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identification of a novel ccr7 gene in rainbow trout with differential expression in the context of mucosal or systemic infection.in mammals, ccr7 is the chemokine receptor for the ccl19 and ccl21 chemokines, molecules with a major role in the recruitment of lymphocytes to lymph nodes and peyer's patches in the intestinal mucosa, especially naïve t lymphocytes. in the current work, we have identified a ccr7 orthologue in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that shares many of the conserved features of mammalian ccr7. the receptor is constitutively transcribed in the gills, hindgut, spleen, thymus and gonad. when leukocyte ...201222858409
oral transmission as a route of infection for viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).surveys among wild marine fish have revealed occurrence of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) infections in a high number of diverse fish species. in marine aquaculture of rainbow trout, preying on invading wild fish might thus be a risk factor for introduction and adaptation of vhsv and subsequent disease outbreaks. our objective was to determine whether an oral transmission route for vhsv in rainbow trout exists. juvenile trout were infected through oral, waterborne and cohabitation t ...201222524457
effect of chronic exposure to pendimethalin on the susceptibility of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss l., to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv).in this study, the in vivo effects of chronic pollution by the active substance (as) pendimethalin, a dinitroaniline herbicide, on the susceptibility of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss l., to an experimental challenge with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) were assessed. after four weeks of exposure to fresh water (c group) or 500 ng l(-1) of as (p500 group), the fish were challenged by immersion in water containing 10(4) tcid(50) ml(-1) of vhsv. while exposure to pendimethalin was ma ...201222361216
genotype-specific taqman® assays for the detection and rapid characterisation of european strains of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) is the agent of a disease that causes mortality events in marine and freshwater fish. it is one of the most important pathogens in european rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture. four major genotypes of the virus are recognised reflecting different geographic and host ranges. genotyping of vhs isolates is important for disease management enabling monitoring of disease spread into new geographical regions or susceptible species. this study sou ...201323089575
trade practices are main factors involved in the transmission of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia.viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), caused by the novirhabdovirus viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), causes significant economic problems to european rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), production. the virus isolates can be divided into four distinct genotypes with additional subgroups. the main source of outbreaks in european rainbow trout farming is sublineage ia isolates. recently, this group of isolates has been further subdivided in to two subclades of which the ia-2 c ...201323020691
virulence of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) genotypes ia, iva, ivb, and ivc in five fish species.the susceptibility of yellow perch perca flavescens, rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, chinook salmon o. tshawytscha, koi cyprinus carpio koi, and pacific herring clupea pallasii to 4 strains of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) was assessed. fish were challenged via intraperitoneal injection with high (1 × 106 plaque-forming units, pfu) and low (1 × 103 pfu) doses of a european strain (genotype ia), and north american strains from the west coast (genotype iva), great lakes (genotype iv ...201324334352
resistance to a rhabdovirus (vhsv) in rainbow trout: identification of a major qtl related to innate mechanisms.health control is a major issue in animal breeding and a better knowledge of the genetic bases of resistance to diseases is needed in farm animals including fish. the detection of quantitative trait loci (qtl) will help uncovering the genetic architecture of important traits and understanding the mechanisms involved in resistance to pathogens. we report here the detection of qtl for resistance to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv), a major threat for european aquaculture industry. two i ...201323390526
differential effects of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (vhsv) genotypes iva and ivb on gill epithelial and spleen macrophage cell lines from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the two most prominent genotypes of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (vhsv) are -i in the northeastern atlantic region and -iv in north america, but much more is known about the cellular pathogenesis of genotype -i than -iv. vhsv genotype -iv is divided into -iva from the northeast pacific ocean and -ivb from the great lakes and both of which are less virulent to rainbow trout than genotype -i. in this work, infections of vhsv-iva and -ivb have been studied in two rainbow trout cell lines, rtg ...201323257204
transforming growth factor-β1b: a second tgf-β1 paralogue in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) that has a lower constitutive expression but is more responsive to immune stimulation.the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) tgf-β1 sequence was one of the first fish cytokines described. studies of its expression suggest it is constitutively expressed but displays refractory inducibility. here we describe a second tgf-β1 (tgf-β1b) gene that is novel in several respects. tgf-β1b possesses typical tgf-β features, including a cxc motif and an integrin binding site, a tetrabasic cut site and a mature peptide of 112 amino acids (aa) containing nine conserved cysteine residues. the m ...201323178261
natural infection of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) with salmonid alphavirus 3 generates numerous viral deletion mutants.salmon pancreas disease virus (spdv) also referred to as salmonid alphavirus (sav) is a virus causing pancreas disease in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). although the virus causes an economically important disease, relatively few full-length genome sequences of sav strains are currently available. here, we report full-length genome sequences of nine sav3 strains from sites farming atlantic salmon geographically spread along the norwegian coastline. the v ...201323704276
cloning and characterization of a novel oocyte-specific gene encoding an f-box protein in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).oocyte-specific genes play critical roles in oogenesis, folliculogenesis and early embryonic development. the objectives of this study were to characterize the expression of a novel oocyte-specific gene encoding an f-box protein during ovarian development in rainbow trout, and identify its potential interacting partners in rainbow trout oocytes.201324007267
[yeast-based production, purification and bioactivity assay of rainbow trout lect2].leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (lect2) is a secretory cytokine that functions in many physiological and pathological processes. we used a pichia pastoris expression system for the recombinant expression of rainbow trout lect2. the recombinant lect2 was purified by unosphere s cation exchange and size-exclusion chromatography columns. the obtained target protein was highly pure (>96% homogeneity) and the yield was >120 mg/l of yeast cultures. an in vitro chamber assay revealed that recombina ...201323389976
status and future perspectives of vaccines for industrialised fin-fish farming.fin fish farming is developing from extensive to intensive high industrial scale production. production of fish in high-density growth conditions requires effective vaccines in order to control persistent and emerging diseases. vaccines can also have significant positive impact on the reduced usage of antibiotics. this was demonstrated when vaccines were introduced in norway for atlantic salmon (salmo salar) in the late eighties and early nineties, resulting in a rapid decline of antibiotics con ...201323769873
florfenicol depletion in edible tissue of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), and sea bream, sparus aurata l.an increase in fish production has consequently brought an increase in infectious diseases in fish farms. the use of chemotherapic drugs is the most effective instrument against common bacterial agents. the number of registered drugs for use in aquaculture is limited and often veterinary practitioners resort to the off-label use of chemotherapic agents authorized for different food-producing animal species. florfenicol is well known for its outstanding effect against various pathogenic bacteria ...201323384074
biochemical and molecular heterogeneity among isolates of yersinia ruckeri from rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) in north west germany.enteric redmouth disease (erm), caused by yersinia ruckeri, is one of the most important infectious diseases in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) aquaculture in europe. more recently, non-motile vaccine resistant isolates appear to have evolved and are causing disease problems throughout europe, including germany. the aim of this study was to analyse the variation of biochemical and molecular characteristics of y. ruckeri isolates collected in north west germany as a basis for strain different ...201324144165
insight from molecular, pathological, and immunohistochemical studies on cellular and humoral mechanisms responsible for vaccine-induced protection of rainbow trout against yersinia ruckeri.the immunological mechanisms associated with protection of vaccinated rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss, against enteric redmouth disease (erm), caused by yersinia ruckeri, were previously elucidated by the use of gene expression methodology and immunochemical methods. that approach pointed indirectly to both humoral and cellular elements being involved in protection. the present study correlates the level of protection in rainbow trout to cellular reactions in spleen and head kidney and visual ...201323966555
comparative evaluation of administration methods for a vaccine protecting rainbow trout against yersinia ruckeri o1 biotype 2 infections.numerous outbreaks of enteric red mouth disease (erm) caused by yersinia ruckeri o1 biotype 2 in rainbow trout farms are currently being recorded despite established vaccination procedures against this disease. this could indicate that the currently used application of single immersion vaccination (using a commercial vaccine aquavac(®) relera™) does not provide full protection. we elucidated by a controlled duplicated experiment if different vaccine administration methods can improve level and e ...201323622778
tissue specific uptake of inactivated and live yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): visualization by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.understanding of uptake and invasion routes of yersinia ruckeri, causing enteric red mouth disease (erm) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), is essential for improved understanding of the pathogenicity and immune response mechanisms associated this disease. the present work shed light on areas of invasion in rainbow trout by the use of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. fish were exposed to live or formalin inactivated bacteria and samples were subsequently taken for ...201323583292
gut microbiota changes in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), during organic acid feed supplementation and yersinia ruckeri infection. 201323167530
sensitivity of early life stages of white sturgeon, rainbow trout, and fathead minnow to copper.populations of white sturgeon (ws; acipenser transmontanus) are in decline in several parts of the united states and canada, attributed primarily to poor recruitment caused by degradation of habitats, including pollution with contaminants such as metals. little is known about sensitivity of ws to contaminants or metals such as copper (cu). here, acute (96 h) mortalities of ws early life stages due to exposure to cu under laboratory conditions are reported. two standard test species, rainbow trou ...201323124699
characterization of genes encoding prolactin and prolactin receptors in starry flounder platichthys stellatus and their expression upon acclimation to freshwater.this study aims to investigate the genes encoding prolactin (prl) and prolactin receptors (prlr) and their tissue-specific expression in starry flounder platichthys stellatus. starry flounder prl gene consisting of five exons encodes an orf of 212 amino acid residue comprised of a putative signal peptide of 24 amino acids and a mature protein of 188 amino acids. it showed amino acid identities of 73 % with tuna thunnus thynnus, 71 % with black porgy acanthopagrus schlegelii, 69 % with nile tilap ...201322843312
different computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) systems highly influence sperm motility parameters.in this study, we examined different computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) systems (crismas, hobson sperm tracker, and image j casa) on the exact same video recordings to evaluate the differences in sperm motility parameters related to the specific casa used. to cover a wide range of sperm motility parameters, we chose 12-second video recordings at 25 and 50 hz frame rates after sperm motility activation using three taxonomically distinct fish species (sterlet: acipenser ruthenus l.; common ca ...201323932168
universal reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr for infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv).infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is an acute pathogen of salmonid fishes in north america, europe and asia and is reportable to the world organization for animal health (oie). phylogenetic analysis has identified 5 major virus genogroups of ihnv worldwide, designated u, m, l, e and j; multiple subtypes also exist within those genogroups. here, we report the development and validation of a universal ihnv reverse-transcriptase real-time pcr (rt-rpcr) assay targeting the ihnv nucleoca ...201324113244
the role of virulence in in vivo superinfection fitness of the vertebrate rna virus infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus.we have developed a novel in vivo superinfection fitness assay to examine superinfection dynamics and the role of virulence in superinfection fitness. this assay involves controlled, sequential infections of a natural vertebrate host, oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), with variants of a coevolved viral pathogen, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv). intervals between infections ranged from 12 h to 7 days, and both frequency of superinfection and viral replication levels were examine ...201323678165
viral surveillance of cultured rainbow trout in the eastern black sea, turkey.to study the presence and spread of viral fish pathogens in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss in the eastern black sea region of turkey, 172 pooled samples (seven fish per pool) of rainbow trout fry from 28 hatcheries were examined from december 2006 to july 2007. forty-three pools (seven broodfish per pool) of seminal and ovarian fluids from 182 female and 119 male brood rainbow trout were also sampled during spawning. moreover, reproductive fluids (22 pools) of wild trout (salmo trutta labrax, ...201323289953
mapping rainbow trout immune genes involved in inflammation reveals conserved blocks of immune genes in teleosts.we report the genetic map location of 14 genes involved in the inflammatory response to salmonid bacterial and viral pathogens, which brings the total number of immune genes mapped in rainbow trout (rt, oncorhynchus mykiss) to 61. these genes were mapped as candidate genes that may be involved in resistance to bacterial kidney disease, as well as candidates for known qtl for resistance to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and ceratomyxa shasta. these q ...201323013476
acute mortality, bacterial load, and pathology of select lines of adult rainbow trout challenged with weissella sp. nc36.a challenge for improving disease resistance in fish through genetics is to understand specificity of resistance and whether selection for one pathogen alters the response to unrelated pathogenic microorganisms. adult rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss that had been bred for differential susceptibility to flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) and designated ars-fp-r (resistant), ars-fp-s (susceptible), and ars-fp-c (control line), as well as a po ...201324341763
reconstructing mitochondrial genomes directly from genomic next-generation sequencing reads--a baiting and iterative mapping approach.we present an in silico approach for the reconstruction of complete mitochondrial genomes of non-model organisms directly from next-generation sequencing (ngs) data-mitochondrial baiting and iterative mapping (mitobim). the method is straightforward even if only (i) distantly related mitochondrial genomes or (ii) mitochondrial barcode sequences are available as starting-reference sequences or seeds, respectively. we demonstrate the efficiency of the approach in case studies using real ngs data s ...201323661685
dietary probiotic supplementation modulated gut microbiota and improved growth of juvenile rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).in aquaculture, infectious diseases are the major cause of economic losses. probiotic supplementation may change the microbiota of the digestive tract and modulate the immune defences and nutritional performance. this study was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of multi-species (a: bacillus sp., pediococcus sp., enterococcus sp., lactobacillus sp.) and single-species probiotics (b: pediococcus acidilactici) on growth performance and gut microbiota of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus m ...201323811044
sequence analysis of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus isolated from iranian reared rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in 2012.infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) is the causal agent of a highly contagious disease that affects many species of fish and shellfish. this virus causes economically significant diseases of farmed rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), in iran, which is often associated with the transmission of pathogens from european resources. in this study, moribund rainbow trout fry samples were collected during an outbreak of ipnv in three different fish farms in north and west provinces of ...201324048887
the pyloric caeca area is a major site for igm(+) and igt(+) b cell recruitment in response to oral vaccination in rainbow trout.although previous studies have characterized some aspects of the immune response of the teleost gut in response to diverse pathogens or stimuli, most studies have focused on the posterior segments exclusively. however, there are still many details of how teleost intestinal immunity is regulated that remain unsolved, including the location of igm(+) and igt(+) b cells along the digestive tract and their role during the course of a local stimulus. thus, in the current work, we have studied the b c ...201323785475
tissue distribution of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype sp in naturally infected cultured rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum): an immunohistochemical and nested-pcr study.this study investigates the occurrence and distribution pattern of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv) within the pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen of naturally infected cultured rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), using immunohistochemistry (ihc). a nested pcr was also employed to confirm the presence of the virus in the pooled tissues of the specimens. all the examined tissues except spleen were immunohistochemically positive for ipnv, but staining intensity and distribution ...201323293847
pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of erythromycin in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum).erythromycin (ery) is a drug active against gram-positive bacteria such as lactococcus garvieae, a pathogen responsible for an important disease that may cause a substantial decrease in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum) production, the species of fish most commonly produced in italy. in the literature, studies on the kinetics behaviour of ery in fish are limited. therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ery in rainbow trout after a single oral tre ...201324118016
molecular epidemiology of flavobacterium psychrophilum from swiss fish farms.bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (rtfs) caused by flavobacterium psychrophilum are 2 of the major diseases causing high fish mortality in salmonid fish farms. the molecular epidemiology of f. psychrophilum is still largely unknown. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) has been previously used for this pathogen and underscored a correlation between clonal complexes and host fish species. here we used mlst to study the relationships among 112 f. psychrophilum isolate ...201323999704
enhanced efficacy of an attenuated flavobacterium psychrophilum strain cultured under iron-limited conditions.an attenuated strain of flavobacterium psychrophilum (csf259-93b.17) has shown potential as a vaccine for prevention of bacterial coldwater disease (bcwd) in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum). because bcwd outbreaks can result in high mortality in other salmonid species, specifically coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum), the live-attenuated strain was tested as a vaccine in this species. additionally, we hypothesized that culture of the vaccine strain under iron-limited conditi ...201323989039
toxicity of copper sulfate to flavobacterium psychrophilum and rainbow trout eggs.tests were conducted to determine the concentrations of copper sulfate needed to kill flavobacterium psychrophilum, the cause of bacterial coldwater disease, either in vitro or on rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss eggs. for the in vitro test, a plastic strip dipped in a solution of f. psychrophilum was exposed for 15 min to copper sulfate solutions of 0, 1, 5, 10, 20, 35, 50, 75, or 100 mg/l. bacteria were "too numerous to count" at concentrations ≤10 mg/l cuso4; significant reductions in preval ...201323697629
intramuscular challenge of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with two norwegian field strains of flavobacterium psychrophilum.in recent years there has been an increasing occurrence of flavobacterium psychrophilum infections in farmed salmonids in norway. the current study describes two field isolates of f. psychrophilum collected from farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings and post smolts in norway. virulence of the two isolates was tested in vivo by intramuscular (im) and/or intraperitoneal (ip) challenge of disease free, un-vaccinated rainbow trout. the isolates were concluded to be highly virulent c ...201323664916
effect of hydrogen peroxide on immersion challenge of rainbow trout fry with flavobacterium psychrophilum.an experimental model for immersion challenge of rainbow trout fry (oncorhynchus mykiss) with flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome and bacterial cold water disease was established in the present study. although injection-based infection models are reliable and produce high levels of mortality attempts to establish a reproducible immersion model have been less successful. various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (h₂o₂) were evaluated before being used ...201323646130
structure of flavobacterium psychrophilum populations infecting farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss .flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss suffering from bacterial cold-water disease (bcwd) can dissociate into 2 morphological colony types, rough (r) and smooth (s). however, the presence of the 2 morphotypes in disease outbreaks has not yet been investigated thoroughly. we examined the occurrence of r and s morphotypes in rainbow trout from bcwd outbreaks and in unfertilized eggs from a hatchery. the isolated colony types were characterized by pulsed field ...201323548361
efficacy of a divalent and a multivalent water-in-oil formulated vaccine against a highly virulent strain of flavobacterium psychrophilum after intramuscular challenge of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).flavobacterium psychrophilum is a well-known pathogen causing significant problems in aquaculture worldwide. in recent years an increasing number of disease outbreaks caused by f. psychrophilum has been reported on juvenile and post smolts of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) in norway. the current study was performed to assess the efficacy of two autogenous water-in-oil formulated vaccines containing whole cell antigens of f. psychrophilum to induce protective immunity against challenge. the ...201323352330
control of flavobacterium psychrophilum: tests of erythromycin, streptomycin, osmotic and thermal shocks, and rapid ph change.flavobacterium psychrophilum, the etiological agent that causes bacterial coldwater disease, has been implicated in significant reductions in the numbers of salmonids reared at fish hatcheries. in this study, we performed a series of in vitro experiments to test the effectiveness of rapid temperature, ph, and osmotic pressure changes in killing three strains of the bacterium. we also evaluated the effectiveness of antibiotics (erythromycin, streptomycin, and a penicillin-streptomycin mixture) ag ...201323241009
a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identification and quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum and application to disease resistance studies in selectively bred rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.rapid detection and quantification of flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (bcwd) in rainbow trout, are crucial to disease surveillance and encompass an essential component of bcwd research. real-time, or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays that have previously targeted the 16s rrna gene of f. psychrophilum are complicated by polymorphisms and off-target amplification. insignia primer and probe development software were used to identi ...201323227879
grouping facilitates avoidance of parasites by fish.parasite distribution is often highly heterogeneous, and intensity of infection depends, among other things, on how well hosts can avoid areas with a high concentration of parasites. we studied the role of fish behaviour in avoiding microhabitats with a high infection risk using oncorhynchus mykiss and cercariae of diplostomum pseudospathaceum as a model. spatial distribution of parasites in experimental tanks was highly heterogeneous. we hypothesized that fish in groups are better at recognizin ...201324499549
genotype-specific vs. cross-reactive host immunity against a macroparasite.vertebrate hosts often defend themselves against several co-infecting parasite genotypes simultaneously. this has important implications for the ecological dynamics and the evolution of host defence systems and parasite strategies. for example, it can drive the specificity of the adaptive immune system towards high genotype-specificity or cross-reactivity against several parasite genotypes depending on the sequence and probability of re-infections. however, to date, there is very little evidence ...201324167622
effects of dietary cholesterol on antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response, and resistance to aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soybean meal-based diets.this study evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol on antioxidant capacity, non-specific immune response and resistance to aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fed soybean meal-based diets. fish were fed diets supplemented with graded cholesterol levels (0 [control], 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%) for nine weeks. the fish were then challenged by a. hydrophila and their survival rate recorded for the next week. dietary cholesterol supplementation generally increased the ...201323207478
bacillus cereus var. toyoi promotes growth, affects the histological organization and microbiota of the intestinal mucosa in rainbow trout fingerlings.in this preliminary study, we evaluated the effects of a gram-positive soil bacteria bacillus cereus var. toyoi on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, intestinal morphology, and microbiota in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss fingerlings. trout were maintained in a recirculation system and fed 2 diets: 1) a commercial trout feed deprived of the probiotic and 2) the same diet but with the spores of the probiotic bacteria dissolved in fish oil during the manufacturing of the feed ...201323508031
resistance to bacterial infectious diseases in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).individually tagged rainbow trout representing 15 full-sibling families were sequentially challenged twice with aeromonas salmonicida causing furunculosis: first as cohabitation and then as injected intraperitoneally. the bleeding procedure prior to challenges caused the outbreak of cold water disease by flavobacterium psychrophilum. before and after the outbreak and challenges, 11 immunological parameters were measured from blood samples. the immunological responses predicted the fate of the fi ...201323582478
immunotoxic effects of oil sands-derived naphthenic acids to rainbow trout.naphthenic acids are the major organic constituents in waters impacted by oil sands. to investigate their immunotoxicity, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) were injected with naphthenic acids extracted from aged oil sands tailings water. in two experiments, rainbow trout were injected intraperitoneally with 0, 10, or 100 mg/kg of naphthenic acids, and sampled after 5 or 21 d. half of the fish from the 21 d exposure were co-exposed to inactivated aeromonas salmonicida (a.s.) to induce an immune ...201323159729
iron-sulfur cluster scaffold (iscu) gene is duplicated in salmonid fish and tissue and temperature dependent expressed in rainbow trout.the iron-sulfur cluster protein iscu is a scaffold protein tasked with the building and mediation of iron-sulfur [fe-s]-clusters. these are crucial for [fe-s]-enzymes, which are involved in essential biological cell processes like metabolism or ion transport. analysis of iscu in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and maraena whitefish (coregonus maraena) revealed the existence of two gene variants in each of the two salmonids. this study presents the characterization of the duplicated iscu cdna ...201323137639
expression of immune relevant genes in rainbow trout following exposure to live anisakis simplex larvae.basic immune response mechanisms in vertebrates against helminths are still poorly understood. fish-nematode models may prove valuable for elucidation of this question. in this study we orally challenged rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with larvae of anisakis simplex (nematoda: anisakidae) and subsequently investigated the expression of 18 immune relevant genes in spleen and liver 1, 4 and 8days post infection (d.p.i.). gene expression data were analysed with regard to the infection status o ...201324051344
effects of excretory/secretory products from anisakis simplex (nematoda) on immune gene expression in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).excretory/secretory (es) products are molecules produced by parasitic nematodes, including larval anisakis simplex, a parasite occurring in numerous marine fish hosts. the effects of these substances on host physiology have not been fully described. the present work elucidates the influence of es substances on the fish immune system by measuring immune gene expression in spleen and liver of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) injected intraperitoneally with es products isolated from a. simplex t ...201323769875
comparative infectivity of three larval nematode species in three different salmonids.host specificity of parasites may depend both on ecological and physiological factors. basic descriptions of the susceptibility/resistance of fish to specific nematodes are needed in order to reveal mechanisms in the host-parasite relation. rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (salmo trutta), and atlantic salmon (salmo salar) were orally infected with larval stages of three different anisakid nematodes-hysterothylacium aduncum, contracaecum osculatum, and anisakis simplex-and parasit ...201323733234
[prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity analysis of glycoprotein from infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus].in order to detect infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus with immunological methods, the surface glycoprotein of a recent ihnv-sn isolated from farmed rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) in china was amplified and cloned into pet27b(+) vector (designated as pet27b-g ). the expression of recombinant plasmid pet27b-g in e. coli bl21(de3) was induced and determined by sds-page analysis. the predicted molecular weight of glycoprotein protein was approximately 55 kd and was confirmed in this stud ...201324386842
characterization and expression of gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with implications for gilt in innate immune response.the interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (gilt) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the processing and presentation of mhc class ii-restricted antigen (ag) by catalyzing disulfide bond reduction. in this study, a rainbow trout cdna (designated as rgilt) was cloned and identified from oncorhynchus mykiss. the open reading frame of rgilt consists of 759 bases encoding a protein of 253 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 28.23 kda and a theoretical isoelectric ...201324006043
cloning and characterization of rainbow trout interleukin-17a/f2 (il-17a/f2) and il-17 receptor a: expression during infection and bioactivity of recombinant il-17a/f2.lower vertebrates have been found to possess genes that have similar homology to both interleukin (il)-17a and il-17f, which have been termed il-17a/f. in fish species, several of these genes can be present, but, to date, very little is known about their functional activity. this article describes the discovery and sequence analysis of a rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) il-17a/f2 molecule and an il-17ra receptor. in addition, the bioactivity of the trout il-17a/f2 is investigated for the firs ...201323147036
rainbow trout peptidoglycan recognition protein has an anti-inflammatory function in liver cells.peptidoglycan recognition proteins (pgrps) are innate immune molecules that are structurally conserved through evolution in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals. pgrps exert diverse host-defense functions both through direct antibacterial activity and through indirect effects, including the induction of antimicrobial peptides and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. in this study, we identified the gene encoding a long form of pgrp (ompgrp-l1) from the rainbow trout, oncorhyn ...201324056276
identification of novel interleukin 1 beta family genes in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus.gene in the interleukin 1 family plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. here, we describe two novel il-1-like gene in japanese flounder paralichthys olivaceus (jfil1-l1 and jfil1-l2). jfil1β-l1 was homologous to nile tilapia il-1β-like gene and arctic char il-1, and jfil1β-l2 showed homology to hypothetical protein loc100699119 of nile tilapia and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss il-1 receptor agonist (ra). the deduced amino acids sequences of these il-1β-l ...201323069785
experimental infection of australian freshwater fish with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv).the ranavirus, epizootic hematopoietic necrosis virus (ehnv), is endemic to southern australia with natural outbreaks resulting in mass mortality events in wild redfin perch perca fluviatilis (also known as eurasian perch) and less severe disease in farmed rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. to further investigate the host range for ehnv, 12 ecologically or economically important freshwater fish species from southeastern australia were exposed experimentally to the virus. a bath-challenge model a ...201323339340
new records of the chaetiferous leech-like annelid paracanthobdella livanowi (epshtein, 1966) (annelida: clitellata: acanthobdellida) from kamchatka, russia.acanthobdellidans are unique in their organisation and phylogenetic relationships due to having transitional characters that combine features of oligochaetous and achaetous annelids. alongside the relatively well-studied acanthobdella peledina grube, 1851, there is another member of the group, paracanthobdella livanowi (epshtein, 1966), with five rows of chaetae and an anterior sucker. it appears that the anterior sucker is weakly developed in small juveniles but acquires a deep cavity in adults ...201323263942
fate of tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa) after infection of brown trout salmo trutta and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (myxozoa) is the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids. we assessed differences in intensity of t. bryosalmonae infection between brown trout salmo trutta and rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss from the clinical phase of infection onwards. specific pathogen-free fish were exposed to t. bryosalmonae spores under controlled laboratory conditions and sampled at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 17 wk post exposure (wpe), and the transmission of t. bryosalmona ...201324270019
relative potency of pcb126 to tcdd for sublethal embryotoxicity in the mummichog (fundulus heteroclitus).the relative potency (rep) of 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (pcb126) to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (tcdd) for sublethal responses was assessed in fundulus heteroclitus embryos. eggs were treated with intravitelline injections of graded sublethal doses of pcb126 (312-5000 pg g(-1) wet weight, ww) or tcdd (5-1280 pg g(-1) ww). at 16 days post-fertilization (dpf), craniofacial deformities were observed in larvae hatched from eggs treated with the two highest doses of pcb126 (2500-5000 pg ...201323314333
daphnia and fish toxicity of (benzo)triazoles: validated qsar models, and interspecies quantitative activity-activity modelling.due to their chemical properties synthetic triazoles and benzo-triazoles ((b)tazs) are mainly distributed to the water compartments in the environment, and because of their wide use the potential effects on aquatic organisms are cause of concern. non testing approaches like those based on quantitative structure-activity relationships (qsars) are valuable tools to maximize the information contained in existing experimental data and predict missing information while minimizing animal testing. in t ...201323702385
molecular docking: a potential tool to aid ecotoxicity testing in environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.a cocktail of human pharmaceuticals pollute aquatic environments and there is considerable scientific uncertainty about the effects that this may have on aquatic organisms. human drug target proteins can be highly conserved in non target species suggesting that similar modes of action (moa) may occur. the aim of this work was to explore whether molecular docking offers a potential tool to predict the effects of pharmaceutical compounds on non target organisms. three highly prescribed drugs, dicl ...201324344392
cloning, molecular characterization, and expression analysis of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat₃) gene from grass carp (ctenopharyngodon idellus).signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (stat₃) binds to janus kinase 2 (jak₂) to initiate the jak₂/stat₃ signal transduction pathway, which plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation, immune regulation, reproduction, lipid metabolism, and other physiological processes of the organism. in this study, the cdna sequence of the stat₃ gene from grass carp was cloned using race (rapid-amplification of cdna ends). twelve characteristics of the stat₃ gene and its encoded protein se ...201324055509
differential gene expression associated with dietary methylmercury (mehg) exposure in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and zebrafish (danio rerio).the objective of this study was to identify and evaluate conserved biomarkers that could be used in most species of teleost fish at most life-stages. we investigated the effects of sublethal methylmercury (mehg) exposure on developing rainbow trout and zebrafish. juvenile rainbow trout and young adult zebrafish were fed food with mehg added at 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 ppm. atomic absorption spectrometry was applied to measure whole body total hg levels, and pathologic analysis was performed to identify ...201323529582
deep rna sequencing of the skeletal muscle transcriptome in swimming fish.deep rna sequencing (rna-seq) was performed to provide an in-depth view of the transcriptome of red and white skeletal muscle of exercised and non-exercised rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) with the specific objective to identify expressed genes and quantify the transcriptomic effects of swimming-induced exercise. pubertal autumn-spawning seawater-raised female rainbow trout were rested (n = 10) or swum (n = 10) for 1176 km at 0.75 body-lengths per second in a 6,000-l swim-flume under reprodu ...201323308156
green tea (camellia sinensis) administration induces expression of immune relevant genes and biochemical parameters in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).present study elucidates the efficacy of green tea (camellia sinensis) on growth performance, immune and antioxidant systems and cytokine gene expression in rainbow trout tissues. green tea was supplemented at 20, 100, and 500 mg kg(-1) diet and fed to fish (average weight: 23.5 g) for 35 days. no remarkable changes in growth performance were observed among all test groups. lower lipid peroxidation product and higher superoxide dismutase activity were noted in fish received the medium dose of gr ...201324096104
characterization of oncorhynchus mykiss 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase/transthyretin superfamily: evolutionary and functional analyses.teleosts have highly diverged genomes that resulted from whole genome duplication, which leads to an extensive diversity of paralogous genes. transthyretin (ttr), an extracellular thyroid hormone (th) binding protein, is thought to have evolved from an ancestral 5-hydroxyisourate hydrolase (hiuhase) by gene duplication at some stage of chordate evolution. to characterize the functions of proteins that arose from duplicated genes in teleosts, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship of teleo ...201323994290
effect of dietary bovine lactoferrin on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) fecundity and larval quality. 201325141604
modulation of rh glycoproteins, ammonia excretion and na+ fluxes in three freshwater teleosts when exposed chronically to high environmental ammonia.we investigated relationships among branchial unidirectional na(+) fluxes, ammonia excretion, urea excretion, plasma ammonia, plasma cortisol, and gill transporter expression and function in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (hea). the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were ex ...201323661781
relationship between brain and liver oxidative state and maximum lifespan potential of different fish species.the aim of the present study is to determine whether a relationship exists between the maximum lifespan potential (mlsp) of different fish species (squalius pyrenaicus, cyprinus carpio, carassius auratus, luciobarbus sclateri and oncorhynchus mykiss) and the oxidative state of brain and liver. for this purpose, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (gpx), glutathione reductase (gr), glutathione s-transferase (gst) and dt-diaphorase ( ...201323618756
regulation of amino acid metabolism as a defensive strategy in the brain of three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia exposure.many teleosts have evolved mechanisms to cope with ammonia toxicity in the brain when confronted with high environmental ammonia (hea). in the present study, the possible role of conversion of accumulated ammonia to glutamine and other free amino acids in the brain of three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia was investigated. the detoxification mode of ammonia in brain is suggested to be through amination of glutamate to glutamine by the coupled activities of glutama ...201323384996
differential responses in ammonia excretion, sodium fluxes and gill permeability explain different sensitivities to acute high environmental ammonia in three freshwater teleosts.we examined the acute physiological responses to high environmental ammonia (hea), particularly the linkages between branchial ammonia fluxes and unidirectional na(+) fluxes, as well as urea excretion, cortisol, and indicators of gill permeability in three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia; the highly sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly resistant cyprinid carassius auratus ( ...201323143040
distribution of acetylcholine and catecholamines in fish gills and their potential roles in the hypoxic ventilatory response.carotid body glomus cells in mammals contain a plethora of different neurochemicals. several hypotheses exist to explain their roles in oxygen-chemosensing. in the present study we assessed the distribution of serotonin, acetylcholine and catecholamines in the gills of trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and goldfish (carassius auratus) using immunohistochemistry, and an activity-dependent dye, texas red hydrazide (txr). in fish the putative oxygen sensing cells are neuroepithelial cells (necs) and the ...201322765871
derivation of freshwater quality criteria for zinc using interspecies correlation estimation models to protect aquatic life in china.species sensitivity distributions (ssds) are usually used in the development of water quality criteria and require a large number of toxicity values to define a hazard level to protect the majority of species. however, some toxicity data for certain chemicals are limited, especially for endangered and threatened species. thus, it is important to predict the unknown species toxicity data using available toxicity data. to address this need, interspecies correlation estimation (ice) models were dev ...201323058200
bulgarian marine and freshwater fishes as a source of fat-soluble vitamins for a healthy human diet.the aim of the present study evaluates the fat-soluble vitamins all-trans retinol (vitamin a), cholecalciferol (vitamin d₃) and α-tocopherol (vitamin e) content in the fresh edible tissue of bulgarian fish species: marine-grey mullet (mugil cephalus) and bonito (sarda sarda), and freshwater-rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (cyprinus carpio). the sample preparation procedure includes alkaline saponification, followed by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane. all-trans retinol, ...201328239118
bioconcentration of perfluorinated alkyl acids: how important is specific binding?perfluorinated alkyl acids (pfaas) are important global pollutants with unique pharmacokinetics. evidence is accumulating that their behavior within organisms is affected by interaction with a number of proteins. in mammals, serum albumin, fatty acid binding proteins (fabps) and organic anion transporters (oats) have been identified as important to the tissue distribution, species-specific accumulation, and species- and gender-specific elimination rates of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and perfluo ...201323734664
genome sequence of weissella ceti nc36, an emerging pathogen of farmed rainbow trout in the united states.novel weissella sp. bacteria have recently been reported to be associated with disease outbreaks in cultured rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) at commercial farms in china, brazil, and the united states. here we present the first genome sequence of this novel weissella species, isolated from the southeastern united states.201323409274
the immunological effects of oil sands surface waters and naphthenic acids on rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).there is concern surrounding the immunotoxic potential of naphthenic acids (nas), a major organic constituent in waters influenced by oil sands contamination. to assess the immunological response to nas, rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) waterborne exposures were conducted with oil sands-influenced waters, nas extracted and purified from oil sands tailings waters, and benzo[a]pyrene (bap) as a positive control. after a 7d exposure, blood, spleen, head kidney, and gill samples were removed from ...201324036435
novel insights into the peritoneal inflammation of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).the peritoneal cavity has been extensively used as a laboratory model of inflammation in many species, including the teleost fish. although, the peritoneal cavity of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) was previously shown to contain a resident population of leukocytes, closer information about their exact composition and their functional response to pathogens is still missing. in the presented work, flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies was performed to characterize this cell pop ...201323911871
development of a sandwich elisa for quantifying hepcidin in rainbow trout.one of the most widespread antimicrobial peptides (amps) in fish is the hepcidins, which have potent, broad-spectrum activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. moreover, they play the role of central regulation of iron metabolism and their expression is over-regulated by bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and vaccination. quantification of their expression is an important factor in understanding their function. we therefore generated two polyclonal antibodies using synth ...201323791861
non-adjuvanted flagellin elicits a non-specific protective immune response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) towards bacterial infections.enteric redmouth disease, caused by yersinia ruckeri, may result in high mortalities in farmed salmonids. prophylaxis has been achieved with an immersion vaccine comprised of inactivated serovar 1 biotype 1 (motile) y. ruckeri cultures. however, there has been a growing number of enteric redmouth outbreaks in vaccinated livestock associated with serovar 1 biotype 2 (non-motile) y. ruckeri strains which do not produce flagellin. it was the aim of this study to evaluate the protective role of flag ...201323707165
[cloning and expression analysis of the nfκb inhibitor iκbα of ayu (plecoglossus altivelis)].the nfκb inhibitor (iκbα) is an integral part of nfκb/iκb signaling pathways, which plays roles in a variety of immune responses, such as bacterial infection resistance. by interacting with nuclear transcription factor nfκb, iκbα controls a variety of biological immune gene expressions. in this study, full-length cdna (1341 bp) of the nfκb inhibitor iκbα (paiκbα, genbank accession no. jn801027) of plecoglossus altivelis was obtained by race and pcr, and included a 5' untranslated region (utr) (6 ...201323913891
flavobacterium plurextorum sp. nov. isolated from farmed rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).five strains (1126-1h-08(t), 51b-09, 986-08, 1084b-08 and 424-08) were isolated from diseased rainbow trout. cells were gram-negative rods, 0.7 µm wide and 3 µm long, non-endospore-forming, catalase and oxidase positive. colonies were circular, yellow-pigmented, smooth and entire on tge agar after 72 hours incubation at 25°c. they grew in a temperature range between 15°c to 30°c, but they did not grow at 37°cor 42°c. based on 16s rrna gene sequence analysis, the isolates belonged to the genus fl ...201323825681
salmonid alphavirus replication in mosquito cells: towards a novel vaccine production system.salmonid alphavirus (sav) causes pancreas disease and sleeping disease in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) and rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) and confers a major burden to the aquaculture industry. a commercial inactivated whole virus vaccine propagated in a salmon cell line at low temperature provides effective protection against sav infections. alphaviruses (family togaviridae) are generally transmitted between vertebrate hosts via blood-sucking arthropod vectors, typically mosquitoes. sav i ...201424418177
use of in vivo induced antigen technology to identify genes from aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida that are specifically expressed during infection of the rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss.aeromonas salmonicida is a major fish pathogen associated with mass mortalities in salmonid fish. in the present study, we applied in vivo induced antigen technology (iviat), a technique that relies on antibodies adsorbed against in vitro cultures of the pathogen, to a clinical isolate of a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.201425495705
the proximal promoter of a novel interleukin-8-encoding gene in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) is strongly induced by cebpa, but not nf-κb p65.interleukin-8 (il8) is an immediate-early chemokine that has been well characterized in several fish species. ten il8 gene variants have already been described in rainbow trout, but none of their promoters has structurally been defined or functionally characterized in teleost fish. to uncover key factors regulating il8 expression, we intended to functionally characterize an il8 promoter from rainbow trout. incidentally, we isolated a novel il8 gene variant (il8-g). it is structurally highly simi ...201424721762
infection of sea lamprey with an unusual strain of aeromonas salmonicida.the invasion of the laurentian great lakes by the fish-parasitic sea lamprey has led to catastrophic consequences, including the potential introduction of fish pathogens. aeromonas salmonicida is a bacterial fish pathogen that causes devastating losses worldwide. currently, there are five accepted subspecies of aeromonas salmonicida: a. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, masoucida, smithia, achromogenes, and pectinolytica. we discuss the discovery of an isolate of a. salmonicida that is pathogenic ...201424484501
the effects of benzo[a]pyrene on leucocyte distribution and antibody response in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) are a group of compounds with immunotoxic and carcinogenic potential that may pose a threat to fish populations. this study aims to utilize a newly developed fish immunotoxicology model to determine the immune tissue/cell population level effects of pahs on rainbow trout, using benzo[a]pyrene (bap) as a representative immunotoxic pah. intraperitoneal injection of 25 or 100mg/kg bap resulted in sustained exposure as indicated by biliary fluorescence at bap ...201424398112
enhanced aeromonas salmonicida bacterin uptake and side effects caused by low frequency sonophoresis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).low frequency sonophoresis (lfs) has been recognized as one of the most advanced technologies in transdermal delivery of substances, due to the modification of the stratum corneum lipid bilayer, in focal skin applications in mammals. based on these findings, lfs has been suggested as a potential technology to be used for enhancement in immersion fish vaccination. in contrast to mammals where lfs is applied to discrete regions of the skin, in fish the whole individual needs to be exposed for prac ...201424378683
characterization of the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak4)-encoding gene in salmonid fish: the functional copy is rearranged in oncorhynchus mykiss and that factor can impair tlr signaling in mammalian cells.the interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (irak4) is an essential factor for tlr-mediated activation of the host's immune functions subsequent to pathogen contact. we have characterized the respective cdna and gene sequences from three salmonid species, salmon, rainbow trout and maraena whitefish. the gene from salmon is structured into eleven exons, as is the mammalian homologue, while exons have been fused in the genes from the two other salmonid species. rainbow trout expresses also a ps ...201424239597
dietary fermentable fiber upregulated immune related genes expression, increased innate immune response and resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) against aeromonas hydrophila.this trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary administration of vitacel(®), a commercial fermentable fiber, on immune related genes (lysozyme, tnfα and hsp70) expression, innate immune response and resistance of rainbow trout against aeromonas hydrophila. 120 healthy rainbow trout (81.65 ± 1.49 g) were distributed in six fiberglass tanks assigned to two treatments. the treatments were feeding rainbow trout with diets supplemented with 0 (control) or 10 g kg(-1) vitacel(®) for ...201425218276
the effects of dietary immunogen on innate immune response, immune related genes expression and disease resistance of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss).this study investigates the effects of prebiotic immunogen on lysozyme, tnfα and hsp70 gene expression in head kidney, humoral innate immune parameters and resistant to aeromonas hydrophila of rainbow trout. 120 healthy rainbow trout (81.65 ± 1.49 g) were distributed in six fiberglass tanks assigned to two groups fed control or diet supplemented with 2 g kg(-1) immunogen for 45 days. the results revealed that administration of immunogen significantly (p < 0.05) up regulated lysozyme and tnfα gen ...201424560683
in vitro and in vivo effects of phytoestrogens on protein turnover in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) white muscle.soybeans and other legumes investigated as fishmeal replacements in aquafeeds contain phytoestrogens capable of binding to and activating estrogen receptors. estradiol has catabolic effects in salmonid white muscle, partially through increases in protein turnover. the current study determines whether phytoestrogens promote similar effects. in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) primary myocyte cultures, the phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and r- and s-equol reduced rates of protei ...201424874080
development of a list of reference chemicals for evaluating alternative methods to in vivo fish bioaccumulation tests.the aim to reduce the number of animals in experiments has highlighted the need to develop and validate nonanimal methods as alternatives to bioaccumulation studies using fish. the present study details a novel 3-tier approach to develop a list of reference compounds to aid this process. the approach was based on 1) the inclusion of relevant chemical classes supported by high-quality in vivo data for the bioconcentration factor (bcf), whole-body biotransformation rates (k(met)), and metabolism c ...201425244043
oil and oil dispersant do not cause synergistic toxicity to fish embryos.atlantic herring (clupea harengus) embryos were exposed to water accommodated fractions (wafs; oil dissolved in water) and chemically enhanced water accommodated fractions (cewafs; oil dispersed in water with corexit 9500a) of medium south american (mesa) crude oil. the cewaf was approximately 100-fold more toxic than waf based on nominal loadings of test solutions (% v/v). in contrast, the ratio of waf and cewaf toxicity expressed as measured oil concentrations approximated 1.0, indicating that ...201424115182
a new potassium ion current induced by stimulation of m2 cholinoreceptors in fish atrial myocytes.a novel potassium ion current induced by muscarinic stimulation (ikach2) is characterized in atrial cardiomyocytes of teleost fishes (crucian carp, carassius carassius; rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss) by means of the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. the current is elicited in atrial, but not ventricular, cells by application of carbamylcholine (cch) in moderate to high concentrations (10(-7)-10(-4) mol l(-1)). it can be distinguished from the classic ikach, activated by the βγ-subunit of th ...201424526726
species- and chamber-specific responses of 12 kda fk506-binding protein to temperature in fish heart.the sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr) ca(2+) release channel or ryanodine receptor (ryr) of the vertebrate heart is regulated by the fk506-binding proteins, fkbp12 and fkbp12.6. this study examines whether temperature-related changes in the sr function of fish hearts are associated with changes in fkbp12 expression. for this purpose, a polyclonal antibody against trout fkbp12 was used to compare fkpb12 expression in cold-acclimated (4 °c, ca) and warm-acclimated (18 °c, wa) rainbow trout (oncorhynchus ...201424048915
gill remodeling in three freshwater teleosts in response to high environmental ammonia.the present study aimed to determine whether gill macro- and microstructure show compensatory responses in three freshwater fish differing in their sensitivity to high environmental ammonia (hea). the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia-sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were used as test species and were exposed for 0 h (control), 3h, 12h, 24h, 48 h, 84 h and ...201425033244
anti-oxidative defences are modulated differentially in three freshwater teleosts in response to ammonia-induced oxidative stress.oxidative stress and the antioxidant response induced by high environmental ammonia (hea) were investigated in the liver and gills of three freshwater teleosts differing in their sensitivities to ammonia. the highly ammonia-sensitive salmonid oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), the less ammonia sensitive cyprinid cyprinus carpio (common carp) and the highly ammonia-resistant cyprinid carassius auratus (goldfish) were exposed to 1 mm ammonia (as nh4hco3) for 0 h (control), 3 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, ...201424740135
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