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a tissue digestion protocol for measuring sarcoptes scabiei (astigmata: sarcoptidae) density in skin biopsies.sarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite sarcoptes scabiei that affects a diversity of mammals, including humans, worldwide. in north america, the most commonly affected wildlife includes wild canids, such as coyotes and red foxes, and more recently american black bears in the mid-atlantic and northeast united states. currently, surveillance for sarcoptic mange in wildlife is syndromic, relying on detection of clinical signs and lesions, such as alopecia and crust ...202033135750
identification of hepatitis e virus in the feces of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).orthohepeviruses (hev) can infect a wide range of animals, showing a relatively strict host specificity; however, its zoonotic potential, natural transmission in the wildlife are less known. several new hev-like viruses have been identified in various animal species, including carnivores; however, the phylogenetic relationship among these viruses is poorly resolved, since some of them were known as rodent-related so far. the red fox, the most widespread carnivore worldwide, is a known reservoir ...202033050408
first molecular detection of pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (vulpes vulpeslinnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoidesgray, 1834).fungal organisms of the genus pneumocystis may cause pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. in this study, 62 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in north-east germany. the lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-pneumocystis mtlsu rrna gene pcr and sequencing. ...202032871298
the fox and the crow. a need to update pest control strategies.the recent discovery that cats and mustelids can be infected by sars-cov-2 may raise the question of monitoring domestic, feral and wild populations of such animals, as an adjunct to the elimination of covid-19 in humans. emergency solutions might consider large scale control of these animals in the wild. however, looking at science recently published on native vertebrate pest control reveals first that usual controls do not succeed in reducing animal numbers and associated damages, second that ...202032834058
fox dietary ecology as a tracer of human impact on pleistocene ecosystems.nowadays, opportunistic small predators, such as foxes (vulpes vulpes and vulpes lagopus), are well known to be very adaptable to human modified ecosystems. however, the timing of the start of this phenomenon in terms of human impact on ecosystems and of the implications for foxes has hardly been studied. we hypothesize that foxes can be used as an indicator of past human impact on ecosystems, as a reflection of population densities and consequently to track back the influence of humans on the p ...202032697783
the typical cestodes of the red fox in eastern areas of the iberian peninsula have a grouped distribution.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the most abundant wild canid in the iberian peninsula, and can act as a carrier of a wide range of parasite species shared with dogs and cats and which are sometimes zoonoses. despite this, few studies are available describing the distribution and epidemiology of the cestode community of this opportunistic carnivore in areas of mediterranean climate. in this study, prevalence, intensity, abundance and aggregation coefficient of cestodes found in 286 red foxes of th ...202032585533
molecular investigation of vector-borne pathogens in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from southern france.because of their free-ranging nature, the probability of wild animals being exposed to vector-borne pathogens is likely higher than that of humans and pets. recently, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has been suspected as being a reservoir or host of several pathogens of veterinary and public health importance. we conducted a molecular survey on 93 red foxes hunted in 2008-18, in the departments of bouches-du-rhône and var, in southeastern france, for pathogens including leishmania infantum, piroplas ...202032402231
spatial-temporal dynamics of hepatitis e virus infection in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in federal state of brandenburg, germany, 1993-2012.hepatitis e virus (hev) is the main course for acute hepatitis in humans throughout the world. human associated genotypes 1 and 2 as well as zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 are grouped in the species orthohepevirus a. in addition, a large variety of hev-related viruses has been found in vertebrates including carnivores, rats, bats, and chickens, which were classified in species orthohepevirus b-d. in 2015, partial genome sequences of a novel hepevirus were detected in feces of red foxes (vulpes vulpe ...202032082295
diversity of trichinella species in relation to the host species and geographical location.trichinella nematodes still circulate in various hosts in both domestic and sylvatic environments. recently, in europe, the transmission of trichinella spp. to humans has been attributed more to wild animals than to domestic animals. however, domestic animals could still be a source of human infections in some regions. therefore, our aim was to determine the species composition of trichinella and the prevalence and intensity of infections in animal populations from the domestic cycle, namely pig ...202032050131
insights into hookworm prevalence in asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.hookworm infections are neglected tropical diseases of humans and animals worldwide. a meta-analysis and systematic review was designed to evaluate the prevalence of hookworm infection in animal and human hosts in asia until july 2018.202031917423
prevalence of toxocara and toxascaris infection among human and animals in iran with meta-analysis approach.toxocariasis is a worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease caused by species of toxocara and toxascaris, common in dogs and cats. herein, a meta-analysis was contrived to assess the prevalence of toxocara/toxascaris in carnivore and human hosts in different regions of iran from april 1969 to june 2019.202031910815
first report of sarcocystis pilosa sporocysts in feces from red fox, vulpes vulpes schrencki, in hokkaido, japan.sarcocysts of various sarcocystis spp. are highly prevalent in wild sika deer, cervus nippon yesoensis, in hokkaido, japan, and four species have been identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics: s. ovalis, s. pilosa, s. tarandi-like, and s. truncata-like. the definitive hosts of s. ovalis are corvids, but the hosts of the other species have not yet been identified. aiming to determine the definitive hosts of these species, we collected 65 red fox (vulpes vulpes schrencki) fe ...202031879592
capillaria plica in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from serbia: epidemiology and diagnostic approaches to urinary capillariosis in domestic carnivores.this study aimed to determine the presence of c. plica in red foxes and to point out the possibilities of different diagnostic methods, that could be used for diagnosis of urinary capillariosis in domestic carnivores.202032601819
follicle-sinus complexes in muzzle skin of domestic and wild animals as diagnostic material for detection of rabies.we previously reported a novel diagnostic method using follicle-sinus complexes (fscs) in the muzzle skin for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. however, whether this method works in other animal species remains unclear. here, fscs were collected from a wolf, a red fox, 2 bats, and a cat, and examined for the presence of viral antigen, viral mrna, and viral particles. viral antigen and viral mrna were confirmed in merkel cells (mcs) in fscs of all species. electron microscopy performed usin ...202032595191
the vomeronasal organ of wild canids: the fox (vulpes vulpes) as a model.the vomeronasal system (vns) has been extensively studied within specific animal families, such as rodentia. however, the study of the vns in other families, such as canidae, has long been neglected. among canids, the vomeronasal organ (vno) has only been studied in detail in the dog, and no studies have examined the morphofunctional or immunohistochemical characteristics of the vns in wild canids, which is surprising, given the well-known importance of chemical senses for the dog and fox and th ...202032584430
spatio-temporal partitioning facilitates mesocarnivore sympatry in the stara planina mountains, bulgaria.the top trophic level in many terrestrial food webs is typically occupied by mammalian carnivores (order carnivora) that broadly affect and shape ecosystems through trophic cascades. their inter-specific interactions can further complicate effects on community dynamics as a consequence of intra-guild competition. the capacity for competitive mammalian carnivores to segregate their hunting and activity regimes is in major part a function of their similarity, in terms of body-size and dietary nich ...202032563175
distribution of parasitic helminths in the small intestine of the red fox (vulpes vulpes).the aim of the study was to analyze the distribution of the main groups of parasitic helminths within the small intestine of the red fox on the example of animals coming from eastern poland. two hundred and sixteen red foxes shot in eastern poland were used in the investigation. before examination, each small intestine was divided into three equal parts: anterior (a), middle (m), and posterior (p). each part was examined separately with the sedimentation and counting technique. six different typ ...202032560133
historical analysis of epizootiological situation of rabies on the territory of the slovak republic.currently, slovakia is a rabies-free country, but the epizootiological situation of rabies was not always favorable. the main reservoir species of rabies virus in the first half of the last century was the domestic dog. since 1906, hundreds of cases were reported, of which approximately 90% were infected dogs. the disease had a typical urban character. since 1929, the number of rabid domestic animals decreased due to the implementation of dog vaccination campaigns in particular parts of slovakia ...202032551789
biotic and abiotic factors influencing the prevalence, intensity and distribution of eucoleus aerophilus and crenosoma vulpis in red foxes, vulpes vulpes from romania.to understand the importance of host' habitat choice in determining parasite burden, we studied the distribution of two helminth parasites of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) in south-eastern europe (romania): crenosoma vulpis and eucoleus aerophilus, both widely distributed respiratory nematodes parasitic in various carnivores. even though the life cycle and biology of the two nematodes follow a different pattern, both parasites appear to be co-distributed and often co-infect foxes with variable pre ...202032547917
human-wildlife conflicts in krakow city, southern poland.efforts to reduce human-wildlife-conflict are integral to wildlife management and conservation in urban habitats. in our study, we identified the hwc situations in urban areas of krakow city, based on animal-vehicle collisions, intrusion to property, and damages. hot spot analysis and moran's index were used to identify the location of maximum potential conflict. we analysed 2512 incidents in which animals (of which 85% included mammals and 15% birds) were involved in conflict situations between ...202032532090
skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution.human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. this has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. here, we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from london and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. these changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller bra ...202032486981
comparison of anticoagulant rodenticide concentrations in liver and feces from apparently healthy red foxes.exposure of wildlife and domestic animals to anticoagulant rodenticides (ars) is a worldwide concern, but few methods exist to determine residue levels in live animals. traditional liver detection methods preclude determining exposure in live wildlife. to determine the value of assessing ar exposure by fecal analysis, we compared fecal and liver residues of ars in the same animals. we collected liver and fecal samples from 40 apparently healthy red foxes (vulpes vulpes) potentially exposed to ar ...202032476615
clinical, pathological and parasitological examinations of a german spaniel with alveolar echinococcosis, germany, 2018.alveolar echinococcosis (ae) is a parasitic zoonosis occurring in most european countries and also emerging in parts of asia and north america. ae is caused by the larval stage of echinococcus multilocularis in intermediate and also in accidental hosts. the principal definitive host is the red fox, but domestic dogs and cats are also potential definitive hosts. several species of rodents serve as intermediate hosts of this parasite. however, there are also some species acting as accidental inter ...202032448547
clinical crenosomosis in a black bear (ursus americanus).an orphaned black bear (ursus americanus) cub, estimated to be 9 months-of-age was presented to a wildlife rehabilitation facility in december of 2016. the cub was afebrile, under-weight (6.8 kg) and had a cough condition. centrifugal sugar fecal flotation examination failed to detect any gastrointestinal helminth or protozoan parasites, but revealed the presence of first-stage nematode larvae (l1). large numbers of l1 (>8000 l1/g) identified as crenosoma sp. based on morphology were recovered u ...202032448529
fifteen years since the first record of trichinella pseudospiralis in slovakia: what's new?the presence of trichinella pseudospiralis has been increasingly reported in europe in the last decade. the parasite was recorded for the first time in central europe in 2003-2004, in eastern slovakia, in pigs, rats and a cat from a pig breeding farm. in the following years, it was also repeatedly diagnosed in co-infection with t. britovi in sylvatic animals from this area. molecular analyses revealed a distinctive genetic relationship of the slovak isolate with those from finland and sweden, su ...202032414540
detection of a ge-deleted pseudorabies virus strain in an italian red fox.this study describes an aujeszky's disease case in an adult male red fox found in an urban area in central italy, that exhibited a fatal infection with neurological lesions, but neither itching nor skin lesions. diagnostic examinations included histology, and parasitological, bacteriological and virological analyses. detection of parasitic enteric pathogens, bacteria, e. coli, leptospira spp., rabies, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, hepatitis e virus and pseudorabies virus (prv) was performe ...202032402347
generalized tuberculosis due to mycobacterium caprae in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) in austria.mycobacterium caprae subtype lechtal was detected in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) shot by a hunter in 2018 in the western part of austria, where, among wildlife, tuberculosis is known to occur in red deer (cervus elaphus). the red fox showed a generalized (disseminated) manifestation of the disease and a multibacillary distribution of mycobacteria in the inner organs.202032402235
first broad-range molecular screening of tick-borne pathogens in ixodes (pholeoixodes) kaiseri, with special emphasis on piroplasms.recently, the occurrence of ixodes (pholeoixodes) kaiseri has been reported for the first time in several european countries, but data on the molecular analysis of this hard tick species are still lacking. therefore, in this study dna extracts of 28 i. kaiseri (collected from dogs and red foxes in germany, hungary and romania) were screened with reverse line blot hybridisation (rlb), pcr and sequencing for the presence of 43 tick-borne pathogens or other members of their families from the catego ...202032384057
toxocara canis in australia.this review covers reports on prevalence toxocara in dogs from 2000 to the present and views of the veterinary community as to the importance of it as a zoonosis within australia. the contamination of soils in public areas with eggs of this parasite seems overall to be minimal for reasons related to required collection of faeces from pets and the use of routine deworming and combination dewormers associated with heartworm prevention. the potential of other canid hosts being sources of eggs is li ...202032381231
machine learning goes wild: using data from captive individuals to infer wildlife behaviours.1. remotely tracking distinct behaviours of animals using acceleration data and machine learning has been carried out successfully in several species in captive settings. in order to study the ecology of animals in natural habitats, such behaviour classification models need to be transferred to wild individuals. however, at present, the development of those models usually requires direct observation of the target animals. 2. the goal of this study was to infer the behaviour of wild, free-roaming ...202032369485
computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the head in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is a universally widespread wild carnivore in the world. it has an important impact on human interests and plays a vital role in conservation biology. there is no report to describe computed tomography (ct) of the red fox head and its correlation with gross anatomy. therefore, the intent of the present study was to document, by ct, the basic anatomical structures in the head region of the red fox to lay the groundwork of an appropriate anatomical description of the he ...202032347579
under the skin: ixodes ticks in the subcutaneous tissue of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from germany.ixodes spp. are vectors of zoonotic pathogens. all three active life stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) need to feed on a host in order to develop. usually ticks parasitize attached to the external surface of their hosts' skin. interestingly, in some cases ticks can also be found in the subcutaneous tissue in a variety of hosts, such as red foxes (vulpes vulpes), raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) and dogs.202032312296
the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as a potential natural reservoir of human cryptosporidiosis by cryptosporidium hominis in northwest spain.giardia duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. are ubiquitous intestinal protozoa that parasitize domestic and wild animals, as well as human beings. due to their zoonotic potential, the objective of the present study was to determine the presence of these pathogens in the fox population (vulpes vulpes) located in northwest spain. a total of 197 faecal samples from legally hunted foxes were collected in the autonomous region of galicia. the presence of g. duodenalis and cryptosporidium spp. was inv ...202032302466
simple modification to improve reliability of copro-dna examinations for diagnosing echinococcus multilocularis infections in red foxes.epidemiological studies of echinococcus multilocularis infections in definitive hosts require a reliable and economic diagnostic method. in this study, the current copro-dna examination technique was modified by increasing the faecal amounts tested and adding a step to neutralize the faeces before dna extraction. reliability of the modified method was evaluated using rectal faecal samples from red foxes and comparing them with intestinal worms detected using the sedimentation and counting techni ...202032284088
ticks (acari: ixodidae) parasitizing red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in slovakia and new data about subgenus pholeoixodes occurrence.distribution and biology of pholeoixodes ticks is not very well understood. the goal of the study was to collect new data on the pholeoixodes tick occurrence in slovakia.202032215863
infectious wildlife diseases in austria-a literature review from 1980 until 2017.this literature review examines infectious wildlife disease research in austria. we analyzed 226 research papers, published between 1980 and 2017. we determined that wildlife disease papers increased significantly from 0.8 ± 0.8 publications per year in the first decade (1980-1989) when compared to 2008-2017 with an average of 12.9 ± 4.1 publications per year. we illustrate information about the most investigated diseases and highlight the lack of research into certain wildlife pathogens. a spec ...202032154271
identification of key genes associated with spermatogenesis arrest in fox hybrids using weighted gene co-expression network analysis.the silver fox and the blue fox represent different genera, but produce viable offspring. although these hybrids show obvious heterosis, they are completely sterile due to spermatogenic arrest at the early stages of spermatogenesis, especially mitosis and meiosis i; the hybrids produce few spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, and no secondary spermatocytes. although the mechanisms of spermatogenic arrest have been well investigated, transcriptomic differences between hybrid and the pure-spec ...202032126384
the efficiency of live-capture traps for the study of red fox (vulpes vulpes) cubs: a three-year study in poland.safe and efficient techniques for the live capture of carnivores are limited. in this study, we identified some of the factors that could affect the success of capturing red fox cubs with live capture traps (also known as cage traps). during a three-year period, we analysed 32 captures of 25 fox cubs (1.3 captures/fox). we assessed the impact of the following factors: sex of animals, month of trapping, weather conditions recorded for each trap-night, the willingness of cubs to explore and enter ...202032110960
wildlife and bait density monitoring to describe the effectiveness of a rabies vaccination program in foxes.fox rabies has been eliminated from vast areas of west and central europe, but cases still occur in the balkans. oral vaccination is an effective method for reducing the incidence of the disease in wildlife, but it requires monitoring if bait density is adequate for the density of the wildlife reservoir. we developed a methodology to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial vaccination campaigns conducted in montenegro during autumn 2011 and spring 2012. the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign ...202032098157
effect of accumulation of heavy metals in the red fox intestine on the prevalence of its intestinal parasites.the aim of this study was (i) to compare levels of accumulated heavy metals in the fox intestines with and without parasites. moreover, our research also dealt with (ii) examination of the relationship between heavy metal content in fox intestines and between the presence of fox intestinal parasites. the intestines of 34 hunter-killed foxes were dissected to detect the occurrence of parasites. in 15 intestinal samples, parasitic intestinal helminths were found. heavy metal content in small intes ...202032098127
molecular detection and characterization of leishmania infantum in free-ranging egyptian mongoose (herpestes ichneumon).wild mammals are susceptible to infection by leishmania parasites. although canine leishmaniasis is widely distributed in mainland portugal, the sylvatic cycle of the parasite remains poorly understood. in this study, the occurrence of l. infantum in wild carnivores from portugal was assessed by molecular screening of 132 hunted or accidentally road-killed animals. spleen samples from egyptian mongoose, red fox, stone marten, common genet and european badger were tested by amplification of leish ...202032071863
helicobacter labacensis sp. nov., helicobacter mehlei sp. nov., and helicobacter vulpis sp. nov., isolated from gastric mucosa of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).six helicobacter-like isolates were recovered from 15 gastric mucosa samples of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) shot by hunters in the surroundings of ljubljana, slovenia. gram-negative, tightly coiled, intensely motile, 7-15 µm long and ≤1 µm wide bacteria grew on the biphasic blood agar plates. by using a genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr), all isolates were confirmed as helicobacter sp. and subsequently subjected to whole-genome sequencing (wgs). five isolates showed a genome-wide avera ...202032068523
functional anatomy of the middle and inner ears of the red fox, in comparison to domestic dogs and cats.anatomical middle and inner ear parameters are often used to predict hearing sensitivities of mammalian species. given that ear morphology is substantially affected both by phylogeny and body size, it is interesting to consider whether the relatively small anatomical differences expected in related species of similar size have a noticeable impact on hearing. we present a detailed anatomical description of the middle and inner ears of the red fox vulpes vulpes, a widespread, wild carnivore for wh ...202032068262
revegetation and reproduction: do restoration plantings in agricultural landscapes support breeding populations of woodland birds?restoration plantings are frequently occupied by native wildlife, but little is known about how planting attributes influence breeding by, and persistence of, fauna populations. we monitored breeding success of woodland birds in restoration plantings in a fragmented agricultural landscape in south-eastern australia. we documented nest fate and daily nest survival (dsr) in plantings and remnant woodland sites. we analysed the influence on breeding success of patch attributes (size, shape, type) c ...202032025896
wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) as sentinels of rodent-borne hantavirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in the province of soria, northern spain.three hundred and fourteen red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the province of soria, spain, were examined for hantavirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) infection (and were likely to have been infected by feeding on infected rodents). immunofluorescence and western blot assays confirmed 3.5% (11/314) to have antibodies to hantaviruses, and the immune fluorescence assay showed 2.2% (7/314) to have antibodies to lcmv. the serologic status of the animals showed no statistically significant ...202032011204
ecological drivers of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection in mongoose (herpestes ichneumon) using is900 as proxy.mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (map) is the etiological agent of johne's disease or paratuberculosis, a chronic infection affecting domestic ruminants worldwide. despite sporadic reports of map occurrence in non-ruminants, information on the risk factors predisposing for infection is still scarce and evidence of transmission paths linking the livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces also remains lacking. in this study, we predicted that environmental, host-related, land use and hum ...202031964932
occurrence, prevalence, and explanatory environmental variables of spirocerca vulpis infestation in the foxes of western spain.the main aim of this study was to not only establish the prevalence of the recently described spirocerca vulpis parasite in the wild-life cycle of carnivores in western spain but to also elaborate a model to explain the risk of infestation based on 16 topo-climatic and habitat variables. during the period from june 2016 to november 2017, 1644 carcasses of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and another 105 wild mammals, legally hunted or killed in car accidents, were analyzed. parasitic nodules of spiroce ...202031932914
were ancient foxes far more carnivorous than recent ones?-carnassial morphological evidence.crown shape variation of the first lower molar in the arctic (vulpes lagopus) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) was analyzed using five groups of morphotypes. carnassial morphologies were compared between the species and between spatially and temporally distant populations: one late pleistocene (n = 45) and seven modern populations of the arctic fox (n = 259), and one late pleistocene (n = 35) and eight modern populations of the red fox (n = 606). the dentition of holocene red foxes had larger morph ...202031923224
responses of sympatric canids to human development revealed through citizen science.measuring wildlife responses to anthropogenic activities often requires long-term, large-scale datasets that are difficult to collect. this is particularly true for rare or cryptic species, which includes many mammalian carnivores. citizen science, in which members of the public participate in scientific work, can facilitate collection of large datasets while increasing public awareness of wildlife research and conservation. hunters provide unique benefits for citizen science given their knowled ...202032884652
serosurvey of coyotes (canis latrans), foxes (vulpes vulpes, urocyon cinereoargenteus), and raccoons (procyon lotor) for exposure to influenza a viruses in the usa.we tested coyote (canis latrans), fox (urocyon cinereoargenteus, vulpes vulpes), and raccoon (procyon lotor) sera for influenza a virus exposure. we found 2/139 samples (1 coyote, 1 raccoon) had iav antibodies and hemagglutination inhibition assays revealed the antibodies to the 2009/2010 h1n1 human pandemic virus or to the 2007 human seasonal h1n1 virus.202032320339
dynamic rodent behavioral response to predation risk: implications for disease ecology.prey modify their behavior in response to variation in predation risk, and such modifications can affect trophic processes such as disease transmission. however, variation in predation risk is complex, arising from direct risk from the predator itself and indirect risk due to the environment. moreover, direct risk typically stems from multiple predators and varies over timescales (e.g., a predator nearby vs. its seasonal activities). we implemented a field-based experiment to disentangle these s ...202031813024
genomic characterization of canine circovirus detected in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from italy using a new real-time pcr assay.data on canine circovirus circulation among red foxes (vulpes vulpes) are limited. we report the detection of canine circovirus in a red fox from italy. the virus was closely related to strains from dogs (canis lupus familiaris) rather than those from foxes, suggesting a possible transmission between the two species.202031237820
circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, italy.protoparvovirus is a monophyletic viral genus that includes the species carnivore protoparvovirus-1 infecting domestic and wild carnivores. in this paper, the results of an epidemiological survey for carnivore protoparvovirus-1 in wild carnivores in italy are reported. overall, 34 (11.4%) out of 297 tested animals were positive for carnivore protoparvovirus-1, but the frequency of detection was much higher in intestine (54%) than in spleen samples (2.8%), thus suggesting that the intestine is th ...202033176056
coexistence of predators in time: effects of season and prey availability on species activity within a mediterranean carnivore guild.the degree of coexistence among predators can determine the structure of ecological communities. niche partitioning is a common strategy applied by species to enhance their coexistence. diet, habitat, or time use can be responsible for segregation among carnivore species, the latter factor being the least studied in mediterranean ecosystems. terrestrial medium-sized carnivores (i.e., mesocarnivores) carry out important functions in ecosystems, and identifying their interactions is essential for ...202033144974
morphometric characteristics of the spermatozoa of blue fox (alopex lagopus) and silver fox (vulpes vulpes).the results presented in this study are the first such extensive characterization of the sperm morphometry of the blue fox (alopex lagopus) and silver fox (vulpes vulpes), as representatives of the family canidae. canine spermatozoa, especially the sperm of farmed foxes, are not often described in studies on reproduction. the aim of the study was a detailed comparison of the morphometric dimensions and shape of the sperm of two fox species: silver fox and blue fox. semen collected from 10 silver ...202033092144
sarcocystis infection in red deer (cervus elaphus) with eosinophilic myositis/fasciitis in switzerland and involvement of red foxes (vulpesvulpes) and hunting dogs in the transmission.red deer (cervus elaphus) carcasses showing grey-greenish discolouration have been increasingly observed in the canton of grisons, switzerland. we investigated whether sarcocystis infections were associated with this pathology, and whether wild and domestic canids were involved in their transmission. meat from affected red deer (n = 26), faeces and intestines from red foxes (vulpesvulpes) (n = 126), and faeces from hunting dogs (n = 12) from the region, were analysed. eosinophilic myositis and/o ...202033083225
first report of straelensiosis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).straelensia cynotis, a trombidioid larval mite, was identified as a cause of nodular dermatitis in dogs in southern europe. it has been suggested that red fox (vulpes vulpes) is a natural host for s. cynotis. however, no case has been reported in this species.202033029811
the red fox (vulpes vulpes), a possible reservoir of babesia vulpes, b. canis and hepatozoon canis and its association with the tick dermacentor reticulatus occurrence.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is known to be a reservoir host of various vector-borne protozoan parasites. yet, the impact of these parasitic infections on the health status of the red fox is unknown. in this study, we compared the prevalence of haemoprotozoa in juvenile and adult foxes from four regions in poland. the abundance of questing adult dermacentor reticulatus ticks was shown to differ between regions and include a tick-endemic and non-endemic region, as well as two zones in which d. ret ...202033002808
pearsonema spp. (family capillariidae, order enoplida) infection in domestic carnivores in central-northern italy and in a red fox population from central italy.pearsonema spp. nematodes infect the urinary bladder of domestic and wild carnivores. the red fox is considered a reservoir of pearsonema plica, while the prevalence of pearsonema spp. in domestic carnivores is still poorly known. this study aimed to assess the occurrence of pearsonema spp. infection in privately owned cats (26) and dogs (83) from central and northern italy alongside occurrence in red foxes (42) from central italy. in positive dogs and cats, associated clinical signs were also e ...202032916873
cardiopulmonary nematodes of wild carnivores from denmark: do they serve as reservoir hosts for infections in domestic animals?the cardiopulmonary nematodes angiostrongylus vasorum, crenosoma vulpis, capillaria aerophila and aelurostrongylus abstrusus, are a cause of concern in the scientific and veterinary community, potentially causing significant disease in domestic animals. to investigate the potential of wild carnivores as reservoir hosts to these parasites, a total of 1041 animals from seven regions of denmark were sampled: 476 raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), 367 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 123 american mi ...202032884901
individual dietary specialization in a generalist predator: a stable isotope analysis of urban and rural red foxes.some carnivores are known to survive well in urban habitats, yet the underlying behavioral tactics are poorly understood. one likely explanation for the success in urban habitats might be that carnivores are generalist consumers. however, urban populations of carnivores could as well consist of specialist feeders. here, we compared the isotopic specialization of red foxes in urban and rural environments, using both a population and an individual level perspective. we measured stable isotope rati ...202032884662
dirofilaria immitis in bulgaria: the first genetic baseline data and an overview of the current status.dirofilaria immitis, the agent of canine dirofilariosis, is a common parasite of domestic and wild carnivores with zoonotic potential and worldwide distribution, being endemic in many countries. bulgaria is among european countries recognized as endemic for this heartworm parasite. in the present study, d. immitis adults recovered from pulmonary arteries of domestic dog and golden jackal originating from the pazardzhik region in southern bulgaria, and from red fox originating from the plovdiv re ...202032855608
reproduction success in european badgers, red foxes and raccoon dogs in relation to sett cohabitation.the setts of the european badger meles meles can be cohabited during reproductive season by the red fox vulpes vulpes and raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides. there is no information on the possible impact of both species on the size of badgers' litter. the aim of the study was to show the influence of cohabitation of the same setts by badger, raccoon dog and fox on the litter size. the research was conducted in 2012-2014 and 2018 in the lowland forests of western poland. we conducted the surve ...202032797065
ancient origin and genetic segregation of canine circovirus infecting arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) in svalbard and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in northern norway.canine circovirus (caninecv) is a relatively new viral species, belonging to the family circoviridae, whose pathogenic role is still uncertain. since its first description in one domestic dog in 2011 from the usa, several reports have been documenting its distribution worldwide. recently, caninecv was also detected in wild animals such as wolves, foxes and badgers. in order to investigate the presence and the genetic characteristics of caninecv in foxes of arctic and sub-arctic regions, the pres ...202032786111
dynamic in species estimates of carnivores (leopard cat, red fox, and north chinese leopard): a multi-year assessment of occupancy and coexistence in the tieqiaoshan nature reserve, shanxi province, china.wildlife populations are spatially controlled and undergo frequent fluctuations in abundance and site occupation. a comprehensive understanding of dynamic species processes is essential for making appropriate wildlife management plans. here, we used a multi-season model to describe the dynamics of occupancy estimates of the carnivores: north chinese leopard (panthera pardus japonensis, gray, 1862), leopard cat (prionailurus bengalensis, kerr, 1792), and red fox (vulpes vulpes, linnaeus, 1758) in ...202032752223
ectoparasites of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) with a particular focus on ticks in subcutaneous tissues.in the present study, we identified the ectoparasite communities of red foxes in three regions of poland that encompassed two endemic regions for the occurrence of dermacentor reticulatus, as well as a region that is free of this tick species ('gap' area). our study sites were selected to enable the role of foxes as hosts for juvenile (nest dwelling) and adult (exophilic) d. reticulatus ticks to be determined, and to assess their contribution to the spread of this important vector of babesia can ...202032660681
spatial aspects of gardens drive ranging in urban foxes (vulpes vulpes): the resource dispersion hypothesis revisited.red foxes are a well-established species of urban ecosystems in the uk and worldwide. understanding the spatial ecology of foxes in urban landscapes is important for enhancement of urban biodiversity and effective disease management. the resource dispersion hypothesis (rdh) holds that territory (home range) size is linked to distribution and richness of habitat patches such that aggregation of rich resources should be negatively associated with range size. here, we tested the rdh on a sample of ...202032660022
first report of spirocerca vulpis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in portugal.recent studies have described spirocerca lupi-like nematodes in the stomach of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in europe. a phylogenetic analysis of those specimens using mitochondrial dna and their morphological reexamination allowed their characterization as a different species, spirocerca vulpis. between the years of 2010 and 2017, roundworms were collected from seven red foxes of northeastern portugal found at necropsy with nodular lesions on their stomach wall. histopathological analysis of four ...202032643084
unravelling spirocerca vulpis from red foxes from switzerland: a 20-year-old record.spirocerca vulpis is a parasitic nematode of red foxes associated with gastric nodule formation. since its description in 2018, this species has been reported in red foxes from spain, bosnia and herzegovina, italy, and portugal. we present here the analysis of uncharacterized nematodes obtained from gastric nodules of a red fox from switzerland in 1999. the specimens were identified as s. vulpis based on the observation of teeth-like structures in the buccal capsule and a 99.4% sequence identity ...202032627080
red fox viromes in urban and rural landscapes.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has established large populations in australia's urban and rural areas since its introduction following european settlement. the cryptic and highly adaptable nature of foxes allows them to invade cities and live among humans whilst remaining largely unnoticed. urban living and access to anthropogenic food resources also influence fox ecology. urban foxes grow larger, live at higher densities, and are more social than their rural counterparts. these ecological changes ...202033365150
exploring the internal and external wildlife gradients created by conservation fences.spillover effects are an expansion of conservation benefits beyond protected areas through dispersal of species that reside within. they have been well documented in marine but not terrestrial systems. to understand the effects on wildlife created by conservation fences, we explored the internal and external gradients of activity in mammal, reptile, and bird species at a conservation reserve in arid australia that is fenced to exclude invasive rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus), cats (felis catus), ...202031310356
the red fox (vulpes vulpes) as sentinel for tick-borne encephalitis virus in endemic and non-endemic areas.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one of the most important viral zoonosis caused by a neurotropic arbovirus (tbev). in germany, tbe is classified as a notifiable disease with an average of 350 autochthonous human cases annually. the incidence-based risk assessment in germany came under criticism because every year, a number of autochthonous human tbe cases have been detected outside of the official risk areas. therefore, it is necessary to find additional parameters to strengthen tbev surveillan ...202033218052
hypothalamic transcriptome of tame and aggressive silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) identifies gene expression differences shared across brain regions.the underlying neurological events accompanying dog domestication remain elusive. to reconstruct the domestication process in an experimental setting, silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) have been deliberately bred for tame vs aggressive behaviors for more than 50 generations at the institute for cytology and genetics in novosibirsk, russia. the hypothalamus is an essential part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and regulates the fight-or-flight response, and thus, we hypothesized that selecti ...202031605445
disentangling the relative influences of global drivers of change in biodiversity: a study of the twentieth-century red fox expansion into the canadian arctic.the poleward range shift of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) > 1,700 km into the arctic is one of the most remarkable distribution changes of the early twentieth century. while this expansion threatens a smaller arctic ecological equivalent, the arctic fox (vulpes lagopus), the case became a textbook example of climate-driven range shifts. we tested this classical climate change hypothesis linked to an important range shift which has attracted little research thus far. we analysed canadian fur harves ...202031407338
predator responses to fire: a global systematic review and meta-analysis.knowledge of how disturbances such as fire shape habitat structure and composition, and affect animal interactions, is fundamental to ecology and ecosystem management. predators also exert strong effects on ecological communities, through top-down regulation of prey and competitors, which can result in trophic cascades. despite their ubiquity, ecological importance and potential to interact with fire, our general understanding of how predators respond to fire remains poor, hampering ecosystem ma ...202031774550
psychrobacillus vulpis sp. nov., a new species isolated from faeces of a red fox in spain.a facultative anaerobic, chemoheterotrophic, endospore-forming, gram-stain-positive rod, designated as strain z8t, was isolated from red fox (vulpes vulpes) faeces sampled at tablas de daimiel national park, ciudad real, spain. strain z8t grew at 0-37 °c (optimum, 28 °c), in the presence of 0-5.5 % (w/v) nacl (2.5 %, w/v) and at ph 6-10 (ph 7). the strain was motile and positive for catalase, oxidase, h2s and siderophore production, acid and alkaline phosphatases, and n-acetylglucosamine, adipic ...202031833832
the history of farm foxes undermines the animal domestication syndrome.the russian farm-fox experiment is the best known experimental study in animal domestication. by subjecting a population of foxes to selection for tameness alone, dimitry belyaev generated foxes that possessed a suite of characteristics that mimicked those found across domesticated species. this 'domestication syndrome' has been a central focus of research into the biological pathways modified during domestication. here, we chart the origins of belyaev's foxes in eastern canada and critically as ...202031810775
beyond the landscape: resistance modelling infers physical and behavioural gene flow barriers to a mobile carnivore across a metropolitan area.urbanization affects key aspects of wildlife ecology. dispersal in urban wildlife species may be impacted by geographical barriers but also by a species' inherent behavioural variability. there are no functional connectivity analyses using continuous individual-based sampling across an urban-rural continuum that would allow a thorough assessment of the relative importance of physical and behavioural dispersal barriers. we used 16 microsatellite loci to genotype 374 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from ...202031880844
a remarkable genetic diversity of rotavirus a circulating in red fox population in croatia.rotaviruses (rv), especially rotavirus a (rva), are globally recognized as pathogens causing neonatal diarrhea, but they also affect intensive animal farming. however, the knowledge on their significance in wildlife is rather limited. the aim of the study was to unveil the prevalence, molecular epidemiology, and genetic diversity of rva strains circulating in the red fox (vulpes vulpes) population in croatia. from 2018 to 2019, 370 fecal samples from fox carcasses hunted for rabies monitoring we ...202133923799
genetic changes and evolutionary analysis of canine circovirus.canine circovirus (caninecv) has been found to be associated with vasculitis, hemorrhage, hemorrhagic enteritis, and diarrhea of canines. caninecv, like other circoviruses, may also be associated with lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression. this circovirus has been detected worldwide in different countries and species. recombination and mutation events in the caninecv genome have been described, indicating that the virus is continuing to evolve. however, the origin, codon usage patterns, and h ...202134104994
investigating the presence of sars cov-2 in free-living and captive animals.due to sars cov-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports of environmental contamination, the possibility of sars cov-2 transmission to animals can be expected. we tested samples of dominant free-living and captive wildlife species in croatia for the presence of anti-sars cov-2 antibodies and viral rna. in total, from june 2020 until february 2021, we tested blood, muscle extract and fecal samples of 422 free-living wild boars (sus scrofa), red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and ...202134064271
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