Publications

diversity in antimicrobial resistance and other characteristics among salmonella typhimurium dt104 isolates.	multiresistant salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium definitive type 104 (s. typhimurium dt104 or dt104) bacteria are important pathogens in animals and humans. dt104 isolates are often called pentaresistant strains that spread clonally. the purpose of this study was to determine phenotypic, genotypic, and epidemiologic characteristics of 175 s. typhimurium dt104 strains isolated from food-producing animals in canada. more than 90% of the isolates were resistant to ampicill ...	2002	12118515
structural studies of the l-threonine-o-3-phosphate decarboxylase (cobd) enzyme from salmonella enterica: the apo, substrate, and product-aldimine complexes.	the evolution of biosynthetic pathways is difficult to reconstruct in hindsight; however, the structures of the enzymes that are involved may provide insight into their development. one enzyme in the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway that appears to have evolved from a protein with different function is l-threonine-o-3-phosphate decarboxylase (cobd) from salmonella enterica, which is structurally similar to histidinol phosphate aminotransferase [cheong, c. g., bauer, c. b., brushaber, k. r., escala ...	2002	12119022
the effect of vaccination with a salmonella enteritidis aroa mutant on early cellular responses in caecal lamina propria of newly-hatched chickens.	when newly hatched chicks are inoculated with a salmonella strain, they induce a rapid onset of resistance to intestinal colonization by other salmonella strains. the exact mechanism of this early colonization-inhibition is not known. to study host-related contributions to this phenomenon, the kinetics of immune cell infiltration in the caecal wall was analyzed during the first 10 days after vaccination of newly hatched chickens with a salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis aroa mutant, and inf ...	2002	12126917
characterisation of a resource population of pigs screened for resistance to salmonellosis.	the degree of resistance to salmonella choleraesuis infection in a reference family purposely bred to map resistance genes was assessed. aspects of the innate and specific immune system were studied to find a parameter that might predict the resistance of pigs to salmonellosis. the family was bred from commercial full-sister pairs of f1-gilts and four boars. one boar (g398) was identified as breeding susceptible offspring, and one boar (g402) as breeding resistant offspring on the basis of pyrex ...	2002	12127416
detection of recombination among salmonella enterica strains using the incongruence length difference test.	particular serovars of salmonella enterica have emerged as significant foodborne pathogens in humans. at the chromosomal level, discrete regions in the salmonella genome have been identified that are known to play important roles in the maintenance, survival, and virulence of s. enterica within the host. interestingly, several of these loci appear to have been acquired by horizontal transfer of dna among and between bacterial species. the profound importance of recombination in pathogen emergenc ...	2002	12128032
role of oxyr as a peroxide-sensing positive regulator in streptomyces coelicolor a3(2).	genes encoding a homolog of escherichia coli oxyr (oxyr) and an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase system (ahpc and ahpd) have been isolated from streptomyces coelicolor a3(2). the ahpc and ahpd genes constitute an operon transcribed divergently from the oxyr gene. expression of both ahpcd and oxyr genes was maximal at early exponential phase and decreased rapidly as cells entered mid-exponential phase. overproduction of oxyr in streptomyces lividans conferred resistance against cumene hydroperoxide ...	2002	12218006
identification of gtge, a novel virulence factor encoded on the gifsy-2 bacteriophage of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the gifsy-2 temperate bacteriophage of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium contributes significantly to the pathogenicity of strains that carry it as a prophage. previous studies have shown that gifsy-2 encodes sodci, a periplasmic cu/zn superoxide dismutase, and at least one additional virulence factor. gifsy-2 encodes a salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secreted effector protein. sequence analysis of the gifsy-2 genome also identifies several open reading frames with homology to t ...	2002	12218008
salmonella serotype typhimurium infection of bovine peyer's patches down-regulates plasma membrane calcium-transporting atpase expression.	to identify host genes differentially expressed during salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infection, an rna differential display was made with total rna extracted from ileal loops that were infected with salmonella typhimurium 2.5 h after infection. down-regulated cdna was identified in bovine peyer's patches after infection that was highly homologous to a human plasma membrane calcium-transporting atpase (pmca). differential expression of pmca, evaluated by northern analysis, was found to ...	2002	12134233
salmonella septicaemia in a beauty snake (elaphe taeniura taeniura).		2002	12137423
fe(iii)-mediated cellular toxicity.	because it can undergo reversible changes in oxidation state, iron is an excellent biocatalyst but also a potentially deleterious metal. iron-mediated toxicity has been ascribed to fe(ii), which reacts with oxygen to generate free radicals that damage macromolecules and cause cell death. however, we now report that fe(iii) exhibits microbicidal activity towards strains of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae defective in the fe(iii)-responding pmra/pmrb signal transduc ...	2002	12139617
isolation of salmonella enterica and serologic reactivity to leptospira interrogans in opossums (didelphis virginiana) from yucatán, méxico.	the presence of salmonella enterica and serologic evidence of infection by leptospira interrogans, were detected in the opossum didelphis virginiana in a semi-urban locality of the yucatán state, méxico. ninety-one opossums were captured during the period april 1996 and may 1998. from a total of 17 feces samples, four salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotypes (sandiego, newport, anatum, and minnesota), and one salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae serovar o44:z4,z23:- were isolated. some oposs ...	2002	12219118
zntb is a novel zn2+ transporter in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	a zn2+ transport system encoded by the zntb locus of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium has been identified. the protein encoded by this locus is homologous to the cora family of mg2+ transport proteins and is widely distributed among the eubacteria. mutations at zntb confer an increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of zn2+ and cd2+, a phenotype that suggests that the encoded protein mediates the efflux of both cations. a direct analysis of transport activity identified a capacity f ...	2002	12142406
survival and growth of shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis, and vibrio cholerae o1 in reconstituted infant formula.	formula feeding is an alternative method to prevent mother-to-child infection with human immunodeficiency virus through breast-feeding in developing countries. growth of bacterial pathogens in reconstituted infant formula has become a health hazard when contaminated water is used for rehydration. this study was conducted to assess bacterial safety risk of using contaminated water to reconstitute infant formula. survival and growth characteristics were determined for three bacterial pathogens, vi ...	2002	12224592
characterization of a novel intracellularly activated gene from salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	a salmonella enterica serovar typhi gene that is selectively up-regulated upon bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells was characterized. the open reading frame encodes a 298-amino-acid hydrophobic polypeptide (30.8 kda), which is predicted to be an integral membrane protein with nine membrane-spanning domains. the protein is closely related (87 to 94% reliability) to different transport and permease systems. gene expression under laboratory conditions was relatively weak; however, sevenfold indu ...	2002	12228264
molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from swine.	as part of a longitudinal study of antimicrobial resistance among salmonellae isolated from swine, we studied 484 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium (including serovar typhimurium var. copenhagen) isolates. we found two common pentaresistant phenotypes. the first was resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (the amcmstsute phenotype; 36.2% of all isolates), mainly of the definitive type 104 (dt104) phage type (180 of 187 iso ...	2002	12149335
tissue selectivity of interferon-stimulated gene expression in mice infected with dam(+) versus dam(-) salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains.	the host interferon (ifn) system plays an important role in protection against microbial infections. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is highly virulent in the mouse model, whereas mutants that lack dna adenine methylase (dam(-)) are highly attenuated and elicit fully protective immune responses against murine typhoid fever. we examined the expression of ifn-responsive genes in several mouse tissues following infection with dam(+) or dam(-) salmonella. infection of mice with dam(+) salmon ...	2002	12228285
oral immunization with a salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine induces specific circulating mucosa-homing cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells in humans.	the kinetics and homing characteristics of t-cell responses in humans after mucosal immunizations have not been well characterized. therefore, we have investigated the magnitude and duration of such responses as well as the homing receptor expression of antigen-specific peripheral blood t cells by using an oral model vaccine, i.e., the live, attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine (ty21a). eight volunteers were each given three doses of the vaccine 2 days apart, and blood samples, f ...	2002	12228290
characterization of a pore-forming cytotoxin expressed by salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a.	cytolysin a (clya) is a pore-forming cytotoxic protein encoded by the clya gene that has been characterized so far only in escherichia coli. using dna sequence analysis and pcr, we established that clya is conserved in the human-specific typhoid salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi a and that the entire clya gene locus is absent in many other s. enterica serovars, including typhimurium. the gene products, designated clya(sty) and clya(spa), show >/=90% amino acid identity to e. coli ...	2002	12228306
bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness.	animal feed is at the beginning of the food safety chain in the "farm-to-fork" model. the emergence of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease has raised awareness of the importance of contaminated animal feed, but less attention has been paid to the role of bacterial contamination of animal feed in human foodborne illness. in the united states, animal feed is frequently contaminated with non-typhi serotypes of salmonella enterica and may lead to infection or colonization of food animals. these bacter ...	2002	12228823
the prevalence and number of salmonella in sausages and their destruction by frying, grilling or barbecuing.	to determine the prevalence and number of salmonella and campylobacter in sausages and to evaluate their destruction during cooking.	2002	12234336
multidrug pump inhibitors uncover remarkable activity of plant antimicrobials.	plant antimicrobials are not used as systemic antibiotics at present. the main reason for this is their low level of activity, especially against gram-negative bacteria. the reported mic is often in the range of 100 to 1,000 micro g/ml, orders of magnitude higher than those of common broad-spectrum antibiotics from bacteria or fungi. major plant pathogens belong to the gram-negative bacteria, which makes the low level of activity of plant antimicrobials against this group of microorganisms puzzl ...	2002	12234835
dna sequence analysis of dna gyrase and dna topoisomerase iv quinolone resistance-determining regions of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and serovar paratyphi a.	the mutations that are responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance in the gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare genes of salmonella enterica serovar typhi and serovar paratyphi a were investigated. the sequences of the quinolone resistance-determining region of the gyra gene in clinical isolates which showed decreased susceptibilities to fluoroquinolones had a single mutation at either the ser-83 or the asp-87 codon, and no mutations were found in the gyrb, parc, and pare genes.	2002	12234852
role of trehalose biosynthesis in environmental survival and virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the otsa and otsb genes, encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase respectively, have been isolated from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and nucleotide-sequenced. induction of trehalose biosynthesis by exposure of bacteria to high osmotic strength resulted in the intracellular accumulation of trehalose. an otsa mutant of s. enterica serovar typhimurium was more susceptible to killing by heat, and grew poorly under conditions of high osmolarity. the wil ...	2002	12160319
multiresistant clones of salmonella enterica: the importance of dissemination.	increasing anitmicrobial resistance among foodborne pathogens has prompted calls for the reduction of anitmicrobial use in livestock to prevent future emergence or resistance. in the case of salmonella enterica, clonal dissemination may play a more critical role in regional changes in antimicrobial resistance in salmonellae than antimicrobial selection pressure. multi-resistant salmonella typhimurium definitive type 104 (mr-dt104) emerged from an unknown location and was disseminated globally du ...	2002	12271270
structural requirements of the mrna for intracistronic translation initiation of the enterobacterial infb gene.	the gene infb encodes the prokaryotic translation initiation factor if2, a central macromolecular component in the formation of the ribosomal 70s initiation complex. in escherichia coli, infb encodes three forms of if2: if2alpha, if2beta and if2gamma. the expression of if2beta and if2gamma is a tandem translation from intact infb mrna and not merely a translation of post-transcriptionally truncated mrna. the molecular mechanism responsible for the ribosomal recognition of the two intracistronic ...	2002	12296821
comparison of the ames test and a newly developed assay for detection of mutagenic pollution of marine environments.	a new assay for detection of mutagenic pollution of marine environments, based on the use of a series of genetically modified vibrio harveyi strains, was developed recently. here, we compared this assay with a commonly used ames test, employing mutants of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. we found that survival of s. enterica serovar typhimurium in artificial marine water and in different samples of marine water is dramatically reduced relative to that of v. harveyi strains. this indicate ...	2002	12160892
resuscitation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli from the viable but nonculturable state by heat-stable enterobacterial autoinducer.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli were stressed by prolonged incubation in water microcosms until it was no longer possible to observe colony formation when samples were plated on nonselective medium. overnight incubation of samples in nutrient-rich broth medium supplemented with growth factors, however, allowed resuscitation of stressed and viable but nonculturable cells so that subsequent plating yielded observable colonies for significantly extende ...	2002	12324321
salmonella type iii secretion-associated protein inve controls translocation of effector proteins into host cells.	salmonella enterica encodes a type iii secretion system (ttss) within a pathogenicity island located at centisome 63 (spi-1), which is essential for its pathogenicity. this system mediates the transfer of a battery of bacterial proteins into the host cell with the capacity to modulate cellular functions. the transfer process is dependent on the function of protein translocases sipb, sipc, and sipd. we report here that salmonella protein inve, which is also encoded within spi-1, is essential for ...	2002	12169593
molecular follow-up of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar agona infection in cattle and humans.	salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar agona was not frequently encountered in finland until an increase in rates of isolation among animal and feed was seen in 1994. a small outbreak among cattle farms in the regions of oulu and vaasa in northwestern finland in 1994-1995 included eight farms. after the outbreak, an increase in the number of serovar agona infections in humans was seen in 1999: the number of annual microbiologically confirmed cases in humans increased from about 10 from 1990 ...	2002	12354860
toll-like receptor 2 contributes to liver injury by salmonella infection through fas ligand expression on nkt cells in mice.	toll-like receptors (tlrs) for bacterial constitutes are expressed not only by phagocytes but also by some subsets of t cells. we previously reported that natural killer t cells (nkt cells) play an important role in liver injury induced by salmonella infection. in the present study, we investigated whether tlrs on nkt cells are involved in salmonella-induced liver injury.	2002	12360487
subtyping of salmonella typhimurium by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and comparisons with phage types and resistance types.	one-hundred and sixty-eight salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium isolates have been analysed by phage typing, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and for their antimicrobial susceptibility. those independent strains, isolated from food animal production including cattle, poultry and pig sectors have been collected by the french non human salmonella network, during the first semester in 1999. isolates encompassed 14 phage types. the majority of s. typhimurium isolates was foun ...	2002	12171058
conflicting needs for a salmonella hypervirulence gene in host and non-host environments.	the gram-negative pathogen salmonella enterica harbours a periplasmic d-ala-d-ala dipeptidase (termed pcgl), which confers the ability to grow on d-ala-d-ala as sole carbon source. we now demonstrate that inactivation of the pcgl gene renders salmonella hypervirulent. this phenotype results from the accumulation of peptidoglycan-derived d-ala-d-ala in the pcgl mutant and not from an intrinsically faster growth rate. synthetic d-ala-d-ala (but not l-ala-l-ala or d-ala) increased the number of wil ...	2002	12180921
salmonella sepsis caused by a platelet transfusion from a donor with a pet snake.		2002	12362008
inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, and listeria monocytogenes on lettuce by hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid and by hydrogen peroxide with mild heat.	iceberg lettuce is a major component in vegetable salad and has been associated with many outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. in this study, several combinations of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide were tested to obtain effective antibacterial activity without adverse effects on sensory characteristics. a five-strain mixture of escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, and listeria monocytogenes was inoculated separately onto fresh-cut lettuce leaves, which were later tr ...	2002	12182470
differential accumulation of salmonella[cu, zn] superoxide dismutases sodci and sodcii in intracellular bacteria: correlation with their relative contribution to pathogenicity.	most salmonella enterica strains have two peri-plasmic [cu, zn] superoxide dismutases, sodci and sodcii, encoded by prophage and chromosomal genes respectively. both enzymes are thought to play a role in salmonella pathogenicity by intercepting reactive oxygen species produced by the host's innate immune response. to examine the apparent redundancy, we have compared the levels of epitope-tagged sodci and sodcii proteins in bacteria growing in vitro, as well as inside tissue culture cells and in ...	2002	12366838
antibiotic resistance genes and salmonella genomic island 1 in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolated in italy.	fifty-four epidemiologically unrelated multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates, collected between 1992 and 2000 in italy, were analyzed for the presence of integrons. strains were also tested for salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1), carrying antibiotic resistance genes in dt104 strains. a complete sgi1 was found in the majority of the dt104 strains. two dt104 strains, showing resistance to streptomycin-spectinomycin and sulfonamides, carried a partially deleted sgi1 l ...	2002	12183234
characterization of a self-transferable plasmid from salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clinical isolates carrying two integron-borne gene cassettes together with virulence and drug resistance genes.	an unusual self-transferable virulence-resistance plasmid (puo-stvr2) was found in nine multidrug-resistant (acssut phenotype) salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium clinical isolates that were assigned to four different phage types and a single and distinctive xbai pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. puo-stvr2 is an incfii plasmid of about 140 kb in length carrying the spva, spvb, and spvc (salmonella plasmid virulence) and rck (resistance to complement killing) genes. it also carries t ...	2002	12183256
cruzipain induces both mucosal and systemic protection against trypanosoma cruzi in mice.	cruzipain, the major cysteinyl proteinase of trypanosoma cruzi, is expressed by all developmental forms and strains of the parasite and stimulates potent humoral and cellular immune responses during infection in both humans and mice. this information suggested that cruzipain could be used to develop an effective t. cruzi vaccine. to study whether cruzipain-specific t cells could inhibit t. cruzi intracellular replication, we generated cruzipain-reactive cd4(+) th1 cell lines. these t cells produ ...	2002	12183554
hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing of caenorhabditis elegans by streptococcus pyogenes.	caenorhabditis elegans is currently introduced as a new, facile, and cheap model organism to study the pathogenesis of gram-negative bacteria such as pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the mechanisms of killing involve either diffusible exotoxins or infection-like processes. recently, it was shown that also some gram-positive bacteria kill c. elegans, although the precise mechanisms of killing remained open. we examined c. elegans as a pathogenesis model for the ...	2002	12183571
identification and characterization of snra, an inducible oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium ta1535.	the biological activity of many nitrosubstituted compounds, many of which are produced commercially or have been identified as environmental contaminants, is dependent on metabolic activation catalyzed by nitroreductases. in the current study, we have cloned a nitroreductase gene, salmonella typhimurium nitroreductase a (snra), from s. enterica serovar typhimurium strain ta1535, and characterized the purified gene product. snra is 240 amino acids in length and shares 87% sequence identity to the ...	2002	12379462
acquisition of mn(ii) in addition to fe(ii) is required for full virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the roles of the genes feob (abc ferrous iron transporter), mnth (proton-dependent manganese transporter), and sitabcd (putative abc iron and/or manganese transporter) in salmonella pathogenicity were investigated by using mutant strains deficient in one, two, or three transporters. our results indicated that sitabcd encodes an important transporter of mn(ii) and fe(ii) which is required for full virulence in susceptible animals (nramp1(-/-)) and for replication inside nramp1(-/-) macrophages in ...	2002	12379679
allosteric enhancement of adaptational demethylation by a carboxyl-terminal sequence on chemoreceptors.	sensory adaptation in bacterial chemotaxis is mediated by covalent modification of chemoreceptors. specific glutamyl residues are methylated and demethylated in reactions catalyzed by methyltransferase cher and methylesterase cheb. in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, efficient adaptational modification by either enzyme is dependent on a conserved pentapeptide sequence at the chemoreceptor carboxyl terminus, a position distant from the sites of modification. for cher- ...	2002	12196531
salmonella enterica serovar typhi modulates cell surface expression of its receptor, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, on the intestinal epithelium.	the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr) protein is an epithelial receptor mediating the translocation of salmonella enterica serovar typhi to the gastric submucosa. since the level of cell surface cftr is directly related to the efficiency of serovar typhi translocation, the goal of this study was to measure cftr expression by the intestinal epithelium during infection. cftr protein initially present in the epithelial cell cytoplasm was rapidly trafficked to the plasma mem ...	2002	12379722
bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella enterica.	an improved method of sample preparation was used in a microplate assay to evaluate the bactericidal activity levels of 96 essential oils and 23 oil compounds against campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, and salmonella enterica obtained from food and clinical sources. bactericidal activity (ba50) was defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decrease in cfu relative to a buffer control. twenty-seven oils and 12 compound ...	2002	12380738
emergence of klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing inducible dha-1 beta-lactamase in a university hospital in taiwan.	ten nonrepetitive clinical isolates of klebsiella pneumoniae exhibiting an unusual inducible beta-lactam resistance phenotype were identified between january 1999 and september 2001 in a university hospital in taiwan. in the presence of 2 micro g of clavulanic acid, the isolates showed a one to four twofold concentration increase in the mics of ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and aztreonam but remained susceptible to cefepime (mics, </=0.5 micro g/ml) and imipenem (mics, </=0.5 micro g/ml). pcr, sequen ...	2002	12202541
molecular characterization of multiresistant d-tartrate-positive salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi b isolates.	since 1996, the national salmonella reference laboratory of germany has received an increasing number of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b isolates. nearly all of these belonged to the dextrorotatory tartrate-positive variant (s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b dt(+)), formerly called s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar java. a total of 55 selected contemporary and older s. enterica subsp. enterica serovar paratyphi b dt(+) isolates were analyzed by plasmid pro ...	2002	12202551
sequence analysis and characterization of plasmid psfd10 from salmonella choleraesuis.	the nucleotide sequence of a small plasmid, designated psfd10, is isolated from the vaccine strain salmonella choleraesuis c500 in china, has been determined. this plasmid is 4091 bp long with a total g+c content of 51.4%, which is in the range of salmonella genomic dna. analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence reveals that psfd10 has a high degree of similarity to cole1-type plasmid, having the possible cer and rom genes, and a putative mobilization origin of cole1-type. plasmid psfd10 poss ...	2002	12206756
differential binding to and biofilm formation on, hep-2 cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is dependent upon allelic variation in the fimh gene of the fim gene cluster.	type 1 fimbria-mediated adherence to hep-2 cells by two strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was found to be different. although both strains exhibited a strong mannose-sensitive haemagglutination reaction with guinea pig erythrocytes, characteristic of the expression of type 1 fimbriae, only one of the strains adhered in large numbers to hep-2 cells. characterization of the fimh genes, encoding the fimbrial adhesins, indicated two allelic variants. using fimh mutants of the two st ...	2002	12207694
the effect of recombinant plasmids on in vivo colonisation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains is not reflected by in vitro cellular invasion assays.	attenuated strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are used as carriers of heterologous antigens as candidate oral vaccines and, more recently, as carriers of dna vaccines. in this study, recombinant salmonella strains that were altered in their ability to colonise murine tissues in vivo when compared to parent strains were not, however, equally altered in their ability to invade murine cells in vitro. these results suggest that in vitro invasion studies may not be a representative mo ...	2002	12213392
the efficacy of salenvac, a salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis iron-restricted bacterin vaccine, in laying chickens.	the protective effect of two vaccination regimes using salenvac, a commercially available iron-restricted salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype enteritidis pt4 bacterin vaccine, was verified in laying birds. immunization was intramuscular at 1 day old and again at 4 weeks of age (v2), or at 1 day and 4 weeks with a third dose at 18 weeks of age (v3). challenge s. enteritidis (5 to 7.5); x 10(7) colony forming units) was given intravenously at 8, 17, 23, 30 and 59 weeks of age. for all age ...	2002	12396340
prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pigeon isolates of streptococcus gallolyticus, escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.	thirty-three streptococcus gallolyticus, 60 escherichia coli and 18 salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium var. copenhagen strains isolated from homing pigeons (columba livia) were tested for susceptibility to the antimicrobials most commonly used to treat pigeons. minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution technique. aminoglycosides (gentamicin and kanamycin), trimethoprim and flumequine were relatively inactive against the streptococci tested. acquired tetracyc ...	2002	12396341
growth and killing of a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium sifa mutant strain in the cytosol of different host cell lines.	intracellular pathogens have developed different mechanisms which enable their survival and replication within the host cells. some survive and replicate within a membrane-bound vacuole modified by the bacteria to support microbial growth (e.g. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium), whereas others escape from the vacuole into the host cell cytosol, where they proliferate (e.g. listeria monocytogenes). in this study a salmonella strain carrying a mutation in sifa which is released from the vac ...	2002	12213917
active but nonculturable cells of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium do not infect or colonize mice.	the possibility that nonculturable cells of a normally culturable bacterial pathogen may constitute a source or reservoir for infective disease was investigated. in multiple experiments and with careful attention to the statistical limitations of the assays used, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cells rendered nonculturable by carbon and nitrogen stress in the presence of chloramphenicol were administered orally and intraperitoneally to over 300 female balb/c mice. neither infection nor c ...	2002	12213918
clpp is involved in the stress response and degradation of misfolded proteins in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	components of the atp-dependent clp protease complex are found in a wide range of prokaryotic cells and they are often expressed as part of the cellular stress response. to investigate the physiological role of the proteolytic subunit, clpp, in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) an in-frame deletion of the clpp gene was constructed. growth experiments revealed that clpp is important for the ability of s. typhimurium to grow under various stressful conditions, such as low ph ...	2002	12213919
adaptation of sucrose metabolism in the escherichia coli wild-type strain ec3132.	although escherichia coli strain ec3132 possesses a chromosomally encoded sucrose metabolic pathway, its growth on low sucrose concentrations (5 mm) is unusually slow, with a doubling time of 20 h. in this report we describe the subcloning and further characterization of the corresponding csc genes and adjacent genes. the csc regulon comprises three genes for a sucrose permease, a fructokinase, and a sucrose hydrolase (genes cscb, csck, and csca, respectively). the genes are arranged in two oper ...	2002	12218016
mutational analysis of the escherichia coli phoq sensor kinase: differences with the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phoq protein and in the mechanism of mg2+ and ca2+ sensing.	the phop-phoq two-component system plays a role in mg2+ homeostasis and/or the virulence properties of a number of bacterial species. a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phoq sensor kinase mutant, in which the threonine at residue 48 in the periplasmic sensor domain is changed to an isoleucine, was shown previously to result in elevated expression of phop-activated genes and to affect mouse virulence, epithelial cell invasion, and sensitivity to macrophage killing. we characterized a compl ...	2002	12218035
inversions over the terminus region in salmonella and escherichia coli: is200s as the sites of homologous recombination inverting the chromosome of salmonella enterica serovar typhi.	genomic rearrangements (duplications and inversions) in enteric bacteria such as salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 and escherichia coli k12 are frequent (10(-3) to 10(-5)) in culture, but in wild-type strains these genomic rearrangements seldom survive. however, inversions commonly survive in the terminus of replication (ter) region, where bidirectional dna replication terminates; nucleotide sequences from s. enterica serovar typhimurium lt2, s. enterica serovar typhi ct18, e. coli k12 ...	2002	12399489
infection due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype infantis in a neonatal unit.	to describe the investigation and control of an outbreak of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype infantis in a neonatal unit in brazil.	2002	12219059
salmonella pathogenicity island-2 and anticancer activity in mice.	salmonella enterica servovar typhimurium is capable of targeting, colonizing, and eliciting growth suppression of tumors in mice. we examined the effects of mutations on this anticancer phenotype in two salmonella virulence gene clusters. salmonella pathogenicity island (spi)-1 genes promote systemic invasion from the intestine, whereas spi-2 genes support systemic survival within macrophages and other cells. disabling spi-1 (prgh(-)) strongly reduced invasion in vitro, but had no effect on tumo ...	2002	12224021
isolation of spectinomycin resistance mutations in the 16s rrna of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and expression in escherichia coli and salmonella.	two single-base mutations in 16s rrna conferring high-level resistance to spectinomycin were isolated on a plasmid-borne copy of the rrnd operon from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. neither of the mutations (c1066u and c1192u) had appreciable effects on cell growth, but each had differential effects on resistance to spectinomycin and fusidic acid. both mutations also conferred resistance to spectinomycin in escherichia coli strains containing deletions of all seven chromosomal rrn opero ...	2002	12402084
identification and characterization of transferable integron-mediated antibiotic resistance among salmonella serovar typhimurium and salmonella serovar infantis isolates from 1991 to 2002.		2002	12403914
identification and characterization of lpfabcc'de, a fimbrial operon of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7.	the mechanisms underlying the adherence of escherichia coli o157:h7 and other enterohemorrhagic e. coli (ehec) strains to intestinal epithelial cells are poorly understood. we have identified a chromosomal region (designated lpfabcc'de) in ehec o157:h7 containing six putative open reading frames that was found to be closely related to the long polar (lp) fimbria operon (lpf) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, both in gene order and in conservation of the deduced amino acid sequences. we ...	2002	12228266
a laboratory study of an inactivated bivalent iron restricted salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and typhimurium dual vaccine against typhimurium challenge in chickens.	a commercial inactivated iron restricted salmonella typhimurium and salmonella enteritidis vaccine was used to vaccinate chicks at 1 day and again at 4 weeks of age, with challenge by a high and a low dose of s. typhimurium given either orally or by contact with seeder birds inoculated orally with a high dose of s. typhimurium. in all three challenge regimes, the shedding of challenge strain was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in vaccinated birds compared with unvaccinated controls. vaccination ...	2002	12243894
anti-salmonella activity of alkyl gallates.	a series of alkyl gallates (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoates) was synthesized and tested for their antibacterial activity against salmonella choleraesuis. nonyl (c(9)) and octyl (c(8)) gallates were noted to be the most effective against this food-borne bacterium, each with a minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of 12.5 microg/ml, followed by decyl (c(10)) gallate, with a mbc of 25 microg/ml. dodecyl (c(12)) gallate exhibited activity against s. choleraesuis, with a mbc of 50 microg/ml. propyl (c(3 ...	2002	12405763
diffraction quality crystals of prd1, a 66-mda dsdna virus with an internal membrane.	it has proved difficult to obtain well diffracting single crystals of macromolecular complexes rich in lipid. we report here the path that has led to crystals of the bacteriophage prd1, a particle containing approximately 2,000 protein subunits from 18 different protein species, around 10 of which are integral membrane proteins associated with a host-derived lipid bilayer of some 12,500 lipid molecules. these crystals are capable of diffracting x-rays to bragg spacings below 4a. it is hoped that ...	2002	12406692
differences in attachment of salmonella enterica serovars and escherichia coli o157:h7 to alfalfa sprouts.	numerous salmonella enterica and escherichia coli o157:h7 outbreaks have been associated with contaminated sprouts. we examined how s. enterica serovars, e. coli serotypes, and nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from alfalfa sprouts grow on and adhere to alfalfa sprouts. growth on and adherence to sprouts were not significantly different among different serovars of s. enterica, but all s. enterica serovars grew on and adhered to alfalfa sprouts significantly better than e. coli o157:h7. e. coli o15 ...	2002	12324317
plasmid pc present in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis pt14b strains encodes a restriction modification system.	salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) possesses plasmids of different sizes and roles. besides the serovar-specific virulence plasmid present in most field strains, s. enteritidis can harbour plasmids of low molecular mass whose biological role is poorly understood. we therefore sequenced plasmid pc present in s. enteritidis strains belonging to phage type pt14b. the size of plasmid was determined to be 5,269 bp and it was predicted to encode four open reading frames (orfs). t ...	2002	12351230
genetic structure of salmonella revealed by fragment analysis.	recently, the genus salmonella has been studied by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (mlee) and three collections of strains defined by this method, sara, sarb and sarc, have been assembled to represent the genetic diversity of salmonella choleraesuis (commonly known as salmonella enterica) subspecies i and of the genus as a whole. the novel technique fluorescent amplified-fragment length polymorphism (faflp) analysis was applied to these collections to determine the genetic diversity of salmone ...	2002	12361277
characterization of serracin p, a phage-tail-like bacteriocin, and its activity against erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen.	serratia plymithicum j7 culture supernatant displayed activity against many pathogenic strains of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of the most serious bacterial disease of apple and pear trees, fire blight, and against klebsiella pneumoniae, serratia liquefaciens, serratia marcescens, and pseudomonas fluorescens. this activity increased significantly upon induction with mitomycin c. a phage-tail-like bacteriocin, named serracin p, was purified from an induced culture supernatant of s. plymith ...	2002	12406768
in vivo and in vitro studies of genetic resistance to systemic salmonellosis in the chicken encoded by the sal1 locus.	a number of inbred lines of chickens have been shown to be resistant or susceptible to systemic salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum in adult birds, or by s. enterica serovar enteritidis and s. enterica serovar typhimurium in young chicks. resistant lines show only moderate pathology and low mortality rates, whereas susceptible lines display extensive pathological changes and higher levels of mortality following salmonella infection. genetic resistance to salmonellosis ...	2002	12361910
structural and biological characterization of highly purified hepta-acyl lipid a present in the lipopolysaccharide of the salmonella enterica sv. minnesota re deep rough mutant strain r595.	one major component of the salmonella enterica sv. minnesota re deep rough mutant (strain r595) lipopolysaccharide is hepta-acyl lipid a (la(hepta)). in a recent publication [tanamoto k-i, azumi s. salmonella-type heptaacylated lipid a is inactive and acts as an antagonist of lipopolysaccharide action on human line cells. j immunol 2000; 164: 3149-3156] the corresponding synthetic hepta-acyl lipid a (compound 516) was reported to be agonistically inactive but to rather suppress pro-inflammatory ...	2002	12537693
characterization of a highly attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium mutant strain.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium atcc 13311 is virulent at a dose as low as 10(2) colony-forming units when administered intraperitoneally to balb/c mice. in order to develop highly attenuated mutant strain through the combination of 2 phenotypically attenuated markers, we constructed a number of amino acid requiring auxotrophic strains of s. enterica serovar typhimurium by means of uv-induced mutations. one of them, strain ndmc-b1, was highly attenuated for mice, with an ld50-value of 6 ...	2002	12542248
a statewide outbreak of salmonella bovismorbificans phage type 32 infection in queensland.	between 30 may and 1 june 2001, 10 cases of salmonella bovismorbificans infection were reported to public health services, queensland health. investigations included enhanced surveillance, case interviews, a matched case control study, environmental audit and microbiological testing of faecal isolates (phage typing) and implicated food products. forty-one cases of s. bovismorbificans infection were detected, 36 cases were phage type 32. a matched case control study identified that illness was as ...	2002	12549525
sir2-dependent activation of acetyl-coa synthetase by deacetylation of active lysine.	acetyl-coenzyme a (coa) synthetase (acs) is an enzyme central to metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. acs synthesizes acetyl coa from acetate, adenosine triphosphate, and coa through an acetyl-adenosine monophosphate (amp) intermediate. immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analysis showed that salmonella enterica acs enzyme activity is posttranslationally regulated by acetylation of lysine-609. acetylation blocks synthesis of the adenylate intermediate but does not affect the thioester-form ...	2002	12493915
prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella serotypes in patients from ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil, between 1985 and 1999.	salmonella strains isolated from 1,138 samples representing 28,199 biological materials (stool, urine, blood and other fluids), collected between january 1985 and january 1999 at a reference university hospital in ribeirão preto, são paulo, brazil, were studied. the most frequently detected serotypes were salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype 4,5,12:i:- (s. i 4,5,12:i:) (21.2%), s. agona (15.8%) and s. enteritidis (11.3%). a changing pattern of salmonella serotypes was observed betwee ...	2002	12495606
phenotypic and genotypic characterization of food animal isolates of salmonella with reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin.	reports of nontyphoidal salmonella enterica subsp. enterica showing reduced sensitivity to ciprofloxacin (rsc) have increased rapidly during the past decade. infection in humans with salmonella possessing rsc may compromise the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin therapy. nineteen among 4,357 salmonella strains isolated from food animals in canada from 1998 to 1999 showed rsc; 17 were from turkeys and 2 from chickens. all were resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfisoxazole and possessed rsc at a level ...	2002	12523636
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella serotypes isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples.	the aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella strains isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples collected at modern swine raising facilities in brazil. seventeen isolates of six serotypes of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were isolated out of 1,026 collected samples: salmonella typhimurium (1), salmonella agona (5), salmonella sandiego (5), salmonella rissen (1), salmonella senftenberg (4), and salmonella javiana (1). resistance ...	2002	12523640
regulation of capsule synthesis and cell motility in salmonella enterica by the essential gene igaa.	mutants of salmonella enterica carrying the igaa1 allele, selected as able to overgrow within fibroblast cells in culture, are mucoid and show reduced motility. mucoidy is caused by derepression of wca genes (necessary for capsule synthesis); these genes are regulated by the rcsc/yojn/rcsb phosphorelay system and by the rcsa coregulator. the induction of wca expression in an igaa1 mutant is suppressed by mutations in rcsa and rcsc. reduced motility is caused by lowered expression of the flagella ...	2002	12524328
evaluation of guinea pig model for experimental salmonella serovar abortusequi infection in reference to infertility.	the present study conclusively revealed the role for salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortusequi in conception failure. none of the 12 guinea pigs conceived when orally exposed to sublethal dose of the pathogen during breeding, while 66.67% of animals in control group were found pregnant during same period of observation under similar conditions. salmonella carrier animals also had drastic reduction in conception rate (16.67%). during mid pregnancy, s. abortusequi exposure to gui ...	2002	12635699
[phage types and plasmid profiles of plasmid dna strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. enteritidis (s. enteritidis) isolated from food poisoning outbreaks in 2001].	salmonella enteritidis strains are the most often isolated salmonella serovar in poland. in the present study, phage typing, antibiotic resistance testing and plasmid profile analysis, have been applied to characterise 41 polish s. enteritidis isolates originated from human cases of salmonellosis and from other sources. the typing phages of ward and colleagues scheme were used to type a total of 41 s. enteritidis strains coming from poland. all 41 strains were typable and 5 different phage types ...	2002	12650055
development of a mucosal complex vaccine against oral salmonella infection in mice.	we examined the immunogenicity of a salmonella enterica complex vaccine (cv), consisting of flagellin and polysome purified from serotype typhimurium lt2. cv plus cholera toxin (ct), in three oral doses given at 7-day intervals, conferred complete protection on c57bl/6 mice against lethal oral infection with a wild-type strain. it elicited mucosal iga > igg2a > igg1 and systemic igg2a > igg1 > iga antibodies to flagellin and polysome, and delayed footpad response (dfr) to both antigens. in peyer ...	2002	12597365
cloning and characterization of an iron regulated locus, iroa, in salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis.	to identify genes belonging to the ferric update regulator (fur) regulon of salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis, the fur titration assay (furta) was used to screen a genomic library for fur promoters and iron-regulated genes. fifteen furta positive clones were identified from this assay. dna sequence analysis of these clones showed that 11 out of 15 clones had a fur binding site (fur box), and 6 of these clones showed homology to the iron-regulated genes of s. enterica serovar typhi and/or ...	2002	12652904
collaborative investigation of an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype newport in england and wales in 2001 associated with ready-to-eat salad vegetables.	in june 2001, as part of a microbiological study of bagged, ready-to-eat salad products, salmonella enterica serotype newport was isolated from a sample of pre-packed green salad distributed by a major supermarket retailer. the strain was characterised by phage typing, plasmid profile typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. other isolates of s. newport from cases of human infection in england and wales in the first six months of 2001 were similarly characterised. of 60 strains from cases of ...	2002	12564245
osteomyelitis associated with salmonella enterica ss arizonae in a colony of ridgenose rattlesnakes (crotalus willardi).	the identification of three arizona ridgenose rattlesnakes (crotalus willardi) with salmonella arizonae-associated osteomyelitis led to a 5-yr prospective study of radiographic signs and salmonella intestinal carriage rates in a 19-member colony of this rattlesnake species. ventrodorsal radiographs were performed and cloacal swabs were cultured for salmonella spp. annually. ten snakes survived the 5-yr period, with six of them remaining free of bony lesions. three snakes that had no bony lesions ...	2002	12564525
isolated splenic infarction owing to group b salmonella: case report.	the clinical spectrum of extra-intestinal salmonellosis, comprising enteric fever and invasive infections owing to non-typhoidal salmonellae, is well known. we report an otherwise healthy patient with isolated splenic infarction caused by group b salmonella. she was seropositive for the o antigen of salmonella group b and stool cultures were positive for group b salmonellae. after appropriate antimicrobial therapy, her complaints disappeared and microbiological tests for salmonellae became negat ...	2002	12530289
combined application of simulated reuse and quantitative carrier tests to assess high-level disinfection: experiments with an accelerated hydrogen peroxide-based formulation.	heat-sensitive medical devices require chemical disinfection between patients, and certain formulations for this purpose can be reused for several days. because dilution, evaporation, and breakdown or neutralization of active ingredients can occur during reuse, it is vital to ensure that the solution retains its broad-spectrum germicidal activity even at the end of the recommended reuse period.	2002	12461509
oxidation of propionate to pyruvate in escherichia coli. involvement of methylcitrate dehydratase and aconitase.	the pathway of the oxidation of propionate to pyruvate in escherichia coli involves five enzymes, only two of which, methylcitrate synthase and 2-methylisocitrate lyase, have been thoroughly characterized. here we report that the isomerization of (2s,3s)-methylcitrate to (2r,3s)-2-methylisocitrate requires a novel enzyme, methylcitrate dehydratase (prpd), and the well-known enzyme, aconitase (acnb), of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. acnb was purified as 2-methylaconitate hydratase from e. coli ce ...	2002	12473114
the salmonella enterica subspecies i specific centisome 7 genomic island encodes novel protein families present in bacteria living in close contact with eukaryotic cells.	we have determined the genetic structure of the salmonella enterica centisome 7 genomic island (sci) located at the aspv loci in s. enterica subspecies i strains. the 47-kb long genomic island encodes 37 putative proteins, including the previously described saf fimbrial operon and the sinr transcriptional regulator. other open reading frames (designated sci a to z) in the island encode putative proteins with homologies to virulence-associated proteins in a number of gram-negative bacteria such a ...	2002	12437215
molecular epidemiology of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis isolated in taiwan.	incidence of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis infection seems to be on the rise in taiwan, and therefore, the characteristics of the isolate, including genotypes, were epidemiologically investigated. of the 71 clinical strains isolated in 1997-1999, 61 (86%) remained susceptible to the eight antibiotics tested, while the remaining ten, eight of which were isolated in 1999, were resistant to one to three of the agents including three multiply resistant strains. the majority, 69 or 97% of t ...	2002	12597357
salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and its host-adapted variants.		2002	11953356
the prevalence and dynamics of salmonella enterica iiib 61:k:1,5,(7) in sheep flocks in norway.	fifty randomly selected sheep flocks from a region in central norway were sampled in december 1999 to determine the flock prevalence of salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) (s. iiib 61:k:1,5,(7)). from each flock, 15-41 rectal swabs were collected from individual sheep of different age groups and examined for s. iiib 61:k:1,5,(7). positive flocks were visited again in january-april and each time, rectal swabs from the same animals were collected and examined for this sp ...	2002	11849721
prevalence of a salmonella subspecies diarizonae in norwegian sheep herds.	we studied the prevalence of salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) (s. iiib 61:k:1,5,(7)) in 133 norwegian sheep herds from throughout the country. we used a nested case-control study to identify major risk factors. two pooled samples (one from lambs and one from adult sheep) were collected from each herd from (10 different) abattoirs. the regional prevalence varied from 0 to 45%, and was more prevalent in adults than in lambs. sixteen of the 133 herds tested positive to ...	2002	11849722
biofilm formation and interaction with the surfaces of gallstones by salmonella spp.	salmonellae can exist in an asymptomatic carrier state in the human gallbladder. individuals with gallstones are more likely to become typhoid carriers, and antibiotic treatments are often ineffectual against salmonella enterica serovar typhi in carriers with gallstones. therefore, we hypothesized that salmonella spp. form biofilms on the surfaces of gallstones, where the bacteria are protected from high concentrations of bile and antibiotics. a number of methods were utilized to examine biofilm ...	2002	11953406
the invasion-associated type iii secretion system of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is necessary for intracellular proliferation and vacuole biogenesis in epithelial cells.	type iii secretion systems (ttss) are used by gram-negative pathogens to translocate proteins into eukaryotic host cells. salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has two of these specialized systems, which are encoded on separate salmonella pathogenicity islands (spi-1 and spi-2) and translocate unique sets of effectors. the specific roles of these systems in salmonella pathogenesis remain undefined, although spi-1 is required for bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and spi-2 ...	2002	11856172
the emergence in taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis.	salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis is a cause of serious systemic infections. because fluoroquinolones are the drug of choice for the treatment of severe salmonella infections, the emergence and dissemination of fluoroquinolone-resistant s. enterica serotype choleraesuis have clinical consequences.	2002	11832529
effect of protein sv-iv on experimental salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection in mice.	seminal vesicle protein iv (sv-iv) is a secretory anti-inflammatory, procoagulant, and immunomodulatory protein produced in large amounts by the seminal vesicle epithelium of the rat under the strict transcriptional control of androgen. in particular, this protein was shown to possess the ability to markedly inhibit in vivo the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of mice to nonbacterial cellular antigens (sheep erythrocytes and spermatozoa). we report data that demonstrate that in mice tr ...	2002	11777840
extensive variation in the o-antigen gene cluster within one salmonella enterica serogroup reveals an unexpected complex history.	the 46 serogroups of salmonella enterica have different o-antigens, and each is thought to have a specific form of the o-antigen cluster. comparison of the 145 serovars of serogroup b revealed much more intraserogroup genetic diversity than expected. the o27 factor, due to an alpha 1-6 linkage between o units in place of the more common alpha 1-2 linkage and previously thought to be due to a converting bacteriophage, is now shown to be due to a wzy(alpha(1-6)) gene located within the major gene ...	2002	11872718
microsatellite markers linked to salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis vaccine response in young f1 broiler-cross chicks.	reduction in salmonella enteritidis (se) contamination is of importance for poultry production as well as for food safety. the objectives of this study were to identify potential genetic markers of antibody response to se vaccine in young broiler chicks and then to confirm this linkage in broiler-cross offspring, as well as to explore interactions of marker alleles with dam line and sex. the initial identification of suggestive quantitative trait loci (qtl) markers for antibody response to se va ...	2002	11873827
the protective effect of alcoholic beverages on the occurrence of a salmonella food-borne outbreak.	there are few studies about the effect of alcoholic beverages in food-borne disease outbreaks.	2002	11880766
trafficking of the salmonella vacuole in macrophages.	salmonella enterica is a facultative intracellular pathogen which can replicate in macrophages. intracellular salmonella exist in a membrane-bound compartment called the salmonella-containing vacuole. most studies on salmonella trafficking in relation to the endocytic pathway have concluded that the majority of salmonella-containing vacuoles do not interact extensively with late endosomes and lysosomes. numerous bacterial genes have been identified which are required for survival and replication ...	2002	11886586