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molecular and serological surveillance of canine enteric viruses in stray dogs from vila do maio, cape verde.infections caused by canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine coronavirus are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in dogs worldwide. prior to this study, no information was available concerning the incidence and prevalence of these viruses in cape verde archipelago.201424755118
presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel.infectious diarrhea can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or protozoan organisms, or a combination of these. the identification of co-infections in dogs is important to determine the prognosis and to plan strategies for their treatment and prophylaxis. although many pathogens have been individually detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), a comprehensive panel of agents that cause diarrhea in privately owned dogs has not yet been established. the objective of this study was to use ...201424433321
development of a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr assay for detecting and quantifying peste des petits ruminants virus in clinical samples.a two-step sybr green i based real time rt-pcr targeting the matrix (m) gene of peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) was developed. the specificity of the assay was assessed against viral nucleic acid extracted from a range of animal viruses of clinical and structural similarities to pprv including canine distemper virus, measles virus, bluetongue virus and newcastle disease virus. but none of the viruses and no template control showed an amplification signal. sensitivity of the same assay wa ...201425194891
a sybr green i based real time rt-pcr assay for specific detection and quantitation of peste des petits ruminants virus.peste des petits ruminants (ppr) is an economically important disease of small ruminants such as sheep and goats. the disease is characterized by severe pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharge, pneumonia, necrosis and ulceration of the mucous membrane and inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract leading to severe diarrhea. a sybr green i based real time rt-pcr targeting the n gene of pprv has not been established for pprv detection. thus, the objective of present study was to develop highly sensitive ...201424423231
detection of respiratory viruses and bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs with acute respiratory tract infections.canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) is an acute, highly contagious disease complex caused by a variety of infectious agents. at present, the role of viral and bacterial components as primary or secondary pathogens in cird is not fully understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of canine parainfluenza virus (cpiv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine influenza virus (civ), canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov), canine herpes virus-1 (chv-1), canine distempe ...201424980809
disease control through fertility control: secondary benefits of animal birth control in indian street dogs.we sought to (1) survey sexually intact street dogs for a wide range of diseases in three cities in rajasthan, india and (2) evaluate links between the health of non-treated dogs and both the presence and duration of animal birth control (abc) programs. abc regimes sterilize and vaccinate stray dogs in an attempt to control their population and the spread of rabies. they are commonly suggested to improve the health of those dogs they serve, but here we provide evidence that these benefits also e ...201424239212
comparative survey of canine parvovirus, canine distemper virus and canine enteric coronavirus infection in free-ranging wolves of central italy and south-eastern france.diseases likely affect large carnivore demography and can hinder conservation efforts. we considered three highly contagious viruses that infect a wide range of domestic and wild mammals: canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine enteric coronaviruses (cecov). infection by either one of these viruses can affect populations through increased mortality and/or decreased general health. we investigated infection in the wolf populations of abruzzo, lazio e molise natio ...201432214941
measles vaccination of nonhuman primates provides partial protection against infection with canine distemper virus.measles virus (mv) is being considered for global eradication, which would likely reduce compliance with mv vaccination. as a result, children will grow up without mv-specific immunity, creating a potential niche for closely related animal morbilliviruses such as canine distemper virus (cdv). natural cdv infection causing clinical signs has never been reported in humans, but recent outbreaks in captive macaques have shown that cdv can cause disease in primates. we studied the virulence and tropi ...201424501402
selection of an aptamer against rabies virus: a new class of molecules with antiviral activity.rabies is a fatal central nervous system (cns) disease caused by the neurotropic rabies virus (rabv). the therapeutic management of rabv infections is still problematic, and novel antiviral strategies are urgently required. we established the rvg-bhk-21 cell line, which expresses rabv glycoprotein on the cell surface, to select aptamers. through 28 iterative rounds of selection, single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers were generated by exponential enrichment (selex). a virus titer assay and a real- ...201424486485
arctic lineage-canine distemper virus as a cause of death in apennine wolves (canis lupus) in italy.canine distemper virus (cdv) infection is a primary threat affecting a wide number of carnivore species, including wild animals. in january 2013, two carcasses of apennine wolves (canis lupus) were collected in ortona dei marsi (l'aquila province, italy) by the local veterinary services. cdv was immediately identified either by rt-pcr or immunohistochemistry in lung and central nervous tissue samples. at the same time, severe clinical signs consistent with cdv infection were identified and taped ...201424465373
wildlife reservoirs of canine distemper virus resulted in a major outbreak in danish farmed mink (neovison vison).a major outbreak of canine distemper virus (cdv) in danish farmed mink (neovison vison) started in the late summer period of 2012. at the same time, a high number of diseased and dead wildlife species such as foxes, raccoon dogs, and ferrets were observed. to track the origin of the outbreak virus full-length sequencing of the receptor binding surface protein hemagglutinin (h) was performed on 26 cdv's collected from mink and 10 cdv's collected from wildlife species. subsequent phylogenetic anal ...201424454897
use of hydrophilic extra-viral domain of canine distemper virus h protein for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay development.simple methods for measuring the levels of serum antibody against canine distemper virus (cdv) would assist in the effective vaccination of dogs. to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) specific for cdv, we expressed hydrophilic extra-viral domain (hevd) protein of the a75/17-cdv h gene in a pet 28a plasmid-based escherichia (e.) coli vector system. expression was confirmed by dot and western blotting. we proposed that detection of e. coli-expressed h protein might be conformatio ...201425234325
preparation of monoclonal antibody of anti-feline calicivirus and establishment of double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detecting method.this study aimed to prepare monoclonal antibody of feline calicivirus (fcv) and identify its basic biological characteristics. saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation, combined differential centrifugation, and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation were used for the purification of fcv. the purified fcv was used as antigen to immunize balb/c mice. the hybridoma lines of anti-fcv monoclonal antibodies were established using cell fusion and hybridoma screening techniques. the subtypes of ...201425222237
variable transcription of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in phocine lymphocytes following canine distemper virus infection.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious viral pathogen. domesticated dogs are the main reservoir of cdv. although phocine distemper virus was responsible for the recent epidemics in seals in the north and baltic seas, most devastating epidemics in seals were also caused by cdv. to further study the pathogenesis of cdv infection in seals, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the mechanisms of cdv induced immunosuppression in seals by analyzing the gene transcription of d ...201425190509
epidemiology of viral pathogens of free-ranging dogs and indian foxes in a human-dominated landscape in central india.there is an increasing concern that free-ranging domestic dog (canis familiaris) populations may serve as reservoirs of pathogens which may be transmitted to wildlife. we documented the prevalence of antibodies to three viral pathogens, canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine adenovirus (cav), in free-ranging dog and sympatric indian fox (vulpes bengalensis) populations in and around the great indian bustard wildlife sanctuary, in maharashtra, central india. a total of 2 ...201425135467
serologic survey for cross-species pathogens in urban coyotes (canis latrans), colorado, usa.abstract as coyotes (canis latrans) adapt to living in urban environments, the opportunity for cross-species transmission of pathogens may increase. we investigated the prevalence of antibodies to pathogens that are either zoonotic or affect multiple animal species in urban coyotes in the denver metropolitan area, colorado, usa, in 2012. we assayed for antibodies to canine parvovirus-2, canine distemper virus, rabies virus, toxoplasma gondii, yersinia pestis, and serotypes of leptospira interrog ...201425121408
estimating the potential impact of canine distemper virus on the amur tiger population (panthera tigris altaica) in russia.lethal infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) have recently been diagnosed in amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica), but long-term implications for the population are unknown. this study evaluates the potential impact of cdv on a key tiger population in sikhote-alin biosphere zapovednik (sabz), and assesses how cdv might influence the extinction potential of other tiger populations of varying sizes. an individual-based stochastic, sird (susceptible-infected-recovered/dead) model was used t ...201425354196
first genome sequence of a canine distemper virus strain from south america.canine distemper virus causes a severe infectious disease in carnivores worldwide. herein, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a new strain (uy251/2012) isolated from a dog in uruguay. the uy251/2012 strain belongs to the europe1/south america1 lineage, and constitutes the first report of a genomic sequence in south america.201425342674
duration of immunity in red wolves (canis rufus) following vaccination with a modified live parvovirus and canine distemper vaccine.there is growing information available regarding duration of immunity for core vaccines in both domestic and nondomestic species. vaccination protocols in nondomestic canids have frequently followed guidelines developed for the domestic dog; however, these protocols can be inappropriate for nondomestic canids such as the african wild dog (lycaon pictus), leaving some animals susceptible to infectious disease and others at risk for contracting vaccine-induced disease. in this study, red wolves (c ...201425314821
efficacy of two canine distemper vaccines in wild nearctic river otters (lontra canadensis).canine distemper virus (cdv), a contagious morbillivirus, infects families in the order carnivora, including nearctic river otters (lontra canadensis). as a preventative measure, vaccinations against cdv are frequently given to mustelids in captive environments. the pennsylvania river otter reintroduction project (prorp) used wild-caught river otters to evaluate the efficacy and need for vaccinations against cdv as part of any reintroduction project. the objectives of this study were to: 1) eval ...201425314818
occurrence of different canine distemper virus lineages in italian dogs.this study describes the sequence analysis of the h gene of 7 canine distemper virus (cdv) strains identified in dogs in italy between years 2002-2012. the phylogenetic analysis showed that the cdv strains belonged to 2 clusters: 6 viruses were identified as arctic-like lineage and 1 as europe 1 lineage. these data show a considerable prevalence of arctic-like-cdvs in the analysed dogs. the dogs and the 3 viruses more recently identified showed 4 distinctive amino acid mutations compared to all ...201425273966
surveillance for zoonotic and selected pathogens in harbor seals phoca vitulina from central california.the infection status of harbor seals phoca vitulina in central california, usa, was evaluated through broad surveillance for pathogens in stranded and wild-caught animals from 2001 to 2008, with most samples collected in 2007 and 2008. stranded animals from mendocino county to san luis obispo county were sampled at a rehabilitation facility: the marine mammal center (tmmc, n = 175); wild-caught animals were sampled at 2 locations: san francisco bay (sf, n = 78) and tomales bay (tb, n = 97), that ...201425266897
canine distemper outbreak in raccoons suggests pathogen interspecies transmission amongst alien and native carnivores in urban areas from germany.from december 2012 to may 2013, an outbreak occurred among urban wild carnivores from berlin. we collected 97 free-ranging raccoons from the city area. pcr assays, histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in 74 raccoons. phylogenetic analysis of haemagglutinin gene fragments (1767 nucleotides) of cdv isolated from four raccoons showed close relation to cdv isolates from foxes from germany and a domestic dog from hungary; all belonging to the "europ ...201425258173
common and emerging infectious diseases in the animal shelter.the beneficial role that animal shelters play is unquestionable. an estimated 3 to 4 million animals are cared for or placed in homes each year, and most shelters promote public health and support responsible pet ownership. it is, nonetheless, inevitable that shelters are prime examples of anthropogenic biological instability: even well-run shelters often house transient, displaced, and mixed populations of animals. many of these animals have received minimal to no prior health care, and some ha ...201424265288
in-vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin and interferon-alpha against canine distemper virus.canine distemper is a highly contagious disease with high incidence and lethality in the canine population. the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral action with ribavirin (rbv), interferon-alpha (ifnα), and combinations of rbv and ifnα against canine distemper virus (cdv). vero cells inoculated with cdv were treated with rbv, ifnα, and combinations of these drugs. the efficacy to inhibit viral replication was evaluated by adding the compounds at different times to de ...201425355997
morbillivirus control of the interferon response: relevance of stat2 and mda5 but not stat1 for canine distemper virus virulence in ferrets.the v proteins of paramyxoviruses control the innate immune response. in particular, the v protein of the genus morbillivirus interferes with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1), stat2, and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (mda5) signaling pathways. to characterize the contributions of these pathways to canine distemper virus (cdv) pathogenesis, we took advantage of the knowledge about the mechanisms of interaction between the measles virus v protein with ...201424371065
molecular determinants defining the triggering range of prefusion f complexes of canine distemper virus.the morbillivirus cell entry machinery consists of a fusion (f) protein trimer that refolds to mediate membrane fusion following receptor-induced conformational changes in its binding partner, the tetrameric attachment (h) protein. to identify molecular determinants that control f refolding, we generated f chimeras between measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv). we located a central pocket in the globular head domain of cdv f that regulates the stability of the metastable, prefusio ...201424371057
genotyping of canine distemper virus strains circulating in brazil from 2008 to 2012.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen of dogs and represents a serious threat to both unvaccinated and vaccinated animals. this study surveyed dogs with or without clinical signs related to canine distemper from different regions of brazil from 2008 to 2012. a total of 155 out of 386 animals were found to be cdv positive by rt-pcr; 37 (23.8%) dogs were asymptomatic at the time of sampling, and 90 (58%) displayed clinical signs suggestive of distemper. nineteen (12.2%) dogs had a recor ...201424370870
serological detection of infection with canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus in communal dogs from zimbabwe.domestic dogs are common amongst communities in sub-saharan africa and may serve as important reservoirs for infectious agents that may cause diseases in wildlife. two agents of concern are canine parvovirus (cpv) and canine distemper virus (cdv), which may infect and cause disease in large carnivore species such as african wild dogs and african lions, respectively. the impact of domestic dogs and their diseases on wildlife conservation is increasing in zimbabwe, necessitating thorough assessmen ...201425686382
canine distemper virus threatens wild tigers. 201425638955
characterization of two recent japanese field isolates of canine distemper virus and examination of the avirulent strain utility as an attenuated vaccine.recently, several new strains of canine distemper virus (cdv) have been isolated in japan. to investigate their pathogenesis in dogs, the yanaka and bunkyo-k strains were investigated by infecting dogs and determining clinical signs, amount of virus, and antibody responses. the yanaka strain is avirulent and induced an antibody response. the bunkyo-k strain induced typical cdv clinical signs in infected dogs and virulence was enhanced by brain passage. molecular and phylogenetic analyses of h ge ...201425465179
recombinant rabies virus expressing the h protein of canine distemper virus protects dogs from the lethal distemper challenge.the rabies virus (rv) vector lbnse expressing foreign antigens have shown considerable promise as vaccines against viral and bacteria diseases, which is effective and safe. we produced a new rv-based vaccine vehicle expressing 1.824 kb hemagglutinin (h) gene of the canine distemper virus (cdv) by reverse genetics technology. the recombinant virus lbnse-cdv-h retained growth properties similar to those of vector lbnse both in bsr and mna cell culture. the h gene of cdv was expressed and detected ...201425465178
major histocompatibility complex, demographic, and environmental predictors of antibody presence in a free-ranging mammal.major histocompatibility complex (mhc) variability plays a key role in pathogen resistance, but its relative importance compared to environmental and demographic factors that also influence resistance is unknown. we analyzed the mhc ii drb exon 2 for 165 raccoons (procyon lotor) in missouri (usa). for each animal we also determined the presence of immunoglobulin g (igg) and immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies to two highly virulent pathogens, canine distemper virus (cdv) and parvovirus. we investi ...201425446941
in vitro anti-canine distemper virus activity of fucoidan extracted from the brown alga cladosiphon okamuranus.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus related to measles virus that infects dogs and other carnivores. cdv has a significant global impact on animal health; however, there is no current antiviral treatment for cdv infection. in recent years, it has been demonstrated that sulfated polysaccharides exhibit antiviral properties both in vivo and in vitro, despite their low cytotoxicity to host cells. fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell wall matrix of brown algae. in this ...201425674625
necrotizing meningoencephalitis in a large mixed-breed dog.a 4-year-old 26-kg (57.2-lb) spayed female staffordshire bull terrier mix was evaluated because of a 24-hour history of cluster seizures.201425406708
parasitology, virology, and serology of free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa.we examined 31 free-ranging coyotes (canis latrans) from central georgia, usa, for select parasites and viral agents. sixteen coyotes had adult heartworms (dirofilaria immitis). serum samples from 27 animals revealed antibodies against canine parvovirus (100%), canine distemper virus (48%), canine adenovirus (37%), and trypanosoma cruzi (7%); none were detected against leishmania spp. twenty-two of 24 (92%) coyotes were positive for toxoplasma gondii. real-time pcr of feces revealed 32% of coyot ...201425098300
new aspects of the pathogenesis of canine distemper leukoencephalitis.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a member of the genus morbillivirus, which is known to cause a variety of disorders in dogs including demyelinating leukoencephalitis (cdv-dl). in recent years, substantial progress in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of cdv-dl has been made. in vivo and in vitro investigations provided new insights into its pathogenesis with special emphasis on axon-myelin-glia interaction, potential endogenous mechanisms of regeneration, and astroglial plasticity. cdv-d ...201424992230
the role of canine distemper virus and persistent organic pollutants in mortality patterns of caspian seals (pusa caspica).persistent organic pollutants are a concern for species occupying high trophic levels since they can cause immunosuppression and impair reproduction. mass mortalities due to canine distemper virus (cdv) occurred in caspian seals (pusa caspica), in spring of 1997, 2000 and 2001, but the potential role of organochlorine exposure in these epizootics remains undetermined. here we integrate caspian seal mortality data spanning 1971-2008, with data on age, body condition, pathology and blubber organoc ...201424987857
phylogenetic evidence of a new canine distemper virus lineage among domestic dogs in colombia, south america.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious viral disease of carnivores affecting both wild and domestic populations. the hemagglutinin gene, encoding for the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, shows high heterogeneity among strains, allowing for the distinction of ten different lineages distributed worldwide according to a geographic pattern. we obtained the sequences of the full-length h gene of 15 wild-type cdv strains circulating in domestic dog populations from the ab ...201424950886
viral oncolysis - can insights from measles be transferred to canine distemper virus?neoplastic diseases represent one of the most common causes of death among humans and animals. currently available and applied therapeutic options often remain insufficient and unsatisfactory, therefore new and innovative strategies and approaches are highly needed. periodically, oncolytic viruses have been in the center of interest since the first anecdotal description of their potential usefulness as an anti-tumor treatment concept. though first reports referred to an incidental measles virus ...201424921409
canine kobuvirus infections in korean dogs.to investigate canine kobuvirus (cakov) infection, fecal samples (n = 59) were collected from dogs with or without diarrhea (n = 21 and 38, respectively) in the republic of korea (rok) in 2012. cakov infection was detected in four diarrheic samples (19.0 %) and five non-diarrheic samples (13.2 %). all cakov-positive dogs with diarrhea were found to be infected in mixed infections with canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus or canine adenovirus. there was no significant difference in the pr ...201424906525
construction of an expression system for bioactive il-18 and generation of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing il-18.interleukin 18 (il-18) plays an important role in the t-helper-cell type 1 immune response against intracellular parasites, bacteria and viral infections. it has been widely used as an adjuvant for vaccines and as an anticancer agent. however, il-18 protein lacks a typical signal sequence and requires cleavage into its mature active form by caspase 1. in this study, we constructed mammalian expression vectors carrying cdna encoding mature canine il-18 (cil-18) or mouse il-18 (mil-18) fused to th ...201424898077
the tumor-associated marker, pvrl4 (nectin-4), is the epithelial receptor for morbilliviruses.pvrl4 (nectin-4) was recently identified as the epithelial receptor for members of the morbillivirus genus, including measles virus, canine distemper virus and peste des petits ruminants virus. here, we describe the role of pvrl4 in morbillivirus pathogenesis and its promising use in cancer therapies. this discovery establishes a new paradigm for the spread of virus from lymphocytes to airway epithelial cells and its subsequent release into the environment. measles virus vaccine strains have eme ...201424892636
transcriptional profiling predicts overwhelming homology of schwann cells, olfactory ensheathing cells, and schwann cell-like glia.schwann cells (scs), olfactory ensheathing cells (oecs), and central nervous system schwann cell-like glia (sg) represent a group of nerve growth factor receptor p75 (ngfr)-positive cells, originating from different tissues. because of their pro-regenerative capacities, these cells are subjects in experimental transplantation-based therapies of spinal cord trauma. the objective of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of uninfected and canine distemper virus-infected oecs, scs, sg and fib ...201424889922
diagnoses of canine distemper virus in puppies. 201424812182
identification of amino acid substitutions with compensational effects in the attachment protein of canine distemper virus.the hemagglutinin (h) gene of canine distemper virus (cdv) encodes the receptor-binding protein. this protein, together with the fusion (f) protein, is pivotal for infectivity since it contributes to the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. of the two receptors currently known for cdv (nectin-4 and the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule [slam]), slam is considered the most relevant for host susceptibility. to investigate how evolution might have impacted the host-cdv i ...201424807725
recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus and variation in its receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule, in carnivores.the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (slam) is a receptor for morbilliviruses. to understand the recent host range expansion of canine distemper virus (cdv) in carnivores, we determined the nucleotide sequences of slams of various carnivores and generated three-dimensional homology slam models. thirty-four amino acid residues were found for the candidates binding to cdv on the interface of the carnivore slams. slam of the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris) were similar to those of oth ...201424807184
transcriptional changes in canine distemper virus-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis favor a biphasic mode of demyelination.canine distemper virus (cdv)-induced demyelinating leukoencephalitis in dogs (canis familiaris) is suggested to represent a naturally occurring translational model for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and multiple sclerosis in humans. the aim of this study was a hypothesis-free microarray analysis of the transcriptional changes within cerebellar specimens of five cases of acute, six cases of subacute demyelinating, and three cases of chronic demyelinating and inflammatory cdv leukoencephaliti ...201424755553
an orally available, small-molecule polymerase inhibitor shows efficacy against a lethal morbillivirus infection in a large animal model.measles virus is a highly infectious morbillivirus responsible for major morbidity and mortality in unvaccinated humans. the related, zoonotic canine distemper virus (cdv) induces morbillivirus disease in ferrets with 100% lethality. we report an orally available, shelf-stable pan-morbillivirus inhibitor that targets the viral rna polymerase. prophylactic oral treatment of ferrets infected intranasally with a lethal cdv dose reduced viremia and prolonged survival. ferrets infected with the same ...201424739760
the v domain of dog pvrl4 (nectin-4) mediates canine distemper virus entry and virus cell-to-cell spread.the entry of canine distemper virus (cdv) is a multistep process that involves the attachment of cdv hemagglutinin (h) to its cellular receptor, followed by fusion between virus and cell membranes. our laboratory recently identified pvrl4 (nectin-4) to be the epithelial receptor for measles and canine distemper viruses. in this study, we demonstrate that the v domain of pvrl4 is critical for cdv entry and virus cell-to-cell spread. furthermore, four key amino acid residues within the v domain of ...201424725937
morbillivirus vaccines: recent successes and future hopes.the impact of morbilliviruses on both human and animal populations is well documented in the history of mankind. indeed, prior to the development of vaccines for these diseases, morbilliviruses plagued both humans and their livestock that were heavily relied upon for food and motor power within communities. measles virus (mev) was responsible for the death of millions of people annually across the world and those fortunate enough to escape the disease often faced starvation where their livestock ...201424703852
genetic characterization of an isolate of canine distemper virus from a tibetan mastiff in china.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, often fatal, multisystemic, and incurable disease in dogs and other carnivores, which is caused by canine distemper virus (cdv). although vaccines have been used as the principal means of controlling the disease, cd has been reported in vaccinated animals. the hemoagglutinin (h) protein is one of the most important antigens for inducing protective immunity against cd, and antigenic variation of recent cdv strains may explain vaccination failure. in t ...201424691820
domestic dog health worsens with socio-economic deprivation of their home communities.dogs play an important role in infectious disease transmission as reservoir hosts of many zoonotic and wildlife pathogens. nevertheless, unlike wildlife species involved in the life cycle of pathogens, whose health status might be a direct reflection of their fitness and competitive abilities, dog health condition could be sensitive to socio-economic factors impacting the well-being of their owners. here, we compare several dog health indicators in three rural communities of panama with differen ...201424681221
molecular typing of canine distemper virus strains reveals the presence of a new genetic variant in south america.canine distemper virus (cdv, paramyxoviridae, morbillivirus) is the causative agent of a severe infectious disease affecting terrestrial and marine carnivores worldwide. phylogenetic relationships and the genetic variability of the hemagglutinin (h) protein and the fusion protein signal-peptide (fsp) allow for the classification of field strains into genetic lineages. currently, there are nine cdv lineages worldwide, two of them co-circulating in south america. using the fsp-coding region, we an ...201424647552
whole genome sequence analysis of the arctic-lineage strain responsible for distemper in italian wolves and dogs through a fast and robust next generation sequencing protocol.dynamic surveillance and characterization of canine distemper virus (cdv) circulating strains are essential against possible vaccine breakthroughs events. this study describes the setup of a fast and robust next-generation sequencing (ngs) ion pgm™ protocol that was used to obtain the complete genome sequence of a cdv isolate (cdv2784/2013). cdv2784/2013 is the prototype of cdv strains responsible for severe clinical distemper in dogs and wolves in italy during 2013. cdv2784/2013 was isolated on ...201424642239
emergence of canine distemper virus strains with two amino acid substitutions in the haemagglutinin protein, detected from vaccinated carnivores in north-eastern china in 2012-2013.a total of 16 strains of canine distemper virus (cdv) were detected from vaccinated minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs in four provinces in north-eastern china between the end of 2011 and 2013. upon sequence analysis of the haemagglutinin gene and comparison with wild-type cdv from different species in the same geographical areas, two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in 10 cdv strains, which led to amino acid changes at positions 542 (isoleucine to asparagine) and 549 ( ...201424618397
invasive american mink: linking pathogen risk between domestic and endangered carnivores.infectious diseases, in particular canine distemper virus (cdv), are an important threat to the viability of wild carnivore populations. cdv is thought to be transmitted by direct contact between individuals; therefore, the study of species interactions plays a pivotal role in understanding cdv transmission dynamics. however, cdv often appears to move between populations that are ecologically isolated, possibly through bridge hosts that interact with both species. this study investigated how an ...201424604545
canine distemper virus and badgers. 201424578436
a monoclonal antibody against truncated n protein (aa 277-471) of canine distemper virus.canine distemper (cd) is a highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide. the nucleocapsid protein (np) of canine distemper virus encloses virus assembly and has some regulatory functions in viral transcription and replication. here, we describe a procedure to generate a monoclonal antibody (mab) against cdv n protein and investigate its characteristics. western blot analysis showed that the mabs produced in this study were against cdv n specifically. indirect immunofluoresce ...201424555938
real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method for detection of canine distemper virus modified live vaccine shedding for differentiation from infection with wild-type strains.canine distemper virus (cdv) remains a common cause of infectious disease in dogs, particularly in high-density housing situations such as shelters. vaccination of all dogs against cdv is recommended at the time of admission to animal shelters and many use a modified live virus (mlv) vaccine. from a diagnostic standpoint for dogs with suspected cdv infection, this is problematic because highly sensitive diagnostic real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) tests are able ...201424532693
using the ferret model to study morbillivirus entry, spread, transmission and cross-species infection.canine distemper virus (cdv) is an animal morbillivirus with a worldwide circulation that infects carnivores, including domestic dogs and an assortment of wildlife hosts. the development of reverse genetics systems for wild-type strains of cdv and the use of the resulting recombinant (r) viruses to infect ferrets by a natural route has shed new light on the temporal pathogenesis of distemper. combining fluorescent protein expressing recombinant viruses and multimodal, macroscopic and microscopic ...201424525290
adjuvant effects of recombinant giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) il-18 on the canine distemper disease vaccine in mice.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus known to cause morbidity and mortality in a broad range of animals. giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca), especially captive ones, are susceptible to natural infection with cdv. interleukin-18 (il-18) is a powerful adjuvant molecule that can enhance the development of antigen-specific immunity and vaccine efficacy. in this study, a giant panda il-18 gene eukaryotic expression plasmid (pcamil-18) was constructed. female balb/c mice were muscularly ...201525399820
serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in italy (2004-09).we tested 30 serum samples collected during 2004-09 from 22 free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the national park of abruzzo, lazio, and molise, italy, for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), brucella spp., and eight leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars. antibody to cdv was detected in 11 samples (37%); only two bears (10%) had detectable cav-2 and brucella spp. antibodies; three bea ...201525375945
development and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against canine distemper virus hemagglutinin protein.canine distemper virus (cdv) causes a serious multisystemic disease in dogs and other carnivora. hemagglutinin (h) protein-specific antibodies are mainly responsible for protective immunity against cdv infection. in the present study, six neutralizing mabs to the h protein of cdv were newly obtained and characterized by immunizing balb/c mice with a recent chinese field isolate. competitive binding inhibition assay revealed that they recognized four distinct antigenic regions of the h protein. i ...201525644427
phylogenetic analysis of canine distemper virus in domestic dogs in nanjing, china.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores, including wild and domestic canidae. the hemagglutinin gene, which encodes the attachment protein that determines viral tropism, has been widely used to determine the relationship between cdv strains of different lineages circulating worldwide. we determined the full-length h gene sequences of seven cdv field strains detected in domestic dogs in nanjing, china. a phylogenetic analysis of the h gene sequences of cdv strains from di ...201525416856
canine distemper virus dna vaccination of mink can overcome interference by maternal antibodies.canine distemper virus (cdv) is highly contagious and can cause severe disease against which conventional live vaccines are ineffective in the presence of maternal antibodies. vaccination in the presences of maternal antibodies was challenged by vaccination of 5 days old and 3 weeks old mink kits with cdv dna vaccines. virus neutralising (vn) antibody responses were induced in mink kits vaccinated with a plasmid encoding the haemaglutinin protein (h) of cdv (n=5, pcdv-h) or a combination of the ...201525637861
dynamics of a morbillivirus at the domestic-wildlife interface: canine distemper virus in domestic dogs and lions.morbilliviruses cause many diseases of medical and veterinary importance, and although some (e.g., measles and rinderpest) have been controlled successfully, others, such as canine distemper virus (cdv), are a growing concern. a propensity for host-switching has resulted in cdv emergence in new species, including endangered wildlife, posing challenges for controlling disease in multispecies communities. cdv is typically associated with domestic dogs, but little is known about its maintenance and ...201525605919
virological and serological findings in dogs with naturally occurring distemper.canine distemper virus (cdv) is the cause of a severe and highly contagious disease in dogs. the unpredictable and variable course of cdv-related disease may hamper correct diagnosis of infection and makes it crucial the collection of samples suitable for laboratory confirmation. in the present study we were able to follow the disease in two dogs infected naturally, collecting different biological matrices during the entire period of infection. by real time rt-pcr, viral rna was detected and qua ...201525512131
development of a duplex real-time rt-qpcr assay to monitor genome replication, gene expression and gene insert stability during in vivo replication of a prototype live attenuated canine distemper virus vector encoding siv gag.advancement of new vaccines based on live viral vectors requires sensitive assays to analyze in vivo replication, gene expression and genetic stability. in this study, attenuated canine distemper virus (cdv) was used as a vaccine delivery vector and duplex 2-step quantitative real-time rt-pcr (rt-qpcr) assays specific for genomic rna (grna) or mrna have been developed that concurrently quantify coding sequences for the cdv nucleocapsid protein (n) and a foreign vaccine antigen (siv gag). these a ...201525486083
the anti-canine distemper virus activities of ex vivo-expanded canine natural killer cells.natural killer (nk) cells play critical roles in induction of antiviral effects against various viruses of humans and animals. however, few data on nk cell activities during canine distemper virus (cdv) infections are available. recently, we established a culture system allowing activation and expansion of canine non-b, non-t, large granular nk lymphocytes from pbmcs of normal dogs. in the present study, we explored the ability of such expanded nk cells to inhibit cdv infection in vitro. culture ...201525680810
tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (tnfaip8) expression associated with cell survival and death in cancer cell lines infected with canine distemper virus.oncolytic virotherapy is a novel strategy for treatment of cancer in humans and companion animals as well. canine distemper virus (cdv), a paramyxovirus, has proven to be oncolytic through induction of apoptosis in canine-derived tumour cells, yet the mechanism behind this inhibitory action is poorly understood. in this study, three human mammary tumour cell lines and one canine-derived adenofibrosarcoma cell line were tested regarding to their susceptibility to cdv infection, cell proliferation ...201526373887
use of serologic tests to predict resistance to canine distemper virus-induced disease in vaccinated dogs.the objective of the current study was to determine whether detection of canine distemper virus (cdv)-specific serum antibodies correlates with resistance to challenge with virulent virus. virus neutralization (vn) assay results were compared with resistance to viral challenge in 2 unvaccinated beagle puppies, 9 unvaccinated beagle dogs (4.4-7.2 years of age), and 9 vaccinated beagle dogs (3.7-4.7 years of age). eight of 9 (89%) unvaccinated adult dogs exhibited clinical signs after virus challe ...201526330396
preparation and identification of a single-chain variable fragment antibody against canine distemper virus.the variable regions of the heavy chain (vh) and light chain (vl) were amplified by rt-pcr from the hybridoma 1n8, which secretes the monoclonal antibody against cdv n protein (aa 277-471). the vl and vh amplicons were combined using soe-pcr by a 12 amino acid flexible linker (ssggggsggggs), which produced the scfv gene (named scfv/1n8). after sequence analysis, the scfv/1n8 gene was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pet32a with a his-tag. the recombinant scfv/1n8 protein was success ...201526301925
concomitance and interactions of pathogens in the iberian wolf (canis lupus).with the aim of improving our understanding of their epidemiological features, exposure to or presence of canine parvovirus (cpv), canine distemper virus (cdv), leishmania infantum and sarcoptes scabiei were studied in 88 wild wolves from asturias (northern spain) by means of long-term (2004-2010) serological and molecular data. individual and population factors and the possible interactions between them were also statistically analyzed for better understanding the contact/presence of studied pa ...201526267084
isolation and sequence analysis of a canine distemper virus from a raccoon dog in jilin province, china.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen not only in raccoon dogs but also in a variety of carnivorous animals, including domesticated animals, particularly if they have not been vaccinated. in this study, a wild-type strain of cdv was isolated from lung tissue from a raccoon dog kept at a fur farm in jilin province, china. cytopathic effects typical of cdv infection were observed after three blind passages in vero cells, yielding a virus titer of 10(4.6) tcid50/ml. virus identification ...201526265248
pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects a broad range of carnivores and causes a highly contagious disease with severe immunosuppression. the disease severity markedly varies in different species. to investigate the pathogenesis of cdv in raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides), fox (vulpes vulpes) and mink (neovison vison) species, three groups of cdv sero-negative animals were infected with cdv strain ln(10)1. this cdv strain belongs to the asia-1 genotype, which is epidemiologically predominant i ...201526210812
phylodynamic analysis of the canine distemper virus hemagglutinin gene.canine distemper (cd) is one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases in dogs. despite the widespread use of vaccines, the prevalence of the cd virus (cdv) has increased at an alarming rate in recent years. in this phylodynamic study, we investigated the spatiotemporal modes of dispersal, viral demographic trends, and effectiveness of vaccines for cdv. a total of 188 full-length cdv hemagglutinin (h) gene sequences dataset were subjected to recombination analysis, including seven from mo ...201526205391
clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from hungary to switzerland.canine distemper virus (cdv) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. in switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. in recent years, the import of dogs from eastern europe to switzerland has steadily increased. in the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from hungary to switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. the data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected ...201526179635
canine dysautonomia in a litter of havanese puppies.canine dysautonomia is a sporadic, generally fatal disease that rarely affects groups of related animals. four 10-week-old havanese puppies from a litter of 5 developed clinical signs of canine dysautonomia. the 4 affected dogs were exposed to an outdoor environment, whereas the fifth littermate was not exposed to the outdoors and remained clinically healthy. clinical signs of dysautonomia developed 10-16 days after going outside the house. an unrelated dog also developed dysautonomia after expo ...201526179098
immunohistochemical detection of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) in the cerebellums of dogs naturally infected with canine distemper virus.we investigated the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (lc3) protein in the cerebellums of dogs infected with canine distemper virus (cdv) using immunohistochemistry to detect autophagy. the cerebellums of 20 dogs infected with cdv were used. specimens showing demyelination of white matter were considered to have an acute infection, whereas specimens showing signs of severe perivascular cuffing and demyelination of white matter were classified as having chronic cdv. cer ...201526179070
efficacy of recombinant canine distemper virus expressing leishmania antigen against leishmania challenge in dogs.canine distemper virus (cdv) vaccination confers long-term protection against cdv reinfection. to investigate the utility of cdv as a polyvalent vaccine vector for leishmania, we generated recombinant cdvs, based on an avirulent yanaka strain, that expressed leishmania antigens: lack, tsa, or lmsti1 (rcdv-lack, rcdv-tsa, and rcdv-lmsti1, respectively). dogs immunized with rcdv-lack were protected against challenge with lethal doses of virulent cdv, in the same way as the parental yanaka strain. ...201526162094
molecular phylogeography of canine distemper virus: geographic origin and global spreading.canine distemper virus (cdv) (paramyxoviridae-morbillivirus) is a worldwide spread virus causing a fatal systemic disease in a broad range of carnivore hosts. in this study we performed bayesian inferences using 208 full-length hemagglutinin gene nucleotide sequences isolated in 16 countries during 37 years (1975-2011). the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor suggested that current cdv strains emerged in the united states in the 1880s. this ancestor diversified through time into tw ...201526151219
phylogenetic features of hemagglutin gene in canine distemper virus strains from different genetic lineages.in the present study, the genotype of two canine distemper virus (cdv) strains, namely, zjj-sd and zjj-ln, were investigated, based on the whole hemagglutinin (ha) gene. the cdv strains were obtained from two foxes in shandong province and liaoning province in 2011. phylogenetic analyses were carried out for 260 cdv strains worldwide, and a statistical analysis was performed in the amino acid substitutions at positions 530 and 549 of the ha protein. phylogenetic analyses revealed that the two st ...201526131292
mortality of amur tigers: the more things change, the more they stay the same.poaching as well as loss of habitat and prey are identified as causes of tiger population declines. although some studies have examined habitat requirements and prey availability, few studies have quantified cause-specific mortality of tigers. we used cumulative incidence functions (cifs) to quantify cause-specific mortality rates of tigers, expanding and refining earlier studies to assess the potential impact of a newly emerging disease. to quantify changes in tiger mortality over time, we re-e ...201526096683
epidemiology of canine distemper and canine parvovirus in domestic dogs in urban and rural areas of the araucanía region in chile.to assess whether the seroprevalence of canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) in domestic dogs is higher in urban versus rural areas of the araucanía region in chile and risk factors for exposure, a serosurvey and questionnaire survey at three, urban-rural paired sites was conducted from 2009 to 2012. overall, 1161 households were interviewed of which 71% were located in urban areas. a total of 501 blood samples were analysed. the overall cdv and cpv seroprevalences were 61% ( ...201526013417
antibody study in canine distemper virus nucleocapsid protein gene-immunized mice.the gene for the nucleocapsid (n) protein of canine distemper virus was cloned into the pmd-18t vector, and positive recombinant plasmids were obtained by enzyme digestion and sequencing. after digestion by both ecori and kpni, the plasmid was directionally cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcdna; the positive clone pcdna-n was screened by electrophoresis and then transfected into cos-7 cells. immunofluorescence analysis results showed that the canine distemper virus n protein was exp ...201525966074
sequential conformational changes in the morbillivirus attachment protein initiate the membrane fusion process.despite large vaccination campaigns, measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv) cause major morbidity and mortality in humans and animals, respectively. the mev and cdv cell entry system relies on two interacting envelope glycoproteins: the attachment protein (h), consisting of stalk and head domains, co-operates with the fusion protein (f) to mediate membrane fusion. however, how receptor-binding by the h-protein leads to f-triggering is not fully understood. here, we report that an a ...201525946112
canine distemper virus as a threat to wild tigers in russia and across their range.canine distemper virus (cdv) has recently been identified in populations of wild tigers in russia and india. tiger populations are generally too small to maintain cdv for long periods, but are at risk of infections arising from more abundant susceptible hosts that constitute a reservoir of infection. because cdv is an additive mortality factor, it could represent a significant threat to small, isolated tiger populations. in russia, cdv was associated with the deaths of tigers in 2004 and 2010, a ...201525939829
comparative clinical sample preparation of dna and rna viral nucleic acids for a commercial deep sequencing system (illumina miseq(®)).sequence-independent methods for viral discovery have been widely used for whole genome sequencing of viruses. different protocols for viral enrichment, library preparation and sequencing have increasingly been more available and at lower costs. however, no study to date has focused on optimization of viral sample preparation for commercial deep sequencing. accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate an in-house enzymatic protocol for double-stranded dna (dsdna) synthesis and also ...201525901649
canine distemper in endangered ethiopian wolves.the ethiopian wolf (canis simensis) is the world's rarest canid; ≈500 wolves remain. the largest population is found within the bale mountains national park (bmnp) in southeastern ethiopia, where conservation efforts have demonstrated the negative effect of rabies virus on wolf populations. we describe previously unreported infections with canine distemper virus (cdv) among these wolves during 2005-2006 and 2010. death rates ranged from 43% to 68% in affected subpopulations and were higher for s ...201525898177
cloning, expression and antiviral activity of mink alpha-interferons.as a key link between innate and adaptive immune responses, the interferon (ifn) system is the first line of defense against viral infection. ifn, and in particular, ifn-α, has been used clinically as an effective therapeutic agent for viral infections. however, different subtypes of ifn-α demonstrate distinct antiviral activity. therefore, it is important to identify ifn-α subtypes with high antiviral activity for the development of genetically engineered antiviral drugs.201525889984
canine distemper virus neutralization activity is low in human serum and it is sensitive to an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin protein.serum was analyzed from 146 healthy adult volunteers in eastern africa to evaluate measles virus (mv) and canine distemper virus (cdv) neutralizing antibody (nab) prevalence and potency. mv plaque reduction neutralization test (prnt) results indicated that all sera were positive for mv nabs. furthermore, the 50% neutralizing dose (nd50) for the majority of sera corresponded to antibody titers induced by mv vaccination. cdv nabs titers were low and generally were detected in sera with high mv nab ...201525880113
recombinant newcastle disease viral vector expressing hemagglutinin or fusion of canine distemper virus is safe and immunogenic in minks.canine distemper virus (cdv) infects many carnivores and cause several high-mortality disease outbreaks. the current cdv live vaccine cannot be safely used in some exotic species, such as mink and ferret. here, we generated recombinant lentogenic newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota expressing either envelope glycoproyein, heamagglutinine (h) or fusion protein (f), named as rla-cdvh and rla-cdvf, respectively. the feasibility of these recombinant ndvs to serve as live virus-vectored cd vaccine w ...201525865465
prevalence of common canine digestive problems compared with other health problems in teaching veterinary hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, cairo university, egypt.the present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of common digestive problems compared to other health problems among dogs that were admitted to the teaching veterinary hospital, faculty of veterinary medicine, cairo university, egypt during 1 year period from january to december 2013. also, study the effect of age, sex, breeds, and season on the distribution of digestive problems in dogs.201527047105
canine distemper virus fusion activation: critical role of residue e123 of cd150/slam.measles virus (mev) and canine distemper virus (cdv) possess tetrameric attachment proteins (h) and trimeric fusion proteins, which cooperate with either slam or nectin 4 receptors to trigger membrane fusion for cell entry. while the mev h-slam cocrystal structure revealed the binding interface, two distinct oligomeric h assemblies were also determined. in one of the conformations, two slam units were sandwiched between two discrete h head domains, thus spotlighting two binding interfaces ("fron ...201526608324
sequencing of emerging canine distemper virus strain reveals new distinct genetic lineage in the united states associated with disease in wildlife and domestic canine populations.recent outbreaks of canine distemper have prompted examination of strains from clinical samples submitted to the university of tennessee college of veterinary medicine (utcvm) clinical virology lab. we previously described a new strain of cdv that significantly diverged from all genotypes reported to date including america 2, the genotype proposed to be the main lineage currently circulating in the us. the aim of this study was to determine when this new strain appeared and how widespread it is ...201526683832
associations between biosecurity and outbreaks of canine distemper on danish mink farms in 2012-2013.during 8 months from july 2012 to february 2013, a major outbreak of canine distemper involving 64 mink farms occurred on the danish peninsula of jutland. the canine distemper outbreak was associated with exposure of farmed mink to infected wild carnivores and could represent a deficit in biosecurity on the mink farms. the aim of this study was to investigate the extent and association of specific biosecurity measures with the outbreak. the study was carried out in an epidemiological case-contro ...201526423523
isolation and phylogenetic characterization of canine distemper virus from india.canine distemper (cd), caused by canine distemper virus (cdv) is a highly contagious disease that infects a variety of carnivores. sequence analysis of cdvs from different geographical areas has shown a lot of variation in the genome of the virus especially in haemagglutinin gene which might be one of the causes of vaccine failure. in this study, we isolated the virus (place: ludhiana, punjab; year: 2014) and further cloned, sequenced and analyzed partial haemagglutinin (h) gene and full length ...201526396979
slam- and nectin-4-independent noncytolytic spread of canine distemper virus in astrocytes.measles and canine distemper viruses (mev and cdv, respectively) first replicate in lymphatic and epithelial tissues by using slam and nectin-4 as entry receptors, respectively. the viruses may also invade the brain to establish persistent infections, triggering fatal complications, such as subacute sclerosis pan-encephalitis (sspe) in mev infection or chronic, multiple sclerosis-like, multifocal demyelinating lesions in the case of cdv infection. in both diseases, persistence is mediated by vir ...201525787275
a recombinant canine distemper virus expressing a modified rabies virus glycoprotein induces immune responses in mice.canine distemper virus (cdv) and rabies virus (rv) are two important pathogens of the dog. cdv, a member of the morbillivirus genus, has shown promise as an expression vector. the glycoprotein from rv is a main contributor to protective immunity and capable of eliciting the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we recovered an attenuated strain of canine distemper virus and constructed a recombinant virus, rcdv-rv-g, expressing a modified (r333q) rabies virus glycoprotein ( ...201525764477
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