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getting to know hiv.since the human immunodeficiency virus was first isolated in 1983, we have come to know it in exquisite detail. yet we still do not understand sufficiently how it causes disease. neither do we know why chimpanzees and some african monkeys, which are the natural reservoir of the precursors of hiv-1 and hiv-2, can harbour similar levels of virus without becoming ill. our knowledge of the replication cycle of hiv as a retrovirus has been pivotal in the development of antiviral drugs. our knowledge ...200010964277
synthesis and anti-hiv activity of cosalane analogues incorporating nitrogen in the linker chain.introduction of an amido group or an amino moiety into the alkenyl linker chain of cosalane (1) provided a new series of analogues 3-8. the new compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the cytopathic effect of hiv-1 and hiv-2 in cell culture. the replacement of the 1' and 2' carbons in the linker chain of i by an amido group was generally tolerated. the length of the linker chain and the stereochemistry of the substituent at c-3 of the steroidal ring had significant effects on the antiviral act ...200010968278
proportion positive for epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6, toxoplasma, and human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag.to determine the proportion of patients with evidence of an acute infection due to epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6), toxoplasma, or human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) in heterophile-negative patients with an absolute lymphocytosis or an instrument-generated atypical lymphocyte flag, and to develop a cost-effective testing algorithm for managing such heterophile-negative patients.200010975931
three-year follow-up of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in guinea-bissau, west africa.raoul follereau hospital, bissau, guinea-bissau.200010985653
introduction of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection into south korea.although human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2) share mode of transmission, their epidemiologic characteristics differ and international spread of hiv-2 has been limited. to investigate the extent of hiv-2 infection in south korea and to clarify the characteristic of hiv-2 isolates, we describe epidemiological, serological and genetic analyses of five hiv-2 isolates from south korea. five of 964 hiv antibody-positive serum specimens showed positive reactivity by hiv1/2 enzyme i ...200010989687
videoendoscopic techniques for collection of multiple, serial intra-abdominal biopsy specimens in hiv-negative and hiv-positive pigtail macaques (macaca nemestrina).tissue biopsy sampling by laparotomy is considered major surgery, which precludes serial sampling. this increases variability and requires a larger n value for pathogenesis studies. to address this problem, a study was conducted to develop and validate the feasibility of performing multiple, serial biopsy sampling by laparoscopy in pigtail macaques. tissues were obtained laparoscopically from 2 hiv-negative and 2 hiv-positive (late postinoculation) macaques on days 0, 3, and 7, followed by necro ...200010993298
synthesis, stability, antiviral activity, and protease-bound structures of substrate-mimicking constrained macrocyclic inhibitors of hiv-1 protease.three new peptidomimetics (1-3) have been developed with highly stable and conformationally constrained macrocyclic components that replace tripeptide segments of protease substrates. each compound inhibits both hiv-1 protease and viral replication (hiv-1, hiv-2) at nanomolar concentrations without cytotoxicity to uninfected cells below 10 microm. their activities against hiv-1 protease (k(i) 1.7 nm (1), 0.6 nm (2), 0.3 nm (3)) are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than their antiviral potencies a ...200011000004
cytopathicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) in human lymphoid tissue is coreceptor dependent and comparable to that of hiv-1.epidemiological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is markedly less pathogenic than hiv-1 in vivo. individuals infected with hiv-2 exhibit a remarkably slow rate of disease development, and these clinical properties have been attributed presumptively to an "attenuated" phenotype of hiv-2 itself. here, we investigated the impact of coreceptor usage on the cytopathicity of hiv-2 and compared its pathogenic potential with that of hiv-1 in a unique human lymphoid his ...200011000231
efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2).postexposure prophylaxis (pep) after intravaginal exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was investigated using the hiv type 2 (hiv-2)/pig-tailed macaque transmission model. pep for 28 days with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (r)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (pmpa; tenofovir) was initiated 12 to 72 h following hiv-2 exposure. systemic infection was not evident in the 12- and 36-h groups, as defined by plasma viremia, cell-associated provirus, antibody responses, and lymph no ...200011000253
molecular analysis of human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region associated determinants recognized by anti-vh3 antibodies 7b4, b6 and d12.7b4, b6 and d12 are murine monoclonal antibodies (moab) that bind to some human immunoglobulin heavy chain products of the closely related v3-30, v3-30.3 and v3-33 genes from the vh3 family. b6 and d12 have additional reactivities with some immunoglobulins (ig) encoded by the v3-11 and v3-7 genes; d12 also reacts with some v3-43 gene ig. we show here, by site-directed mutagensis, that the lysine at position 57 in the complementarity-determining region 2 (cdr-2) of the v3-30 gene product is cruci ...200011013004
dual infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2: impact on hiv type 1 viral load and immune activation markers in hiv-seropositive female sex workers in abidjan, ivory coast.to determine the impact of dual infection with hiv-1 and hiv-2 on hiv-1 viral load and markers of immune activation among hiv-seropositive fsws in abidjan, we analyzed blood samples obtained from consenting hiv-seropositive fsws attending a confidential clinic between september 1996 and june 1997 in abidjan. among hiv-1 and hiv-2 dually seropositive fsws, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing with hiv-1 and hiv-2 primers was used to differentiate between fsws who were pcr positive only for hiv ...200011018856
polyanionic (i.e., polysulfonate) dendrimers can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus by interfering with both virus adsorption and later steps (reverse transcriptase/integrase) in the virus replicative cycle.polyanionic dendrimers were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral effects. phenyldicarboxylic acid (bri6195) and naphthyldisulfonic acid (bri2923) dendrimers were found to inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; strain iii(b)) in mt-4 cells at a ec(50) of 0.1 and 0.3 microg/ml, respectively. the dendrimers were not toxic to mt-4 cells up to the highest concentrations tested (250 microg/ml). these compounds were also effective against various other hiv-1 str ...200011040059
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and associated risk factors among populations of drug abusers.a cross-sectional survey was conducted of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) and risky behaviors among 407 drug abusers in treatment facilities in 1998. infections with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), and syphilis were detected by testing serum antibody levels; chlamydia and gonorrhea were detected by testing nucleic acid levels in urine. logistic regression analysis was performed to measure associations ...200011049771
tunneled-cuffed catheter associated infections in hemodialysis patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus.infection rates in tunneled-cuffed catheters (tcc) are reported to be higher in immunocompromised patients. the purpose of this study was to evaluate tcc-associated infection rates in patients with hiv infection (hiv+). data were collected in 40 hiv + patients and 41 controls (c), and in 118 tcc (hiv+, 58; c, 60) for 28,146 catheter days (hiv+, 16,227; c, 11,919). there were no significant differences in the tcc bacteremia rates (hiv+, 2.23 versus c, 2.53 per 1000 tcc days, p: = ns) or in the tc ...200011053489
molecular confirmation of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 in hiv-seropositive subjects in south india.nested pcrs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 were compared with immunoblot test results. twelve of 13 immunoblot-positive hiv-2 samples were positive by pcr. there were five inno-lia (innogenetics, zwijnaarde, belgium) and/or hivblot 2.2 (genelabs, singapore) samples that tested positive for dual infection. hiv-1 pcr was positive in all samples, while hiv-2 pcr was positive in two and riba (chiron corporation, san diego, calif.) was positive for hiv-2 in three samples. t ...200011063512
shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined hiv p24 antigen and anti-hiv-1/2/o screening test.because antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) are absent in the very early phase of hiv infection, there remains a slight residual risk for hiv transmission by blood donations by viremic but antibody negative donations. to shorten the diagnostic window between infection and the detection of antibodies, enzygnost hiv integral (dade behring, germany) was developed. with this new test, hiv p24 antigen and hiv antibodies can be detected simultaneously in a single test. in a multicente ...200011064116
antiviral resistance of biologic hiv-2 clones obtained from individuals on nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy.to study phenotypic and genotypic resistance of hiv-2 against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrti).200011064499
comparison of viral genomic rna sorting mechanisms in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and moloney murine leukemia virus.genomic rna sorting between translation and packaging was examined for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 using actinomycin d and leptomycin b treatment. both viruses behaved differently from a simple retrovirus under actinomycin d treatment. with leptomycin b, the lack of apparent functional separation between translation and packaging functions in lentiviruses was confirmed. hiv-2 rna levels were more stable, but reverse transcriptase production declined similarly to hiv-1.200011070043
elucidation of the hiv-1 virucidal mechanism of methylene blue photosensitization and the effect on primary isolates.the antiviral activity for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 of a combination of methylene blue and light irradiation was investigated, in comparison with their virucidal effects on laboratory-adapted hiv-1. the antiviral mechanism was evaluated in terms of reverse transcriptase activity and viral rna in the same viral stock. despite a marked reduction in rna (>3.07 log(10)) and infectivity (6.10 log(10)) under conditions of 1 microm methylene blue and 5 j/cm(2) irrad ...200011074469
clinicopathological characterization of an hiv-2-infected individual with two clonally unrelated primary lymphomas.human immunodeficiency virus 2 (hiv-2) is endemic in west africa and is a causative agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. only a small number of hiv-2-infected patients have been described in detail. non-hodgkin's lymphoma (nhl) is the second most common neoplasm occurring in hiv-1-infected patients, but its incidence seems to be lower in hiv-2-infected individuals. we report an hiv-2-infected patient from cape verde (west africa) with separate and distinct systemic and primary centra ...200011074559
derivation and characterization of a highly pathogenic isolate of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 that causes rapid cd4+ cell depletion in macaca nemestrina.with few exceptions, humans are the only species known to develop acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) after human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. we report here that an isolate of hiv type 2, eho, readily established persistent infection in 100% of macaca nemestrina in three consecutive transmission studies. of the eight infected animals, five showed persistently high virus load and six developed aids-like diseases or cd4+ cell depletion within 4 years of infection. the pathology a ...200011085573
proteasome inhibition interferes with gag polyprotein processing, release, and maturation of hiv-1 and hiv-2.retrovirus assembly and maturation involve folding and transport of viral proteins to the virus assembly site followed by subsequent proteolytic cleavage of the gag polyprotein within the nascent virion. we report that inhibiting proteasomes severely decreases the budding, maturation, and infectivity of hiv. although processing of the env glycoproteins is not changed, proteasome inhibitors inhibit processing of gag polyprotein by the viral protease without affecting the activity of the hiv-1 vir ...200011087859
plasma viral load in hiv-1 and hiv-2 singly and dually infected individuals in guinea-bissau, west africa: significantly lower plasma virus set point in hiv-2 infection than in hiv-1 infection.the intriguing differences in the natural course, transmissibility, and epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 are still insufficiently explained. differences in plasma viral load are an obvious possibility, but this has been difficult to investigate because of the lack of tests for hiv-2 rna.200011088091
translation is not required to generate virion precursor rna in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected t cells.the retroviral primary transcription product is a multifunctional rna that is utilized as pre-mrna, mrna, and genomic rna. the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) unspliced transcripts used as mrna for viral protein synthesis and as virion precursor rna (vprna) for encapsidation remains an important question. we developed a biochemical assay to evaluate the hypothesis that prior utilization as mrna template for protein synthesis is necessary to generate vprna. hiv-1- ...200011090150
syntheses of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- derivatives of 5-substituted-2,4-difluorobenzene: unnatural acyclo thymidine mimics for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents.a group of 1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]- (12) and 1-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]- (13) derivatives of 2,4-difluorobenzene possessing a variety of c-5 substituents (r = me, h, i, no2) were designed with the expectation that they may serve as acyclic 5-substituted-2'-deoxyuridine (thymidine) mimics. compounds 12 and 13 (r = me, h, i) were inactive as anticancer agents (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4) m range), whereas the 5-nitro compounds (12d, 13d) exhibited weak-to-moderate cytotoxicity (cc50 = 10( ...200011092311
a survey of some indian medicinal plants for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity.india has an extensive area of forest enriched with plant diversity. several of these plants have been used as folklore medicines. however, the medicinal plants have rarely been investigated for anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. hence, some indian medicinal plants were screened in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).200011094851
surveillance of hiv-1 genetic subtypesand diversity in the us blood supply.recent reports of variant (non-subtype b) hiv infections in us populations have raised concerns about the sensitivity of subtype b virus-based donor screening and diagnostic assays. this study was designed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of hiv subtypes in us blood donors over the last two decades.200011099672
characteristics of salivary diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome in west africa.to determine the prevalence of diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (dils) in the minor salivary glands of 30 african cameroonian adults with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids).200011100056
cross-protection in nyvac-hiv-1-immunized/hiv-2-challenged but not in nyvac-hiv-2-immunized/shiv-challenged rhesus macaques.immunization with attenuated poxvirus-hiv-1 recombinants followed by protein boosting had protected four of eight rhesus macaques from hiv-2sbl6669 challenge. the present study was designed to confirm this result and to conduct the reciprocal cross-protection experiment.200011101054
construction of infectious siv/hiv-2 chimeras.to construct siv/hiv-2 chimeras (shiv) that replicate in vivo. these would be valuable tools to elucidate the mechanism by which hiv-2 can bypass protection conferred by live attenuated siv vaccines.200011101058
suppression of maternal virus load with zidovudine, didanosine, and indinavir combination therapy prevents mother-to-fetus hiv transmission in macaques.recently, we developed a maternal-fetal macaque model using a highly pathogenic hiv-2 strain, hiv-2287, to study the time course of hiv transmission in utero. most pregnant macaques (macaca nemestrina) infected with hiv-2287 (10-103 infective doses) transmitted hiv to their fetuses, as verified by positive identification of virus-infected mononuclear cells and free viral rna in fetal blood. to determine whether an antiretroviral drug combination therapy composed of two dideoxynucleosides, azidot ...200011103044
retinopathy as the initial presentation of human immunodeficiency virus 2 infection. 200011115268
amd-3100 (anormed).anormed is developing amd-3100, a cxcr4 chemokine receptor antagonist discovered by a collaboration between anormed and the rega institute, as a potential treatment for hiv infection [337657]. amd-3100 is a bis-tetraazamacrocycle, which is a potent inhibitor of hiv-1 and hiv-2 viruses. it interacts with the virus-associated uncoating process [172189]. it is currently being evaluated in phase ii clinical trials at the john's hopkins university school of medicine and two other us sites. the phase ...200016080056
durban declaration on hiv and aids.over 5,000 scientists including 11 nobel prize winners have signed a statement that "the evidence that aids is caused by hiv-1 or hiv-2 is clear-cut, exhaustive and unambiguous, meeting the highest standards of science," and that testing for hiv is as reliable as testing for any other virus.200012170978
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 infection among replacement blood donors in mumbai (bombay).between 1993-96, blood donated by 12,235 replacement blood donors was screened by various enzyme linked immunosorbent assays for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 according to the guidelines specified by indian--food and drug administration. 222 replacement blood donors (1.81%) were found to be seropositive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2. furthermore, the immunocomb ii hiv 1 & 2 bispot rapid sandwich elisa in a comb format was used ...200011271723
in vitro activity of polyhydroxycarboxylates against herpesviruses and hiv.the antiviral activity of 17 polyhydroxycarboxylates derived from phenolic compounds was evaluated against herpesviruses and hiv. when present during virus adsorption several of the polymers exhibited potent activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), hsv-2, thymidine kinase deficient hsv-1, human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) and hiv-1 and hiv-2 at concentrations that were not toxic to the host cells. a close correlation was found between the 50% inhibitory concentrations of the polyhydroxyc ...200112018678
conserved cxcr4 usage and enhanced replicative capacity of hiv-2/287, an isolate highly pathogenic in macaca nemestrina.to investigate viral properties that contribute to the pathogenic potential of hiv-2 in macaques.200111740185
molecular basis of the interactions between herpes simplex viruses and hiv-1.herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (hsv-1 and -2) are two of the major opportunistic agents involved in the pathogenesis of aids, which is caused by human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2). a body of evidence suggests that they can also act as co-factors by interacting with hiv-1, thereby influencing disease progression. indeed, the hiv-1 life cycle can be affected by hsv at different levels of interaction, both in vitro and in vivo: (i) transactivation of the hiv-1 long ter ...200111867019
ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus serostatus.a survey was conducted in dakar, senegal, to identify major types and prevalences of bacteria, parasites, fungi, and rotaviruses associated with diarrhea in relation to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serostatus with the goal to provide guidance to physicians for case management.200111953215
quantitative evaluation of hiv-1 coreceptor use in the ghost3 cell assay.the utility of the ghost(3) cell assay has been evaluated for testing coreceptor use of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) isolates. ghost(3) cells were derived from the human osteosarcoma cell line, hos, and have been engineered to stably express cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bonzo, or the orphan receptor bob. the indicator cell line carries the hiv-2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene, which becomes activate ...200111878871
coreceptor usage of sequential isolates from cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm).sequential isolates from eight cynomolgus monkeys experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm, of sooty mangabey origin) were tested for coreceptor use in the human osteosarcoma indicator cell line, ghost(3), expressing cd4 and one or another of the chemokine receptors ccr3, ccr5, cxcr4, bob, or the orphan receptor bonzo. the indicator cell line carries the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 long terminal repeat-driven green fluorescence protein gene that becomes activated ...200111878872
4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides: a family of antiretroviral agents which are potent against drug-resistant hiv variants.in the past years, a variety of 4'-c-substituted-2'-deoxynucleosides (4'sdns) were designed, synthesized, and examined as potential therapeutics against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and certain such analogues proved to exert potent activity against hiv-1 in vitro. unlike currently available nucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitors such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azt), which have the 2',3'-dideoxy configuration and thereby cause dna chain termination in the elongating ...200112455229
comparison of the efficacy of virus inactivation methods in allogeneic avital bone tissue transplants.several procedures for inactivating viruses are used presently in the context of bone tissue transplants. common methods used are gamma irradiation (25 kgy), treatment with moist heat (82.5 degrees c/15 min., lobator-sd2-system) as well as chemical sterilisation using peracetic acid-ethanol treatment (pes, 2% peracetic acid, 96% ethanol, aqua [2:1:1], 200 mbar, agitation, 4 hours). based on national and international guidelines, we tested the antivirucidal effectiveness of these methods in human ...200115256903
functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain.the vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and macaques (sivmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells such as macrophages. when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nuclear membrane as well as to the nucleus; however, in the context of virus replication vpx is packag ...200111119605
sj-3366, a unique and highly potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also inhibits hiv-2.we have identified and characterized a potent new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (rt) inhibitor (nnrti) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) that also is active against hiv-2 and which interferes with virus replication by two distinct mechanisms. 1-(3-cyclopenten-1-yl)methyl-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinedione (sj-3366) inhibits hiv-1 replication at concentrations of approximately 1 nm, with a therapeutic index of greater than 4 x 10(6). the efficacy and toxicity o ...200111158731
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 lentiviral vectors: packaging signal and splice donor in expression and encapsidation.retroviral vectors provide the means for gene transfer with long-term expression. the lentivirus subgroup of retroviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2), possesses a number of regulatory and accessory genes and other special elements. these features can be exploited to design vectors for transducing non-dividing as well as dividing cells with the potential for regulated transgene expression. encapsidation of the transgene rna in lentiviral vectors is dete ...200111161282
variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infecting patients living in france.to determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) subtypes circulating in france and to identify possible relationships between these subtypes and pathogenesis, we studied 33 hiv-2-infected patients living in france. hiv-2 dna was directly amplified from peripheral blood mononuclear cells by nested pcr with specific hiv-2 env primers, and the env gene was sequenced. the serological consequences of antigenic variability were studied by using a panel of peptides and by wes ...200111162815
a luciferase-reporter gene-expressing t-cell line facilitates neutralization and drug-sensitivity assays that use either r5 or x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.we describe the production and properties of a permanent cell line, cem.nkr-ccr5-luc. this line is a derivative of the cem.nkr-ccr5 line, stably transfected to express the luciferase reporter gene under the transcriptional control of the hiv-2 ltr. thus the cells respond to tat expression during hiv-1 infection by producing luciferase, a protein that can be readily and accurately quantitated in a luminometer. the cem.nkr-ccr5-luc line expresses both the ccr5 and cxcr4 coreceptors and can therefo ...200111162843
pyrimidine tract binding protein and la autoantigen interact differently with the 5' untranslated regions of lentiviruses and oncoretrovirus mrnas.retrovirus genomic mrna exhibits a several hundred nucleotides-long untranslated region (5' utr) which encloses many control elements required for retrovirus replication. in addition, this 5' utr contains translation regulatory elements, such as internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) that have been described in oncoretroviruses, as well as in lentiviruses. uv cross-linking experiments suggested that the pyrimidine tract binding protein (ptb), a cellular protein known to regulate the activity of ...200111172810
baboons as an animal model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis and vaccine development.baboons (papio cynocephalus) provide a valuable animal model for the study of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) pathogenesis because hiv-2 infection of baboons causes a chronic viral disease that progresses over several years before clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) appear. since hiv-2-infected baboons develop a chronic viral infection, insights into the immuno-biology of viral latency, clinical stages of disease, virus infection of lymphatic tissue and hiv transmissio ...200111782253
dc-signr, a dc-sign homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans.dc-sign, a c-type lectin expressed on the surface of dendritic cells (dcs), efficiently binds and transmits hivs and simian immunodeficiency viruses to susceptible cells in trans. a dc-sign homologue, termed dc-signr, has recently been described. herein we show that dc-signr, like dc-sign, can bind to multiple strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus and transmit these viruses to both t cell lines and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. binding of virus to dc-signr was de ...200111226297
functional characterization of chimeric reverse transcriptases with polypeptide subunits of highly divergent hiv-1 group m and o strains.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 strains have been divided into three groups: main (m), outlier (o), and non-m non-o (n). biochemical analyses of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt) have been performed predominantly with enzymes derived from hiv-1 group m:subtype b laboratory strains. this study was designed to optimize the expression and to characterize the enzymatic properties of hiv-1 group o rts as well as chimeric rts composed of group m and o p66 and p51 subunits. the dna-dependent dna po ...200111353775
low levels of hiv-1 plasma viral load in patients infected with hiv-1 subtype b and advanced immunosuppression.some hiv-1 infected patients show low levels of viraemia despite having advanced immunosuppression. cases with falsely undetectable viraemia by conventional pcr have been reported when patients were infected with non-b subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate whether this immunovirological discordance can be due to the presence of hiv-1 non-b subtypes, and whether a modified pcr procedure can yield different hiv viraemia values in these cases.200111243746
cyclophilin a regulates hiv-1 infectivity, as demonstrated by gene targeting in human t cells.the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gag polyprotein binds most members of the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. of 15 known human cyclophilins, cyclophilin a (cypa) has been the focus of investigation because it was detected in hiv-1 virions. to determine whether cypa promotes hiv-1 replication, we deleted the gene encoding cypa (ppia) in human cd4(+) t cells by homologous recombination. hiv-1 replication in ppia(-/-) cells was decreased and not inhibited further by c ...200111250896
effects of mutant vpr/vpx on hiv-2 assembly demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy.the virion-associated accessory proteins vpr and vpx of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) are required for efficient viral replication. vpr could be important for vpx assembly. to investigate the interaction of vpr and vpx with respect to the effects of reverse transcriptase (rt) activity, viral particle information and vpx expression site directed mutagenesis was carried out to construct vpr, vpx and double vpr/vpx hiv-2 mutants. these mutants were used for infection of peripheral blo ...200111254173
interactions of the human t-cell leukemia virus type-ii integrase with the conserved ca in the retroviral long terminal repeat end.retroviral integrases (ins) interact with termini of retroviral dna in the conserved 5'-c(a/g)t. for most integrases, modifications of critical moieties in the major and minor grooves of these sequences decrease 3'-processing. however, for human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (htlv-2) in, the replacement of the guanine with 6-methylguanine or hypoxanthine not only reduced 3'-processing, but also promoted cleavage at a second site. this novel cleavage activity required an upstream aca, unique to t ...200111278363
down-modulation of tcr/cd3 surface complexes after hiv-1 infection is associated with differential expression of the viral regulatory genes.we have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in progressive abrogation of cd3-gamma gene expression after hiv-1 or hiv-2 infection. a comparison of intracellular virus expression with t cell receptor surface density, revealed both high and low levels of viral p24 antigen in the tcr/cd3(hi), tcr/cd3(lo), and tcr/cd3(-) cells. furthermore, in non-productively infected cells expressing the multiply spliced, virally encoded tat, rev, and nef regulatory gene transcripts, the same progressive loss o ...200111298321
4'-ethynyl nucleoside analogs: potent inhibitors of multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus variants in vitro.a series of 4'-ethynyl (4'-e) nucleoside analogs were designed, synthesized, and identified as being active against a wide spectrum of human immunodeficiency viruses (hiv), including a variety of laboratory strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and primary clinical hiv-1 isolates. among such analogs examined, 4'-e-2'-deoxycytidine (4'-e-dc), 4'-e-2'-deoxyadenosine (4'-e-da), 4'-e-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl-2,6-diaminopurine, and 4'-e-2'-deoxyguanosine were the most potent and blocked hiv-1 replication with 50% ef ...200111302824
synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzene thymidine mimics, some related alpha-anomers, and their evaluation as antiviral and anticancer agents.a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 substituents (h, me, f, cl, br, i, cf3, cn, no2, nh2), designed as thymidine mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the coupling reaction of 3,5-bis-o-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-deoxy-alpha-d-ribofuranosyl chloride with an organocadmium reagent [(2,4-difluorophenyl)2cd] afforded a mixture of the alpha- and beta-anomeric products (alpha:beta = 3:1 to 10:1 ratio). treatm ...200111303557
synthesis of 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluoro-5-substituted-benzenes: "thymine replacement" analogs of thymidine for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents.a group of unnatural 1-(2-deoxy-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)-2,4-difluorobenzenes having a variety of c-5 two-carbon substituents [-c...c-x, x = i, br; -c...ch; (e)-ch=ch-x, x = i, br; -ch=ch2; -ch2ch3; -ch(n3) ch2br], designed as nucleoside mimics, were synthesized for evaluation as anticancer and antiviral agents. the 5-substituted (e)-ch=ch-i and -ch2ch3 compounds exhibited negligible cytotoxicity in a mtt assay (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-4)m range), relative to thymidine (cc50 = 10(-3) to 10(-5)m range) ...200111303562
dc-sign interactions with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus.dendritic cells (dcs) efficiently bind and transmit human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) to cocultured t cells and so may play an important role in hiv transmission. dc-sign, a novel c-type lectin that is expressed in dcs, has recently been shown to bind r5 hiv type 1 (hiv-1) strains and a laboratory-adapted x4 strain. to characterize the interaction of dc-sign with primate lentiviruses, we investigated the structural determinants of dc-sign required for virus binding and transmission to permissiv ...200111312337
investigation of rna transcripts containing hiv-1 packaging signal sequences as hiv-1 antivirals: generation of cell lines resistant to hiv-1.based on the success of rna decoy approaches using rre and tar sequences to inhibit hiv-1 replication, we studied the ability of hiv-1 packaging signal sequences to interfere with viral rna encapsidation and formation of infectious particles. we made a variety of plasmid constructs in which the sequence context or number of repeats of the viral packaging signal was varied, and investigated the ability of these transcripts to inhibit replication of hiv-1 in stably transfected jurkat t lymphocytes ...200111313785
protein phosphatase 2a activates the hiv-2 promoter through enhancer elements that include the pets site.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gene expression is regulated by upstream promoter elements, including the peri-ets (pets) site, which mediate enhancer stimulation following treatment with the phorbol ester 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa). we previously showed that the oncoprotein dek binds to the pets site in a site-specific manner. in this report, we show that binding to the hiv-2 pets site is modulated by treatment of u937 monocytic cells with tpa, an activator of protei ...200111320078
human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and chemokines: beyond competition for common cellular receptors.the chemokines and their receptors have been receiving exceptional attention in recent years following the discoveries that some chemokines could specifically block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection and that certain chemokine receptors were the long-sought coreceptors which, along with cd4, are required for the productive entry of hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates. several chemokine receptors or orphan chemokine receptor-like molecules can support the entry of various viral strains, b ...200111325604
sensitivity and specificity of human immunodeficiency virus rapid serologic assays and testing algorithms in an antenatal clinic in abidjan, ivory coast.to evaluate serologic testing algorithms for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on a combination of rapid assays among persons with hiv-1 (non-b subtypes) infection, hiv-2 infection, and hiv-1-hiv-2 dual infections in abidjan, ivory coast, a total of 1,216 sera with known hiv serologic status were used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of four rapid assays: determine hiv-1/2, capillus hiv-1/hiv-2, hiv-spot, and genie ii hiv-1/hiv-2. two serum panels obtained from patients recentl ...200111325995
pig-tailed macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2gb122 or simian/hiv89.6p express virus in semen during primary infection: new model for genital tract shedding and transmission.characterizing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) expression in semen during primary infection remains essential to understanding the risk of sexual transmission. this investigation represents the first systematic evaluation of male genital tract shedding to use a nonhuman primate model, including the impact of exposure route and viral virulence. male macaques were inoculated with either a chronic disease-causing virus (hiv-2(gb122); n=4 intravenous; n=4 intrarectal) or an acutely pathogenic sim ...200111237826
inhibition of hiv type 1 replication by simultaneous infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.a productive infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes by hiv-1 was severely inhibited by the simultaneous infection of these cells with hiv-2. a similar reciprocal effect on hiv-2 infection was not observed. the extent of virus replication was determined by virus-specific antigen capture assays of the supernatants of the infections. the inhibitory effect was observed with t cell-tropic, dual-tropic, as well as with primary hiv-1 isolates from different subtypes (a, b, c, e, f, and o). infection ...200111242517
cloning and sequencing of cynomolgus macaque ccr3, gpr15, and strl33: potential coreceptors for hiv type 1, hiv type 2, and siv.the characterization of several seven-transmembrane g protein-coupled receptors, which function as coreceptors for hiv-1, hiv-2, and/or siv, has opened up a whole new area of aids research. animal models that have played a central role in the understanding of lentivirus pathogenesis and the design of novel vaccine strategies may also be invaluable in studying the role of these secondary receptors in infection and disease progression. however, since it is known that minor species-specific sequenc ...200111242524
hiv type 2 vpx interaction with gag and incorporation into virus-like particles.the domain of hiv-2 vpx previously shown to be important for virion incorporation has been mapped to residues 73--89. mutational analysis of this domain was employed to further define the sequences important for incorporation into virus-like particles, using a vaccinia virus expression system. deletion of residues 73--89 did not abrogate vpx packaging, but substitution with alanines markedly reduced incorporation into virus-like particles. moreover, alanine substitution also disrupted vpx intera ...200111177390
sequence specificity of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) long terminal repeat u3 region in vivo allows subtyping of the principal hiv-2 viral subtypes a and b.sequences from the nef/ltr overlap region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) genome were amplified from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from 40 hiv-2-infected individuals in the gambia, west africa. additional sequences from the plasma of three blood donors were also derived. analysis of hiv-2 u3 ltr transcription factor elements (pub-1, p-ets, pub-2, peri-kappa b, and nf-kappa b sites) indicated a relatively high level of conservation in vivo. the region im ...200111177410
mutagenesis of key residues identifies the connection subdomain of hiv-1 reverse transcriptase as the site of inhibition by heme.we have recently demonstrated that metalloporphyrins are potent inhibitors of both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcriptases (rts) [argyris, e.g., vanderkooi, j.m., venkateswaran, p.s., kay, b.k., and paterson, y. (1999) j. biol. chem. 274, 1549-1556]. in addition, by screening a phage peptide library we discovered that a peptide with sequence similarity to residues 398-407 from the connection subdomain of hiv rts binds hem ...200111179958
antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) of ethnobotanically selected ethiopian medicinal plants.ethiopian medicinal plants used for the treatment of a variety of ailments including infectious diseases were screened for activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2). seventy-one polar and nonpolar extracts derived from 21 plants belonging to 14 families were tested for inhibition of viral replication using hiv-1 (iii(b)) and hiv-2 (rod) strains. selective inhibition of viral growth was assessed by the simultaneous determination of the in vitro cytotoxicity o ...200111180526
cyanovirin-n, a potent human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein, blocks both cd4-dependent and cd4-independent binding of soluble gp120 (sgp120) to target cells, inhibits scd4-induced binding of sgp120 to cell-associated cxcr4, and dissociates bound sgp120 from target cells.cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda protein originally isolated from the cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum, potently inactivates diverse strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus. it has been well established that the hiv surface envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a molecular target of cv-n. we recently reported that cv-n impaired the binding of virion-associated gp120 to cell-associated cd4 and that cv-n preferential ...200111181340
evaluation of a simultaneous hiv antigen and antibody detection test in korean population.current diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection relies on the detection of anti-hiv antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). recently, kits detecting both p24 antigenemia and anti-hiv/anti-hiv2 antibodies have been developed. thus, it is necessary to compare those kits developed as such. the aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of a simultaneous detection test of p24 antigen and anti-hiv1/2 antibodies in a low prevalence area. eight hundre ...200111371105
basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of simian immunodeficiency virus envelope alter viral coreceptor tropism and infectivity but do not allow efficient utilization of cxcr4 as entry cofactor.in contrast to human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively), simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac) rarely uses cxcr4 (x4) for efficient entry into target cells. basic amino acid residues in the v3 loop of hiv env allow efficient coreceptor utilization of x4. therefore, we investigated if similar changes in the sivmac env protein also mediate a coreceptor switch from ccr5 (r5) to x4. functional analysis revealed that none of eight sivmac variants, containing v ...200111384227
on the origin and evolution of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv).the human aids viruses--hiv-1 and hiv-2--impose major burdens on the health and economic status of many developing countries. surveys of other animal species have revealed that related viruses--the sivs are widespread in a large number of african simian primates where they do not appear to cause disease. phylogenetic analyses indicate that these sivs are the reservoirs for the human viruses, with sivsm from the sooty mangabey monkey the most likely source of hiv-2, and sivcpz from the common chi ...200111396848
the dimer initiation site hairpin mediates dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 rna genome.the untranslated leader of retroviral rna genomes encodes multiple structural signals that are critical for virus replication. in the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (hiv-1) leader, a hairpin structure with a palindrome-containing loop is termed the dimer initiation site (dis), because it triggers in vitro rna dimerization through base pairing of the loop-exposed palindromes (kissing loops). controversy remains regarding the region responsible for hiv-2 rna dimerization. different studies h ...200111397802
a single amino acid change at leu-188 in the reverse transcriptase of hiv-2 and siv renders them sensitive to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are selective for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and generally not effective on hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). only sivagm was found to be sensitive to nnrtis. when the amino acid differences in rt between sivmac and sivagm were compared with the known amino acid substitutions of nnrti-resistance variants of hiv-1, we came to consider that the amino acid residue leu-188 of hiv-2 and sivmac might be related to th ...200111402860
the origins of acquired immune deficiency syndrome viruses: where and when?in the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, molecular evolutionary studies of primate lentiviruses provide the most definitive information about the origins of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2. related lentiviruses have been found infecting numerous species of primates in sub-saharan africa. the only species naturally infected with viruses closely related to hiv-2 is the sooty mangabey (cercocebus atys) from western africa, the region where hiv-2 is known to be endemic. simi ...200111405934
serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in africa.there is compelling evidence that both human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) types emerged from two dissimilar simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs) in separate geographical regions of africa. each of the two hivs has its own simian progenitor and specific genetic precursor, and all of the primates that carry these sivs have been in close contact with humans for thousands of years without the emergence of epidemic hiv. to date no plausible mechanism has been identified to account for the sudden em ...200111405938
mutation of asp(171) and asp(262) of the chemokine receptor cxcr4 impairs its coreceptor function for human immunodeficiency virus-1 entry and abrogates the antagonistic activity of amd3100.the bicyclam amd3100 is a highly potent and selective cxcr4 antagonist with strong antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 and hiv-2, which use cxcr4 as coreceptor for host cell entry. here, we investigated the interaction of amd3100 with cxcr4 at the molecular level by mutational analysis. we established a set of stably transfected u87.cd4 cell lines expressing different mutant forms of cxcr4 (i.e., cxcr4[wt], cxcr4[d171n], cxcr4[d262n], cxcr4[d171n,d262n], and cxcr4[h28 ...200111408611
cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (sivsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys.in this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic hiv-2 following priming with alvac hiv-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing hiv-2 env, gag and pol). six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live hiv-2(sbl-6669) and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 mid(50) of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strain sivsm. one monkey was completely pro ...200111413371
a peptide enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies: an evaluation on polymerase chain reaction (pcr) confirmed samples.hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections differ in prognosis, and may also require different prevention and/or treatment approaches. thus, estimating the true prevalence of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections, as well as co-infections, is a critical step in controlling the disease. there are a few commercial elisa and immunoblot kits, which can differentiate between hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections. however, some of these assays overestimate the prevalence of dual infection. hence, it is necessary to develop assays capable ...200111418351
[strip immunoblot assay (sia) with recombinant antigens and synthetic peptide for detection of anti hiv-1 and hiv-2 antibodies].the serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has widely been established by the screening test and the confirmatory test. at present, western blot (wb) assay is mostly used as the confirmatory test. however, this method has the problem in that the sensitivity and the specificity are not enough. a new confirmatory test "chiron riba hiv-1/hiv-2 sia" developed by chiron corporation uses an immunoblot enzyme immunoassay technique for detection of anti hiv-1 and/or hiv-2 antibodi ...200111424486
fourth-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus antigen and antibody.the vidas hiv duo ultra, a fourth-generation immunoassay under development for the simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) p24 antigen and antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2, was evaluated. the enzyme-linked fluorescence immunoassay, performed on the automated vidas instrument, is claimed to detect early and established hiv infection. the assay was challenged with a total of 2,847 samples that included 74 members of 10 seroconversion panels, 9 p24 antigen-only-reactive m ...200111427563
suitability of a rapid immunochromatographic test for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in ghana, west africa.in west african countries such as ghana, efficient human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing is a priority in the fight against aids. a new immunochromatographic rapid test, determine hiv-1/2 (abbott diagnostics, north chicago, ill.), that detects antibodies against hiv type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 was evaluated using ghanaian blood samples. two hundred four serum and/or plasma specimens were tested. hiv screening was done by a particle agglutination test and confirmed by a western blot (wb) tes ...200111427570
initiation of hiv-2 reverse transcription: a secondary structure model of the rna-trna(lys3) duplex.human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) reverse transcription is initiated from cellular trna(lys3) partially annealed to the rna viral genome at the primer binding site (pbs). this annealing involves interactions between two highly structured rna molecules. in contrast to hiv-1, in which the reverse transcription initiation complex has been thoroughly studied, there is still little information regarding a possible model to describe the secondary structure of the template-primer complex in h ...200111433020
characterization of a late entry event in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 2.certain human cell lines and primary macrophage cultures are restricted to infection by some primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), although early steps of the viral life cycle such as fusion at the plasma membrane and reverse transcription are fully supported. the late postintegration events, transcription, translation, assembly, budding, and maturation into infectious virions are functional in restrictive cells. apart from primary macrophages, the restrictive cell typ ...200111435571
synthetic peptide strategy for the detection of and discrimination among highly divergent primate lentiviruses.we developed a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific strategy for the detection and lineage differentiation of primate lentiviruses (piv-elisa). it is based on the use of two indirect elisa methods using synthetic peptides mapping the gp41/36 region (detection component) and the v3 region (differentiation component) of four lentivirus lineages, namely sivcpz/hiv-1 (groups m, o, n, and sivcpz-gab), sivmnd, sivagm, and sivsm/sivmac/hiv-2. this strategy was evaluated with pa ...200111461679
simian immunodeficiency virus infections in vervet monkeys (clorocebus aethiops) at an australian zoo.a number of monkey species, including african green monkeys and african vervet monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops), are frequently infected in the wild and in captivity with a simian immunodeficiency virus strain, sivagm, a primate lentivirus. up to 50% of african green monkeys are estimated to be infected with sivagm. siv strains are very closely related to hiv-2 strains, which are a cause of aids in humans, predominantly in western africa, although cases in australia have also been reported. it is ...200111491218
comparison of the frequency of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon-gamma-, and il-4-producing t cells in 2 diseases, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2, with distinct clinical outcomes.human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 infection is associated with a better clinical outcome, slower rates of cd4 t cell decline, and lower viremia than is hiv-1. this study compares hiv-1 and hiv-2 in regard to the percentages of interleukin (il)-2-, interferon (ifn)-gamma-, and il-4-producing cells at the single-cell level, as determined by flow cytometry. at a given degree of cd4 t cell depletion, the frequency of t cells able to produce il-2 is better preserved in hiv-2 than in hiv-1 inf ...200111494161
characterization of a maternal-fetal hiv transmission model using pregnant macaques infected with hiv-2(287).to study mechanisms involved in mother-to-fetus transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in utero, we have developed a chronically catheterized pregnant macaque model that permits simultaneous and sequential determination of virus in maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. in this report, we have characterized this model using three groups of pregnant macaques designed to sample: (1) maternal blood, fetal blood, and amniotic fluid (n = 6); (2) maternal blood and a ...200111515668
a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey with an atypical tat-tar structure.sivsm, the simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects sooty mangabeys in west africa, is the closest lentiviral relative of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2). to determine the genetic characteristics of sivsm in its natural host, we sequenced the full-length genome of sivsmsl92b, a primary isolate obtained from a pet sooty mangabey in sierra leone. sivsmsl92b proved to be the most divergent member of the hiv-2/sivsm lineage found thus far, having as much as 35% nucleotide div ...200111522185
systemic and intestinal immune responses to hiv-2287 infection in macaca nemestrina.nonhuman primate models of human aids have been used successfully to evaluate candidate vaccines and infection intervention therapies. successes of pathogenicity studies in primate models have been limited because of the varied infection outcomes and characteristic low number of study animals. the acutely pathogenic hiv-2(287)--macaca nemestrina model has shown promise both in antiviral drug evaluation and in pathogenicity studies. here we describe virus replication, spread, and host responses d ...200111522188
seven human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody combination assays: evaluation of hiv seroconversion sensitivity and subtype detection.in this study, we evaluated the performance of two prototype human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antigen-antibody (ag-ab) combination assays, one from abbott laboratories (axsym hiv ag-ab) and the other from biomerieux (vidas hiv duo ultra), versus five combination assays commercially available in europe. the assays were enzygnost hiv integral, genscreen plus hiv ag-ab, murex hiv ag-ab combination, vidas hiv duo, and vironostika hiv uniform ii ag-ab. all assays were evaluated for the ability to d ...200111526139
antiretroviral therapy for hiv-2 infected patients.to evaluate clinical and rna load response to antiretroviral therapy amongst patients infected with hiv-2 and to study the development of drug resistance.200111531319
advantages of the rapid hiv-1 test in occupational accidents with potentially contaminated material among health workers.in occupational accidents involving health professionals handling potentially contaminated material, the decision to start or to continue prophylactic medication against infection by human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has been based on the elisa test applied to a blood sample from the source patient. in order to rationalize the prophylactic use of antiretroviral agents, a rapid serologic diagnostic test of hiv infection was tested by the enzymatic immunoabsorption method (suds hiv 1+2, murex) an ...200111557998
production and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody against the gag p26 protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: identification of a new antigenic epitope.one anticapsid (p26) mouse monoclonal antibody was developed after immunization with recombinant p26 gag protein and was tested for reactivity with different hiv-1 and hiv-2 isolates by elisa and western blot analysis. this antibody, named r26.1, reacted with all hiv-2 isolates tested and with recombinant p26 proteins, but no hiv-1 isolates. the epitope of antibody r26.1 was mapped to residues 50-71 in the n-terminal domain of the capsid protein, a highly conserved region in all hiv-2 isolates s ...200111559428
v3 serological subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection is not relevant.v3 enzyme immunoassays have been shown to discriminate effectively between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) subtypes. the aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of v3 serotyping for hiv-2 infection. we serotyped 29 sera with three peptides, corresponding to the v3 loop of subtypes a, b, and d of hiv-2. sera were collected from hiv-2-infected patients, whose infecting strains were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. our results indicate that hiv-2 serotyping ...200111574625
functional and antigenic characterization of human, rhesus macaque, pigtailed macaque, and murine dc-sign.dc-sign, a type ii membrane protein with a c-type lectin binding domain that is highly expressed on mucosal dendritic cells (dcs) and certain macrophages in vivo, binds to icam-3, icam-2, and human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (hiv and siv). virus captured by dc-sign can be presented to t cells, resulting in efficient virus infection, perhaps representing a mechanism by which virus can be ferried via normal dc trafficking from mucosal tissues to lymphoid organs in vivo. to develop reagent ...200111581396
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