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cellular organization of adult neurogenesis in the common marmoset.adult neurogenesis within the subgranular zone (sgz) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricle (lv) has been most intensely studied within the brains of rodents such as mice and rats. however, little is known about the cell types and processes involved in adult neurogenesis within primates such as the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). moreover, substantial differences seem to exist between the neurogenic niche of the lv between rodents and hu ...201021040399
simple autogeneic feeder cell preparation for pluripotent stem cells.mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mefs) are the most commonly used feeder cells for pluripotent stem cells. however, autogeneic feeder (af) cells have several advantages such as no xenogeneic risks and reduced costs. in this report, we demonstrate that common marmoset embryonic stem (cmes) cells can be maintained on common marmoset af (cmaf) cells. these cmes cells were maintained on cmaf cells for 6 months, retaining their morphology, normal karyotype, and expression patterns for the pluripotent mar ...201021041123
molecular cloning and functional characterization of endogenous recombinant common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) follicle-stimulating hormone.common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) are readily used in biomedical research. however, superovulation for embryonic stem cell production and developmental research still remain difficult. inexplicably, follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) as key player in superovulation has to be administered in extremely high dosages in this non-human primate compared to human.201021044091
population-averaged standard template brain atlas for the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).advanced magnetic resonance (mr) neuroimaging analysis techniques based on voxel-wise statistics, such as voxel-based morphometry (vbm) and functional mri, are widely applied to cognitive brain research in both human subjects and in non-human primates. recent developments in imaging have enabled the evaluation of smaller animal models with sufficient spatial resolution. the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus), a small new world primate species, has been widely used in neuroscience research, to ...201021044887
5-ht(1b) receptor in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).serotonin (5-ht) is involved in the fine adjustments at several brain centers including the core of the mammal circadian timing system (cts) and the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn). the scn receives massive serotonergic projections from the midbrain raphe nuclei, whose inputs are described in rats as ramifying at its ventral portion overlapping the retinohypothalamic and geniculohypothalamic fibers. in the scn, the 5-ht actions are reported as being primarily mediated by the 5-ht1 typ ...201021055446
when play is a family business: adult play, hierarchy, and possible stress reduction in common marmosets.easy to recognize but not easy to define, animal play is a baffling behavior because it has no obvious immediate benefits for the performers. however, the absence of immediate advantages, if true, would leave adult play (costly but maintained by evolution, spanning lemurs to homo sapiens) unexplained. although a commonly held view maintains that play is limited by stress, an emergent hypothesis states that play can regulate stress in the short term. here we explored this hypothesis in a captive ...201021107884
advanced follicle development in xenografted prepubertal ovarian tissue: the common marmoset as a nonhuman primate model for ovarian tissue transplantation.to establish a nonhuman primate model addressing follicular development in cryopreserved prepubertal ovarian tissue after xenografting.201021122840
trabecular bone structure in the mandibular condyles of gouging and nongouging platyrrhine primates.the relationship between mandibular form and biomechanical function is a topic of significant interest to morphologists and paleontologists alike. several previous studies have examined the morphology of the mandible in gouging and nongouging primates as a means of understanding the anatomical correlates of this feeding behavior. the goal of the current study was to quantify the trabecular bone structure of the mandibular condyle of gouging and nongouging primates to assess the functional morpho ...201019918988
propagation and characterisation of dendritic cells from g-csf mobilised peripheral blood monocytes and stem cells in common marmoset monkeys.the common marmoset is a small new world primate that has been used as an immunological model for a number of human diseases. dendritic cells (dc) have not been extensively characterised in this species and in particular protocols to derive dc from living donors without the need for animal sacrifice are presently lacking. this study establishes new protocols to generate substantial numbers of marmoset dc for use in cell therapy studies. recombinant human g-csf was used to mobilise peripheral blo ...201019931270
immunotoxicity testing in nonhuman primates.biological relevance is generally the major justification for using nonhuman primates (nhp) during preclinical safety assessment. this holds particularly true for the evaluation of biopharmaceuticals with nhp often being the species of choice. for safety assessment of small molecules, nhp are used in case of a higher degree of metabolic similarity, to detect the highly specific immunotoxic side effects and to discriminate toxicity from efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs. unlike for rodent immuno ...201019967524
perception of biological motion in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus): by females only.the ability to perceive biological motion (bm) has been demonstrated in a number of species including humans but the few studies of non-human primates have been relatively inconclusive. we investigated whether common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) are able to perceive biological motion, using a novel method to test non-human primates. marmosets (7 male and 7 female) were trained to remove a cover from a container and look inside it, revealing a computer screen. then they were presented with imag ...201020052512
the relationship between the production and the anti-gonadotrophic action of prostaglandin f 2 alpha in luteal cells from the marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) in the early and mid-luteal phase.to address the potential luteolytic role for prostaglandin f(2 alpha) (pgf(2 alpha)) in the corpus luteum of the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus), the ability of marmoset luteal cells, maintained in monolayer culture, to produce pgf(2 alpha) was determined in vitro in the presence and absence of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) and other established pharmacological modulators of pgf(2 alpha) synthesis. we also assessed the effects of the pgf(2 alpha) analogue, cloprostenol, on prog ...201020067799
transplantation of galectin-1-expressing human neural stem cells into the injured spinal cord of adult common marmosets.delayed transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (ns/pcs) into the injured spinal cord can promote functional recovery in adult rats and monkeys. to enhance the functional recovery after ns/pc transplantation, we focused on galectin-1, a carbohydrate-binding protein with pleiotropic roles in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and neurite outgrowth. here, to determine the combined therapeutic effect of ns/pc transplantation and galectin-1 on spinal cord injury (sci), human ns/pcs wer ...201020091712
application of probabilistic analysis for precisely correcting the qt interval for heart rate in telemetered common marmosets.qt intervals are strongly influenced by preceeding heart rate history and are also characterized by rate-independent variability, leading to difficulty in precise rate-correction of the raw qt interval. the present study elucidates a novel analytical method that effectively addresses this problematic phenomenon in telemetered common marmosets.201020097297
species-specific inhibition of foamy viruses from south american monkeys by new world monkey trim5{alpha} proteins.foamy virus evolution closely parallels that of the host species, indicating virus-host coadaptation. we studied simian foamy viruses (sfvs) from common marmosets, spider monkeys, and squirrel monkeys, new world monkey (nwm) species that share geographic ranges. the trim5alpha protein from each of these nwm species inhibited the replication of at least one of the sfvs associated with the other two species but did not affect the replication of its own sfv. thus, trim5alpha has potentially shaped ...201020130055
neighbor effects in marmosets: social contagion of agonism and affiliation in captive callithrix jacchus.researchers have demonstrated the neighbor effect for affiliative and agonistic neighbor vocalizations in captive chimpanzees. we extend the investigation of the neighbor effect to new world monkeys, callithrix jacchus. we collected data on vocalizations and behaviors of 31 focal individuals and concurrent neighbor vocalization within three behavioral categories: intragroup and intergroup aggression and intragroup affiliation. we investigated whether there was an influence of neighbor vocalizati ...201020131362
primate early life stress leads to long-term mild hippocampal decreases in corticosteroid receptor expression.expression of mineralocorticoid receptor (mr) and glucocorticoid receptor (gr) genes are moderately reduced in several brain regions in depression. these reductions could be partly due to early life stress (els), which predicts emotional disorders. controlled primate studies are important to test whether els sufficient to induce long-term emotional changes also induces long-term altered mr and/or gr brain expression.201020132928
protection by pyridostigmine bromide of marmoset hemi-diaphragm acetylcholinesterase activity after soman exposure.pyridostigmine bromide (pb) was approved by the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) in 2003 as a pretreatment in humans against the lethal effects of the irreversible nerve agent soman (gd). organophosphate (op) chemical warfare agents such as gd exert their toxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (ache) from terminating the action of acetylcholine at postsynaptic sites in cholinergic nerve terminals (including crucial peripheral muscle such as diaphragm). as part of the post-market ...201020144889
neural coding of periodicity in marmoset auditory cortex.pitch, our perception of how high or low a sound is on a musical scale, crucially depends on a sound's periodicity. if an acoustic signal is temporally jittered so that it becomes aperiodic, the pitch will no longer be perceivable even though other acoustical features that normally covary with pitch are unchanged. previous electrophysiological studies investigating pitch have typically used only periodic acoustic stimuli, and as such these studies cannot distinguish between a neural representati ...201020147419
luteotrophic effects of relaxin, chorionic gonadotrophin and fsh in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus).in early pregnant primates, relaxin (rlx) is highly upregulated within the corpus luteum (cl), suggesting that rlx may have an important role in the implantation of the blastocyst. therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the local effects of rlx and gonadotrophins on the maintenance of the cl using an in vitro microdialysis system. cls of common marmoset monkeys were collected by luteectomy during different stages of the luteal phase and early pregnancy. each cl was perfused w ...201020156883
performance of juvenile baboons on neuropsychological tests assessing associative learning, motivation and attention.the cantab (cambridge neuropsychological test automated battery), a system developed for human neuropsychological testing, has previously been used to assess cognitive function in two species of nonhuman primates, common marmoset monkeys and rhesus macaques. we describe the application of the system to the juvenile baboon, a nonhuman primate species offering specific investigative advantages. juvenile baboons were trained and tested on a progressive ratio task to assess motivation, simple discri ...201020170676
retinal afferents synapse with relay cells targeting the middle temporal area in the pulvinar and lateral geniculate nuclei.considerable debate continues regarding thalamic inputs to the middle temporal area (mt) of the visual cortex that bypass the primary visual cortex (v1) and the role they might have in the residual visual capability following a lesion of v1. two specific retinothalamic projections to area mt have been speculated to relay through the medial portion of the inferior pulvinar nucleus (pim) and the koniocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn). although a number of studies have ...201020179789
efficient gene transfer into neurons in monkey brain by adeno-associated virus 8.although the adeno-associated virus (aav) vector is a promising tool for gene transfer into neurons, especially for therapeutic purposes, neurotropism in primate brains is not fully elucidated for specific aav serotypes. here, we injected aav serotype 8 (aav8) vector carrying the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene under a ubiquitous promoter into the cerebral cortex, striatum and substantia nigra of common marmosets. robust neuronal egfp expression was observed at all injected sites. ...201020224455
neuronal mhc class i molecules are involved in excitatory synaptic transmission at the hippocampal mossy fiber synapses of marmoset monkeys.several recent studies suggested a role for neuronal major histocompatibility complex class i (mhci) molecules in certain forms of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of rodents. here, we report for the first time on the expression pattern and functional properties of mhci molecules in the hippocampus of a nonhuman primate, the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus). we detected a presynaptic, mossy fiber-specific localization of mhci proteins within the marmoset hippocampus. mhci molecu ...201020232136
effects of antenatal dexamethasone treatment on glucocorticoid receptor and calcyon gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of neonatal and adult common marmoset monkeys.synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (dex) are commonly used to promote fetal lung maturation in at-risk preterm births, but there is emerging evidence of subsequent neurobehavioral abnormalities in these children e.g. problems with inattention/hyperactivity. however, molecular pathways mediating effects of glucocorticoid overexposure on motor and cognitive development are poorly understood.201020307270
mapping of serotonin transporters by positron emission tomography with [11c]dasb in conscious common marmosets: comparison with rhesus monkeys.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is unique among the primates in its small body size, reproductive efficacy, and characteristic social behavior, making it useful as an animal model in neuroscientific research. to assess the brain serotonergic systems, we investigated the binding of [(11)c]-3-amino-4-(2-dimetylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile ([(11)c]dasb) to brain serotonin transporter (sert) in conscious common marmosets using positron emission tomography (pet), and compared wit ...201020340166
autonomic, behavioral, and neural analyses of mild conditioned negative affect in marmosets.avoidance and alerting behaviors and accompanying physiological responses, including changes in heart rate (hr), are core components of negative emotion. investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation and integration of these responses require animal models that simultaneously measure both the physiological and behavioral components of emotion. a primate model is of particular importance in view of the well developed prefrontal cortex of primates, and this region's critical ...201020364879
helminths found in marmosets (callithrix penicillata and callithrixjacchus) introduced to the region of occurrence of golden lion tamarins (leontopithecusrosalia) in brazil.the introduction of exotic species can increase the risk of extinction of native species through the introduction of new diseases, predation or resource competition. the marmosets callithrix penicillata and callithrix jacchus and hybrids of these two species have been introduced to privately owned forests in the lowland atlantic forest of the rio de janeiro state in brazil, the region of occurrence of the endangered golden lion tamarin, leontopithecus rosalia. because the ecology and biology of ...201020378249
comprehensive analysis and characterization of the tcr alpha chain sequences in the common marmoset.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is useful as a nonhuman primate model of human diseases. although the marmoset model has great potential for studying autoimmune diseases and immune responses against pathogens, little information is available regarding the genes involved in adaptive immunity. here, we identified one tcr alpha constant (trac), 46 traj (joining), and 35 trav (variable) segments from marmoset cdna. marmoset trac, traj, and trav shared 80%, 68-100%, and 79-98% identity with ...201020405119
identification of androgen receptor phosphorylation in the primate ovary in vivo.the androgen receptor (ar) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and is important for both male and female reproductive health. the receptor is a target for a number of post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, which has been intensively studied in vitro. however, little is known about the phosphorylation status of the receptor in target tissues in vivo. the common marmoset is a useful model for studying human reproductive functions, and comparison of the ar primary ...201020406952
an in vivo pharmacological evaluation of pardoprunox (slv308)--a novel combined dopamine d(2)/d(3) receptor partial agonist and 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist with efficacy in experimental models of parkinson's disease.partial d(2/3) dopamine (da) receptor agonists provide a novel approach to the treatment of the motor symptoms of parkinson's disease (pd) that may avoid common dopaminergic side-effects, including dyskinesia and psychosis. the present study focussed on the in vivo pharmacological and therapeutic characterisation of the novel d(2/3) receptor partial agonist and full 5-ht(1a) receptor agonist pardoprunox (slv308; 7-[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-2(3h)-benzoxazolone monochloride). pardoprunox induced co ...201020434890
induction of progressive demyelinating autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmoset monkeys using mog34-56 peptide in incomplete freund adjuvant.experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the neotropical primate common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is a relevant autoimmune animal model of multiple sclerosis. t cells specific for peptide 34 to 56 of myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (mog34-56) have a central pathogenic role in this model. the aim of this study was to assess the requirement for innate immune stimulation for activation of this core pathogenic autoimmune mechanism. marmoset monkeys were sensitized against synthetic mog34 ...201020448482
a novel highly reproducible and lethal nonhuman primate model for orthopox virus infection.the intentional re-introduction of variola virus (varv), the agent of smallpox, into the human population is of great concern due its bio-terroristic potential. moreover, zoonotic infections with cowpox (cpxv) and monkeypox virus (mpxv) cause severe diseases in humans. smallpox vaccines presently available can have severe adverse effects that are no longer acceptable. the efficacy and safety of new vaccines and antiviral drugs for use in humans can only be demonstrated in animal models. the exis ...201020454688
small intestinal adenocarcinoma in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).small intestinal adenocarcinomas are uncommon neoplasms that are rarely reported in nonhuman primates. these neoplasms are also rare in humans, although they are thought to share a similar pathogenesis with the more common colorectal carcinoma. herein the authors report the clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics of small intestinal adenocarcinoma in 10 common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). retrospective analysis of necropsy records revealed small intestinal car ...201020460447
neural correlates of context-dependent perceptual enhancement in the inferior colliculus.in certain situations, preceding auditory stimulation can actually result in heightened sensitivity to subsequent sounds. many of these phenomena appear to be generated in the brain as reflections of central computations. one example is the robust perceptual enhancement (or "pop out") of a probe signal within a broadband sound whose onset time is delayed relative to the remainder of a mixture of tones. here we show that the neural representation of such stimuli undergoes a dramatic transformatio ...201020463220
evaluation of aav-mediated expression of chop2-gfp in the marmoset retina.converting inner retinal neurons to photosensitive cells by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (chr2) offers a novel approach for treating blindness caused by retinal degenerative diseases. in the present study, the recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (raav2)-mediated expression and function of a fusion construct of channelopsin-2 (chop2) and green fluorescent protein (gfp) (chop2-gfp) were evaluated in the inner retinal neurons in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus.201020484599
spp1 is expressed in corticospinal neurons of the macaque sensorimotor cortex.the cellular distribution of spp1, which we recently identified as a gene with greater expression in the macaque primary motor cortex than in the premotor or prefrontal cortices, was examined in rhesus macaque, common marmoset, and rat brains. in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that spp1 mrna was expressed specifically in pyramidal neurons in layer v of the sensorimotor cortex of the rhesus macaque. these spp1 mrna-positive neurons were most abundant in the primary motor area, followe ...201020503431
the marmoset and cotton rat as animal models for the study of sperm chromatin packaging.in the human, canonical histones are largely replaced by protamine 1 (p1) and protamine 2 (p2) during late spermatogenesis. recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal replacement of the histones is associated with severe male infertility and has profound implications for early embryogenesis. in this review the hispid cotton rat and the common marmoset are evaluated as animal models for the study of chromatin packaging in sperm. the dna sequences of protamine 1 and protamine 2 in the cotton r ...201020536320
characterization of lethal inhalational infection with francisella tularensis in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the intracellular gram-negative pathogen francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularaemia and is prevalent in many countries in the northern hemisphere. to determine whether the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) would be a suitable non-human primate model of inhalational tularaemia, a pathophysiology study was undertaken. ten animals were challenged with approximately 10(2) c.f.u. f. tularensis strain schu s4 (f. tularensis subsp. tularensis). to look for trends in the infection, p ...201020558585
tissue-specific expression of squirrel monkey chorionic gonadotropin.pituitary gonadotropins lh and fsh play central roles in reproductive function. in old world primates, lh stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. recent studies have found that squirrel monkeys and other new world primates lack expression of lh in the pituitary. instead, chorionic gonadotropin (cg), which is normally only expressed in the placenta of old world primates, is the active luteotropic pituitary hormone in these animals. the goal of this study was to inves ...201021130091
overview of the marmoset as a model in nonclinical development of pharmaceutical products.callithrix jacchus (common marmoset) is one of the more primitive non-human primate species and is used widely in fundamental biology, pharmacology and toxicology studies. marmosets breed well in captivity with good reproductive efficiencies and their sexual maturity is reached within 18 months of age allowing for rapid expansion of colonies and early availability of sexually mature animals permitting an earlier assessment of product candidates in the adult. their relatively small size allows a ...201021156195
circadian profile of peripheral hormone levels in sprague-dawley rats and in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).in the present study, we report the circadian profiles of a wide panel of hormones measured in rats and common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), under physiological conditions, paying special attention to minimising the stress imposed on the animals.201021164040
vocalization induced cfos expression in marmoset cortex.all non-human primates communicate with conspecifics using vocalizations, a system involving both the production and perception of species-specific vocal signals. much of the work on the neural basis of primate vocal communication in cortex has focused on the sensory processing of vocalizations, while relatively little data are available for vocal production. earlier physiological studies in squirrel monkeys had shed doubts on the involvement of primate cortex in vocal behaviors. the aim of the ...201021179582
permanent or transient chronic ischemic stroke in the non-human primate: behavioral, neuroimaging, histological, and immunohistochemical investigations.using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (mri), behavioral, and immunohistochemical analyses, we examined pathological changes at the acute, sub-acute, and chronic stages, induced by permanent or temporary ischemia in the common marmoset. animals underwent either permanent (pmcao) or 3-h transient (tmcao) occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (mcao) by the intraluminal thread approach. mri scans were performed at 1 h, 8, and 45 days after mcao. sensorimotor deficits were assessed weekly up ...201019794396
the partial dopamine agonist pardoprunox (slv308) administered in combination with l-dopa improves efficacy and decreases dyskinesia in mptp treated common marmosets.dopamine agonist treatment in early parkinson's disease (pd) induces less dyskinesia than l-dopa. however, once dyskinesia has developed, dopamine agonists administered with l-dopa exacerbate involuntary movements. the dopamine partial d2/d3 agonist pardoprunox reverses motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (mptp)-treated primates without hyperactivity, indicating that pardoprunox may alleviate dyskinesia without compromising l-dopa's beneficial actions. th ...201020843474
pardoprunox reverses motor deficits but induces only mild dyskinesia in mptp-treated common marmosets.long-acting full dopamine d(2) agonists produce less dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-treated primates and in parkinson's disease than effective antiparkinsonian doses of levodopa. they do not however, prevent priming for dyskinesia expression on subsequent levodopa exposure. in contrast, the effects of partial d(2) receptor agonists on dyskinesia are unclear. we now examine the ability of the partial d(2) agonist pardoprunox (slv308) to improve motor function an ...201020721904
synthetic studies on selective adenosine a2a receptor antagonists. part ii: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of novel benzofuran derivatives.based on the previously reported lead compound, a series of benzofuran derivatives were prepared to study their antagonistic activities to a(2a) receptor. the replacement of the phenyl group at the 4-position with a heterocyclic ring improved the pk profile and aqueous solubility. from these studies, we discovered a potent new a(2a) antagonist, 12a, which has both a good oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy on motor disability in mptp-treated common marmosets.201020483600
pramipexole combined with levodopa improves motor function but reduces dyskinesia in mptp-treated common marmosets.reduced expression of dyskinesia is observed in levodopa-primed mptp-treated common marmosets when dopamine agonists are used to replace levodopa. we now investigate whether a combination of the d-2/d-3 agonist pramipexole and levodopa also reduces dyskinesia intensity while maintaining the reversal of motor disability. drug naïve, non-dyskinetic mptp-treated common marmosets were treated daily for up to 62 days with levodopa (12.5 mg/kg plus carbidopa 12.5 mg/kg p.o. bid) or pramipexole (0.04-0 ...201020108359
continuous rotigotine administration reduces dyskinesia resulting from pulsatile treatment with rotigotine or l-dopa in mptp-treated common marmosets.we previously showed that continuous infusion of rotigotine resulted in less dyskinesia than repeated pulsatile rotigotine administration or repeated oral administration of l-dopa in mptp-treated marmosets. now we investigate whether continuous rotigotine delivery modifies established dyskinesia induced by prior exposure to repeated pulsatile administration of l-dopa or rotigotine in mptp-treated common marmosets. repeated oral administration of l-dopa or subcutaneous bolus administration of rot ...201019833125
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the common marmoset, a bridge between rodent eae and multiple sclerosis for immunotherapy development.the attrition rate of new drugs for central nervous system diseases including multiple sclerosis (ms) is very high. a widely recognized bottleneck in the selection of promising central nervous system drug candidates from the development pipeline is the lack of sufficiently predictive animal models. here, we review how the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae) model in the neotropical primate "common marmoset" can help to bridge the gap between rodent eae models and ms. the eae model in ...201019826959
the dopamine d(2) receptor partial agonist aplindore improves motor deficits in mptp-treated common marmosets alone and combined with l-dopa.dopamine replacement therapy in parkinson's disease (pd) using l-dopa is invariably associated with a loss of drug efficacy ("wearing off") and the onset of dyskinesia. the use of dopamine receptor partial agonists might improve therapeutic benefit without increased dyskinesia expression but may antagonise the effects of l-dopa. we now examine the effects of the novel high affinity, dopamine d(2) receptor partial agonist, aplindore alone and in combination with l-dopa in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, ...201019809864
gene expression profiles in the common marmoset brain determined using a newly developed common marmoset-specific dna microarray.to facilitate common marmoset brain research, we produced a dna microarray with 7557 probe sets derived from the common marmoset brain. gene expression profiles in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, cerebellum and amygdaloid nucleus were then analyzed and the top 100 probe sets expressed in each structure were compared. the three lists for the frontal lobe, hippocampus and amygdaloid nucleus were very similar but the probe sets for the cerebellum demonstrated specific differences. some of the genes ...201019808062
expression of catechol-o-methyltransferase in the brain and periphery of normal and mptp-treated common marmosets.catechol-o-methyltransferase (comt) inhibition is widely used to potentiate the effects of levodopa in parkinson's disease but the effects of nigral dopaminergic cell loss and levodopa treatment on comt activity are not known. the present study investigated the expression of comt in the brain and liver of normal common marmosets, and animals treated with mptp and those treated with levodopa to induce dyskinesia. reverse transcript pcr demonstrated the expression of comt mrna in the liver, cortex ...201019771390
the communicative content of the common marmoset phee call during antiphonal calling.vocalizations are a dominant means of communication for numerous species, including nonhuman primates. these acoustic signals are encoded with a rich array of information available to signal receivers that can be used to guide species-typical behaviors. in this study, we examined the communicative content of common marmoset phee calls, the species-typical long distance contact call, during antiphonal calling. this call type has a relatively stereotyped acoustic structure, consisting of a series ...201020549761
the timing of administration, dose dependence and efficacy of dopa decarboxylase inhibitors on the reversal of motor disability produced by l-dopa in the mptp-treated common marmoset.dopa decarboxylase inhibitors are routinely used to potentiate the effects of l-dopa in the treatment of parkinson's disease. however, neither in clinical use nor in experimental models of parkinson's disease have the timing and dose of dopa decarboxylase inhibitors been thoroughly explored. we now report on the choice of dopa decarboxylase inhibitors, dose and the time of dosing relationships of carbidopa, benserazide and l-alpha-methyl dopa (l-amd) in potentiating the effects of l-dopa in the ...201020303948
time course of vocal modulation during isolation in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).common marmosets vocalize phee calls as isolation calls, which seem to facilitate their reunion with family groups. to identify multiple acoustic properties with different time courses, we examined acoustic modulations of phees during different social contexts of isolation. subject marmosets were totally isolated in one condition, were visually isolated and could exchange vocalizations in another condition, and were visually isolated and subsequently totally isolated in a third condition. we rec ...201020301139
zonisamide attenuates mptp neurotoxicity in marmosets.mptp (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) induces parkinsonism in humans and animals. the effects of zonisamide on dopamine neurons were studied in mptp-treated common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). groups of animals (n = 3) were treated with mptp (2.5 mg/kg, every 24 h x 3); mptp plus zonisamide (40 mg/kg administered 1 h before each mptp dose); mptp plus selegiline (a known mao-b inhibitor) (2 mg/kg administered 1 h before each mptp dose); and saline controls. an immunohistochemical ...201020948167
comparison of racemic ketamine versus (s+) ketamine when combined with midazolam for anesthesia of callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata.ten common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and 10 black-tufted marmosets (callithrix penicillata) were immobilized to compare the anesthetic effects of racemic ketamine and (s+) ketamine in combination with midazolam. the animals were distributed into four groups: five common marmosets (group cjr) and five black-tufted marmosets (group cpr) received 9.8 +/- 1.4 mg/kg of racemic ketamine, and five common marmosets (group cjs) and five black-tufted marmosets (group cps) received 10.4 +/- 1.6 mg/kg ...201020945634
differences in social and vocal behavior between left- and right-handed common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) show either a left- or right-hand preference for reaching to pick up food and they retain the same preference throughout adult life. we compared the behavior of 10 right-handed and 10 left-handed marmosets, matched for age and sex. they were presented with live crickets both when alone and when in their social group. the marmosets captured more crickets and the latency to capture the first cricket was shorter when they were in a group than when they were alo ...201020853949
ocular wavefront aberrations in the common marmoset callithrix jacchus: effects of age and refractive error.the common marmoset, callithrix jacchus, is a primate model for emmetropization studies. the refractive development of the marmoset eye depends on visual experience, so knowledge of the optical quality of the eye is valuable. we report on the wavefront aberrations of the marmoset eye, measured with a clinical hartmann-shack aberrometer (coas, amo wavefront sciences). aberrations were measured on both eyes of 23 marmosets whose ages ranged from 18 to 452 days. twenty-one of the subjects were memb ...201020800078
influence of seasonality on circadian motor activity rhythm in common marmosets during puberty.the effect of puberty on circadian rhythmicity in nonhuman primates has been little studied, even though it has been demonstrated that puberty-related changes in circadian activity rhythm occur in a number of species, including humans. to characterize the motor activity rhythm during puberty in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus), six animals was continuously monitored by actimeters between their 5th and 12th months of age. the animals were housed with their families in outdoor cages under sem ...201020795884
within-session changes in licking as a function of sucrose concentration in common marmosets.common marmosets (callithrix jacchus) were allowed to lick sucrose solutions freely in 30-min sessions. we examined how the rate of licking changed in the course of a session and how the pattern of changes was affected by different concentrations (1%, 5%, and 25%) of solutions. the results showed that licking rates decreased monotonically regardless of the concentrations and that the decreasing patterns could be reasonably explained by exponential functions. the rates of decrease were slowest fo ...201020035844
comparative chromosome morphology in three callitrichid genera: cebuella, callithrix, and leontopithecus.a g-band karyotypic analysis was carried out in individual species groups of three callitrichid primate genera: cebuella, callithrix, and leontopithecus. within callithrix, the karyotypes of the morphologically distinct and geographically isolated morphotypes c. jacchus jacchus and c. jacchus penicillata were identical. within the lion tamarin genus, leontopithecus, the karyotypes of the three morphotypes (l. rosalia rosalia, l. rosalia chrysomelas and l. rosalia chrysopygus) were also indisting ...20103145301
finite element analysis of performance in the skulls of marmosets and tamarins.reliance on plant exudates is a relatively rare dietary specialization among mammals. one well-studied example of closely related exudate feeders is the new world marmosets and tamarins. whereas marmosets actively gouge tree bark with their incisors to stimulate the flow of sap, tamarins are opportunistic exudate feeders that do not gouge bark. several studies of the dentaries and jaw adductors indicate that marmosets exhibit specializations for increased gape at the expense of bite force. few s ...201120572898
development of infant common marmosets' (callithrix jacchus) preference for their parents over adults from another group.parent-offspring attachment is important for animals which have offspring that require parental care for their development. infant attachment to the mother has been examined in macaques, but it remains poorly understood in common marmosets. here, we examined the abilities of 14 common marmoset infants to show preference for their parents over adults from another group at the ages of 4, 10, and 15 weeks. each infant was exposed to its parent and an adult from another group in an i-shaped maze. al ...201120567877
visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates.the pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often-used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. in this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus). through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produc ...201121599695
possible organizational effect of sex steroids on the stabilization of manual preference in female common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).handedness has been widely studied in nonhuman primates. however, few studies investigate this behavior throughout ontogenetic development. to determine the influence of developmental stage in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) females, we used six animals, which were observed in food-reaching tests involving hand-use preference from the infantile to the adult phase. during this period, fecal samples were collected for sexual hormone analysis (estrogen and progesterone). the results point to c ...201121553197
a case report of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia in a female common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) followed by pregnancy and birth of twins.a first case of spontaneous opening of congenitally fused labia (cfl phenotype) in a captive common marmoset followed by pregnancy and birth is presented here. the occurrence of this phenotype has been previously published in captive marmosets, but so far the etiology is unknown.201121488885
synaptic inputs to two types of koniocellular pathway ganglion cells in marmoset retina.the retinal connectivity of the diverse group of cells contributing to koniocellular visual pathways (widefield ganglion cells) is largely unexplored. here we examined the synaptic inputs onto two koniocellular-projecting ganglion cell types named large sparse and broad thorny cells. ganglion cells were labeled by retrograde tracer injections targeted to koniocellular layer k3 in the lateral geniculate nucleus in marmosets (callithrix jacchus) and subsequently photofilled. retinal preparations w ...201121452222
the marmoset as a model of aging and age-related diseases.the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) is poised to become a standard nonhuman primate aging model. with an average lifespan of 5 to 7 years and a maximum lifespan of 16½ years, marmosets are the shortest-lived anthropoid primates. they display age-related changes in pathologies that mirror those seen in humans, such as cancer, amyloidosis, diabetes, and chronic renal disease. they also display predictable age-related differences in lean mass, calf circumference, circulating albumin, hemoglobi ...201121411858
a comparison of the imaging performance of high resolution ultrasound scanners for preclinical imaging.nine ultrasound transducers from six ultrasound scanners were assessed for their utility for preclinical ultrasound imaging. the transducers were: l8-16, l10-22 (diasus; dynamic imaging ltd., livingston, uk); l17-5, l15-7io (iu22; philips, seattle, wa, usa), hfl38/13-6 (micromaxx; sonosite inc., bothell, wa, usa); il3lv (vivid 5; ge, fairfield, ct, usa), rmv 704 (vevo 770; visualsonics inc., toronto, canada) and ms550s, ms550d (vevo 2100; visualsonics inc.). a quantitative analysis of the ultras ...201121256667
differential contribution of dietary fat and monosaccharide to metabolic syndrome in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).there is a critical need for animal models to study aspects type 2 diabetes (t2d) pathogenesis and prevention. while the rhesus macaque is such an established model, the common marmoset has added benefits including reduced zoonotic risks, shorter life span, and a predisposition to birth twins demonstrating chimerism. the marmoset as a model organism for the study of metabolic syndrome has not been fully evaluated. marmosets fed high-fat or glucose-enriched diets were followed longitudinally to o ...201121164504
differential endocrine responses to infant odors in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) fathers.olfactory cues can exert priming effects on many mammalian species. paternally experienced marmosets, callithrix jacchus, exposed to direct isolated olfactory contact with their own infant's scent show rapid decreases in testosterone levels within 20 min, whereas paternally inexperienced males do not. the following study tests whether there is a differential steroid response to exposure of infant scent from dependent infants (own and novel) and independent infants (own and novel). we examined th ...201121145893
bipolar input to melanopsin containing ganglion cells in primate retina.two morphological types of melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells have been described in primate retina. both types show intrinsic light responses as well as rod- and cone-driven on-type responses. outer stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the inner nuclear layer (off sublamina); inner stratifying cells have their dendrites close to the ganglion cell layer (on sublamina). both inner and outer stratifying cells receive synaptic input via ribbon synapses, but the bipolar cell types provi ...201120950505
influence of different light intensities on the daily grooming distribution of common marmosets callithrix jacchus.the daily distribution of autogrooming was evaluated in adult marmosets submitted to different illumination intensities in the light phase of the light-dark cycle. autogrooming and locomotor activity were monitored and the faecal cortisol level assessed as a stress indicator. the distribution of autogrooming showed two distinct tendencies: when the light intensity varied from 500 to 200 lux, a slight increase in frequency and duration was observed, while a significant decrease in both variables ...201121997701
reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).this study examines the test-retest reliability of distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (dpoaes) in ketamine-anesthetized common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). dpoae gain functions were measured at 16 f(2)-frequencies between 3 and 24 khz. test-retest reliability was assessed at the following time intervals: (1) interleaved, in which two gain functions were obtained at each frequency before advancing to the next frequency, (2) immediate, wherein one gain function was collected at all f(2)-f ...201121801824
sex identification using the zfx and zfy genes in common marmosets (callithrix jacchus).we investigated sex determination via the zfx and zfy genes using pcr-rflp in the common marmoset. we designed a novel primer set to detect zfx and zfy. a 483-bp band from the zfx gene and a 471-bp band from the zfy gene were amplified. sequencing data of the products amplified from zfx and zfy showed the recognition sites of two restriction enzymes, ddei and msei, respectively. after digestion of the products using each enzyme, we found that the band patterns between females and males were diff ...201121791881
do snakes represent the principal predatory threat to callitrichids? fatal attack of a viper (bothrops leucurus) on a common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) in the atlantic forest of the brazilian northeast.a juvenile common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) was attacked by a whitetail lancehead viper (bothrops leucurus) while playing with other group members close to the ground at a site in northeastern brazil. the attack was almost immediately fatal, but the viper was unable to ingest the body of the marmoset. after approximately 10 min, during which it attempted to swallow the marmoset a number of times, the viper moved away, abandoning the body. while raptors are the principal predators of callitri ...201121766229
a major metabolite of bupropion reverses motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated common marmosets.the atypical antidepressant, bupropion, causes a partial reversal of motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated primates. however, its monoamine uptake blocking actions are believed to be mediated by the major metabolites, racemic (-)-(2r,3r)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (r,r-hydroxybupropion) and (+)-(2s,3s)-2-(3-chlorophenyl-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-morphinol) (s,s-hydroxybupropion). therefore, we have evaluated the ability of enantiomers to improve locom ...201121522056
conditioned sexual arousal in a nonhuman primate.conditioning of sexual arousal has been demonstrated in several species from fish to humans but has not been demonstrated in nonhuman primates. controversy exists over whether nonhuman primates produce pheromones that arouse sexual behavior. although common marmosets copulate throughout the ovarian cycle and during pregnancy, males exhibit behavioral signs of arousal, demonstrate increased neural activation of anterior hypothalamus and medial preoptic area, and have an increase in serum testoste ...201121029736
activity-dependent regulation of mhc class i expression in the developing primary visual cortex of the common marmoset monkey.several recent studies have highlighted the important role of immunity-related molecules in synaptic plasticity processes in the developing and adult mammalian brains. it has been suggested that neuronal mhci (major histocompatibility complex class i) genes play a role in the refinement and pruning of synapses in the developing visual system. as a fast evolutionary rate may generate distinct properties of molecules in different mammalian species, we studied the expression of mhci molecules in a ...201121205317
evolutionary glycomics: characterization of milk oligosaccharides in primates.free oligosaccharides are abundant components of mammalian milk and have primary roles as prebiotic compounds, in immune defense, and in brain development. a mass spectrometry-based technique is applied to profile milk oligosaccharides from apes (chimpanzee, gorilla, and siamang), new world monkeys (golden lion tamarin and common marmoset), and an old world monkey (rhesus). the purpose of this study is to evaluate the patterns of primate milk oligosaccharide composition from a phylogenetic persp ...201121214271
oxytocin changes primate paternal tolerance to offspring in food transfer.oxytocin facilitates social recognition in rats and mice, onset of maternal behavior in virgin mice and formation of pair bonds without copulation in prairie voles. however, the relationship between this peptide and paternal behavior in primates remains largely unknown. we investigated whether oxytocin affects paternal behavior in common marmosets. in these primates, fathers as well as mothers take care of their infants, and transferring food to the infants is one of their more obvious caretakin ...201121225271
effects of constant daylight exposure during early development on marmoset psychosocial behavior.due to global industrialization, the light cycle is shifting to longer daytime. mounting evidence indicates that social developmental disorders may correlate with longer periods of daytime in childhood. however, the exact mechanisms of this link remain unclear. to examine the impact of longer day-time on psychosocial development, we developed a novel non-human primate model, using the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) reared under constant daylight from birth. marmosets were reared individual ...201121238530
cellular composition and organization of the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream in the adult and neonatal common marmoset brain.the adult subventricular zone (svz) of the lateral ventricle contains neural stem cells. in rodents, these cells generate neuroblasts that migrate as chains toward the olfactory bulb along the rostral migratory stream (rms). the neural-stem-cell niche at the ventricular wall is conserved in various animal species, including primates. however, it is unclear how the svz and rms organization in nonhuman primates relates to that of rodents and humans. here we studied the svz and rms of the adult and ...201121246550
internet-based atlas of the primate spinal cord.in 2009, we reported an online brain atlas of the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) at http://marmoset-brain.org:2008. here we report new digital images of the primate spinal cord sections added to the website. we prepared histological sections of every segment of the spinal cord of the common marmoset, rhesus monkey and japanese monkey with various staining techniques. the sections were scanned with carl zeiss mirax scan at light microscopic resolution. obtained digital data were processed a ...201121291922
reading marmoset behavior 'semantics' under particular social context by multi-parameters correlation analysis.social interactions are a fundamental aspect of human and animal behavior. although neuroimaging and other non-invasive methods have progressed recently, the neurobiology of social behavior requires the use of animal models. here, we introduced a multi-behavior parameter integration method and applied it to female-male interaction of adult common marmosets (callithrix jacchus). based on the correlated parameters and meeting context, we found that the behavioral endpoints clustered in four distin ...201121300127
macaque cytochromes p450: nomenclature, transcript, gene, genomic structure, and function.monkeys, especially macaques, including cynomolgus (macaca fascicularis) and rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), are frequently used in drug metabolism studies due to their evolutionary closeness to humans. recently, numerous cytochrome p450 (p450 or cyp) cdnas have been identified and characterized in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys and were named by the p450 nomenclature committee. however, recent advances in genome analysis of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys revealed that some monkey p450s are appar ...201121303270
measurement of absolute auditory thresholds in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).the common marmoset is a small, arboreal, new world primate that has emerged as a promising non-human model system in auditory neuroscience. a complete understanding of the neuroethology of auditory processing in marmosets will include behavioral work examining how sounds are perceived by these animals. however, there have been few studies of the marmoset's hearing and perceptual abilities and the audiogram of this species has not been measured using modern psychophysical methods. the present ex ...201121303689
rapid high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of t1 and age-dependent variations in the non-human primate brain using magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence.the use of quantitative t(1) mapping in neuroscience and neurology has raised strong interest in the development of t(1)-mapping techniques that can measure t(1) in the whole brain, with high accuracy and precision and within short imaging and computation times. here, we present a new inversion-recovery (ir) based t(1)-mapping method using a standard 3d magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo (mprage) sequence. by varying only the inversion time (ti), but keeping other parameters constant, mp ...201121376814
molecular evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily genes in primates.genes of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) have a wide variety of cellular activities. in this study, we investigated molecular evolution of igsf genes in primates by comparing orthologous sequences of 249 igsf genes among human, chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus macaque, and common marmoset. to evaluate the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (¤ë), we applied bn-bs program and paml program. igsf genes were classified into 11 functional categories based on the gene ontology (go) databas ...201121390552
the development of small primate models for aging research.nonhuman primate (nhp) aging research has traditionally relied mainly on the rhesus macaque. but the long lifespan, low reproductive rate, and relatively large body size of macaques and related old world monkeys make them less than ideal models for aging research. manifold advantages would attend the use of smaller, more rapidly developing, shorter-lived nhp species in aging studies, not the least of which are lower cost and the ability to do shorter research projects. arbitrarily defining "smal ...201121411860
altered neural responses to sounds in primate primary auditory cortex during slow-wave sleep.how sounds are processed by the brain during sleep is an important question for understanding how we perceive the sensory environment in this unique behavioral state. while human behavioral data have indicated selective impairments of sound processing during sleep, brain imaging and neurophysiology studies have reported that overall neural activity in auditory cortex during sleep is surprisingly similar to that during wakefulness. this responsiveness to external stimuli leaves open the question ...201121414918
protamine-1 represents a sperm specific gene transcript: a study in callithrix jacchus and bos taurus.spermatozoa are transcriptionally inactive cells, but contain acetylated histones, normally a characteristic of transcriptionally active cells. acetylgroups are thought to represent epigenetic marks that are transmitted to the oocyte and are involved in starting gene expression in the zygote and in regulating gene expression during early embryogenesis. we performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in the common marmoset monkey (callithrix jacchus) and in bovine spermatozo ...201121486395
comparative genome analysis of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class i b/c segments in primates elucidated by genomic sequencing in common marmoset (callithrix jacchus).common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus) have emerged as important animal models for biomedical research, necessitating a more extensive characterization of their major histocompatibility complex (mhc) region. however, the genomic information of the marmoset mhc (caja) is still lacking. the mhc-b/c segment represents the most diverse mhc region among primates. therefore, in this paper, to elucidate the detailed gene organization and evolutionary processes of the caja class i b (caja-b) segme ...201121505866
characterization of bcar4, a novel oncogene causing endocrine resistance in human breast cancer cells.resistance to the antiestrogen tamoxifen remains a major problem in the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. knowledge on the resistance mechanisms is needed to develop more effective therapies. breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 4 (bcar4) was identified in a functional screen for genes involved in tamoxifen resistance. bcar4 is expressed in 27% of primary breast tumors. in patients treated with tamoxifen for metastized disease high bcar4 mrna levels are associated with red ...201121506106
post-exposure therapy of inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset.the aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ciprofloxacin as post-exposure therapy against inhalational anthrax in the common marmoset (callithrix jacchus) with other non-human primate models in order to determine whether the marmoset is a suitable model to test post-exposure therapies for anthrax. pharmacokinetic (pk) and efficacy studies with ciprofloxacin were performed in the marmoset. ciprofloxacin plasma pharmacokinetics were determined in six animals in separ ...201121530184
development of a compact and general-purpose experimental apparatus with a touch-sensitive screen for use in evaluating cognitive functions in common marmosets.common marmosets have been used extensively in biomedical research and the recent advent of techniques to generate transgenic marmosets has accelerated the use of this model. new methods that efficiently assess the degree of cognitive function in common marmosets are needed in order to establish their suitability as non-human primate models of higher brain function disorders. here, we have developed a new apparatus suitable for testing the cognitive functions of common marmosets. utilizing a min ...201121549751
inhibition of maternal behaviour by central infusion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in marmoset monkeys.stress can inhibit maternal behaviour and increase rates of child abuse in humans and other animals; however, the neuroendocrine mechanisms are not known. to determine whether corticotrophin-releasing hormone (crh) plays a role in stress-induced disruption of maternal behaviour in primates, we characterised the effects of acute intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions of crh on maternal and abusive behaviour in common marmoset monkeys (callithrix jacchus). nulliparous females were implanted with ...201121554432
establishment of the milk-borne transmission as a key factor for the peculiar endemicity of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1): the atl prevention program nagasaki.in late 2010, the nation-wide screening of pregnant women for human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-1) infection was implemented in japan to prevent milk-borne transmission of htlv-1. in the late 1970s, recognition of the adult t-cell leukemia (atl) cluster in kyushu, japan, led to the discovery of the first human retrovirus, htlv-1. in 1980, we started to investigate mother-to-child transmission (mtct) for explaining the peculiar endemicity of htlv-1. retrospective and prospective epidemiolog ...201121558754
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