system from mdck to e ...	2004	15188649
amino-acid change on the antigenic region b1 of h3 haemagglutinin may be a trigger for the emergence of drift strain of influenza a virus.	sera from 27 children and eight older persons, which had been collected in 1998 and 1999 and showed haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) activity against influenza a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) strain, were characterized with a binding assay using chimeric haemagglutinin (ha) proteins between a/aichi/2/68 (a/ai/68) and a/sydney/5/97 (a/sd/97) strains. sera from the young children had a tendency to recognize only the antigenic site b1 of the ha1 region. on the other hand, sera of the older individuals were f ...	2004	15188708
molecular epidemiology of porcine h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany between 1982 and 2001.	we examined influenza virus strains of the subtype h3n2 from outbreaks of respiratory diseases in swine herds in germany. four different clusters can be distinguished when comparing parts of the ha1 gene from porcine h3n2 isolates analyzed between 1982 and 2001. comparison between these clusters reveals a bp homology of less than 90%. in contrast, the homology within the clusters is between 93.7 and 100%. each of these clusters was confined to a specific time period. for the na gene an additiona ...	2004	15192270
immunity to influenza in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	chronically ill older adults constitute a population vulnerable for complications associated with influenza. study of their immunity to influenza virus may help design better strategies to stimulate protective immune responses.	2004	15195238
influenza a virus pb1-f2 gene in recent taiwanese isolates.	influenza a virus contains eight rna segments and encodes 10 viral proteins. however, an 11th protein, called pb1-f2, was found in a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1). this novel protein is translated from an alternative open reading frame (orf) in the pb1 gene. we analyzed the pb1 gene of 42 recent influenza a isolates in taiwan, including 24 h1n1 and 18 h3n2 strains. one h1n1 isolate and 17 h3n2 isolates contained the entire pb1-f2 orf of 90 residues, three amino acids (aa) longer than the pb1-f2 of a/p ...	2004	15200852
genetic analysis of human h2n2 and early h3n2 influenza viruses, 1957-1972: evidence for genetic divergence and multiple reassortment events.	phylogenic analysis of all gene segments of human h2n2 viruses isolated from 1957 to 1968 was undertaken to better understand the evolution of this virus subtype. human h3n2 viruses isolated from 1968 to 1972 were also examined to investigate genetic events associated with their emergence in humans and to identify the putative h2n2 ancestral virus. all gene segments of human h2n2 viruses demonstrated divergent evolution into two distinct clades (i and ii) among late h2n2 isolates. all gene segme ...	2004	15380362
surfactant vesicle-mediated delivery of dna vaccines via the subcutaneous route.	compared to naked dna immunisation, entrapment of plasmid-based dna vaccines into liposomes by the dehydration-rehydration method has shown to enhance both humoural and cell-mediated immune responses to encoded antigens administered by a variety of routes. in this paper we have compared the potency of lipid-based and non-ionic surfactant based vesicle carrier systems for dna vaccines after subcutaneous immunisation. plasmid pi.18sfi/np containing the nucleoprotein (np) gene of a/sichuan/2/87 (h3 ...	2004	15454294
[pulmonary cell susceptibility in mice and rats to influenza virus when infected in vivo and in vitro].	the purpose of the case study was to evaluate comparatively the relative contribution of cell susceptibility and the inhibiting effect of factors of pulmonary epithelial lining in mice and rats to influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) adapted to mice as related with the development of infection process in the lungs of experimental animals when infected in vivo and in vitro. mice and rats were infected aerogenically with different doses of influenza virus. the primary cell-culture suspensions sampl ...	2004	15455685
immunogenicity and tolerability of a trivalent virosomal influenza vaccine in a cohort of hiv-infected children.	twenty-three children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) were vaccinated with a trivalent inactivated virosomal influenza vaccine. serum haemagglutinin inhibition antibody titres were determined for the three viral strains at the time of vaccination and 1 month later. cd4 cell counts and hiv viral loads were measured to evaluate the effect of vaccination on hiv status. adverse reactions were monitored during the first hour following vaccination by an investigator and then on a ...	2004	15458281
annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2003.	surveillance of influenza in australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general-practitioner practices for influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. in 2003, the peak in influenza activity was in august which was later than in 2002. in 2003, 3,604 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were notified to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system, which was marginally lower than for the previous year. ninety-four per cent ...	2004	15460951
higher than normal seasonal influenza activity in victoria, 2003.	influenza surveillance in victoria comprises surveillance of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) from sentinel general practices and laboratory based reporting of influenza detections, predominantly from hospital inpatients. surveillance of patients with ili seen by the melbourne medical locum service (mmls) was conducted for the first time in 2003, when the influenza season was characterised by a late onset with higher than normal seasonal activity. influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant ...	2004	15460953
influenza viruses resistant to the antiviral drug oseltamivir: transmission studies in ferrets.	three type a influenza viruses, each of which has a distinct neuraminidase-gene mutation and is resistant to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, have been isolated. previously, in the ferret model, an r292k mutant of a type a (h3n2) virus was not transmitted under conditions in which the wild-type virus was transmitted. this model was used to investigate whether the e119v mutant of a type a (h3n2) virus and the h274y mutant of a type a (h1n1) virus would be transmitted under similar circums ...	2004	15478068
[screening for antibodies against zoonotic agents among employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria].	the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies against zoonotic agents in employees of the zoological garden of vienna, schönbrunn, austria. sixty out of 120 employees participated in the study. in 97% of them antibodies to at least one zoonotic agent were identified. only two participants were free of antibodies to the zoonotic agents tested. the following seroprevalences (in brackets) were obtained: viral zoonotic (and potentially zoonotic) agents: influenzavirus a/h1n1 ...	2004	15495931
no apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses.	influenza viruses are reported to infect mainly the respiratory tract epithelium of hosts. our studies in a pig model show that influenza a viruses infect alveolar macrophages that constitutively reside in the respiratory tract, without causing apoptosis. tumor necrosis factor alpha was the inflammatory cytokine most highly induced in these macrophages. in vivo, alveolar macrophages infected with human h3n2 influenza virus showed greater expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha than did alveola ...	2004	15518807
[the 2003/2004 influenza season in the netherlands with a limited epidemic of the virus variant a/fujian, and the vaccine composition for the 2004/2005 season].	in contrast to the three previous influenza seasons, the influenza epidemic of the 2003/2004 season started early in week 49 of 2003. the epidemic was predominantly caused by influenza-a viruses of the h3n2 subtype. all isolated influenza-a viruses were antigenically related to influenza virus a/fujian/411/02, which was already detected in the influenza season 2002/2003 and that deviated from the vaccine-reference strain a/moscow/10/99 to a certain extent. the magnitude of the epidemic was limit ...	2004	15524136
treatment of mannan-enhanced influenza b virus infections in mice with oseltamivir, ribavirin and viramidine.	mannan, a polysaccharide preparation from saccharomyces cerevisiae, has previously been shown to enhance influenza virus replication in mice by inhibiting host defense collectins. the use of mannan in infections may serve to broaden the types of influenza viruses that can be studied in rodent infection models. when mannan was co-administered with influenza b/sichuan/379/99 virus to mice, the animals died from the infection, whereas mice infected with only virus survived. three types of influenza ...	2004	15535048
mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus.	the antigenic evolution of influenza a (h3n2) virus was quantified and visualized from its introduction into humans in 1968 to 2003. although there was remarkable correspondence between antigenic and genetic evolution, significant differences were observed: antigenic evolution was more punctuated than genetic evolution, and genetic change sometimes had a disproportionately large antigenic effect. the method readily allows monitoring of antigenic differences among vaccine and circulating strains ...	2004	15218094
[influenza in poland in 2002].	in 2002 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ili) registered in poland amounted to 228,055. this is 39.5% of the number of cases recorded in 2001. the highest influenza incidence was found in mazowieckie voivodship (2297.5 per 100,000), while the lowest incidence was registered in swietokrzyskie voivodship (104.1) and lubelskie voivodship (117.6). in children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ili cases amounted to 104,552 (incidence of 1511.9 per 100,000) and ...	2004	15218642
update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2003-04 season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine.	during the 2003-04 influenza season, influenza a (h1), a (h3n2), and b viruses co-circulated worldwide, and influenza a (h3n2) viruses predominated. several asian countries reported widespread outbreaks of avian influenza a (h5n1) among poultry. in vietnam and thailand, these outbreaks were associated with severe illnesses and deaths among humans. in the united states, the 2003-04 influenza season began earlier than most seasons, peaked in december, was moderately severe in terms of its impact o ...	2004	15229411
new estimates of influenza-related pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations among the elderly.	the aim of this study is to present a method to provide accurate estimates of influenza-associated pneumonia and influenza (p&i) hospitalizations and costs for use in tracking the continuing burden of influenza.	2004	15234327
total viral genome copies and virus-ig complexes after infection with influenza virus in the nasal secretions of immunized mice.	the kinetics of infectious virus (p.f.u.), total virus and virus-ig complex formation following influenza a/pr8 (h1n1) viral infection was examined in the nasal secretions of naive mice and mice immunized with a/pr8, a/yamagata (h1n1), a/guizhou (h3n2) and b/ibaraki influenza viruses. the total number of virus particles and the number within virus-ig complexes, captured in advance using an anti-mouse ig-coated plate, were determined on the basis of viral genome copy number using quantitative rt- ...	2004	15269375
cytokine induction in human cord blood lymphocytes after pulsing with uv-inactivated influenza viruses.	mitogenic activity of uv-inactivated influenza viruses in cord blood lymphocytes (cbl), as measured by cytokine release, was investigated. using prototype viruses of subtype h3n2 (a/aichi/68), h2n2 (a/japan/57), and h1n1 (a/puerto rico/34) for influenza a virus, and b/lee/40 for influenza b virus, the results indicated that both th1 and th2 cytokines were induced. stimulation indices were significantly higher for ifngamma, il-4 and il-10 by influenza a viruses than by influenza b virus. stimulat ...	2004	15275967
[influenza c virus isolated in hiroshima prefecture during the 1999/2000 winter season--a clinical and epidemiological study].	influenza c virus (inf. c) is one of pathogens of human respiratory tract infection and prevalent throughout the world at an early stage in life. however, inf. c has been isolated only accidentally and there have been few reports on its clinical and epidemiological features. from november 1999 to march 2000, inf. c was isolated from clinical specimens (throat swabs) of 4 pediataric patients with respiratory tract illness at hiroshima prefectural hospital and was isolated in 4 peditaric patients ...	2004	15287473
adaptation and limitations of established hemagglutination inhibition assays for the detection of porcine anti-swine influenza virus h1n2 antibodies.	hemagglutination inhibition (hi) has been a reliable method for determining porcine antibody levels to the well-characterized swine influenza virus (siv) h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes. however, the recent emergence of the novel h1n2 serotype of siv and the persistence of 2 other serotypes (h1n1 and h3n2) in the united states swine population represents a significant challenge to diagnostics. both standardized and modified hi protocols were used in a blinded study to examine a collection of 50 control s ...	2004	15305735
assessment of the effectiveness of the 2003-04 influenza vaccine among children and adults--colorado, 2003.	the 2003-04 influenza season was characterized by the early onset of influenza activity, reports of severe illness, particularly in children, and predominant circulation of an influenza a (h3n2) virus strain that was antigenically different from the influenza a (h3n2) vaccine strain. in 2003, a retrospective cohort study among children and a case-control study among adults in colorado were conducted to provide preliminary data on the effectiveness of the 2003-04 influenza vaccine. this report su ...	2004	15306754