Publications

the response of mute swans (cygnus olor, gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated h5n2 vaccine.	recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) produced an unprecedented number of cases in mute swans (cygnus olor) in european countries, which indicates that these birds are very sensitive to the h5n1 virus. the hpai outbreaks stirred a debate on the controversial stamping-out policy in populations of protected bird species. after preventive vaccination had been approved in the european union, several countries have introduced vaccination schemes to protect poultry, captive wild ...	2016	27770803
surveillance for highly pathogenic h5 avian influenza virus in synanthropic wildlife associated with poultry farms during an acute outbreak.	in november 2014, a eurasian strain h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in poultry in canada. introduced viruses were soon detected in the united states and within six months had spread to 21 states with more than 48 million poultry affected. in an effort to study potential mechanisms of spread of the eurasian h5 virus, the united states department of agriculture coordinated several epidemiologic investigations at poultry farms. as part of those efforts, we sampled synanthr ...	2016	27812044
susceptibility of rock doves to low-pathogenic avian influenza a viruses.	following a 2008 outbreak of north american low-pathogenic h5n8 influenza a virus at an upland gamebird farm, we sero-sampled rock doves (pigeons, columba livia) at the outbreak site and conducted experimental inoculations of wild-caught pigeons using the h5n8 virus and another low-pathogenic virus (h4n6). while 13% of pigeons at the outbreak site were seropositive, none were positive for exposure to h5, and one was positive for n8. challenged pigeons exhibited low susceptibility and limited vir ...	2016	26687583
invasion of flukes of the echinostomatidae family in racing pigeon ( columba livia var. domestica) lofts.	over 4 years, only two known cases of fluke invasions were diagnosed in racing pigeons ( columba livia ) originating from different regions of poland. in both cases, the invasion was characterized by a very high mortality (approximately 70%), and the source of the infestation was snails of the lymnaeidae family eaten by pigeons. fluke invasions in pigeons are extremely rare and to date have not been described in poland. therefore, the occurrence of the symptoms of hemorrhagic diarrhea and sudden ...	2016	27309299
identification of avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 in wild birds in the usa.	in the us, sampling for avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (apmv-1) is generally conducted when morbidity or mortality events occur involving certain families of wild birds known to be affected by the virus, such as cormorants (family phalacrocoracidae), pigeons, doves (family columbidae), or pelicans (family pelecanidae). to quantify the prevalence of apmv-1 in apparently healthy wild birds and to determine its geographic distribution, we collected swab and serum samples from >3,500 wild birds, rep ...	2016	27243153
prevalence of trichomonas spp. in domestic pigeons in shandong province, china, and genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism.	oropharyngeal swabs (n = 609) were collected randomly from 80,000 domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) on five pigeon farms and at one pigeon slaughterhouse in shandong province, china, from september 2012 to july 2013. trichomonas spp. were detected in 206/609 (33.8%) samples. the prevalence was 14.9-31.1%, depending on different levels of sanitation and management, and was 4.8% in nestling pigeons, 13.6% in breeding pigeons and 35.2% in adolescent pigeons. trichomonas gallinae genotypes ...	2016	27068150
experimental infection of rock pigeons (columba livia) with three west nile virus lineage 1 strains isolated in italy between 2009 and 2012--corrigendum.		2016	26548703
experimental infection of rock pigeons (columba livia) with three west nile virus lineage 1 strains isolated in italy between 2009 and 2012.	west nile virus (wnv) circulation dynamics in the context of the urban environment is not yet elucidated. in this perspective, three groups of eight rock pigeons (columbia livia) were inoculated with three wnv lineage 1 strains isolated in italy between 2009 and 2012. the pigeons did not develop any clinical signs consistent with wnv acute infection. all animals seroconverted and shed virus up to 15 days post-infection by the oral or cloacal routes. in all infected groups viraemia lasted for 4 d ...	2016	26493864
molecular investigation of cryptosporidium in small caged pets in northeast china: host specificity and zoonotic implications.	this study screened 151 pet-derived fecal specimens randomly collected from four commercial markets in northeast china for the presence of cryptosporidium by genus-specific nested pcrs of the small subunit rrna gene. of these, 14 specimens (9.3 %) from nine species of birds, two types of rodents, and a hedgehog were positive for cryptosporidium. sequence analysis on the pcr-positive isolates facilitated identification of three cryptosporidium species (c. baileyi, c. galli, and c. ubiquitum) and ...	2016	27107987
chicken cathelicidins as potent intrinsically disordered biocides with antimicrobial activity against infectious pathogens.	this study was performed to identify the expression patterns of the cathelicidin genes in a local chicken breed and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of the cathelicidin peptides against pathogenic bacteria. this analysis revealed that the coding regions of cath-1, -2, and -3 genes contain 447 bp, 465 bp, and 456 bp, respectively, and encode proteins of 148, 154, 151 amino acids, respectively. the complete amino acid sequences of the cathelicidin peptides are similar to those found in mel ...	2016	27328070
facing a clever predator demands clever responses - red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) vs. eurasian magpies (pica pica).	red-backed shrikes (lanius collurio) behave quite differently towards two common nest predators. while the european jay (garrulus glandarius) is commonly attacked, in the presence of the eurasian magpie (pica pica), shrikes stay fully passive. we tested the hypotheses that this passive response to the magpie is an alternative defense strategy. nesting shrikes were exposed to the commonly attacked european kestrel (falco tinnunculus) in a situation in which i) a harmless domestic pigeon, ii) a co ...	2016	27454122
does the stress response predict the ability of wild birds to adjust to short-term captivity? a study of the rock pigeon (columbia livia).	although the transfer of wild animals to captivity is crucial for conservation purposes, this process is often challenging because some species or individuals do not adjust well to captive conditions. chronic stress has been identified as a major concern for animals held on long-term captivity. surprisingly, the first hours or days of captivity have been relatively overlooked. however, they are certainly very stressful, because individuals are being transferred to a totally novel and confined en ...	2016	28083117
orthographic processing in pigeons (columba livia).	learning to read involves the acquisition of letter-sound relationships (i.e., decoding skills) and the ability to visually recognize words (i.e., orthographic knowledge). although decoding skills are clearly human-unique, given they are seated in language, recent research and theory suggest that orthographic processing may derive from the exaptation or recycling of visual circuits that evolved to recognize everyday objects and shapes in our natural environment. an open question is whether ortho ...	2016	27638211
crop milk protein is synthesised following activation of the irs1/akt/tor signalling pathway in the domestic pigeon (columba livia).	the experiment was conducted to study whether insulin receptor substance 1 (irs1) / protein kinase b (akt)/target of the rapamycin (tor) signalling pathway activation stimulates crop milk protein synthesis in the domestic pigeon (columba livia). crop milk was collected from ten 1-d-old squabs and analysed for nutrient content. during the non-breeding period and the first day of lactation, blood samples were collected from 5 pairs of breeding pigeons and the levels of prolactin and insulin were d ...	2016	27636164
i can time with a little help from my friends: effect of social enrichment on timing processes in pigeons (columba livia).	there is evidence that impulsive decision-making is associated with errors in timing. however, there has been little attempt to identify the putative mechanism responsible for impulsive animals' timing errors. one means of manipulating impulsivity in non-human animals is providing different levels of access to conspecifics. these preclinical models have revealed that social isolation increases impulsive responding across a wide range of tasks. the goal of the present study was to determine wheth ...	2016	27632157
misinformed leaders lose influence over pigeon flocks.	in animal groups where certain individuals have disproportionate influence over collective decisions, the whole group's performance may suffer if these individuals possess inaccurate information. whether in such situations leaders can be replaced in their roles by better-informed group mates represents an important question in understanding the adaptive consequences of collective decision-making. here, we use a clock-shifting procedure to predictably manipulate the directional error in navigatio ...	2016	27624797
lousicidal effect of deltamethrin in domestic pigeons.	present study reports the effect of deltamethrin against louse infestation in domestic pigeons. in this study, twelve pigeons infested with columbicola columbae louse were sprayed with deltamethrin (12.5 %) and another twelve pigeons were kept as control group. the lice intensity was reduced 89 %, 98 % and 100 % on 1st, 7th and 14th day of post treatment in treatment group. out of twelve pigeons, four pigeons showed sneezing and temporary ocular inflammations after spraying.	2016	27605793
feral pigeons (columba livia) prefer genetically similar mates despite inbreeding depression.	avoidance of mating between related individuals is usually considered adaptive because it decreases the probability of inbreeding depression in offspring. however, mating between related partners can be adaptive if outbreeding depression is stronger than inbreeding depression or if females gain inclusive fitness benefits by mating with close kin. in the present study, we used microsatellite data to infer the parentage of juveniles born in a french colony of feral pigeons, which allowed us to ded ...	2016	27588754
microbacterium faecale sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of columba livia.	a novel, yellow, aerobic strain, yim 101168t, isolated from the faeces of a dove (columba livia), was studied to determine its taxonomic position. cells were gram-stain-positive, short rod-shaped, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive and non-motile. the strain could grow at 7-37 °c, at ph 6-10 and in the presence of 0-13 % (w/v) nacl. the strain had a 16s rrna gene sequence similarity and dna-dna hybridization relatedness value with microbacteriumgubbeenense ncimb 30129t of 97.8 % and 41.5±8.7 %, ...	2016	27498962
molecular cloning, characterization, and expression analysis of ghrelin and cholecystokinin in the pigeon (columba livia).	ghrelin and cholecystokinin (cck) are multifunctional peptides. in the current study, complete sequences of ghrelin (800 bp) and cck (739 bp) were firstly cloned in columba livia by using rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) method. the open reading frames of ghrelin (351bp) and cck (393bp) encoded 116 amino acids and 130 amino acids, respectively. sequence comparison indicated that pigeon ghrelin and cck shared high identity with those reported in other avian species. quantitative real-time ...	2016	27466433
prevalence of ectoparasites in free-range backyard chickens, domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) and turkeys of kermanshah province, west of iran.	this study was carried out on free-range backyard chickens, domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) and turkeys from may 2012 to april 2013 to determine the prevalence and identify the species of ectoparasites in kermanshah province, west of iran. of the total of 600 free-range backyard chickens (185 ♂ and 415 ♀), 700 domestic pigeons (278 ♂ and 422 ♀) and 150 turkeys (53 ♂ and 97 ♀), 389 (64.83 %), 608 (86.85 %) and 54 (36 %) were infected with one or more parasites respectively. eleven ecto ...	2016	27413319
host finding of the pigeon tick argas reflexus.	the medically and veterinary important feral pigeon tick argas reflexus (ixodida: argasidae) fabricius usually feeds on pigeons, but if its natural hosts are not available, it also enters dwellings to bite humans that can possibly react with severe allergic reactions. argas reflexus is ecologically extremely successful as a result of some outstanding morphological, physiological, and ethological features. yet, it is still unknown how the pigeon tick finds its hosts. here, different host stimuli ...	2016	26959079
morphological and molecular characterization of isospora neochmiae n. sp. in a captive-bred red-browed finch (neochmia temporalis) (latham, 1802).	a new isospora (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) species is described from a single red-browed finch (neochmia temporalis) (subspecies n. temporalis temporalis), that was part of a captive population in western australia. sporulated oocysts of this isolate are spherical, 18.3 (18.2-18.9) × 18.2 (18.2-18.6) μm, with a shape index (length/width) of 1.0; and a smooth and bilayered oocyst wall, 1.2 μm thick (outer layer 0.9 μm, inner 0.3 μm). a polar granule is present, but the oocyst residuum and a micropy ...	2016	27107929
morphological and molecular characterization of eimeria labbeana-like (apicomplexa:eimeriidae) in a domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica, gmelin, 1789) in australia.	an eimeria species is described from a domestic pigeon (columba livia domestica). sporulated oocysts (n = 35) were subspherical, with a smooth bi-layered oocyst wall (1.0 μm thick). oocysts measured 20.2 × 16.1 (22.0-18.9 × 15.7-18.9) μm, oocyst length/width (l/w) ratio, 1.38. oocyst residuum and a polar granule were present. the micropyle was absent. sporocysts are elongate-ovoid, 13.0 × 6.1 (14.5-12.5 × 5.5-7.0) μm, sporocyst l/w ratio, 2.13 (2.0-2.2), sporocyst residuum was present, composed ...	2016	27080159
seasons and neighborhoods of high lead toxicity in new york city: the feral pigeon as a bioindicator.	human-induced rapid environmental change has created a global pandemic of neurobehavioral disorders in which industrial compounds like lead are the root cause. we assessed the feral pigeon (columba livia) as a lead bioindicator in new york city. we collected blood lead level records from 825 visibly ill or abnormally behaving pigeons from various nyc neighborhoods between 2010 and 2015. we found that blood lead levels were significantly higher during the summer, an effect reported in children. p ...	2016	27441986
cue salience influences the use of height cues in reorientation in pigeons (columba livia).	although orienting ability has been examined with numerous types of cues, most research has focused only on cues from the horizontal plane. the current study investigated pigeons' use of wall height, a vertical cue, in an open-field task and compared it with their use of horizontal cues. pigeons were trained to locate food in 2 diagonal corners of a rectangular enclosure with 2 opposite high walls as height cues. before each trial, pigeons were rotated to disorient them. in training, pigeons cou ...	2016	27379717
flight feather attachment in rock pigeons (columba livia): covert feathers and smooth muscle coordinate a morphing wing.	mechanisms for passively coordinating forelimb movements and flight feather abduction and adduction have been described separately from both in vivo and ex vivo studies. skeletal coordination has been identified as a way for birds to simplify the neuromotor task of controlling flight stroke, but an understanding of the relationship between skeletal coordination and the coordination of the aerodynamic control surface (the flight feathers) has been slow to materialize. this break between the biome ...	2016	27320170
evaluation of two miniplate systems and figure-of-eight bandages for stabilization of experimentally induced ulnar and radial fractures in pigeons ( columba livia ).	although plate fixation has advantages over other fixation methods for certain indications, it is rarely used in avian surgery, especially in birds that weigh less than 1000 g. exceptionally small plating systems for these birds are required, which are relatively expensive and difficult to insert. to study avian fracture healing after repair using miniplates, we evaluated 2 steel miniplate systems in 27 pigeons ( columba livia ) divided into 4 groups. in each pigeon, the left ulna and radius wer ...	2016	27315377
do trace metals select for darker birds in urban areas? an experimental exposure to lead and zinc.	trace metals from anthropogenic activities are involved in numerous health impairments and may therefore select for detoxification mechanisms or a higher tolerance. melanin, responsible for the black and red colourations of teguments, plays a role in metal ion chelation and its synthesis is positively linked to immunity, antioxidant capacity and stress resistance due to pleiotropic effects. therefore, we expected darker birds to (1) store higher amounts of metals in their feathers, (2) maintain ...	2016	27282322
risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and interstitial lung diseases among pigeon breeders.	we studied the risk of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other interstitial lung diseases (ilds) among pigeon breeders.this is a retrospective follow-up study from 1980 to 2013 of 6920 pigeon breeders identified in the records of the danish racing pigeon association. they were compared with 276 800 individually matched referents randomly drawn from the danish population. hospital based diagnoses of hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other ilds were identified in the national patient registry 1977-2 ...	2016	27230447
specialized primary feathers produce tonal sounds during flight in rock pigeons (columba livia).	for centuries, naturalists have suggested that the tonal elements of pigeon wing sounds may be sonations (non-vocal acoustic signals) of alarm. however, spurious tonal sounds may be produced passively as a result of aeroelastic flutter in the flight feathers of almost all birds. using mechanistic criteria emerging from recent work on sonations, we sought to: (1) identify characteristics of rock pigeon flight feathers that might be adapted for sound production rather than flight, and (2) provide ...	2016	27207645
immunohistochemical localization of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (cartp) in the brain of the pigeon (columba livia) and zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata).	cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptides (cartp) are neuropeptides that act as neurotransmitters in the brain of vertebrates. the expression of cartp has been characterized in teleosts, amphibians, and several mammalian species, but comparative data in reptiles and birds are nonexistent. in this study, we show the distribution of immunoreactivity against cart peptides (cartp-ir) in the brains of two bird species: the pigeon (columba livia) and zebra finch (taeniopygia guttata). we ...	2016	27121571
functions of innate and acquired immune system are reduced in domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) given a low protein diet.	racing pigeons are exposed to and act as carriers of diseases. dietary protein requirement for their maintenance has not been determined experimentally despite their being domesticated for over 7000 years. a maintenance nitrogen (protein) requirement (mnr) for pigeons was determined in a balance study using diets containing 6, 10 and 14% crude protein (cp). then, the effects of feeding the diets were investigated to determine whether they were adequate to sustain innate and acquired immune funct ...	2016	27069640
helminth-bacteria interaction in the gut of domestic pigeon columba livia domestica.	the present paper is an attempt to study the interaction between the helminth parasite and bacteria residing in the gut of domestic pigeon, columba livia domestica. biochemical and molecular characterization of the gut bacterial isolate were done and the isolate was identified as staphylococcus sp. db1 (jx442510). the interaction of staphylococcus sp. with cotugnia cuneata, an intestinal helminth parasite of domestic pigeon was studied on the basis of the difference between 'mean worm burden' of ...	2016	27065609
pigeon's (columba livia) paradoxical preference for the suboptimal alternative in a complex foraging task.	recent research has examined a task in which choice of 1 alternative a provides reinforcement and in addition, allows access to alternative b that also provides reinforcement. however, although initial choice of b also provides reinforcement, it does not also allow access to a. thus, optimal performance would be to always choose a. curiously, salwiczek et al. (2012) reported that adult wrasse (cleaner) fish mastered this task within 50 trials, whereas monkeys and apes had great difficulty with i ...	2016	27064201
correction to gibson, leber, and mehlman (2015).	reports an error in "spatial context learning in pigeons (columba livia)" by brett m. gibson, andrew b. leber and max l. mehlman (journal of experimental psychology: animal learning and cognition, 2015[oct], vol 41[4], 336-342). the article included an incorrect version of figure 1, which was from a pilot study and contained 11 x-shaped distractors and the target. the correct version of the figure is provided in the erratum and shows the seven l-shaped distractors that were used during testing w ...	2016	27054383
distribution of calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin and calbindin, in the midbrain auditory center (mld) of a pigeon.	immunohistochemical distribution of calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin (pv) and calbindin (cb), has been studied in the mesencephalic auditory center (mld) of pigeon (columba livia). in the central region of the mld (core, icc), an overlap in distribution of the pvand cb-immunopositive (ip) neurons and neuropil has been observed, with different patterns in the central and peripheral parts. in the peripheral region of the mld (belt, ics, and icx), both neurons and neuropil contained only cb. a ...	2016	27021359
the effect of endoscopic sterilization on reproductive behavior and pair bond maintenance of feral pigeons (columba livia).	problems related to feral pigeons (columba livia) in cities mainly result from their large numbers due to uncontrolled population growth. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether endoscopic guided sterilization affects the reproductive behavior of feral pigeons under experimental conditions, with the intention of assessing this technique as a potential method for feral pigeon population control.	2016	27004497
changes in hippocampal volume and neuron number co-occur with memory decline in old homing pigeons (columba livia).	the mammalian hippocampus is particularly susceptible to age-related structural changes, which have been used to explain, in part, age-related memory decline. these changes are generally characterized by atrophy (e.g., a decrease in volume and number of synaptic contacts). recent studies have reported age-related spatial memory deficits in older pigeons similar to those seen in older mammals. however, to date, little is known about any co-occurring changes in the aging avian hippocampal formatio ...	2016	27003117
molecular shifts in limb identity underlie development of feathered feet in two domestic avian species.	birds display remarkable diversity in the distribution and morphology of scales and feathers on their feet, yet the genetic and developmental mechanisms governing this diversity remain unknown. domestic pigeons have striking variation in foot feathering within a single species, providing a tractable model to investigate the molecular basis of skin appendage differences. we found that feathered feet in pigeons result from a partial transformation from hindlimb to forelimb identity mediated by cis ...	2016	26977633
effect of egg weight on composition, embryonic growth, and expression of amino acid transporter genes in yolk sac membranes and small intestines of the domestic pigeon (columba livia).	the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of egg weight on the composition of the egg, the growth of the embryo, and the expression of amino acid transporter genes in the yolk sac membranes and small intestines of the domestic pigeon (columba livia). a total of 240 fertilized eggs were collected and divided into two groups based on the weight of the eggs, light (le) and heavy (he). the composition of 20 eggs from each group was measured, and the remaining eggs were weighed and pl ...	2016	26957627
localisation of the putative magnetoreceptive protein cryptochrome 1b in the retinae of migratory birds and homing pigeons.	cryptochromes are ubiquitously expressed in various animal tissues including the retina. some cryptochromes are involved in regulating circadian activity. cryptochrome proteins have also been suggested to mediate the primary mechanism in light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds. cryptochrome 1b (cry1b) exhibits a unique carboxy terminus exclusively found in birds so far, which might be indicative for a specialised function. cryptochrome 1a (cry1a) is so far the only cryptochrome pro ...	2016	26953791
the differential outcomes effect in pigeons (columba livia): is it truly anticipatory?	we used delay-interval interference to investigate the nature of the differential outcomes effect (doe) in pigeons. birds were trained on a delayed matching-to-sample (dms) task under either common outcome or differential outcome conditions, and then presented with visual interference during the delay period. consistent with previous literature, the common outcomes birds were slower to learn the dms task than the differential outcomes birds. the common outcome birds were also more impaired by th ...	2016	26933892
endocrine consequences of an acute stress under different thermal conditions: a study of corticosterone, prolactin, and thyroid hormones in the pigeon (columbia livia).	in the context of global change, the physiological and hormonal stress responses have received much attention because of their implications in terms of allostasis. however, most studies have focused on glucocorticoids only as the "common" response to stressors while neglecting other endocrine axes and hormones (e.g. prolactin, thyroid hormones) that play a crucial role in metabolic adjustments. interestingly, the responsiveness of all these endocrine axes to stress may depend on the energetic co ...	2016	26924044
multiple cue use and integration in pigeons (columba livia).	encoding multiple cues can improve the accuracy and reliability of navigation and goal localization. problems may arise, however, if one cue is displaced and provides information which conflicts with other cues. here we investigated how pigeons cope with cue conflict by training them to locate a goal relative to two landmarks and then varying the amount of conflict between the landmarks. when the amount of conflict was small, pigeons tended to integrate both cues in their search patterns. when t ...	2016	26908004
monitoring air pollution at mohammedia (morocco): pb, cd and zn in the blood of pigeons (columba livia).	the concentrations of pb, cd and zn were investigated in the blood of pigeons (columba livia) in order to assess the degree of pollution by heavy metal. for this, wild city pigeons were caught at four different locations in mohammedia classified according to their industrial activity and road traffic density. significant difference in heavy metal concentrations were observed between sites studied, the highest lead and cadmium levels were found in industrial area and center town, while the highes ...	2016	26903169
walk or ride? phoretic behaviour of amblyceran and ischnoceran lice.	phoresy is a behaviour where one organism hitches a ride on another more mobile organism. this is a common dispersal mechanism amongst relatively immobile species that specialise on patchy resources. parasites specialise on patchily distributed resources: their hosts. although host individuals are isolated in space and time, parasites must transmit between hosts or they will die with their hosts. lice are permanent obligate ectoparasites that complete their entire life cycle on their host. they ...	2016	26896575
collective decision-making in homing pigeons: larger flocks take longer to decide but do not make better decisions.	social animals routinely are challenged to make consensus decisions about movement directions and routes. however, the underlying mechanisms facilitating such decision-making processes are still poorly known. a prominent question is how group members participate in group decisions. we addressed this question by examining how flocks of homing pigeons (columba livia) decide their homing direction. we released newly formed flocks varying in size and determined the time taken to choose a homing dire ...	2016	26863416
maternal adjustment or constraint: differential effects of food availability on maternal deposition of macro-nutrients, steroids and thyroid hormones in rock pigeon eggs.	in oviparous species like birds, eggs provide the direct environment in which embryos are developing. mothers may adjust different egg components in different ways in reaction to environmental cues either to adjust offspring development or because of constraints. in this study, we investigated the effects of food quality and quantity before and during egg laying on three different aspects of egg quality: macro-nutrients (egg and yolk mass), androgens (testosterone and androstenedione), and thyro ...	2016	26843926
label free molecular sexing of monomorphic birds using infrared spectroscopic imaging.	the absence of sexual dimorphism in many birds often makes sex determination difficult. in particular immature birds and adults of monomorphic species show no external sex characteristics. molecular techniques based on dna hybridization or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) are standard methods for sex identification. however, these methods are expensive and time consuming procedures and require special sample preparation. noninvasive methods for a rapid determination of bird's gender are of increa ...	2016	26838394
trace metals, melanin-based pigmentation and their interaction influence immune parameters in feral pigeons (columba livia).	understanding the effects of trace metals emitted by anthropogenic activities on wildlife is of great concern in urban ecology; yet, information on how they affect individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems remains scarce. in particular, trace metals may impact survival by altering the immune system response to parasites. plumage melanin is assumed to influence the effects of trace metals on immunity owing to its ability to bind metal ions in feathers and its synthesis being coded by a ...	2016	26809976
acute, fatal sarcocystis calchasi-associated hepatitis in roller pigeons (columba livia f. dom.) at philadelphia zoo.	four roller pigeons (columba livia f. dom.) at the philadelphia zoo died suddenly. necropsy examination revealed macroscopic hepatitis. microscopically, the predominant lesions were in liver, characterized with necrosis and mixed cell inflammatory response. sarcocystis calchasi-like schizonts and free merozoites were identified in liver. transmission electron microscopy confirmed that schizonts were in hepatocytes. a few schizonts were in spleen. pcr using s. calchasi-specific primers confirmed ...	2016	26801595
growth curves and age-related changes in carcass characteristics, organs, serum parameters, and intestinal transporter gene expression in domestic pigeon (columba livia).	two experiments were conducted to fit growth curves, and determine age-related changes in carcass characteristics, organs, serum biochemical parameters, and gene expression of intestinal nutrient transporters in domestic pigeon (columba livia). in experiment 1, body weight (bw) of 30 pigeons was respectively determined at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days old to fit growth curves and to describe the growth of pigeons. in experiment 2, eighty-four 1-day-old squabs were grouped by weight into 7 gro ...	2016	26787925
context controls access to working and reference memory in the pigeon (columba livia).	the interaction between working and reference memory systems was examined under conditions in which salient contextual cues were presented during memory retrieval. ambient colored lights (red or green) bathed the operant chamber during the presentation of comparison stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample training (working memory) and during the presentation of the comparison stimuli as s+ and s- cues in discrimination training (reference memory). strong competition between memory systems appeared ...	2016	26781056
distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the pigeon visual thalamic centers and related pretectal and mesencephalic nuclei. phylogenetic and functional determinants.	multichannel processing of environmental information constitutes a fundamental basis of functioning of sensory systems in the vertebrate brain. two distinct parallel visual systems - the tectofugal and thalamofugal exist in all amniotes. the vertebrate central nervous system contains high concentrations of intracellular calcium-binding proteins (cabprs) and each of them has a restricted expression pattern in different brain regions and specific neuronal subpopulations. this study aimed at descri ...	2016	26638835
detection and discrimination of complex sounds by pigeons (columba livia).	auditory scene analysis is the process by which sounds are separated and identified from each other and from the background to make functional auditory objects. one challenge in making these psychological units is that complex sounds often continuously differ in composition over their duration. here we examined the acoustic basis of complex sound processing in four pigeons by evaluating their performance in an ongoing same/different (s/d) task. this provided an opportunity to investigate avian a ...	2016	26616672
concept learning set-size functions for clark's nutcrackers.	same/different abstract-concept learning by clark's nutcrackers (nucifraga columbiana) was tested with novel stimuli following learning of training set expansion (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 picture items). the resulting set-size function was compared to those from rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta), capuchin monkeys (cebus apella), and pigeons (columba livia). nutcrackers showed partial concept learning following initial eight-item set learning, unlike the other species (magnotti, katz, ...	2016	26615450
the effect of display timing on change blindness in pigeons (columba livia).	change blindness is a phenomenon in which even obvious changes in a visual scene may go unnoticed. recent research has indicated that this phenomenon may not be exclusive to humans. two experiments investigated change blindness in pigeons, using a variant of the widely-used flicker task to investigate the influence of display timing on change blindness. results indicate that the duration of time during which a stimulus display is visible influences change detection accuracy, with the effect due ...	2016	26609796
evaluation of environmental genotoxicity by comet assay in columba livia.	the concentrations of recognized or suspected genotoxic and carcinogenic agents found in the air of large cities and, in particular, developing countries, have raised concerns about the potential for chronic health effects in the populations exposed to them. the biomonitoring of environmental genotoxicity requires the selection of representative organisms as "sentinels," as well as the development of suitable and sensitive assays, such as those aimed at assessing dna damage. the aim of this stud ...	2016	26608565
distribution of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and ionotropic glutamate receptors in the auditory ganglion and cochlear nuclei of pigeons (columba livia).	glutamate is a principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the auditory system. our previous studies revealed localization of glutamate receptor mrnas in the pigeon cochlear nuclei, suggesting the existence of glutamatergic input from the auditory nerve to the brainstem. this study demonstrated localization of mrnas for vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vglut2) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (ampa, kainate and nmda) in the auditory ganglion (ag) and cochlear nuclei (magnocellular, angular and ...	2016	25639143
defensive behaviors and prosencephalic neurogenesis in pigeons (columba livia) are affected by environmental enrichment in adulthood.	neurogenesis in the adult brain appears to be phylogenetically conserved across the animal kingdom. in pigeons and other adult non-oscine birds, immature neurons are observed in several prosencephalic areas, suggesting that neurogenesis may participate in the control of different behaviors. the mechanisms controlling neurogenesis and its relevance to defensive behaviors in non-oscine birds remain elusive. herein, the contribution of the environment to behavior and neurogenesis of pigeons was inv ...	2016	25869276
connectivity and neurochemistry of the commissura anterior of the pigeon (columba livia).	the anterior commissure (ac) and the much smaller hippocampal commissure constitute the only interhemispheric pathways at the telencephalic level in birds. since the degeneration study from zeier and karten (), no detailed description of the topographic organization of the ac has been performed. this information is not only necessary for a better understanding of interhemispheric transfer in birds, but also for a comparative analysis of the evolution of commissural systems in the vertebrate clas ...	2016	26179777
association of myf5 and klf15 gene polymorphisms with carcass traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).	single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the exons of the myogenic factor 5 (myf5) and kruppel-like factor 15 (klf15) genes were identified and analysed by using dna sequencing methods in 60 female domestic pigeons (columba livia). five snps (t5067a, c5084t, c5101t, t5127a and c5154g) were detected in exon 3 of myf5 and 6 snps (c1398t, c1464t, g1542a, c1929t, g1965a and a2355g) were found in exon 2 of klf15, respectively. the analysis revealed three genotypes, in which the aa genotype was domin ...	2016	27180898
who are the real bird brains? qualitative differences in behavioral flexibility between dogs (canis familiaris) and pigeons (columba livia).	pigeons given a simultaneous spatial discrimination reversal, in which a single reversal occurs at the midpoint of each session, consistently show anticipation prior to the reversal as well as perseveration after the reversal, suggesting that they use a less effective cue (time or trial number into the session) than what would be optimal to maximize reinforcement (local feedback from the most recent trials). in contrast, rats (rattus norvegicus) and humans show near-optimal reversal learning on ...	2016	26364290
stepwise conceptualization in pigeons.	we explored the relation between concept learning and the number of training exemplars, programmed in a stepwise fashion. eight pigeons (columba livia) were trained via differential food reinforcement to peck 1 of 2 simultaneously displayed color images: benign or malignant human breast tissue samples. in each session, only 1 exemplar from each category was trained. if the learning criterion was achieved in 1 session, then those 2 exemplars were discarded and 2 new exemplars were trained in the ...	2016	26460573
sex-associated differences in trace metals concentrations in and on the plumage of a common urban bird species.	urban areas encompass both favorable and stressful conditions linked with human activities and pollution. pollutants remain of major ecological importance for synanthropic organisms living in the city. plumage of urban birds harbour trace metals, which can result from external deposition or from internal accumulation. external and internal plumage concentrations likely differ between specific trace metals, and may further differ between males and females because of potential sex-linked different ...	2016	26458927
detection and partial genetic characterisation of novel avi- and siadenoviruses in racing and fancy pigeons (columba livia domestica).	up to now, only a single adenovirus (adv) isolate seemingly specific for pigeons, hence named pigeon adv-1 (piadv-1), has been characterised at dna sequence level. in the present work, the prevalence and diversity of advs occurring in domestic pigeon were examined by a survey performed on randomly collected samples using a very efficient, consensus nested pcr targeting the viral dna polymerase gene. the newly detected viruses were characterised by sequencing and phylogeny analysis. amplification ...	2016	27993101
detection of cryptosporidium spp. in free ranging animals of tehran, iran.	cryptosporidium is a world widely distributed parasite which comparatively has a high prevalence in developing countries. the zoonotic potential of some cryptosporidium species has made the cryptosporidiosis a significant concern to physicians and veterinarians. the occurrence and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium species in probable reservoir hosts for man infections was determined by examining faeces of symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. the aim of this study is to screen the presence o ...	2016	27876975
epidemiological aspects of lice (menacanthus species) infections in laying hen flocks from the state of minas gerais, brazil.	the epidemiology of chicken lice species such as menacanthus stramineus, m. cornutus and m. pallidulus were studied during an observational, analytical and sectional survey, to determine predisposing factors for their occurrence in laying hen farms in the state of minas gerais, brazil. a total of 431 houses on 43 farms were visited in 2012. m. cornutus, m. stramineus and m. pallidulus occurred in 20.9%, 11.6% and 11.6% of farms, respectively. the frequencies of occurrence of m. cornutus, m. stra ...	2016	26642864
measurement of intraocular pressure in the domestic pigeon (columbia livia).	the purpose of this study was to establish intraocular pressure values in clinically normal pigeons. one hundred (52 male and 48 female) healthy pigeons ( columbia livia ) of six different breeds, ranging in age from 20 to 51 mo were used in the study. pigeons were gently physically restrained in a dorsoventral position without any pressure or extension to the head and neck. a rebound tonometer with a disposable probe was held horizontally and 4-5 mm from the central corneal surface. calibration ...	2016	27691937
discrimination of human faces by archerfish (toxotes chatareus).	two rival theories of how humans recognize faces exist: (i) recognition is innate, relying on specialized neocortical circuitry, and (ii) recognition is a learned expertise, relying on general object recognition pathways. here, we explore whether animals without a neocortex, can learn to recognize human faces. human facial recognition has previously been demonstrated for birds, however they are now known to possess neocortex-like structures. also, with much of the work done in domesticated pigeo ...	2016	27272551
the biological function of pigeon crop milk and the regulation of its production.	the pigeon (columba livia) is one of the few birds capable of secreting nutrients to nourish squabs. during the incubation period, the crop of the parent pigeon will be thickened. when squabs are hatched, the crop milk will be secreted from the crop and fed to squabs. the nutritional benefits are similar between the pigeon crop milk and mammalian milk, and both of them are regulated by prolactin. prolactin stimulates the proliferation of crop epithelial cells, which eventually slough to form the ...	2017	29258986
pigeons (c. livia) follow their head during turning flight: head stabilization underlies the visual control of flight.	similar flight control principles operate across insect and vertebrate fliers. these principles indicate that robust solutions have evolved to meet complex behavioral challenges. following from studies of visual and cervical feedback control of flight in insects, we investigate the role of head stabilization in providing feedback cues for controlling turning flight in pigeons. based on previous observations that the eyes of pigeons remain at relatively fixed orientations within the head during f ...	2017	29249929
the orientation of homing pigeons (columba livia f.d.) with and without navigational experience in a two-dimensional environment.	homing pigeons are known for their excellent homing ability, and their brains seem to be functionally adapted to homing. it is known that pigeons with navigational experience show a larger hippocampus and also a more lateralised brain than pigeons without navigational experience. so we hypothesized that experience may have an influence also on orientation ability. we examined two groups of pigeons (11 with navigational experience and 17 without) in a standard operant chamber with a touch screen ...	2017	29176875
effects of in ovo feeding of l-arginine on hatchability, hatching time, early posthatch development, and carcass traits in domestic pigeons (columba livia).	the objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that in ovo feeding of arginine (arg) may improve hatchability and posthatch performance in domestic pigeons (). a completely randomized design ( = 3) with an arg feeding treatment (arg group, 1.14 mg arg dissolved in 200 μl of 0.75% nacl buffered saline as 1% concentration compared to total arg in the egg), a buffered saline feeding treatment (sc group, 7.5 g nacl dissolved in 1 l sterile distilled water as the concentration of poultry p ...	2017	29108055
head stabilization in the pigeon: role of vision to correct for translational and rotational disturbances.	stabilization of the head in animals with limited capacity to move their eyes is key to maintain a stable image on the retina. in many birds, including pigeons, a prominent example for the important role of head stabilization is the characteristic head-bobbing behavior observed during walking. multimodal sensory feedback from the eyes, the vestibular system and proprioceptors in body and neck is required to control head stabilization. here, we trained unrestrained pigeons (columba livia) to stan ...	2017	29051726
changes in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism-related parameters in domestic pigeon (columba livia) during incubation and chick rearing.	this study aimed to evaluate the hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism-related parameters of adult male and female white king pigeons (columba livia) during incubation and chick rearing. at day 4 (i4), 10 (i10) and 17 (i17) of incubation and day 1 (r1), 7 (r7), 15 (r15) and 25 (r25) of chick rearing, livers were sampled from six pigeons for each sex. glycogen and fat contents, activities of glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, hk; 6-phosphofructokinase, 6-pfk), and genes expressions of key enzymes inv ...	2017	29024108
analysis of genetic diversity in pigeon pea germplasm using retrotransposon-based molecular markers.	pigeon pea (cajanus cajan), an important legume crop is predominantly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of asia and africa. it is normally considered to have a low degree of genetic diversity, an impediment in undertaking crop improvement programmes.we have analysed genetic polymorphism of domesticated pigeon pea germplasm (47 accessions) across the world using earlier characterized panzee retrotransposon-based molecularmarkers. itwas conjectured that since retrotransposons are inte ...	2017	28947703
putative adult neurogenesis in two domestic pigeon breeds (columba livia domestica): racing homerversusutility carneau pigeons.	generation of neurons in the brains of adult birds has been studied extensively in the telencephalon of song birds and few studies are reported on the distribution of pcna and dcx in the telencephalon of adult non-song learning birds. we report here on adult neurogenesis throughout the brains of two breeds of adult domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica), the racing homer and utility carneau using endogenous immunohistochemical markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna) for proliferati ...	2017	28852390
homing pigeons (columba livia) modulate wingbeat characteristics as a function of route familiarity.	mechanisms of avian navigation have received considerable attention, but whether different navigational strategies are accompanied by different flight characteristics is unknown. managing energy expenditure is critical for survival; therefore, understanding how flight characteristics, and hence energy allocation, potentially change with birds' familiarity with a navigational task could provide key insights into the costs of orientation. we addressed this question by examining changes in the wing ...	2017	28814611
craniofacial diversification in the domestic pigeon and the evolution of the avian skull.	a central question in evolutionary developmental biology is how highly conserved developmental systems can generate the remarkable phenotypic diversity observed among distantly related species. in part, this paradox reflects our limited knowledge about the potential for species to both respond to selection and generate novel variation. consequently, the developmental links between small-scale microevolutionary variations within populations to larger macroevolutionary patterns among species remai ...	2017	28812673
how pigeons couple three-dimensional elbow and wrist motion to morph their wings.	birds change the shape and area of their wings to an exceptional degree, surpassing insects, bats and aircraft in their ability to morph their wings for a variety of tasks. this morphing is governed by a musculoskeletal system, which couples elbow and wrist motion. since the discovery of this effect in 1839, the planar 'drawing parallels' mechanism has been used to explain the coupling. remarkably, this mechanism has never been corroborated from quantitative motion data. therefore, we measured h ...	2017	28794161
differential expression of fatty acid transporters and fatty acid synthesis-related genes in crop tissues of male and female pigeons (columba livia domestica) during incubation and chick rearing.	1. the growth performance of squabs reared solely by male or female parent pigeons was measured, and the changes of lipid content of crop milk and the expression profiles of genes potentially involved in lipid accumulation by crop tissues of parent pigeons were evaluated during incubation and chick rearing. 2. squabs increased in body weight during 25 d of rearing, whereas both male and female pigeons lost weight after finishing rearing chicks, and the weight loss of male pigeons was significant ...	2017	28752767
do 'literate' pigeons (columba livia) show mirror-word generalization?	many children pass through a mirror stage in reading, where they write individual letters or digits in mirror and find it difficult to correctly utilize letters that are mirror images of one another (e.g., b and d). this phenomenon is thought to reflect the fact that the brain does not naturally discriminate left from right. indeed, it has been argued that reading acquisition involves the inhibition of this default process. in the current study, we tested the ability of literate pigeons, which h ...	2017	28707141
prevalence of haemoproteus spp. in tumbler pigeons (columba livia domestica) in kirikkale province, turkey.	haemoproteus spp. are common blood parasites of pigeons. they have been reported in pigeons in many regions worldwide, including turkey. pigeon breeding is a popular hobby in kirikkale province, and there is no information about the prevalence of haemoproteus spp. the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of haemoproteus spp. in tumbler pigeons in kirikkale province (kırıkkale and yahsihan district).	2017	28695828
boldness traits, not dominance, predict exploratory flight range and homing behaviour in homing pigeons.	group living has been proposed to yield benefits that enhance fitness above the level that would be achieved through living as solitary individuals. dominance hierarchies occur commonly in these social assemblages, and result, by definition, in resources not being evenly distributed between group members. determinants of rank within a dominance hierarchy can be associated with morphological characteristics, previous experience of the individual, or personality traits such as exploration tendenci ...	2017	28673912
cutaneous leiomyosarcoma with multiple visceral metastases in a domestic pigeon.	a clinical examination of a 4-yr-old fantail pigeon revealed a large skin tumor in the area of the left wing. the tumor had solid consistency and a single cavity filled with fluid. during necropsy, multiple tumors of varied size and diameter were found in the liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys. a histopathological examination of the skin tumor revealed extensive multifocal neoplasia with a tendency to infiltrate, composed of polygonal, round, oval, and elongated cells forming a solid system wi ...	2017	28665730
acute lameness in a roller pigeon ( columba livia ) with multicentric lymphosarcoma.	a 3-yr-old adult female roller pigeon ( columba livia ) used as part of a breeding pair for an ongoing research study presented with acute left limb lameness. palpation of the left leg and region revealed a large lump near the coxofemoral joint. the bird was able to ambulate in the cage, but would not brood her hatchling. the bird was humanely euthanized and necropsy was performed. grossly, multiple large white to pale tan nodules were noted in the pancreas, lung, rib cage, intestines, and unila ...	2017	28665728
diversity and abundance of human-pathogenic fungi associated with pigeon faeces in urban environments.	pathogenic fungi are a growing health concern worldwide, particularly in large, densely populated cities. the dramatic upsurge of pigeon populations in cities has been implicated in the increased incidence of invasive fungal infections. in this study, we used a culture-independent, high-throughput sequencing approach to describe the diversity of clinically relevant fungi (crf) associated with pigeon faeces and map the relative abundance of crf across seoul, korea. in addition, we tested whether ...	2017	28636808
do pigeons (columba livia) use information about the absence of food appropriately? a further look into suboptimal choice.	in the natural environment, when an animal encounters a stimulus that signals the absence of food-a 'bad-news' stimulus-it will most likely redirect its search to another patch or prey. because the animal does not pay the opportunity cost of waiting in the presence of a bad-news stimulus, the properties of the stimulus (e.g., its duration and probability) may have little impact in the evolution of the decision processes deployed in these circumstances. hence, in the laboratory, when animals are ...	2017	28481567
ex vivo biomechanical evaluation of pigeon (columba livia) cadaver intact humeri and ostectomized humeri stabilized with caudally applied titanium locking plate or stainless steel nonlocking plate constructs.	objective to evaluate mechanical properties of pigeon (columba livia) cadaver intact humeri versus ostectomized humeri stabilized with a locking or nonlocking plate. sample 30 humeri from pigeon cadavers. procedures specimens were allocated into 3 groups and tested in bending and torsion. results for intact pigeon humeri were compared with results for ostectomized humeri repaired with a titanium 1.6-mm screw locking plate or a stainless steel 1.5-mm dynamic compression plate; the ostectomized hu ...	2017	28441055
molecular cloning and functional characterization of duck nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (nod1).	nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (nod1) is an imperative cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (prr) and considered as a key member of the nod-like receptor (nlr) family which plays a critical role in innate immunity through sensing microbial components derived from bacterial peptidoglycan. in the current study, the full-length of duck nod1 (dunod1) cdna from duck embryo fibroblasts (defs) was cloned. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that dunod1 ex ...	2017	28431894
pigeons (columba livia) show change blindness in a color-change detection task.	change blindness is a phenomenon whereby changes to a stimulus are more likely go unnoticed under certain circumstances. pigeons learned a change detection task, in which they observed sequential stimulus displays consisting of individual colors back-projected onto three response keys. the color of one response key changed during each sequence and pecks to the key that displayed the change were reinforced. pigeons showed a change blindness effect, in that change detection accuracy was worse when ...	2017	28429095
widespread patterns of sexually dimorphic gene expression in an avian hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis.	the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis is a key biological system required for reproduction and associated sexual behaviors to occur. in the avian reproductive model of the rock dove (columba livia), we characterized the transcript community of each tissue of the hpg axis in both sexes, thereby significantly expanding our mechanistic insight into hpg activity. we report greater sex-biased differential expression in the pituitary as compared to the hypothalamus, with multiple genes more hi ...	2017	28417958
pigeonetics takes flight: evolution, development, and genetics of intraspecific variation.	intensive artificial selection over thousands of years has produced hundreds of varieties of domestic pigeon. as charles darwin observed, the morphological differences among breeds can rise to the magnitude of variation typically observed among different species. nevertheless, different pigeon varieties are interfertile, thereby enabling forward genetic and genomic approaches to identify genes that underlie derived traits. building on classical genetic studies of pigeon variation, recent molecul ...	2017	27847323
testing of an oral dosing technique for double-crested cormorants, phalacocorax auritus, laughing gulls, leucophaeus atricilla, homing pigeons, columba livia, and western sandpipers, calidris mauri, with artificially weather mc252 oil.	scoping studies were designed to determine if double-crested cormorants (phalacocorax auritus), laughing gulls (leucophaues atricilla), homing pigeons (columba livia) and western sandpipers (calidris mauri) that were gavaged with a mixture of artificially weathered mc252 oil and food for either a single day or 4-5 consecutive days showed signs of oil toxicity. where volume allowed, samples were collected for hematology, plasma protein electrophoresis, clinical chemistry and electrolytes, oxidati ...	2017	28781207
ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river chenab, punjab-pakistan.	although, use of animal species in disease treatment and culture practices is as ancient as that of plant species; however ethnomedicinal uses and cultural values of animal species have rarely been reported. present study is the first report on the medicinal uses of mammals and bird species in pakistan.	2017	28701165
is embryonic hypothermia tolerance common in birds?	avian incubation temperatures oscillate within narrow limits to ensure proper embryonic development. however, field observations and experimental studies have found that some species can tolerate very low incubation temperatures, either regularly or occasionally. we artificially incubated eggs from five domestic species, which represent a range of egg sizes, to examine whether a diversity of avian species could exhibit an unusual hypothermia tolerance, as observed in the field. we found that egg ...	2017	28446617
clinical and serological tests for arboviruses in free-living domestic pigeons (columba livia).	in this study, we evaluated the role of free-living domestic pigeons (columba livia) as a reservoir of arboviruses in the city of belém, state of pará, brazil. we investigated the presence of antibodies against the most prevalent arboviruses.	2017	28767977
impact of epidemiological factors on the prevalence, intensity and distribution of ectoparasites in pigeons.	this study was carried out on domestic pigeons (columba livia domestica) from september (2014) to june (2015) to determine the prevalence, intensity and species of ectoparasites in sargodha region, east of pakistan. a total of 200 domestic pigeons were inspected from the study area. parasites were collected by forceps and stored in 70% ethanol. the epidemiological information e.g. health condition, color of plumage, mode of living, breed, intensity etc. were recorded in the form of questionnaire ...	2017	29114144