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comparative analysis of four massachusetts type infectious bronchitis coronavirus genomes reveals a novel massachusetts type strain and evidence of natural recombination in the genome.four massachusetts-type (mass-type) strains of infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv) were compared genetically with the pathogenic m41 and h120 vaccine strains using the complete genomic sequences. the results revealed that strains ck/ch/lnm/091017 and ck/ch/ldl/101212 were closely related to the h120 vaccine, which suggests that they might represent re-isolations of vaccine strains or variants of vaccine strains that have resulted from the accumulated point mutations after several passages in ...201323178317
evolution of infectious bronchitis virus in taiwan: positively selected sites in the nucleocapsid protein and their effects on rna-binding activity.rna recombination has been shown to underlie the sporadic emergence of new variants of coronavirus, including the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a highly contagious avian pathogen. we have demonstrated that rna recombination can give rise to a new viral population, supported by the finding that most isolated taiwanese (tw) ibvs, similar to chinese (ch) ibvs, exhibit a genetic rearrangement with the american (us) ibv at the 5' end of the nucleocapsid (n) gene. here, we further show that posit ...201323159091
identification of a noncanonically transcribed subgenomic mrna of infectious bronchitis virus and other gammacoronaviruses.coronavirus subgenomic mrna (sgmrna) synthesis occurs via a process of discontinuous transcription involving transcription regulatory sequences (trss) located in the 5' leader sequence (trs-l) and upstream of each structural and group-specific gene (trs-b). several gammacoronaviruses including infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) contain a putative open reading frame (orf), localized between the m gene and gene 5, which is controversial due to the perceived absence of a trs. we have studied the tra ...201323221558
sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and potential recombination events of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in korea.the s2 glycoprotein and membrane (m) protein genes and s1 glycoprotein and nucleocapsid (n) genes of 11 korean infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates were amplified by rt-pcr, cloned, and sequenced. the resultant nucleotide sequences were compared with the published sequences for non-korean ibv strains. korean ibv isolates formed two independent subclusters within the phylogenetic tree based on s2 glycoprotein gene sequences. however, four and two different clusters were formed in the phylog ...201323203570
design, synthesis and crystallographic analysis of nitrile-based broad-spectrum peptidomimetic inhibitors for coronavirus 3c-like proteases.coronaviral infection is associated with up to 5% of respiratory tract diseases. the 3c-like protease (3cl(pro)) of coronaviruses is required for proteolytic processing of polyproteins and viral replication, and is a promising target for the development of drugs against coronaviral infection. we designed and synthesized four nitrile-based peptidomimetic inhibitors with different n-terminal protective groups and different peptide length, and examined their inhibitory effect on the in-vitro enzyma ...201323202846
diagnostic and clinical observation on the infectious bronchitis virus strain q1 in italy.this paper describes the diagnostic and clinical observations of an infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variant, referred to as q1, in clinically ill chickens in italy. this ibv variant was described for the first time in 1998 in china. in the autumn of 2011 it caused a small-scale epidemic in nonvaccinated meat chickens in farms located in northern italy. the disease was characterized by increased mortality, kidney lesions and proventriculitis. histopathological observations confirmed the nephrit ...201324362775
neuraminidase subtyping of avian influenza viruses with primerhunter-designed primers and quadruplicate primer pools.we have previously developed a software package called primerhunter to design primers for pcr-based virus subtyping. in this study, 9 pairs of primers were designed with primerhunter and successfully used to differentiate the 9 neuraminidase (na) genes of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in multiple pcr-based assays. furthermore, primer pools were designed and successfully used to decrease the number of reactions needed for na subtyping from 9 to 4. the quadruplicate primer-pool method is cost-sav ...201324312367
cross-protective immune responses elicited by a korean variant of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections cause great economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. ibvs continuously evolve by developing mutations in antigenic sites; therefore, an ibv vaccine that provides broad cross-protection can be a highly relevant and practical method in ibv control strategies. although some ibv vaccine strains are known to provide protection against multiple ibv serotypes, in general commercially available ibv vaccine strains provide protection against antigeni ...201324283135
transcriptome analysis of chicken kidney tissues following coronavirus avian infectious bronchitis virus infection.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a prototype of the coronaviridae family, is an economically important causative agent of infectious bronchitis in chickens and causes an acute and highly contagious upper respiratory tract infections that may lead to nephritis. however, the molecular antiviral mechanisms of chickens to ibv infection remain poorly understood. in this study, we conducted global gene expression profiling of chicken kidney tissue after nephropathogenic ibv infection to better under ...201324168272
complete genome sequence of a nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus strain isolated in china.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic ibv strain named saibk, which was isolated in the sichuan province of china in 2005.201324115543
altered pro-inflammatory cytokine mrna levels in chickens infected with infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replicates primarily in the respiratory tract and grows in various organs in chickens, with or without pathological effects. the diversity of this virus has been verified by sequence analysis of the s1 glycoprotein gene, but this method must be supplemented with further analysis for characterization of the agent. to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease caused by this virus, we investigated the response of chickens to 2 ibv with different ...201323960111
sialic acid binding properties of soluble coronavirus spike (s1) proteins: differences between infectious bronchitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus.the spike proteins of a number of coronaviruses are able to bind to sialic acids present on the cell surface. the importance of this sialic acid binding ability during infection is, however, quite different. we compared the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). whereas sialic acid is the only receptor determinant known so far for ibv, tgev requires interaction with its receptor aminopeptidase n to initiate infectio ...201323896748
changes of several acute phase factors in broiler chickens in response to infectious bronchitis virus infection.this study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis virus inoculation. ninety clinically healthy 1-d-old ross chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups: control (n = 20) and infected group (n = 70). at the age of 20 d, all birds in the infected group were challenged intranasally with allantoic fluid containing 10(5) embryo lethal dose (eld50)/0.1 ml of the infectious bronchitis virus. blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy and 70 infect ...201323873545
humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to different doses of attenuated vaccine against avian infectious bronchitis virus.the antibody and cellular immune responses against infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were evaluated at mucosal sites of chickens after immunization with various doses of an attenuated vaccine at 1 day of age. the correlation of these immune responses with protection of tracheal tissues was evaluated after experimental infection of these birds. significantly reduced tracheal pathologic effects, measured according to ciliostasis and histology lesions, and reduced viral load were observed only in t ...201323865943
identification of two atr-dependent phosphorylation sites on coronavirus nucleocapsid protein with nonessential functions in viral replication and infectivity in cultured cells.coronavirus encodes an extensively phosphorylated and highly basic nucleocapsid (n) protein. previous studies have identified ser190, ser192, thr378 and ser379 as the phosphorylation sites for coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) n protein. in this study, we show that phosphorylation at thr378 and ser379 sites is dependent on the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (atm) and rad3-related (atr), a kinase activated during ibv replication. introduction of ala substitutions at these two sites ind ...201323849791
lactococcus lactis anchoring avian infectious bronchitis virus multi-epitope peptide epic induced specific immune responses in chickens.mucosal immunity is critical in preventing infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infection. to deliver viral antigens to the mucosal immune system of chickens safely and effectively, we constructed a lactococcus lactis strain carrying ibv multi-epitope gene epic fused with the gene of the cell-wall anchoring domain of staphylococcus aureus protein a. sds-page and western blot results indicated that the fused peptide was located partially on the cell surface. oral and nasal inoculation with the recom ...201323832344
a duplex sybr green i-based real-time rt-pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of massachusetts and non-massachusetts serotypes of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease of poultry caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and is considered one of the most economically important viral diseases of chickens. control of ibv has been attempted using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. live attenuated vaccines of the massachusetts (mass.) serotype are the most commonly used for this purpose. due to the continuous emergence of new variants of the infectious bronchitis virus, the identification of the t ...201323810983
a cholesterol tag at the n terminus of the relatively broad-spectrum fusion inhibitory peptide targets an earlier stage of fusion glycoprotein activation and increases the peptide's antiviral potency in vivo.in previous work, we designed peptides that showed potent inhibition of newcastle disease virus (ndv) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) infections in chicken embryos. in this study, we demonstrate that peptides modified with cholesterol or 3 u of polyethylene glycol (peg3) conjugated to the peptides' n termini showed even more promising antiviral activities when tested in animal models. both cholesterol- and cholesterol-peg3-tagged peptides were able to protect chicken embryos from infection ...201323804636
experimental study on histopathological changes and tissue tropism of iranian infectious bronchitis serotype 793/b-like virus in spf chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is prevalent in all countries with intensive poultry flocks. this disease is characterised primarily by respiratory signs, but some ibv strains may also infect other organs such as the intestinal and urogenital tracts. the aim of this study was to characterise the histopathological lesions and tissue tropism of iranian isolate ir/773/2001(793/b) of avian infectious bronchitis virus in different organs of experimentally infected spf chickens. forty-two one- ...201323718717
the toxicological impacts of the fusarium mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, in poultry flocks with special reference to immunotoxicity.deoxynivalenol (don) is a common fusarium toxin in poultry feed. chickens are more resistant to the adverse impacts of deoxynivalenol (don) compared to other species. in general, the acute form of don mycotoxicosis rarely occurs in poultry flocks under normal conditions. however, if diets contain low levels of don (less than 5 mg don/kg diet), lower productivity, impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infectious diseases can occur. the molecular mechanism of action of don has not been co ...201323628787
regulation of macrophage and dendritic cell function by pathogens and through immunomodulation in the avian mucosa.macrophages (mph) and dendritic cells (dc) are members of the mononuclear phagocyte system. in chickens, markers to distinguish mph from dc are lacking, but whether mph and dc can be distinguished in humans and mice is under debate, despite the availability of numerous markers. mucosal mph and dc are strategically located to ingest foreign antigens, suggesting they can rapidly respond to invading pathogens. this review addresses our current understanding of dc and mph function, the receptors exp ...201323542704
continuous evolution of avian infectious bronchitis virus resulting in different variants co-circulating in southern china.sixty field strains of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) were isolated from chicken flocks in different regions of guangxi from 1985 to 2012. phylogenetic analysis of s1 subunit glycoprotein genes revealed that field isolates from 2009-2011 mostly belonged to the lx4 type, while those from 1985-2008 belonged to the hn08 type, and a few others belonged to the 4/91 type, the tw type and the mass type. in addition, it is noteworthy that no obvious regional differences were found among these 6 ...201323474985
detection of infectious bronchitis virus serotypes by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in broiler chickens.infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease of the respiratory and urogenital tract of chickens, caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), a member of the family coronaviridae. the disease is common throughout the world where chickens are produced commercially. pcr on reverse transcribed rna is a potent technique for the detection of ibv. in comparison with classical detection methods, pcr-based techniques are both sensitive and fast. dozens of serotypes and genotypes of ibv hav ...201323450039
genetic diversity of spike, 3a, 3b and e genes of infectious bronchitis viruses and emergence of new recombinants in korea.the nucleotide sequences of a region including s1, s2, 3a, 3b and e genes of twenty-seven infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates in korea between 1990-2011 were determined and phylogenetic and computational recombination analyses were conducted. the sizes of coding regions of some genes varied among ibv isolates due to deletion or insertion of nucleotides; the nucleotide similarities of s1, s2, 3a, 3b and e genes among the 27 isolates were 75.9%-100.0%, 85%-100.0%, 64.0%-100.0%, 60.4%-100.0% ...201323435235
the required sample size in vaccination-challenge experiments with infectious bronchitis virus, a meta-analysis.for statistical, animal welfare and financial reasons the choice of the number of chickens per group in experiments is important. this estimation, together with the number of tracheal organ cultures (tocs) that need to be examined from each chicken in order to assess protection, should be based on the difference in level of protection that one would like to be able to detect (effect size), the expected variability of the results between and within the chickens, the desired confidence level and t ...201323391176
protection of chickens against infectious bronchitis virus with a multivalent dna vaccine and boosting with an inactivated vaccine.the protective efficacy of dna plasmids encoding avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1, n, or m protein was investigated in chickens. chickens were inoculated monovalently (with plasmid pvax1-16s1, pvax1-16m, or pvax1-16n alone) or multivalently (combination of the three different plasmids, pvax1-16s1/m/n). a prime-boost immunization protocol against ibv was developed. chickens were immunized with the multivalent dna vaccine twice and then boosted with an inactivated vaccine once. antibody ...201323388447
analysis of a qx-like avian infectious bronchitis virus genome identified recombination in the region containing the orf 5a, orf 5b, and nucleocapsid protein gene sequences.the complete genome of a qx-like infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain sczy3 isolated recently in sichuan was sequenced. the genome contains 27,695 nucleotides (nt), and possesses a genomic structure similar to other ibv strains. sequence comparisons demonstrated that the sczy3 genome had the highest nt sequence identity with qx-like ibvs and was most dissimilar to the massachusetts type ibv. differences in the sequences of genes present in the sczy3 genome and other ibvs gene sequences were ...201323355072
multiplex nested rt-pcr for detecting avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis virus and newcastle disease virus.in this study, multiplex nested rt-pcr (mnrt-pcr) was applied to simultaneous detect multiplex pcr with the higher sensitivity of nested pcr that is required for avian influenza, infectious bronchitis and newcastle disease virus using two steps of amplification. for the first pcr, primers that were specific for each virus were newly designed from the nucleoprotein gene of aiv, the nucleocapsid protein gene of ibv and the fusion protein gene of ndv to amplify products of 665, 386 and 236 nucleoti ...201323261801
rapid nk-cell activation in chicken after infection with infectious bronchitis virus m41.natural killer (nk) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes and play an important role in the early defence against viruses. in this study we focussed on nk cell and interferon (ifn) responses after infection with infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). based on surface expression of cd107+, enhanced activation of lung nk cells was observed at 1 dpi, whereas in blood prolonged nk-cell activation was found. ifn-α and ifn-β mrna and proteins were not rapidly induced whereas ifn-γ production in lung, measured b ...201323245429
sequence analysis of infectious bronchitis virus isolates from the 1960s in the united states.to better understand the molecular epidemiology of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the united states following the introduction of commercial ibv vaccines, we sequenced the s1 and n structural protein genes of thirteen ibv field isolates collected in the 1960s. analysis of the s1 sequence showed that seven isolates were of the massachusetts (mass) genotype, five were se17, and one was of the connecticut (conn) genotype, suggesting that these three ibvs were circulating in commercial poultry ...201323065112
[biochemical research on avian infectious bronchitis. behavior of cholesterol, urea and uric acid in the amnio-allantoid fluids of normal and infected embryonated eggs]. 20135496205
establishment of reverse genetics system for infectious bronchitis virus attenuated vaccine strain h120.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strain h120 was successfully rescued as infectious clone by reverse genetics. thirteen 1.5-2.8 kb fragments contiguously spanning the virus genome were amplified and cloned into pmd19-t. transcription grade complete length cdna was acquired by a modified "no see'm" ligation strategy, which employed restriction enzyme bsa i and bsmb i and ligated more than two fragments in one t4 ligase reaction. the full-length genomic cdna was transcribed and its transcript was ...201322999521
role of chicken astrovirus as a causative agent of gout in commercial broilers in india.several outbreaks of gout were reported in commercial broilers in india during 2011 and 2012, causing up to 40% mortality in the birds. gross and histopathological observations confirmed gout. quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) analysis from kidney samples of gout-affected birds indicated the presence of chicken astrovirus (castv) in 41.7% of cases and a mixed infection of castv and avian nephritis virus (anv) in 36.4% of cases. castv isolated from gout-affect ...201324015918
characterization of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis virus dmv/1639/11 recovered from delmarva broiler chickens in 2011.a limited outbreak of nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis (nib) occurred in three delmarva (dmv) commercial broiler chicken flocks in 2011. isolates of nib virus (nibv)--dmv/1639/11, dmv/3432/11, and dmv/3902/11--were characterized by sequence analysis of the n-terminal subunit (s1) of the spike (s) gene. findings indicated that the isolates were identical to each other and to pa/9579a/10, a 2010 isolate from poultry in pennsylvania. the 2010 and 2011 isolates appear to have originated from a ...201323678731
[development of a gexp assay for simultaneous differentiation of six chicken respiratory viruses].a gexp based multiplex pcr assay was developed to simultaneously detect six different chicken respiratory viruses including h5, h7, h9 subtypes of avian influenza virus(aiv), new castle disease virus (ndv), infectious bronchitis virus(ibv) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus(iltv). according to the conserved sequences of genes of each pathogen, seven pairs of specific primers were designed, and the reaction conditions were optimized. the specificity and accuracy of gexp were examined using sa ...201323905467
immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus.infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), an alphaherpesvirus. despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ilt continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. this review examines the cu ...201323567343
fine level epitope mapping and conservation analysis of two novel linear b-cell epitopes of the avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus nucleocapsid protein.the nucleocapsid (n) protein of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) may play an essential role in the replication and translation of viral rna. the n protein can also induce high titers of cross-reactive antibodies and cell-mediated immunity, which protects chickens from acute infection. in this study, we generated two monoclonal antibodies (mabs), designated as 6d10 and 4f10, which were directed against the n protein of ibv using the whole viral particles as immunogens. both of the mabs do no ...201323123213
application of a new bivalent marek's disease vaccine does not interfere with infectious bronchitis or newcastle disease vaccinations and proves efficacious.a possible interference after marek's disease (md) vaccination using an experimental bivalent vaccine, consisting of a redesigned cvi-988/rispens-type mdv-1 strain and herpesvirus of turkeys, with vaccination against infectious bronchitis (ib) virus (ibv) or newcastle disease (nd) virus (ndv) was examined. day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were concomitantly vaccinated with the bivalent md vaccine (either intramuscularly or subcutaneously) and with commercially available vaccines against nd ...201323901767
burden of respiratory tract infections among paediatric in and out-patient units during 2010-11.respiratory tract infections due to viral etiology were studied with an objective to identify and compare the pathogens between hospital indoor and outdoor units.201323609364
negatively charged residues in the endodomain are critical for specific assembly of spike protein into murine coronavirus.coronavirus spike (s) protein assembles into virions via its carboxy-terminus, which is composed of a transmembrane domain and an endodomain. here, the carboxy-terminal charge-rich motif in the endodomain was verified to be critical for the specificity of s assembly into mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). recombinant mhvs exhibited a range of abilities to accommodate the homologous s endodomains from the betacoronaviruses bovine coronavirus and human sars-associated coronavirus, the alphacoronavirus p ...201323628137
decay of maternal antibodies in broiler chickens.the objective of this study was to determine the decay rate of maternal antibodies against major broiler chicken pathogens. a total of 30 one-day-old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and reared in isolation. these chicks were retrieved from a parent flock that received a routine vaccination program. chicks were bled at hatch and sequentially thereafter every 5 d through 30 d of age. maternal antibody titers were measured by elisa for avian encephalomyelitis (aev), avian in ...201323960115
development of a chick bioassay for determination of infectivity of viral pathogens in poultry litter.to develop a chicken bioassay to detect infective viral pathogens in poultry litter and to determine the effects of type of chicken and age of exposure, as well as the effect of simulated litter transportation, on the level of viral infectivity detected.201323356376
emerging viral diseases of livestock in the developing world.emerging and reemerging viral diseases of livestock and human beings are in sharp rise in recent years. importantly, many of these viruses, including influenza, hendra, nipah and corona are of zoonotic importance. several viral diseases of livestock such as bluetongue, peste des petits ruminants, camel pox, equine infectious anaemia, chicken anaemia and sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever are crossing their traditional boundaries. emergence of new serotypes and variant forms of viruses as ...201324426290
molecular survey of enteric viruses in commercial chicken farms in korea with a history of enteritis.several enteric viruses have increasingly received attention as potential causative agents of runting-stunting syndrome (rss) in chickens. a molecular survey was performed to determine the presence of a broad range of enteric viruses, namely chicken astrovirus (castv), avian nephritis virus (anv), chicken parvovirus (chpv), infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), avian rotavirus (avrv), avian reovirus (arv), and fowl adenovirus (fadv), in intestinal samples derived from 34 commercial chicken flocks t ...201324135590
serosurvey for selected infectious agents in two sympatric species of cormorants (phalacrocorax atriceps and phalacrocorax magellanicus) from coastal patagonia, argentina.we conducted a serologic survey for selected infectious agents on two sympatric cormorants, the imperial cormorant (phalacrocorax atriceps) and the rock shag (phalacrocorax magellanicus). blood was collected from 267 imperial cormorants and 106 rock shags at 17 colonies along the patagonia atlantic shore during nine breeding seasons (1994, 1999-2001-2005-2008-2010). antibodies to four pathogens were common to both species and frequently observed: avian paramyxovirus type 1 (56% of imperial cormo ...201323778597
assembly and immunogenicity of coronavirus-like particles carrying infectious bronchitis virus m and s proteins.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) as an avian coronavirus is still posing a persistent and imminent threat to the poultry industry worldwide. here we report that transfection of sf9 cells with a single recombinant baculovirus encoding m and s proteins resulted in the assembly of ibv vlps; this is the first report that s protein plus m protein alone were able to be assembled into vlps for coronaviruses. we further showed that the generated ibv vlps could induce humoral immune responses in a level ...201324099870
contributions of the s2 spike ectodomain to attachment and host range of infectious bronchitis virus.the spike protein is the major viral attachment protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and ultimately determines viral tropism. the s1 subunit of the spike is assumed to be required for virus attachment. however, we have previously shown that this domain of the embryo- and cell culture adapted beaudette strain, in contrast to that of the virulent m41 strain, is not sufficient for binding to chicken trachea (wickramasinghe et al., 2011). in the present study, we demons ...201324041648
identification and survey of a novel avian coronavirus in ducks.the rapid discovery of novel viruses using next generation sequencing (ngs) technologies including dna-seq and rna-seq, has greatly expanded our understanding of viral diversity in recent years. the timely identification of novel viruses using ngs technologies is also important for us to control emerging infectious diseases caused by novel viruses. in this study, we identified a novel duck coronavirus (cov), distinct with chicken infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), using rna-seq. the novel duck-s ...201324023656
cell-mediated immune responses in the head-associated lymphoid tissues induced to a live attenuated avian coronavirus vaccine.humoral immunity is important for controlling viral diseases of poultry, but recent studies have indicated that cytotoxic t cells also play an important role in the immune response to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). to better understand the cell mediated immune responses to ibv in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments chickens were ocularly vaccinated with ibv. this induced a lymphocyte expansion in head-associated lymphoid tissues (halt) and to a lesser extent in the spleen, followed ...201323948147
simultaneous detection of five major serotypes of avian coronavirus by a multiplex microsphere-based assay.avian coronavirus (commonly known as infectious bronchitis virus [ibv]) is of major economic importance to commercial chicken producers worldwide. due to the existence of multiple serotypes and variants of the virus that do not cross-protect, it is important to diagnose circulating serotypes and choose the right vaccine type for successful protection. in an effort to improve conventional diagnostic tests, a microsphere-based assay was developed and evaluated for simultaneous detection of the mos ...201323847226
infectious bronchitis virus as a vector for the expression of heterologous genes.the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the causative agent of the respiratory disease infectious bronchitis of domestic fowl, and is controlled by routine vaccination. to explore the potential use of ibv as a vaccine vector a reverse genetics system was utilised to generate infectious recombinant ibvs (ribvs) expressing the reporter genes enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) or humanised renilla luciferase (hrluc). infectious ribvs were obtained following the replacement ...201323840781
association of the chicken mhc b haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus.clinical respiratory illness was compared in five homozygous chicken lines, originating from homozygous b2, b8, b12 and b19, and heterozygous b2/b12 birds after infection with either of two strains of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). all chickens used in these studies originated from white leghorn and ancona linages. ibv gray strain infection of mhc homozygous b12 and b19 haplotype chicks resulted in severe respiratory disease compared to chicks with b2/b2 and b5/b5 haplotypes. demonstrati ...201323178407
development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of avian leukosis virus p27 antigen.an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against p27 was developed for the detection of the avian leukosis virus (alv). the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using avian leukosis virus subgroup j (alv-j), avian leukosis virus subgroup a (alv-a), avian leukosis virus subgroup b (alv-b), avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), marek's disease virus (mdv), avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), fowlpo ...201323201286
avian metapneumoviruses expressing infectious bronchitis virus genes are stable and induce protection.the study investigates the ability of subtype a avian metapneumovirus (ampv) to accept foreign genes and be used as a vector for delivery of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) qx genes to chickens. initially the gfp gene was added to ampv at all gene junctions in conjunction with the development of cassetted full length dna ampv copies. after recombinant virus had been recovered by reverse genetics, gfp positions supporting gene expression while maintaining virus viability in vitro, were determin ...201323588091
infectious bronchitis virus generates spherules from zippered endoplasmic reticulum membranes.replication of positive-sense rna viruses is associated with the rearrangement of cellular membranes. previous work on the infection of tissue culture cell lines with the betacoronaviruses mouse hepatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) showed that they generate double-membrane vesicles (dmvs) and convoluted membranes as part of a reticular membrane network. here we describe a detailed study of the membrane rearrangements induced by the avian gammacoronavirus i ...201324149513
visualizing the autophagy pathway in avian cells and its application to studying infectious bronchitis virus.autophagy is a highly conserved cellular response to starvation that leads to the degradation of organelles and long-lived proteins in lysosomes and is important for cellular homeostasis, tissue development and as a defense against aggregated proteins, damaged organelles and infectious agents. although autophagy has been studied in many animal species, reagents to study autophagy in avian systems are lacking. microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (map1lc3/lc3) is an important marker for ...201323328491
production and immunogenicity of chimeric virus-like particles containing the spike glycoprotein of infectious bronchitis virus.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) poses a severe threat to the poultry industry and causes heavy economic losses worldwide. vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infection and controlling the spread of ibv, but currently available inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have some disadvantages. we developed a chimeric virus-like particle (vlp)-based candidate vaccine for ibv protection. the chimeric vlp was composed of matrix 1 protein from avian influenza h5n1 virus and a fus ...201324378590
upregulation of chop/gadd153 during coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus infection modulates apoptosis by restricting activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.induction of the unfolded protein response (upr) is an adaptive cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (er) stress that allows a cell to reestablish er homeostasis. however, under severe and persistent er stress, prolonged upr may activate unique pathways that lead to cell death. in this study, we investigated the activation of the protein kinase r-like er kinase (perk) pathway of upr in cells infected with the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and its relationship with ibv-induc ...201323678184
suppression of coronavirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors.coronaviruses infect a variety of mammalian and avian species and cause serious diseases in humans, cats, mice, and birds in the form of severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), feline infectious peritonitis (fip), mouse hepatitis, and avian infectious bronchitis, respectively. no effective vaccine or treatment has been developed for sars-coronavirus or fip virus, both of which cause lethal diseases. it has been reported that a cyclophilin inhibitor, cyclosporin a (csa), could inhibit the repli ...201323698397
the cellular interactome of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleocapsid protein and functional implications for virus biology.the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein plays a multifunctional role in the virus life cycle, from regulation of replication and transcription and genome packaging to modulation of host cell processes. these functions are likely to be facilitated by interactions with host cell proteins. the potential interactome of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) n protein was mapped using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) coupled to a green fluorescent protein-nanotrap pull ...201323637410
how the double spherules of infectious bronchitis virus impact our understanding of rna virus replicative organelles.powered by advances in electron tomography, recent studies have extended our understanding of how viruses construct "replication factories" inside infected cells. their function, however, remains an area of speculation with important implications for human health. it is clear from these studies that whatever their purpose, organelle structure is dynamic (m. ulasli, m. h. verheije, c. a. de haan, and f. reggiori, cell. microbiol. 12:844-861, 2010) and intricate (k. knoops, m. kikkert, s. h. worm, ...201324345746
molecular characterization of major structural protein genes of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus isolates in southern china.to gain comprehensive genetic information of circulating avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) isolates in china, analysis of the phylogenetic tree, entropy of the amino acid sequences, and the positive selection as well as computational recombinations of s1, m and n genes of 23 ibv isolates was conducted in the present study. the phylogenetic trees based on the s1, m and n genes exhibited considerably different topology and the ck/ch/lsc/99i-type isolates were the predominant ibvs ...201324304696
molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses isolated from broiler and layer chicken farms in egypt during 2012.one of the major problems of avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is the frequent emergence of new variants. in the present study 205 tracheal swabs and organs were collected from broilers and layers chicken farms during january to august 2012 from 19 governorates all over egypt. the chickens demonstrated respiratory signs and mortality. out of the examined samples, 130 of which (about 64%) of suspected farms were positive for ibv with real time rt-pcr. 13 ibv-positive samples were selected f ...201332289036
evaluation of protection conferred by a vaccination program based on the h120 and cr88 commercial vaccines against a field variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus.due to serotype variations among different avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated in tunisia since 2000, protection of chicks, especially broiler flocks, with mass h120 vaccine often fails. therefore, association of cr88 (793b type) with h120 vaccines was used for better response. challenge experiments were then conducted to evaluate tracheal and renal cross-protection in chickens immunized via nasal and eye drops. conferred protection was measured by clinical signs and macroscopic lesions ...201432288459
detection of 793/b serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in tissue sample by indirect immunoperoxidase assay.the indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) assay was compared with the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for detection of 793/b serotype of infectious bronchitis virus in tissues samples collected from experimentally infected chickens. this technique was optimized in specific pathogen-free (spf)-embryonated chicken eggs and broiler chickens inoculated with the iranian ir/773/2001 strain of 793/b serotype the trachea, lung, kidney, and cecal tonsil tissue samples from experimental ...201432214974
discovery of a novel bottlenose dolphin coronavirus reveals a distinct species of marine mammal coronavirus in gammacoronavirus.while gammacoronaviruses mainly comprise infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and its closely related bird coronaviruses (covs), the only mammalian gammacoronavirus was discovered from a white beluga whale (beluga whale cov [bwcov] sw1) in 2008. in this study, we discovered a novel gammacoronavirus from fecal samples from three indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins (tursiops aduncus), which we named bottlenose dolphin cov (bdcov) hku22. all the three bdcov hku22-positive samples were collected on the sa ...201424227844
mapping of the receptor-binding domain and amino acids critical for attachment in the spike protein of avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the infection of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is initiated by the binding of the spike glycoprotein s to sialic acids on the chicken host cell. in this study we identified the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike of the prototype ibv strain m41. by analyzing the ability of recombinantly expressed chimeric and truncated spike proteins to bind to chicken tissues, we demonstrate that the n-terminal 253 amino acids of the spike are both required and sufficient for bi ...201424314633
the avian coronavirus spike protein.avian coronaviruses of the genus gammacoronavirus are represented by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), the coronavirus of chicken. ibv causes a highly contagious disease affecting the respiratory tract and, depending on the strain, other tissues including the reproductive and urogenital tract. the control of ibv in the field is hampered by the many different strains circulating worldwide and the limited protection across strains due to serotype diversity. this diversity is believed to be due to ...201425451062
the genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus in taiwan by a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv; avian coronavirus) causes acute respiratory and reproductive and urogenital diseases in chickens. following sequence alignment of ibv strains, a combination of selective primer sets was designed to individually amplify the ibv wild-type and vaccine strains using a multiplex amplification refractory mutation system reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (arms rt-pcr) approach. this system was shown to discriminate the ibv wild-type and vaccine strains. m ...201425223342
the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor ire1α protects cells from apoptosis induced by the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus.the unfolded-protein response (upr) is a signal transduction cascade triggered by perturbation of the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (er). upr resolves er stress by activating a cascade of cellular responses, including the induction of molecular chaperones, translational attenuation, er-associated degradation, and other mechanisms. under prolonged and irremediable er stress, however, the upr can also trigger apoptosis. here, we report that in cells infected with the avian coronavirus i ...201425142592
immunoglobulin a as an early humoral responder after mucosal avian coronavirus vaccination.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a highly contagious coronavirus prevalent in all countries with an extensive poultry industry and continues to cause economic losses. ibv strains of the ark serotype are highly prevalent in the southeastern united states despite extensive vaccination. one explanation for this observation is the high genetic variability of ibv. in addition, ibv ark-type vaccines may induce suboptimal mucosal immune responses, contributing to the prevalence and persistence of t ...201425055633
coronavirus nsp6 restricts autophagosome expansion.autophagy is a cellular response to starvation that generates autophagosomes to carry long-lived proteins and cellular organelles to lysosomes for degradation. activation of autophagy by viruses can provide an innate defense against infection, and for (+) strand rna viruses autophagosomes can facilitate assembly of replicase proteins. we demonstrated that nonstructural protein (nsp) 6 of the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), generates autophagosomes from the er. a statistical ...201424991833
differences in the tissue tropism to chicken oviduct epithelial cells between avian coronavirus ibv strains qx and b1648 are not related to the sialic acid binding properties of their spike proteins.the avian coronavirus (avcov) infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a major poultry pathogen. a characteristic feature of ibv is the occurrence of many different strains belonging to different serotypes, which makes a complete control of the disease by vaccinations a challenging task. reasons for differences in the tissue tropism and pathogenicity between ibv strains, e.g. a predilection for the kidneys or the oviduct are still an open question. strains of the qx genotype have been major pathogen ...201424928425
sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a pathogenic chicken coronavirus. currently, vaccination against ibv is only partially protective; therefore, better preventions and treatments are needed. plants produce antimicrobial secondary compounds, which may be a source for novel anti-viral drugs. non-cytotoxic, crude ethanol extracts of rhodiola rosea roots, nigella sativa seeds, and sambucus nigra fruit were tested for anti-ibv activity, since these safe, widely used plant tissues contain polyphenol ...201424433341
high seroprevalence of respiratory pathogens in hobby poultry.seroprevalence studies on respiratory pathogens have been done extensively in commercial laying hens, broilers, and, to a lesser extent, backyard poultry. in europe, seroprevalence studies in backyard and fancy breed poultry flocks are scarce and limited to a few pathogens, such as mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg); others, such as ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ort), are missing. a commercial elisa for detection of antibodies against six selected pathogens was performed on 460 serum samples from ...201425619008
simultaneous typing of nine avian respiratory pathogens using a novel gexp analyzer-based multiplex pcr assay.a new, rapid, and high-throughput genomelab gene expression profiler (gexp) analyzer-based multiplex pcr method was developed for simultaneous detection and differentiation of nine avian respiratory pathogens. the respiratory pathogens included in this study were avian influenza subtypes h5, h7, and h9, infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), mycoplasma gallisepticum (mg), mycoplasma synoviae (ms) and haemophilus paragallinarum ...201425025815
regulation of coronaviral poly(a) tail length during infection is not coronavirus species- or host cell-specific.it has been demonstrated that the length of the poly(a) tail in the bovine coronavirus (bcov), which belongs to genus betacoronaviruses, is regulated throughout infection in human rectal tumor-18 (hrt-18) cells, and the length of the poly(a) tail is associated with the efficiency of virus translation. here, we examined whether the regulation of viral poly(a) tail length is cell-type independent and whether it is a common feature of coronaviruses to assess the significance of the regulation. by l ...201425034371
emergence of enteric viruses in production chickens is a concern for avian health.several viruses have been identified in recent years in the intestinal contents of chickens and turkeys with enteric problems, which have been observed in commercial farms worldwide, including brazil. molecular detection of these viruses in brazil can transform to a big threat for poultry production due to risk for intestinal integrity. this disease is characterized by severely delayed growth, low uniformity, lethargy, watery diarrhea, delayed feed consumption, and a decreased conversion rate. c ...201424578633
pathomorphological studies of polyserositis in commercial caged layer chicken.to detect etiological agents and pathological changes associated with polyserositis in commercial layer chicken.201425312143
bacmam virus-based surface display of the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s1 glycoprotein confers strong protection against virulent ibv challenge in chickens.avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is associated with production inefficiencies in domestic fowl, and causes massive economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. progress has been made in designing novel and efficient candidate vaccines to control ibv infection. bacmam virus, a modified baculovirus mediating transgene expression under the control of a mammalian promoter, has emerged as a versatile and safe vector during vaccine development. in previous work, we generated the bacmam vi ...201424342247
adjuvant effects of mannose-binding lectin ligands on the immune response to infectious bronchitis vaccine in chickens with high or low serum mannose-binding lectin concentrations.mannose-binding lectin (mbl) plays a major role in the immune response as a soluble pattern-recognition receptor. mbl deficiency and susceptibility to different types of infections have been subject to extensive studies over the last decades. in humans and chickens, several studies have shown that mbl participates in the protection of hosts against virus infections. infectious bronchitis (ib) is a highly contagious disease of economic importance in the poultry industry caused by the coronavirus ...201424305086
development and characterization of a recombinant infectious bronchitis virus expressing the ectodomain region of s1 gene of h120 strain.infectious bronchitis (ib), caused by infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), is a highly contagious chicken disease, and can lead to serious economic losses in poultry enterprises. the continual introduction of new ibv serotypes requires alternative strategies for the production of timely and safe vaccines against the emergence of variants. modification of the ibv genome using reverse genetics is one way to generate recombinant ibvs as the candidates of new ibv vaccines. in this study, the recombina ...201424287931
a genome-wide association study identifies major loci affecting the immune response against infectious bronchitis virus in chicken.coronaviruses are a hot research topic because they can cause severe diseases in humans and animals. infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), belonging to gamma-coronaviruses, causes a highly infectious respiratory viral disease and can result in catastrophic economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. unfortunately, the genetic basis of the host immune responses against ibv is poorly understood. in the present study, the antibody levels against ibv post-immunization were measured by an enzyme- ...201424333371
complete genome sequence of a novel infectious bronchitis virus strain circulating in china with a distinct s gene.an avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) was isolated and identified from a commercial layer flock vaccinated with live attenuated h120 vaccine in china, designed as ck/ch/ibtz/2012. to determine the origination and evolution of this isolated strain, we have carried out a complete genome sequencing of this strain. the genome of the ck/ch/ibtz/2012 strain is 27,691 nucleotides in length and includes more than 10 open reading frames. sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the ful ...201424682939
pathogenicity and molecular characteristics of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) strains isolated from broilers showing diarrhoea and respiratory disease.abstract 1. the possibility that infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) variants isolated from broilers with enteric and respiratory problems have a different tropism and pathological outcome from those ibv strains causing classical respiratory disease was investigated. 2. ibv variants were isolated from broiler flocks with enteric and respiratory problems in two regions of brazil. the usp-10 isolate, of enteric origin, was inoculated via the oral oroculonasal routes into ibv-antibody-free broilers a ...201424678626
assessment of the potential relationship between egg quality and infectious bronchitis virus infection in australian layer flocks.this investigation aimed to determine if there was a relationship between the production of eggs with poor internal quality, as measured by poor haugh units, by australian layer flocks and the detection of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) in the hens. other risk factors including flock size, flock type, flock age, chicken breed and vaccination frequency were also assessed.201424673141
in this issue - april 2014: perceptions of 2007 equine influenza outbreak · hyperinsulinaemia in ponies · hydration and perennial ryegrass toxicosis · travel history needed for possible canine leishmaniosis · complications of arthroscopy · metaphyseal osteopathy in kelpies · infectious bronchitis virus and egg quality. 201424673131
palmitoylation is required for intracellular trafficking of influenza b virus nb protein and efficient influenza b virus growth in vitro.all influenza viruses bud and egress from lipid rafts within the apical plasma membrane of infected epithelial cells. as a result, all components of progeny virions must be transported to these lipid rafts for assembly and budding. although the mechanism of transport for other influenza proteins has been elucidated, influenza b virus (ibv) glycoprotein nb subcellular localization and transport are not understood completely. to address the aforementioned properties of nb, a series of trafficking ...201424671751
origin and characteristics of the recombinant novel avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus isolate ck/ch/ljl/111054.recombination among infectious bronchitis viruses (ibvs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions that occur in the genome, is thought to contribute to the emergence of new ibv variants. in this study an ibv, ck/ch/ljl/111054, was isolated from a h120-vaccinated chicken, which presented with a suspected ibv infection. phylogenetic analysis of the s1 subunit sequence confirmed that strain ck/ch/ljl/111054 is of the connecticut-type; however, further extensive full-length genomic a ...201424613433
effects of avian infectious bronchitis virus antigen on eggshell formation and immunoreaction in hen oviduct.the aim of this study was to determine the mechanism by which the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) affects eggshell formation. attenuated ibv (aibv group) or vehicle (control group) was injected into the oviductal magnum lumen of white leghorn laying hens. the changes in the expression of genes related to eggshell formation (collagen types i and v, and cabp-d28k), densities of cytotoxic cells (cd8(+) and tcr-γδ(+) t cells), and gene expression of molecules related to cytotoxic immunoreact ...201424612789
comparative proteome analysis of tracheal tissues in response to infectious bronchitis coronavirus, newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus h9 subtype virus infection.infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9 subtype are major pathogens of chickens causing serious respiratory tract disease and heavy economic losses. to better understand the replication features of these viruses in their target organs and molecular pathogenesis of these different viruses, comparative proteomic analysis was performed to investigate the proteome changes of primary target organ during ibv, ndv, and aiv h9 infections ...201424610701
high-level protein expression following single and dual gene cloning of infectious bronchitis virus n and s genes using baculovirus systems.baculovirus is an efficient system for the gene expression that can be used for gene transfer to both insect and different vertebrate hosts. the nucleocapsid gene (n) of the infectious bronchitis virus was cloned in a baculovirus expression system for insect cell expression. dual expression vectors containing ibv n and spike (s) proteins of the avian infectious bronchitis virus were engineered under the control of human and murine cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer/promoter elements in com ...201424605790
induction of innate immune response following infectious bronchitis corona virus infection in the respiratory tract of chickens.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) replicates in the epithelial cells of trachea and lungs of chicken, however the mechanism of generation of innate immune response against ibv infection in these tissues has not been fully characterized. our objective was to study innate responses induced early following ibv infection in chickens. initiation of the transcription of selected innate immune genes such as tlr3, tlr7, myd88, il-1β and ifn-β, as well as recruitment of macrophages, were evident followin ...201424503073
universal influenza b virus genomic amplification facilitates sequencing, diagnostics, and reverse genetics.although human influenza b virus (ibv) is a significant human pathogen, its great genetic diversity has limited our ability to universally amplify the entire genome for subsequent sequencing or vaccine production. the generation of sequence data via next-generation approaches and the rapid cloning of viral genes are critical for basic research, diagnostics, antiviral drugs, and vaccines to combat ibv. to overcome the difficulty of amplifying the diverse and ever-changing ibv genome, we developed ...201424501036
modeling inoculum dose dependent patterns of acute virus infections.inoculum dose, i.e. the number of pathogens at the beginning of an infection, often affects key aspects of pathogen and immune response dynamics. these in turn determine clinically relevant outcomes, such as morbidity and mortality. despite the general recognition that inoculum dose is an important component of infection outcomes, we currently do not understand its impact in much detail. this study is intended to start filling this knowledge gap by analyzing inoculum dependent patterns of viral ...201424440713
[genotypes and serotypes of avian infectious bronchitis viruses isolated during 2009-2011 in guangxi, china].in order to investigate the prevalence and track genetic and antigenic evolutions of infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and their prevalence in guangxi, china since 1985, gene amplification and sequencing and virus neutralization (vn) test on chicken embryo tracheal organ cultures were used in genotyping and serotyping of 28 ibv isolates during 2009-2011 in guangxi. the results of n gene sequencing and comparison showed that the 28 isolates and reference strains were classified into three groups, ...201424923170
infectious bronchitis virus in different avian physiological systems-a field study in brazilian poultry flocks.avian infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious viral disease with economic effects on poultry agribusiness. the disease presents multi-systemic clinical signs (respiratory, renal, enteric, and reproductive) and is caused by one coronavirus (infectious bronchitis virus, ibv). infectious bronchitis virus is classified into different serotypes and genotypes (vaccine strains and field variants). this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of ibv in commercial poultry flocks from 3 important prod ...201424894532
emergence of avian infectious bronchitis in a non-vaccinating country.infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) is a coronavirus of the chicken. it is a highly contagious pathogen and in addition to causing respiratory and kidney diseases can affect the reproductive organs, resulting in loss of production and poor egg quality. despite the global distribution of ibv, finland has been free of clinical cases for almost three decades. since april 2011, outbreaks involving genotypes qx, d274-like and 4/91-like have occurred in southern finland. the clinical samples studied wer ...201424766156
comparison of vaccine subpopulation selection, viral loads, vaccine virus persistence in trachea and cloaca, and mucosal antibody responses after vaccination with two different arkansas delmarva poultry industry -derived infectious bronchitis virus vaccines.factors responsible for the persistence of arkansas delmarva poultry industry (arkdpi)-derived infectious bronchitis vaccines in commercial flocks and the high frequency of isolation of arkdpi-type infectious bronchitis viruses in respiratory cases are still unclear. we compared dynamics of vaccine viral subpopulations, viral loads, persistence in trachea and cloaca, and the magnitude of infectious bronchitis virus (1bv)-specific antibody induction after vaccination with two commercial arkdpi-de ...201424758121
infectious bronchitis virus s2 expressed from recombinant virus confers broad protection against challenge.we developed a recombinant newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota (rls) expressing the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) s2 gene (rls/ibv.s2). the recombinant virus showed somewhat-reduced pathogenicity compared to the parental lentogenic lasota strain but effectively elicited hemagglutination inhibition antibodies against ndv and protected chickens against lethal challenge with virulent ndv/ca02. ibv heterotypic protection was assessed using a prime-boost approach with a commercially available at ...201424758118
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