Publications

regulation of the raf kinase by phosphorylation.	the raf serine/threonine kinase plays an essential role to relay intracellular signals from the protooncogene ras to activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade. the raf kinase family consists of c-raf (raf-1), b-raf, and a-raf. extensive efforts have been made in the last decade to study raf regulation; however, precise molecular mechanism for raf activation is still not fully understood. in this report, we discuss the current model of raf regulation. here we also report o ...	2001	11293329
constitutive erk1/2 activation in esophagogastric rib bone marrow micrometastatic cells is mek-independent.	in this study, we examined the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade in micrometastatic cell lines generated from rib bone marrow (rbm) of patients undergoing resection of esophagogastric malignancies. the molecular mechanism(s) involved in esophagogastric mapk activation have not previously been investigated. constitutive activation of both erk1 and -2 isoforms was evident in each of the five rbm cell lines. elk-1, a transcription factor activated by the erk1/2 pathway was also found ...	2001	11297525
corticotropin-releasing factor triggers neurite outgrowth of a catecholaminergic immortalized neuron via camp and map kinase signalling pathways.	corticotropin-releasing factor (crf), a neuropeptide of 41 amino acids, acts as the major physiological regulator of the basal and stress-induced release of corticotropin (acth), beta-endorphin and other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides from the anterior pituitary gland. in addition to its endocrine activity, crf displays extrahypophysiotropic effects, mainly as a regulator of stress responses. we show here that crf may additionally function as a differentiating factor in immortalized noradr ...	2001	11298794
integrin-mediated adhesion regulates erk nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of elk-1.	integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix permits efficient growth factor-mediated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks). points of regulation have been localized to the level of receptor phosphorylation or to activation of the downstream components, raf and mek (mitogen-activated protein kinase/erk kinase). however, it is also well established that erk translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus is required for g1 phase cell cycle progression. here we show ...	2001	11309409
hypodermosis of red deer in spain.	from february 1998 to january 1999, 106 red deer in the autonomic organism national park "quintos de mora" (toledo, central spain) were evaluated to determine the prevalence and dynamics of infection with hypoderma sp. by detection of subcutaneous larvae. between six and 13 deer shot in selective hunting were examined monthly. hypoderma sp. larvae were detected throughout the period except in june, july and august of 1998. excluding the period during which no subcutaneous larvae were detected, t ...	2001	11310886
mortality in captive elk from salmonellosis.	salmonella typhimurium dt104 infections of captive elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves resulted in mortality in eight of 13 affected calves. salmonellosis in these elk calves was characterized by diarrhea, fever, lethargy, inappetence and depression, and death usually ensued within 72 hr of initial clinical signs. affected calves did not respond to antibiotic and fluid therapy. the source of the bacteria likely was one or more of the calves when they were captured in the wild at less than 5 days ...	2001	11310898
c-fos oncogene regulator elk-1 interacts with brca1 splice variants brca1a/1b and enhances brca1a/1b-mediated growth suppression in breast cancer cells.	elk-1, a c-fos protooncogene regulator, which belongs to the ets-domain family of transcriptional factors, plays an important role in the induction of immediate early gene expression in response to a variety of extracellular signals. in this study, we demonstrate for the first time the in vitro and in vivo interaction of elk-1 with brca1 splice variants brca1a and brca1b using gst-pull down assays, co-imunoprecipitations/western blot analysis of cell extracts from breast cancer cells and mammali ...	2001	11313879
a novel potential effector of m-ras and p21 ras negatively regulates p21 ras-mediated gene induction and cell growth.	here, we report the identification and characterization of a new member of the ralgds-family, which is widely expressed and interacts strongly and selectively with the gtp-bound forms of m-ras and p21 ras. this ras pathway modulator (rpm), also termed rgl3, exhibited ras-binding and catalytic domains typical of the ralgds-family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and was most similar to rlf (ralgds-like factor), but was distinguished by a unique proline-rich region with multiple candidate s ...	2001	11313946
disease and mortality on red deer farms in new zealand.	a longitudinal observational study of 15 red deer farms was carried out in new zealand for two years from march 1992. the deer were monitored for performance and health problems, and farm management practices were recorded. numbers at risk were 4,683 hind-years, 2,459 stag-years and 3,202 weaner-years. the numbers of primiparous and adult hinds at risk of losing their progeny by weaning were 653 and 3,364, respectively. where possible, postmortem examinations were carried out, and organs were sa ...	2001	11316292
nonlinear effects of large-scale climatic variability on wild and domestic herbivores.	large-scale climatic fluctuations, such as the north atlantic oscillation (nao), have been shown to affect many ecological processes. such effects have been typically assumed to be linear. only one study has reported a nonlinear relation; however, that nonlinear relation was monotonic (that is, no reversal). here we show that there is a strong nonlinear and non-monotonic (that is, reversed) effect of the nao on body weight during the subsequent autumn for 23,838 individual wild red deer (cervus ...	2001	11323672
xwig1, a novel putative endoplasmic reticulum protein expressed during epithelial morphogenesis and in response to embryonic wounding.	in a subtractive differential screening, we identified a novel gene with interesting characteristics, termed xenopus wounding induced gene 1 (xwig1). xwig1 encodes a novel protein of 912 amino acids containing 13 putative transmembrane segments and an evolutionarily conserved carboxy-terminal domain. protein localization studies revealed that xwig1 is anchored in cytoplasmic structures, presumably the endoplasmic reticulum. expression is largely confined to epithelial cells in regions that under ...	2001	11330857
expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor in conjunction with the ets family and ap-1 complex transcription factors in high grade prostate cancers.	expression of the urokinase plasminogen activator (upa) and its receptor (upar) correlates with tumour cell invasiveness and helps to determine the prognosis of prostate and other cancers. the purpose of this study was to establish in prostate cancer, the ets family and ap-1 complex transcription factors that might activate the inducible ap-1 and ap-1/pea3 elements of the upa enhancer. upa and upar were expressed preferentially in adenocarcinoma cells, but not the stroma of high grade prostate c ...	2001	11334730
elk-1, c/ebpalpha, and pit-1 confer an insulin-responsive phenotype on prolactin promoter expression in chinese hamster ovary cells and define the factors required for insulin-increased transcription.	the transcription factor(s) that mediate insulin-increased gene transcription are not well defined. these studies use phenotypic conversion of rat2 and chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells with transcription factors to identify components required for regulation of prolactin promoter activity and its control by insulin. the pituitary-derived gh4 cells contain all of the transcription factors required for insulin-increased prolactin-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) expression while hela cells ...	2001	11340077
heavy metal contents in egyptian meat and the role of detergent washing on their levels.	pollution of the environment with heavy metals is a serious problem, which is recognized in most countries of the world. metals accumulate in the liver, and particularly in the kidneys. the present study provides information about the concentrations of metals in animal organs from both rural and industrial areas. it was surprising that the pb, cd, zn, cu, mn and fe contents in muscle, liver, kidney, heart and spleen in industrial areas were higher than in the same organs of rural areas. lead con ...	2001	11346490
expression of a class 1 knotted1-like homeobox gene is down-regulated in pea compound leaf primordia.	differences in knotted1-like (knox) gene expression may account for some of the diversity of leaf forms seen in nature. class 1 knox genes are expressed in the compound leaf primordia of tomato but not in the simple leaf primordia of a range of species examined so far. in order to test the hypothesis that all compound leaves differ from simple leaves in this way, we isolated a class 1 knox cdna from pea, pskn1 (pisum sativum knotted1) and examined its expression pattern. the encoded homeodomain ...	2001	11352458
hydrophobic as well as charged residues in both mek1 and erk2 are important for their proper docking.	docking between mek1 and erk2 is required for their stable interaction and efficient signal transmission. the mek1 n terminus contains the erk docking or d domain that consists of conserved hydrophobic and basic residues. we mutated the hydrophobic and basic residues individually and found that loss of either type reduced mek1 phosphorylation of erk2 in vitro and its ability to bind to erk2 in vivo. moreover, erk2 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus when co-expressed with mek1 th ...	2001	11352917
mother-offspring bonding in farmed red deer: accuracy of visual observation verified by dna analysis.	the accuracy of a maternity assessment based on visual observation was tested during the post parturient phase in farmed red deer. the mother of the calf was determined using visual observation of the hind's peri-parturient and early maternal behaviour during the first week of the calf's life. this assessment was compared with genetic analysis based on dna microsatellite polymorphism. data for 48 new-born calves and 50 hinds were compared. the visual assessment of maternity was correct in 43 of ...	2001	11358612
disabled-2 exerts its tumor suppressor activity by uncoupling c-fos expression and map kinase activation.	disabled-2 (dab2) is a putative tumor suppressor in breast and ovarian cancers. its expression is lost in a majority of tumors, and homozygous deletions have been identified in a small percentage of tumors. dab2 expression is absent or very low in the majority of breast and ovarian cancer cell lines, including mcf-7 and sk-br-3 breast cancer cells. transfection and expression of dab2 in mcf-7 and sk-br-3 cells suppress tumorigenicity. the cells reach a much lower saturation density and have redu ...	2001	11359772
effects of age, sex and density on body weight of norwegian red deer: evidence of density-dependent senescence.	there are only a few recent studies that have demonstrated senescence in ungulates and nothing is known regarding how patterns of senescence may vary as a function of density senescence in general is linked to the cost of reproduction, which probably increases with density in ungulates and may differ between the sexes. further, senescence in ungulates is also regarded to be a function of tooth wear rates. as density dependence and sexual differences in food choice have been well documented, this ...	2001	11370963
docking sites on substrate proteins direct extracellular signal-regulated kinase to phosphorylate specific residues.	mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) are important signaling proteins that phosphorylate (s/t)p sites in many different protein substrates. erk binding to substrate proteins is mediated by docking sites including the fxfp motif and the d-domain. we characterized the sequence of amino acids that can constitute the fxfp motif using peptide and protein substrates. substitutions of the phenylalanines at positions 1 and 3 had significant effects, ...	2001	11371562
calf growth in captive iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus): effects of birth date and hind milk production and composition.	this study examines effects of birth date, hind milk production and its composition, and weight of hind and calf at birth (hbw and cbw, respectively) on calf growth responses born to iberian hinds (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and lactating over 34 wk. males showed daily gains greater than those of females (p = 0.04). calf birth weight was strongly related to calf gain over a standard (15-wk) lactation (p < 0.01), but hbw did not influence growth or cbw (p > 0.10). after correcting for nutrient su ...	2001	11374528
the role of cholecystokinin in the expression of seasonal variation in the feed intake and eating pattern of red deer (cervus elaphus).	the role of cholecystokinin (cck) in the expression of seasonal variation in feed intake and feeding activity in ruminants was investigated by active immunisation of castrated male red deer (cervus elaphus). in april, animals of two groups (five animals per group) were immunised against either cck or vehicle solution only and booster injections were administered at 2-month intervals for the following year. measurements were conducted for a period of more than a year from july. there were no sign ...	2001	11399313
glucose potentiates interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta)-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity in rat pancreatic islets of langerhans.	the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (il-1 beta) is cytotoxic to rat pancreatic beta-cells and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. il-1 beta causes expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) and production of nitric oxide (no). no may be the mediator of the cytotoxic effect of il-1 beta in rat islets and beta-cell lines. glucose has been shown to modulate the effects of il-1 beta on accumulated insulin release and potentiate no production in rat i ...	2001	11399523
sequential activation of protein kinase c (pkc)-alpha and pkc-epsilon contributes to sustained raf/erk1/2 activation in endothelial cells under mechanical strain.	endothelial cells (ecs) are constantly subjected to hemodynamic forces including cyclic pressure-induced strain. the role of protein kinase c (pkc) in cyclic strain-treated ecs was studied. pkc activities were induced as cyclic strain was initiated. cyclic strain to ecs caused activation of pkc-alpha and -epsilon. the translocation of pkc-alpha and -epsilon but not pkc-beta from the cytosolic to membrane fraction was observed. an early transient activation of pkc-alpha versus a late but sustaine ...	2001	11399752
exploring red deer culling strategies using a population-specific calibrated management model.	wildlife management is generally carried out under conditions of uncertainty. the exact population size is unknown, its future dynamics are uncertain and clear management objectives are often not formulated. in order to provide management advice in this situation, a framework is presented for combining different sources of information using a bayesian approach for calibrating a management model. harvesting strategies can then be explored based on predictions of future populations size and struct ...	2001	11400464
ionomycin causes activation of p38 and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neutrophils.	many receptor-linked agents that prime or activate the nadph oxidase in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) elicit changes in cytosolic ca2+ concentration and activate mitogen-activated protein (map) kinases. to investigate the role of ca2+ in the activation of p38 and p42/44 map kinases, we examined the effects of the ca2+-selective ionophore ionomycin on priming and activation of the pmn oxidase. ionomycin caused a rapid rise in cytosolic ca2+ that was due to both a release of cytosolic ca2+ ...	2001	11401859
disassociation of mapk activation and c-fos expression in f9 embryonic carcinoma cells following retinoic acid-induced endoderm differentiation.	retinoic acid induces cell differentiation and suppresses cell growth in a wide spectrum of cell lines, and down-regulation of activator protein-1 activity by retinoic acid contributes to these effects. in embryonic stem cell-like f9 teratocarcinoma cells, which are widely used to study retinoic acid actions on gene regulation and early embryonic differentiation, retinoic acid treatment for 4 days resulted in suppression of cell growth and differentiation into primitive and then visceral endoder ...	2001	11402055
evaluation of membrane integrity of frozen/thawed deer spermatozoa: short communication.	a simultaneous live/dead and acrosome staining, originally described for domestic mammals, was successfully applied on red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens of shot stags. the staining is simple enough for routine application. seven classes of spermatozoa were distinguished in the smears of frozen/thawed semen samples. morphology, including cytoplasmic droplets, was evaluated as well. percentage of live cells with ...	2001	11402651
the "linh duong" pseudonovibos spiralis (mammalia, artiodactyla) is a new buffalo.	the controversial phylogenetic position of the recently described south-east asian endemic bovid, pseudonovibos spiralis, was evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of originally obtained nearly complete 12s mitochondrial rdna sequences for this species and bubalus bubalis and 26 sequences of bovidae from the genbank using cervus elaphus (cervidae) as outgroup. in most of the phylogenetic analyses performed using paup 4.0 (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining), bo ...	2001	11402841
opposing roles of elk-1 and its brain-specific isoform, short elk-1, in nerve growth factor-induced pc12 differentiation.	the ternary complex factor elk-1, a major nuclear target of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, is a strong transactivator of serum-responsive element (sre) driven gene expression. we report here that mature brain neurons and nerve growth factor (ngf)-differentiated pc12 cells also express a second, smaller isoform of elk-1, short elk-1 (selk-1). selk-1 arises from an internal translation start site in the elk-1 sequence, which generates a protein lacking the first 54 amino acids of the dna- ...	2001	11050086
id helix-loop-helix proteins antagonize pax transcription factor activity by inhibiting dna binding.	the id subfamily of helix-loop-helix (hlh) proteins plays a fundamental role in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. the major mechanism by which id proteins are thought to inhibit differentiation is through interaction with other hlh proteins and inhibition of their dna-binding activity. however, id proteins have also been shown to interact with other proteins involved in regulating cellular proliferation and differentiation, suggesting a more widespread regulatory func ...	2001	11134340
asymptomatic shedding of cryptosporidium oocysts by red deer hinds and calves.	levels of cryptosporidium infection in a group of red deer were monitored over a period of 1 year. faecal samples were examined on an approximate monthly basis from adult hinds and calves for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. the water-ether sedimentation method followed by sucrose flotation and a monoclonal antibody identification procedure were used. it was found that apparently healthy adult deer were shedding low numbers of oocysts in their faeces throughout the year and that there ap ...	2001	11137271
dna-bound transcription factor complexes analysed by mass-spectrometry: binding of novel proteins to the human c-fos sre and related sequences.	transcription factors control eukaryotic polymerase ii function by influencing the recruitment of multiprotein complexes to promoters and their subsequent integrated function. the complexity of the functional 'transcriptosome' has necessitated biochemical fractionation and subsequent protein sequencing on a grand scale to identify individual components. as a consequence, much is now known of the basal transcription complex. in contrast, less is known about the complexes formed at distal promoter ...	2001	11139618
analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer -- possible employment in forensic applications.	dna microsatellites play a major role in population genetics, linkage mapping, and parentage studies of mammals. in addition, they may be used for forensic purposes, if an individual identification of a specific animal is necessary. therefore, we tested a variety of microsatellite polymorphism derived from reindeer (rangifer tarandus) by pcr and sequencing analysis for use in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama). twelve of these microsatellites we ...	2001	11118746
inhibitory role for dual specificity phosphatase vhr in t cell antigen receptor and cd28-induced erk and jnk activation.	the 21-kda dual specific protein phosphatase vh1-related (vhr) is one of the smallest known phosphatases, and its function has remained obscure. we report that this enzyme is expressed in lymphoid cells and is not induced by t cell antigen receptor like other dual specificity phosphatases. introduction of exogenous vhr into jurkat t cells caused a marked decrease in the transcriptional activation of a nuclear factor of activated t cells and an activator protein-1-driven reporter gene in response ...	2001	11085983
biochemical and biological functions of the n-terminal, noncatalytic domain of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2.	extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (erk1) and erk2 are important components in signal transduction pathways involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation and proliferation. these proteins consist of a central kinase domain flanked by short n- and c-terminal noncatalytic domains. while the regulation of erk2 by sequences within the kinase domain has been extensively studied, little is known about the small regions outside of the kinase domain. we performed mutational an ...	2001	11113199
induction-independent recruitment of creb-binding protein to the c-fos serum response element through interactions between the bromodomain and elk-1.	proliferative signals lead to the rapid and transient induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene by targeting the ternary complex assembled on the serum response element (sre). transactivation by both components of this complex, serum response factor (srf) and the ternary complex factor elk-1, can be potentiated by the coactivator creb-binding protein (cbp). we report a novel interaction between the bromodomain of cbp, amino acids 1100-1286, and elk-1. dna binding and glutathione s-transferase pull-d ...	2001	11083868
intracellular calcium mobilization induces immediate early gene pip92 via src and mitogen-activated protein kinase in immortalized hippocampal cells.	regulation of intracellular calcium levels plays a central role in cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. a cell-permeable, tumor-promoting thapsigargin elevates the intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase. the src-tyrosine kinase family is involved in a broad range of cellular responses ranging from cell growth and cytoskeletal rearrangement to differentiation. the immediate early gene pip92 is induced in neuronal cell death as well as cell gro ...	2001	11053438
electrical stimulation of red deer (cervus elaphus) carcasses - effects on rate of ph-decline, meat tenderness, colour stability and water-holding capacity.	a total of 14 female red deer were included in a study on the effects of low voltage carcass electrical stimulation on meat tenderness, colour stability and water-holding capacity. carcasses were randomly allocated to either electrical stimulation treatment (es; 90-95 v unipolar pulses, 7.5 ms duration, 15 hz for a duration of 55 s) or no electrical stimulation (non-es) (n=7 in each group). temperature and ph decline was recorded in m.m. triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi et lumborum (at the las ...	2001	22062680
population density and small-scale variation in habitat quality affect phenotypic quality in roe deer.	we tested for fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in habitat quality in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) population in the chizé reserve located in western france by measuring spatial variation in the availability and plant nitrogen content of principal and preferred plant species. there were significant differences in habitat quality within the reserve: the principal food plants in spring and summer occurred more frequently in the oak woodland in the north than in the beech woodland in the south o ...	2001	24549909
changes induced by elk browsing in the aboveground biomass production and distribution of willow (salix monticola bebb): their relationships with plant water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics.	willows are dominant woody plants of many high-elevation riparian areas of the western usa, and constitute an important food resource for various ungulates, which tend to concentrate in riparian areas. the response of willow to browsing was analyzed in the elk winter range of rocky mountain national park, by considering the effect of elk browsing on salix monticola bebb, one of the most common willow species in this area. unbrowsed and browsed treatments were established during the 1997 growing ...	2001	28547104
antler length of yearling red deer is determined by population density, weather and early life-history.	in red deer, yearling antler length is a largely nutrition-mediated phenotypic character, and is therefore sometimes used as an indirect estimate of range quality and population condition. however, the parameters affecting yearling antler length have been little studied. we analyse the contributions of density, weather and maternal effects on yearling antler length of 581 individual stags born 1970-1996 on the isle of rum (scotland). we show that antler length is a good measure of yearling condi ...	2001	24577649
aboriginal overkill overstated : errors in charles kay's hypothesis.	in this article i critique charles kay's aboriginal overkill hypothesis, which states that native americans numbered 100 million or more in precolumbian north america, extensively humanized the landscape, and suppressed wildlife numbers, thus allowing wildlife browse to proliferate. by examining kay's source use and pertinent information, i find that he makes four kinds of significant mistakes: exaggerations, failure to provide necessary data, errors of omission, and errors of logic. through exa ...	2001	26192167
a comparison of biochemical and meat quality variables in red deer (cervus elaphus) following either slaughter at pasture or killing at a deer slaughter plant.	to investigate effects of pre-slaughter handling on blood and muscle biochemistry and venison quality, paddock-shot (n=8) and commercially slaughtered red deer (n=8) were compared. the deer were kept in two larger groups. one stag per group per day was head-shot, exsanguinated, electrically stimulated then transported 150 m to a deer slaughter premises (dsp) for processing. prior to each slaughter day one of the groups was mustered into a deer yards and six (including two experimental) deer were ...	2002	22063109
physiology on a landscape scale: plant-animal interactions.	we explore in this paper how animals can be affected by variation in climate, topography, vegetation characteristics, and body size. we utilize new spatially explicit state-of-the-art models that incorporate principles from heat and mass transfer engineering, physiology, morphology, and behavior that have been modified to provide spatially explicit hypotheses using gis. we demonstrate how temporal and spatial changes in microclimate resulting from differences in topography and vegetation cover a ...	2002	21708738
[research on the identification of penis et testis cervi with molecular taxonomy].	to make the kit with witch to identify penis et testis cervi with molecular taxonomy.	2002	12776493
a genome scan for quantitative trait loci in a wild population of red deer (cervus elaphus).	recent empirical evidence indicates that although fitness and fitness components tend to have low heritability in natural populations, they may nonetheless have relatively large components of additive genetic variance. the molecular basis of additive genetic variation has been investigated in model organisms but never in the wild. in this article we describe an attempt to map quantitative trait loci (qtl) for birth weight (a trait positively associated with overall fitness) in an unmanipulated, ...	2002	12524355
immune responses of elk to vaccination with brucella abortus strain rb51.	in a study conducted from january to august 2000, elk (cervus elaphus) were vaccinated with brucella abortus strain rb51 (srb51, n = 6) or injected with 0.15 m nacl solution (n = 3) at approximately 6 mo of age. beginning at 2 wk and continuing to 25 wk after vaccination, srb51-vaccinated elk had greater antibody responses (p < 0.05) to srb51 when compared to nonvaccinated elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from srb51-vaccinated elk had greater (p < 0.05) proliferative responses to s ...	2002	12528441
an indirect elisa to detect the serologic response of elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) inoculated with brucella abortus strain rb51.	an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to identify elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51)-specific antibodies using a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for bovine igg1. this test was relatively easy to perform, accurate, and easily reproducible; therefore it could be standardized for use between laboratories. in addition, we attempted to compensate for inherent variabilities encountered when comparing elisa readings from multiple sampl ...	2002	12528442
molecular identification and prevalence of dictyocaulus spp. (trichostrongyloidea: dictyocaulidae) in swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids.	lungs of 102 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 136 moose (alces alces), 68 fallow deer (dama dama), and six red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during hunting seasons from 16 september 1997 to 1 march 2000. the aim was to determine the species composition and prevalence of dictyocaulus lungworms in these hosts in sweden. worms were identified following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal dna (its2), followed by hybridization with four s ...	2002	12528445
elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis: phase ii trial.	the purpose of this phase ii clinical trial was to examine safety of elk velvet antler taken concurrently with rheumatoid arthritis medications and to determine efficacy by dose to enable sample size estimation and dose standardization for a larger study. forty patients with stage ii rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms of 10 patients each. one group received placebo and the other 3 groups received 2, 4, or 6 capsules (215 mg) of elk velvet antler with appropriate placebos ...	2002	12003439
bcr mediated signal transduction in immature and mature b cells.	ligation of b cell receptors (bcr) on immature b cells may induce apoptosis, while in mature b cells it stimulates cell activation and growth. the signaling pathway regulating the differential functional response, death or survival of the b cell is not fully characterized. we have tested the intracellular signaling requirement of these processes using b cells isolated from the spleen of irradiated auto-reconstituted (transitional immature b cells) and untreated mice (mature b cells), respectivel ...	2002	12008033
the novel role of the c-terminal region of shp-2. involvement of gab1 and shp-2 phosphatase activity in elk-1 activation.	shp-2, a nontransmembrane-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase that contains two src homology 2 (sh2) domains, is thought to participate in growth factor signal transduction pathways via sh2 domain interactions. to determine the role of each region of shp-2 in platelet-derived growth factor signaling assayed by elk-1 activation, we generated six deletion mutants of shp-2. the large sh2 domain deletion shp-2 mutant composed of amino acids 198-593 (shp-2-(198-593)), but not the smaller shp-2-(399-593 ...	2002	12011040
induction of apoptosis in rat ventral prostate by finasteride is associated with alteration in map kinase pathways and bcl-2 related family of proteins.	finasteride is widely used in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. treatment of rats with finasteride caused a significant decrease in ventral prostate weight and intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone levels while intraprostatic testosterone levels were increased. finasteride inhibited akt-1 and mapk expression while expression of pten was significantly increased only at 100 mg dose. basal phosphorylation of c-raf, mek1/2, mapk and the transcription factor elk-1 was significantly ...	2002	12012013
first report of elaphostrongylus cervi in spanish red deer cervus elaphus hispanicus.	elaphostrongylus cervi cameron, 1931 was identified in six cervus elaphus hispanicus sampled in cuenca, central spain. a total of 23 adult worms were found in the central nervous system with a mean of 3.8. although e. cervi is reported to be widespread in cervids, this is the first time it has been recorded in spanish red deer.	2002	12018203
changes in plasma progesterone during pregnancy in iberian red deer (cervus elpahus hispanicus).		2002	12019537
comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken.	the objective of this study was to compare fatty acid weight percentages and cholesterol concentrations of longissimus dorsi (ld), semitendinosus (st), and supraspinatus (ss) muscles (n = 10 for each) of range bison (31 mo of age), feedlot-finished bison (18 mo of age), range beef cows (4 to 7 yr of age), feedlot steers (18 mo of age), free-ranging cow elk (3 to 5 yr of age), and chicken breast. lipids were analyzed by capillary glc. total saturated fatty acids (sfa) were greater (p < 0.01) in r ...	2002	12019607
complexities in ets-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the tcf (ternary complex factor) subfamily. the colworth medal lecture.	the ets-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily. by focusing on the tcf subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ets-domain transcription factors. this article focuses on elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other tcfs. the key themes covered include the domain structure of the tcfs, the mechanisms of complex form ...	2002	12023815
[effect of natural nootropic and adaptogen preparations on the cortex bioelectrical activity in rats].	the influence of new nootrope and adaptogen preparations representing dry extracts from scutellaria baicalensis (georgi), bergenia crassifolia (fritsch), and velvet antlers of siberian deer (cervus elaphus sibiricus) on the bioelectric activity (cortex fourier spectral eeg power) under conflict situation and conditioned reflex development was studied in rats. in both tests, the drugs produced similar changes in the eeg activity: (i) increase in the partial contribution of delta-activity and gene ...	2002	12025793
prolonged nuclear retention of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 is required for hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell motility.	we examined the signaling pathway by which hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) induces cell motility, with special focus on the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in the nucleus. we used madin-darby canine kidney cells overexpressing erk2 because of their prominent motility response to hgf. hgf stimulation of the cells induces not only a rapid, marked, and sustained activation and rapid nuclear accumulation of erk1/2, but also a prolonged nuclear retention of the activated erk1/2. in ...	2002	12032150
organ-specific alternative transcripts of knox family class 2 homeobox genes of rice.	we identified three genes (hos58, hos59 and hos66) of rice (oryza sativa), which encode predicted proteins with the knox family class 2 homeodomain. these proteins contain three conserved domains, the knox domain, elk domain and homeodomain, from an n-terminus to a c-terminus. in addition to similarity of predicted amino acid sequences, these genes showed a similar exon/intron structure. cdna cloning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of these genes indicated tissue-spe ...	2002	12034492
infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae in western austria.	twelve cases of mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae infection have occurred in four humans, three cattle, and five red deer in western austria since 1994. dna-fingerprinting of the isolates suggested transmission in and between these species over several years. contact with cattle, but not with goats, was found to be associated with three of four human cases.	2002	12037107
analysis of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte subset proliferation and nitric oxide production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of captive elk (cervus elaphus).	elk (cervus claphus) are reservoirs for brucella abortus, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, each a serious pathogen of domestic livestock. an understanding of the basic immune responsiveness of elk would aid efforts to develop methods to diagnose and prevent these diseases of elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) isolated from captive elk were examined for phenotype, lymphocyte subset proliferative capacity, and ability to produce nitric oxide (no) up ...	2002	12038134
antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do?	antibiotics are often used inappropriately for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children, and the emergence of resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern.	2002	12038897
[cell signaling in the epileptic hippocampus].	cell signaling commanding death or survival in human epileptic hippocampus is difficult to trace because of the long interval between the beginning of symptoms and the sampling of damaged cerebral tissue for neuropathological examination. intraperitoneal injection of the glutamate analogue kainic acid (ka) is a useful tool to analyze the effects of seizures and the excitotoxic damage in the rodent hippocampus. ka acts on nmda and ka receptors, whereas it has little impact on ampa receptors. neur ...	2002	12040499
estrogen regulation of c-fos gene expression through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-dependent activation of serum response factor in mcf-7 breast cancer cells.	17beta-estradiol (e2) induces proliferation and c-fos gene expression in mcf-7 cells and both responses are partially blocked by wortmannin and ly294002 which are inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (pi3-k). analysis of the c-fos gene promoter shows that the effects of wortmannin and ly294002 are associated with inhibition of e2-induced activation through the serum response factor (srf) motif within the proximal serum response element at -325 and -296. e2 activates constructs containing ...	2002	12051724
assessment of domestic goats as a patent host of elaphostrongylus cervi.	a study was undertaken to determine whether domestic goats can serve as patent hosts of elaphostrongylus cervi under natural or experimental conditions. three-hundred and two fecal samples from 124 domestic goats raised outdoors in new zealand, where e. cervi is enzootic, were tested for nematode larvae by the baermann method. all samples were negative for e. cervi dorsal-spined larvae. twenty juvenile male nubian and saanen goats obtained locally were assigned randomly to 5 dosage groups and we ...	2002	12053987
identical its-1 and its-2 sequences suggest spiculopteragia asymmetrica and spiculopteragia quadrispiculata (nematoda: trichostrongylidae) constitute morphologically distinct variants of a single species.	sequences of its-1 and its-2 rdna for adult males of spiculopteragia asymmetrica and spiculopteragia quadrispiculata in red deer (cervus elaphus) were determined. they were found to be identical, suggesting that s. asymmetrica and s. quadrispiculata represent a single species and do not refute the concept of dimorphic species in the spiculopteragia.	2002	12054028
vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation requires both p38 and bmk1 map kinases.	vascular smooth muscle cell (vsmc) proliferation is a key event in the progression of atherosclerosis. induction of both c-fos (through the transcription factor elk-1) and c-jun, both immediate early genes, is important for the stimulation of vsmc proliferation and migration. it was earlier found that p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase upregulates c-jun gene transcription through phosphorylation of two myocyte enhancer factor 2 (mef2) family transcription factors, mef2a and mef2c, while ...	2002	12054430
the use of inducible engrailed fusion proteins to study the cellular functions of eukaryotic transcription factors.	transcription factors determine cell lineages, control cell fate, and regulate cellular responses to stimuli. many methods are currently used to study the function of transcription factors in a cellular context and several of these involve overexpressing a constitutively active form of the protein and studying its effects. here we outline an alternative approach involving the inducible expression of dominant-negative transcription factors in human cell lines. dominant-negative transcription fact ...	2002	12054883
a kinetic approach for the study of protein phosphatase-catalyzed regulation of protein kinase activity.	the activities of many protein kinases are regulated by phosphorylation. the phosphorylated protein kinases thus represent an important class of substrates for protein phosphatases. however, our ability to study the phosphatase-catalyzed substrate dephosphorylation has been limited in many cases by the difficulty in preparing sufficient amount of stoichiometrically phosphorylated kinases. we have applied the kinetic theory of substrate reaction during irreversible modification of enzyme activity ...	2002	12056917
camkii regulates amphetamine-induced erk1/2 phosphorylation in striatal neurons.	amphetamine activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (erk1/2) resulting in camp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation in striatal neurons. in the present study we investigated whether calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) regulates amphetamine-induced erk1/2 pathways in striatal neurons using western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. acute administration of amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) increased phosphorylated (p)camkii immunor ...	2002	12060798
the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 contains a novel class of repression domain.	the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 serves as an integration point for different mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathways. phosphorylation of elk-1 by map kinases triggers its activation. however, while the activation process is well understood, its downregulation-inactivation is less well characterized. the ets dna-binding domain plays a role in the downregulation of elk-dependent promoter activity following mitogenic activation by recruiting the msin3a-hdac complex. here we have i ...	2002	12077333
cell adhesion differentially regulates the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of active map kinases.	cells decide whether to undergo processes, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, based upon the cues they receive from both circulating factors and integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix. integrins control the activation of the early signaling pathways. for example, growth factor activation of the erk cascade is enhanced when cells are adherent. in addition, adhesion receptors oversee the cellular localization of critical signaling components. we have recently sho ...	2002	12077368
activation and induction of nur77/nurr1 in corticotrophs by crh/camp: involvement of calcium, protein kinase a, and mapk pathways.	nur factors are critical for proopiomelanocortin (pomc) induction by crh in corticotrophs, but the pathways linking crh to nur are unknown. in this study we show that in att-20 corticotrophs crh and camp induce nur77 and nurr1 expression and transcription at the nurre site by protein kinase a (pka) and calcium-dependent and -independent mechanisms. calcium pathways depend on calmodulin kinase ii (camkii) activity, and calcium-independent pathways are accounted for in part by mapk activation (rap ...	2002	12089357
lipoteichoic acid selectively induces the erk signaling pathway in the cornea.	to identify signal transduction pathways and gene expression induced by the bacterial cell wall component lipoteichoic acid (lta) in human corneal keratocytes.	2002	12091427
an aspartyl protease inhibitor orthologue expressed by parelaphostrongylus tenuis is immunogenic in an atypical host.	parelaphostrongylus tenuis is a neurotropic nematode common in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) of eastern north america. this parasite is the causative agent of a debilitating neurologic disease in atypical hosts, including domestic livestock. in order to identify proteins of potential significance in the host-parasite relationship, a cdna library was produced from adult p. tenuis mrna. screening the library with antisera from infected red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) and immunized a ...	2002	12093670
phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in p53-deficient pc-3 human prostate cancer cell line is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases.	previous studies have suggested that p53 is required for apoptosis induction by phenethyl isothiocyanate (peitc), which is a highly promising cancer chemopreventive agent. here, we report that p53 is not required for peitc-induced apoptosis in the pc-3 human prostate cancer cell line and that the peitc-induced apoptosis is mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk1/2). exposure of pc-3 cells to an apoptosis-inducing concentration of peitc (10 microm) resulted in a rapid and sustain ...	2002	12097262
flavonoid phytochemicals regulate activator protein-1 signal transduction pathways in endometrial and kidney stable cell lines.	phytochemicals bind to and regulate the human estrogen receptors (eralpha and erbeta), mimicking actions of the endogenous estrogen, 17beta-estradiol, and known antiestrogens such as ici 182,780. recently, however, some of these estrogenic phytochemicals have been shown to affect other signal transduction pathways, such as receptor tyrosine kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk). previously, we found that certain phytochemicals, such as flavone, apigenin, kaempferide and chalcone, ...	2002	12097658
identification of antigens with potential for immunodiagnosis of parelaphostrongylus tenuis and elaphostrongylus cervi infections in red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus).	red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) were infected experimentally with parelaphostrongylus tenuis in new brunswick, canada, and with elaphostrongylus cervi in new zealand. excretory-secretory (e-s) antigens from adult p. tenuis were evaluated for their serodiagnostic potential in identifying p. tenuis and heterologous e. cervi infections in a western blot. the antigen recognition profile of sera from animals infected with p. tenuis varied between individuals and with duration of infections, whereas ...	2002	12099432
characterization of sealpox virus, a separate member of the parapoxviruses.	a disease outbreak characterized by lesions of the skin and mucosa of the oral cavity was recognized in harbor seals ( phoca vitulina) from the german north sea. using electron microscopy typical parapoxvirus particles were observed. the presence of parapoxvirus was confirmed by pcr and nucleotide sequencing of part of the putative major envelope protein coding gene. comparative sequence analysis revealed that the virus from seal is significantly different from the established parapoxvirus speci ...	2002	12111424
transient and sustained erk phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in growth control.	growth stimulation and inhibition are both associated with tyrosine phosphorylation. we examined the effects of epidermal growth factor (egf), a growth stimulant, and compound 5 (cpd 5), a protein-tyrosine phosphatase (ptpase) inhibitor, which inhibits the growth of the same hep3b hepatoma cells. we found that both egf and cpd 5 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of egf receptor (egfr) and erk. however, the phosphorylation caused by egf was transient and that caused by cpd 5 was prolonged. further ...	2002	12115721
molecular phylogeography of the red deer (cervus elaphus) populations in xinjiang of china: comparison with other asian, european, and north american populations.	to illustrate phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus) populations of xinjiang, we determined their mitochondrial dna (mtdna) control region sequences, and then investigated geographic variations and phylogenetic relationships between xinjiang populations and other populations from asia, europe, and north america. the c. elaphus mtdna control region shared different copy numbers of tandem repeats of 38 to 43-bp motifs which clearly distinguished the western lineage from the eastern lineage of ...	2002	12130826
pdgf and signal transduction in hepatic stellate cells.	platelet-derived growth factor (pdgf) is one of the most potent mitogen for cultured hsc isolated from rat, mouse, or human liver. phosphotyrosines on the activated pdgf receptor operate as high affinity binding sites for several molecules involved in the downstream propagation of the signal, including the sequential activation of raf-1, mek and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk). nuclear translocation of erk is associated to the phosphorylation of several transcription factors, includi ...	2002	12133817
regulation of gli1 transcriptional activity in the nucleus by dyrk1.	to investigate the cellular role of dual specificity yak1-related kinase (dyrk) 1, a nuclear localized dual specificity protein kinase, we examined its effect on transcriptional regulation using reporter gene assays. we found that dyrk1 can substantially enhance gli1-dependent, but not lef-1-, c-jun-, or elk-dependent, gene transcription. in part, dyrk1 does this through retaining gli1 in the nucleus. however, we also demonstrate that dyrk1 can enhance the transcriptional activity of gli1-aha, a ...	2002	12138125
anorexia nervosa (restrictive subtype) is associated with a polymorphism in the novel norepinephrine transporter gene promoter polymorphic region.	long-term weight-restored patients with anorexia nervosa (an) have lower norepinephrine levels than controls. since this may reflect altered reuptake by the norepinephrine transporter (net), we hypothesised that the net gene was involved in the genetic component of an. pcr-amplification of an aagg repeat island (aagg1) in the net gene promoter region revealed a novel 343-bp sequence with five additional aagg repeat islands (aagg2-aagg6). we named the sequence from aagg1 to aagg6 inclusive, the n ...	2002	12140790
microsatellite variation in the reintroduced pennsylvania elk herd.	relocation programs have restored elk (cervus elaphus) to portions of its vast historical range. we examine the consequences of these relocation programs by assessing variation at 10 microsatellite loci in three elk herds, a source herd (yellowstone national park), a large herd reintroduced from yellowstone (custer state park) and a bottlenecked herd reintroduced from both yellowstone and custer (the pennsylvania herd). observed single locus heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 0.739. multi-loc ...	2002	12144652
ras/mapk pathway confers basement membrane dependence upon endoderm differentiation of embryonic carcinoma cells.	the formation of extraembryonic endoderm is one of the earliest steps in the differentiation of pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass during the early stages of embryonic development. the primitive endoderm cells and the derived parietal and visceral endoderm cells gain the capacity to produce collagen iv and laminin. the deposition of these components results in the formation of basement membrane and epithelium of the endoderm, with polarized cells covering the inner surface of the blastocoe ...	2002	12145292
transcription inhibitor actinomycin-d abolishes the cardioprotective effect of ischemic reconditioning.	our previous studies have suggested a role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) in cardioprotection in the porcine heart. to investigate, whether this could be due to modification of transcriptional events we studied the influence of actinomycin-d (act-d), a known rna-synthesis inhibitor on (i) ischemic preconditioning, (ii) (ip)-mediated cardioprotection, (iii) transcription factors levels and mapks activation.	2002	12160958
adaptive mechanisms induced by long-term estrogen deprivation in breast cancer cells.	clinical observations suggest that human breast tumors can adapt in response to endocrine therapy by developing hypersensitivity to estradiol. to understand the mechanisms responsible, we examined estrogenic stimulation of cell proliferation in a model system and provided evidence that long-term deprivation of estradiol causes adaptive hypersensitivity. the enhanced responses to estradiol do not involve mechanisms acting at the level of transcription of estrogen regulated genes. we found no evid ...	2002	12160999
differential activation of erk and jnk by arsenite in mouse muscle cells.	we studied the activation of mapks, such as erk and jnk, by arsenite in c2c12 mouse skeletal muscle cells as a function of proliferation and differentiation. data showed that both erk and jnk were activated by arsenite in proliferated and differentiated cells in a differential manner. the activation of the enzymes was not due to alteration in their concentration. the activities were independent of each other. erk activation was possibly partly through the activity of ras, raf and the mek cascade ...	2002	12161171
region-specific phosphorylation of atf-2, elk-1 and c-jun in rat hippocampus and cerebellum after electroconvulsive shock.	there have been reports of regional differences in the activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (mapks) and in the induction of immediate early genes after electroconvulsive shock (ecs) in the rat brain. this study was performed to determine whether ecs induce the region-specific phosphorylation of mapk-downstream transcription factors, atf-2, elk-1, c-jun, in rat hippocampus and cerebellum. following ecs, the phosphorylation of atf-2 was highly increased in the hippocampus but slightly i ...	2002	12161250
activation and translocation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase after stimulation of monocytes with contact sensitizers.	recently we described the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by contact sensitizers as an early molecular event during the activation of antigen- presenting cells. in this study, the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase for the activation of human monocytes after exposure to four structurally unrelated contact sensitizers was analyzed in comparison with the irritant benzalkonium chloride and an inductor of oxidative stress (h2o2) using immunofluorescence, western blotting, and enz ...	2002	12164931
selection of alternative genetic sources of large-seed size in virginia-type peanut: evaluation of sensory, composition, and agronomic characteristics.	jenkins jumbo, the ancestral source of large-seed size in the virginia market type (arachis hypogaea l.), has been shown to have a deleterious effect on flavor of peanut. the pervasiveness of jenkins jumbo in the ancestry of large-seeded germplasm contributes to the generally less intense roasted peanut flavor of u.s. cultivars of the virginia market type. as a remedy to this problem, alternative sources of large-seed size were sought. nine large-seeded selections, with nc 7 and florunner as che ...	2002	12166976
mitochondrial 12s rdna sequence relationships suggest that the enigmatic bovid "linh duong" pseudonovibos spiralis is closely related to buffalo.	the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the recently described southeast asian endemic bovid pseudonovibos spiralis were deduced from nearly complete 12s mitochondrial rdna sequences of this species and bubalus bubalis alongside 26 sequences of bovidae from genbank using cervus elaphus (cervidae) as outgroup. maximum-likelihood analyses performed by puzzle and fastdnaml nested p. spiralis at the base of the subtribe buffalo bovini, suggesting the close relationship of this enigmatic sp ...	2002	12182406
age- and density-dependent reproductive effort in male red deer.	reproductive effort in female ungulates originates from gestation and lactation and has been studied extensively; however, no comparable studies of reproductive effort in males (due to fighting for access to mates) have, to our knowledge, previously been reported. here, we report on weight loss of male red deer during the annual mating season--a direct measure of male reproductive effort (or somatic reproductive costs). the 'terminal investment' hypothesis predicts that reproductive effort shoul ...	2002	12184820
estimating the prevalence of inbreeding from incomplete pedigrees.	a previous review of inbreeding in natural populations suggested that close inbreeding (inbreeding coefficient f = 0.25) is generally rare in wild birds and mammals. however, the review did not assess rates of moderate inbreeding (f = 0.125), which may make a rather larger contribution to overall inbreeding in a population. furthermore, previous studies may have underestimated the prevalence of inbreeding in wild populations with incomplete pedigrees. by categorizing inbreeding events by the rel ...	2002	12184822
the functional properties of the human ether-à-go-go-like (helk2) k+ channel.	the voltage-dependent k+ channels belonging to the ether-à-go-go family (eag, erg, elk) are widely expressed in the mammalian cns. their neuronal function, however, is poorly understood. among the elk clones, elk2 is the most abundantly expressed in the brain. we have characterized the human elk2 channel (helk2) expressed in mammalian cell lines. moreover, we have detected helk2 mrna and elk2-like currents in freshly dissociated human astrocytoma cells. helk2 was inhibited by cs+ in a voltage-de ...	2002	12193184
c-cbl is a negative regulator of gh-stimulated stat5-mediated transcription.	we have previously demonstrated that cellular stimulation with gh results in the formation of a multiprotein signaling complex. one component of this multiprotein signaling complex is the adapter molecule c-cbl. here we have examined the role of c-cbl in the mechanism of gh signal transduction. forced expression of c-cbl in nih3t3 cells did not alter gh-stimulated janus kinase 2 tyrosine phosphorylation nor gh-stimulated p44/42 mapk activation and consequent elk-1- mediated transcription. c-cbl ...	2002	12193575
evidence of functional modulation of the mekk/jnk/cjun signaling cascade by the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (lrp).	lipoprotein receptors, such as lrp, have been shown to assemble multiprotein complexes containing intracellular signaling molecules; however, in vivo, their signaling function is poorly understood. using a novel lrp receptor fusion construct, a type i transmembrane protein chimera, termed sigg-lrp (bearing the intracellular cooh-terminal tail of human lrp as recombinant fusion to a transmembrane region plus the extracellular igg-f(c) domain), we here investigated lrp signal transduction specific ...	2002	12193592