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proteome of rhipicephalus sanguineus tick saliva induced by the secretagogues pilocarpine and dopamine.one dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate proteins from the saliva of rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks fed on rabbits. gel slices were subjected to tryptic digestion and analyzed by reversed-phase hplc followed by ms/ms analysis. the data were compared to a database of salivary proteins of the same tick and to the predicted proteins of the host. saliva was obtained by either pilocarpine or dopamine stimulation of partially fed ticks. electrophoretic separations of both yielde ...201324029695
amblyomma americanum tick saliva serine protease inhibitor 6 is a cross-class inhibitor of serine proteases and papain-like cysteine proteases that delays plasma clotting and inhibits platelet aggregation.we previously demonstrated that amblyomma americanum tick serine protease inhibitor 6 (aams6) was secreted into the host during tick feeding and that both its mrna and protein were ubiquitously and highly expressed during the first 3 days of tick feeding. this study demonstrates that aams6 is a cross-class inhibitor of both serine- and papain-like cysteine proteases that has apparent antihaemostatic functions. consistent with the typical inhibitory serpin characteristics, enzyme kinetics analyse ...201323521000
morphological and genetic diversity of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato from the new and old worlds.the taxonomic status of the brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto), which has long been regarded as the most widespread tick worldwide and a vector of many pathogens to dogs and humans, is currently under dispute.201323880226
assessment of cell mediated immune response in rabbits immunized with affinity purified 35 kda midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks.cell mediated immune response to immunoaffinity chromatography purified midgut antigen of rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks in rabbits was studied by using lymphocyte transformation test. this test was carried out by using 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine kit method. the blastogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes of normal rabbit to different concentrations of antigen and mitogen (con a) showed that 2 μg of antigen and 2 μg of mitogen gave maximum stimulation index. the antigen specific res ...201325698868
partial sequencing of bm86 gene for studying the phylogeny of an indian isolate of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus tick.tick gut glycoprotein, designated as bm86, found on the luminal surface of the plasma membrane of gut epithelial cells of boophilus microplus, which is a concealed antigen, has been used as vaccine candidate molecule for immunization against ticks. to better understand the molecular diversity of bm86 gene in ticks, a portion of the cdna was sequenced from an indian isolate of b. microplus. comparison of nucleotide sequence revealed that indian isolate had 97 % homology (18 polymorphisms) with th ...201325035581
detection of acaricidal resistance in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum from banaskantha district, gujarat.the resistance status in hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum collected from banaskantha district, gujarat (india) was estimated by larval packet test (lpt) with different concentrations of amitraz (125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm) and cypermethrin (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm). the regression graphs of mean mortality of larvae ticks were plotted against values of progressively increasing concentrations of amitraz and cypermethrin for the estimation of lc95 values and were determined as 1,529.39 a ...201326345072
rps8--a new informative dna marker for phylogeny of babesia and theileria parasites in china.piroplasmosis is a serious debilitating and sometimes fatal disease. phylogenetic relationships within piroplasmida are complex and remain unclear. we compared the intron-exon structure and dna sequences of the rps8 gene from babesia and theileria spp. isolates in china. similar to 18s rdna, the 40s ribosomal protein s8 gene, rps8, including both coding and non-coding regions is a useful and novel genetic marker for defining species boundaries and for inferring phylogenies because it tends to ha ...201324244571
detection of naturally infected vector ticks (acari: ixodidae) by different species of babesia and theileria agents from three different enzootic parts of iran.diagnostic study of vector ticks for different pathogens transmitted specifically have been done by iranian old scientists working on the basis of biological transmission of pathogens. in this study we decided to confirm natural infection of different collected ticks from three different provinces of iran.201324409442
pcr-based detection of babesia spp. infection in collected ticks from cattle in west and north-west of iran.babesiosis is a haemoparasitic disease of domestic and wild animals caused by species of the genus babesia. babesia bigemina, b. bovis and b. divergens are known to be pathogenic in cattle. the disease is transmitted during blood feeding by infected ticks and is the most economically important tick-borne disease in tropical and subtropical areas. ixodid ticks are vectors in the transmission of babesiosis. the classic presentation is a febrile syndrome with apparent anemia and hemoglobinuria. thi ...201324409438
molecular prevalence of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi in dairy animals from punjab, india, by duplex pcr: a step forward to the detection and management of concurrent latent infections.specific duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was employed on 411 (386 cattle and 25 buffaloes) blood samples of dairy animals from 9 districts of punjab, india, for simultaneous detection of babesia bigemina and trypanosoma evansi. the results were compared and correlated with conventional giemsa stained thin blood smear (gstbs) examination and haematological alterations to know the clinical status and pathogenicity of infections. the bg3/bg4 and tr3/tr4 primers were used in duplex pcr for b. ...201324069605
screening and molecular cloning of a protective antigen from the midgut of haemaphysalis longicornis.vaccination is considered a promising alternative for controlling tick infestations. haemaphysalis longicornis midgut proteins separated by sds-page and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (pvdf) membrane were screened for protective value against bites. the western blot demonstrated the immunogenicity of 92 kda protein (p92). the analysis of the p92 amino acid sequence by lc-ms/ms indicated that it was a h. longicornis paramyosin (hl-pmy). the full lenghth cdna of hl-pmy was obtained by ra ...201323864744
breeding strategies for tick resistance in tropical cattle: a sustainable approach for tick control.about 80 % of world cattle population is under the risk of ticks and tick borne diseases (ttbds). losses caused by bovine tick burdens in tropical countries have a tremendous economic impact on production systems. chemical control of disease has been found to be ineffective and also involving large cost. to reduce our reliance on these chemical products, it is necessary to embark on programs that include habitat management, genetic selection of hosts, and development of a strain capable of induc ...201325698850
deorphanization and target validation of cross-tick species conserved novel amblyomma americanum tick saliva protein.we previously identified a cross-tick species conserved tick feeding stimuli responsive amblyomma americanum (aam) av422 gene. this study demonstrates that aamav422 belongs to a novel group of arthropod proteins that is characterized by 14 cysteine amino acid residues: c(23)-x7/9-c(33)-x23/24-c(58)-x8-c(67)-x7-c(75)-x23-c(99)-x15-c(115)-x10-c(126)-x24/25/33-c(150)c(151)-x7-c(159)-x8-c(168)-x23/24-c(192)-x9/10-c(202) predicted to form seven disulfide bonds. we show that aamav422 protein is a ubiq ...201323428900
characterisation of divergent flavivirus ns3 and ns5 protein sequences detected in rhipicephalus microplus ticks from brazil.transcripts similar to those that encode the nonstructural (ns) proteins ns3 and ns5 from flaviviruses were found in a salivary gland (sg) complementary dna (cdna) library from the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. tick extracts were cultured with cells to enable the isolation of viruses capable of replicating in cultured invertebrate and vertebrate cells. deep sequencing of the viral rna isolated from culture supernatants provided the complete coding sequences for the ns3 and ns5 proteins an ...201324626302
international union of basic and clinical pharmacology. [corrected]. lxxxix. update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors.sixteen years ago, the nomenclature committee of the international union of pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7tm) g protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. this was announced in pharmacological reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [murphy pm, baggiolini m, charo if, hé ...201324218476
amblyomma cajennense is an intrastadial biological vector of theileria equi.the apicomplexan hemoprotozoan parasite theileria equi is one of the etiologic agents causing equine piroplasmosis, a disease of equines that is endemic throughout large parts of the world. before 2009 the united states had been considered to be free of this parasite. occasional cases had occurred but there was no evidence for endemic vector-borne transmission in the u.s. until a 2009 outbreak in texas in which dermacentor variabilis and amblyomma cajennense were implicated as vectors. although ...201324499587
functional and immunological relevance of anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a sequence and structural analysis.bovine anaplasmosis is caused by cattle infection with the tick-borne bacterium, anaplasma marginale. the major surface protein 1a (msp1a) has been used as a genetic marker for identifying a. marginale strains based on n-terminal tandem repeats and a 5'-utr microsatellite located in the msp1a gene. the msp1a tandem repeats contain immune relevant elements and functional domains that bind to bovine erythrocytes and tick cells, thus providing information about the evolution of host-pathogen and ve ...201323776456
heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial genomes of human lice and ticks revealed by high throughput sequencing.the typical mitochondrial (mt) genomes of bilateral animals consist of 37 genes on a single circular chromosome. the mt genomes of the human body louse, pediculus humanus, and the human head louse, pediculus capitis, however, are extensively fragmented and contain 20 minichromosomes, with one to three genes on each minichromosome. heteroplasmy, i.e. nucleotide polymorphisms in the mt genome within individuals, has been shown to be significantly higher in the mt cox1 gene of human lice than in hu ...201324058467
identification and structural-functional analysis of cyclin-dependent kinases of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) are a family of serine/threonine kinases essential for cell cycle progression. herein, we describe the participation of cdks in the physiology of rhipicephalus microplus, the southern cattle tick and an important disease vector. firstly, amino acid sequences homologous with cdks of other organisms were identified from a r. microplus transcriptome database in silico. the analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of cdk1 and cdk10 from r. microplus showed that bo ...201324146826
mutation in the rmβaor gene is associated with amitraz resistance in the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.we aimed to describe the evolution of resistance to amitraz in rhipicephalus microplus in the field and to test the association between amitraz resistance and the frequency of a mutation in the β-adrenergic octopamine receptor gene (rmβaor). we established six populations of rhipicephalus microplus ticks in similar paddocks by the admixture of ticks from strains known to be susceptible and resistant to amitraz and synthetic pyrethroids. each population was managed using one of three acaricide tr ...201324082133
the predicted secretome and transmembranome of the poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae.the worldwide distributed hematophagous poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae (de geer, 1778) is one of the most important pests of poultry. even though 35 acaricide compounds are available, control of d. gallinae remains difficult due to acaricide resistances as well as food safety regulations. the current study was carried out to identify putative excretory/secretory (pes) proteins of d. gallinae since these proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interaction and therefore represe ...201324020355
prevalence of ixodid ticks in dairy animals of jammu region.to determine the prevalence of ticks, 960 bovines (cattle 480, buffaloes 480) were examined from organised and unorganised dairy units of jammu district during march 2012 to february 2013. the overall infestation rate was found to be 42.18 %. the infestation rate in cattle was found to be 47.08 % while 37.29 % of examined buffaloes were infested with ixodid ticks. among the ixodid ticks, only one species i.e. rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus was recorded. a significantly (p < 0.05) higher pre ...201326345044
inorganic polyphosphates regulate hexokinase activity and reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryo.the physiological roles of polyphosphates (poly p) recently found in arthropod mitochondria remain obscure. here, the possible involvement of poly p with reactive oxygen species generation in mitochondria of rhipicephalus microplus embryos was investigated. mitochondrial hexokinase and scavenger antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase were assayed during embryogenesis of r. microplus. the influence of poly p₃ and poly p₁₅ were analyzed during the pe ...201323983617
expression of a gaba(b) - receptor in olfactory sensory neurons of sensilla trichodea on the male antenna of the moth heliothis virescens.in the olfactory pathway of drosophila, a gabab receptor mediated presynaptic gain control mechanism at the first synapse between olfactory sensory neurons (osns) and projection neurons has been suggested to play a critical role in setting the sensitivity and detection range of the sensory system. to approach the question if such a mechanism may be realized in the pheromone recognition system of male moths in this study attempts were made to explore if moth's pheromone-responsive cells express a ...201323904795
malathion resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from ludhiana district, punjab.the resistance status of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from noorpur bet village of ludhiana district, punjab was evaluated against malathion by adult immersion test. the adult female ticks showed an upward trend in the mortality percentage with increase in drug concentration. the regression graph of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log values of progressively increasing concentrations of malathion was utilized for the determination of slope of mortality (95 % confidence ...201325320479
glycogen and glucose metabolism are essential for early embryonic development of the red flour beetle tribolium castaneum.control of energy metabolism is an essential process for life. in insects, egg formation (oogenesis) and embryogenesis is dependent on stored molecules deposited by the mother or transcribed later by the zygote. in oviparous insects the egg becomes an isolated system after egg laying with all energy conversion taking place during embryogenesis. previous studies in a few vector species showed a strong correlation of key morphogenetic events and changes in glucose metabolism. here, we investigate ...201323750237
the venus kinase receptor (vkr) family: structure and evolution.receptor tyrosine kinases (rtk) form a family of transmembrane proteins widely conserved in metazoa, with key functions in cell-to-cell communication and control of multiple cellular processes. a new family of rtk named venus kinase receptor (vkr) has been described in invertebrates. the vkr receptor possesses a venus fly trap (vft) extracellular module, a bilobate structure that binds small ligands to induce receptor kinase activity. vkr was shown to be highly expressed in the larval stages and ...201323721482
natural babesia bovis infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) and crossbred cattle under field conditions in egypt: a preliminary study.there is a little or no data available on the natural babesia bovis (b. bovis) infection in water buffaloes (bubalus bubalis) comparing to the available one for cattle. this study was conducted to investigate the natural b. bovis infection in water buffaloes in comparison to crossbred cattle under field conditions in egypt.201325629060
an amino acid substitution (l925v) associated with resistance to pyrethroids in varroa destructor.the varroa mite, varroa destructor, is an important pest of honeybees and has played a prominent role in the decline in bee colony numbers over recent years. although pyrethroids such as tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin can be highly effective in removing the mites from hives, their intensive use has led to many reports of resistance. to investigate the mechanism of resistance in uk varroa samples, the transmembrane domain regions of the v. destructor voltage-gated sodium channel (the main target ...201324367572
primitive atp-activated p2x receptors: discovery, function and pharmacology.adenosine 5-triphosphate (atp) is omnipresent in biology. it is therefore no surprise that organisms have evolved multifaceted roles for atp, exploiting its abundance and restriction of passive diffusion across biological membranes. a striking role is the emergence of atp as a bona fide transmitter molecule, whereby the movement of atp across membranes serves as a chemical message through a direct ligand-receptor interaction. p2x receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast response ...201324367292
proteomics approach to the study of cattle tick adaptation to white tailed deer.cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, are a serious threat to animal health and production. some ticks feed on a single host species while others such as r. microplus infest multiple hosts. white tailed deer (wtd) play a role in the maintenance and expansion of cattle tick populations. however, cattle ticks fed on wtd show lower weight and reproductive performance when compared to ticks fed on cattle, suggesting the existence of host factors that affect tick feeding and reproduction ...201324364032
global distribution of bartonella infections in domestic bovine and characterization of bartonella bovis strains using multi-locus sequence typing.bartonella bovis is commonly detected in cattle. one b. bovis strain was recently isolated from a cow with endocarditis in the usa, suggesting its role as an animal pathogen. in the present study, we investigated bartonella infections in 893 cattle from five countries (kenya, thailand, japan, georgia, and guatemala) and 103 water buffaloes from thailand to compare the prevalence of the infection among different regions and different bovid hosts. we developed a multi-locus sequence typing (mlst) ...201324278342
flybase 102--advanced approaches to interrogating flybase.flybase (http://flybase.org) is the leading website and database of drosophila genes and genomes. whether you are using the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster as an experimental system or wish to understand drosophila biological knowledge in relation to human disease or to other model systems, flybase can help you successfully find the information you are looking for. here, we demonstrate some of our more advanced searching systems and highlight some of our new tools for searching the wealth of d ...201324234449
systematic review of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome: virology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics.severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) was firstly discovered in china in 2010, followed by several reports from many other countries worldwide. sfts virus (sftsv) has been identified as the causative agent of the disease and has been recognized as a public health threat. this novel bunyavirus belongs to the phlebovirus genus in the family bunyaviridae. this review also describes the different aspects of virology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical symptoms on the basis of the ...201324310908
mosquito larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised using actinobacterium, streptomyces sp. m25 against anopheles subpictus, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti.the present work reports the larvicidal potential of microbially synthesised silver nanoparticles (agnps) by using an actinobacterium, streptomyces sp. m25 isolated from western ghats, tamil nadu, india. the biomass of streptomyces sp. was exposed to 1 mm silver nitrate (agno3) solution. the synthesis of agnps was confirmed by visual inspection followed by instrumental analysis such as uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (xrd), energy dispersive x-ray ...201326688633
vaccine delivery using nanoparticles.vaccination has had a major impact on the control of infectious diseases. however, there are still many infectious diseases for which the development of an effective vaccine has been elusive. in many cases the failure to devise vaccines is a consequence of the inability of vaccine candidates to evoke appropriate immune responses. this is especially true where cellular immunity is required for protective immunity and this problem is compounded by the move toward devising sub-unit vaccines. over t ...201323532930
detection of amitraz resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from north gujarat, india.amitraz has become one of the most extensively used chemical acaricide for control of cattle tick due to development of resistance against most of the organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid acaricides. the resistance status of amitraz was evaluated against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from banaskantha district, gujarat, india by adult immersion test (ait). the different concentrations of amitraz utilized in the ait were 125, 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 ppm. the adult female ticks ...201325698859
tissue expression and the host's immunological recognition of a rhipicephalus microplus paramyosin.rhipicephalus microplus is a parasite that causes economic losses in cattle herds, and immunological control is the most promising alternative to replace chemical control. the muscular protein paramyosin has been additionally found in non-muscle tissues and characterized as presenting activities that enable the evasion of the host's immune system in various parasites. this report investigated the recognition level of paramyosin by sera of infested bovines, its expression in tissues, organs and d ...201323906807
rhipicephalus microplus lipocalins (lrms): genomic identification and analysis of the bovine immune response using in silico predicted b and t cell epitopes.the attachment to host skin by rhipicephalus microplus larvae induces a series of physiological events at the attachment site. the host-parasite interaction might induce a rejection of the larvae, as is frequently observed in bos taurus indicus cattle, and under certain conditions in bos taurus taurus cattle. ticks deactivate the host rejection response by secreting specific proteins and lipids that play an essential role in manipulation of the host immune response. the available genomic informa ...201323747800
association of bovine toll-like receptor 4 with tick infestation rates and blood histamine concentration.we investigated a possible association between bovine toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) and resistance to tick infestation in 103 cattle, including bmy cattle (1/2 brahman, 1/4 murray grey, and 1/4 yunnan yellow cattle), brahman, and red angus grazing on improved pasture. the tick infestation weight and number of rhipicephalus microplus and the blood histamine concentration were measured and compared with those of 32 chinese holsteins and 30 simmentals. a 228-bp fragment was amplified and sequenced to ...201323479166
partial selective treatment of rhipicephalus microplus and breed resistance variation in beef cows in rio grande do sul, brazil.rhipicephalus microplus infestation causes heavy losses in cattle. the majority of farmers control the cattle tick by using long-acting drugs throughout the year, which evidently increases selection pressure for drug resistance. partial selective treatment (pst) may be used to directly reduce selection pressure by treating only the portion of the herd that is most infested. the objective of this work was to determine the effect of pst in two herds of beef cows and the effect of breed tolerance. ...201323219046
eco-friendly approach using marine actinobacteria and its compounds to control ticks and mosquitoes.ticks and mosquitoes are ectoparasitic arthropods that can transmit a variety of diseases to humans and animals during blood feeding and causing serious infectious disorders. the purpose of the present study was to assess the acaricidal and insecticidal property of ethyl acetate extract and its compounds isolated from marine actinobacteria, streptomyces vitstk7 sp. against the larvae of cattle ticks, haemaphysalis bispinosa and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae); fourth-instar ...201323180127
novel and simple approach using synthesized nickel nanoparticles to control blood-sucking parasites.the present study was on assessment of the anti-parasitic activities of nickel nanoparticles (ni nps) against the larvae of cattle ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and hyalomma anatolicum (a.) anatolicum (acari: ixodidae), fourth instar larvae of anopheles subpictus, culex quinquefasciatus and culex gelidus (diptera: culicidae). the metallic ni nps were synthesized by polyol process from ni-hydrazine as precursor and tween 80 as both the medium and the stabilizing reagent. the synthesiz ...201323040768
in vitro activity of pineapple extracts (ananas comosus, bromeliaceae) on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).measures to control the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, based only on chemical products are becoming unsustainable, mainly because of the development of resistance. the objective of this study was to test the effect of the aqueous extract of pineapple skin (aeps) and bromelain extracted from the stem (sigma-aldrich®, b4882) on engorged females and larvae of r. (b.) microplus in vitro. these substances were diluted in water and evaluated at eight concentrations. engorged females ...201323541882
entomopathogenic marine actinomycetes as potential and low-cost biocontrol agents against bloodsucking arthropods.a novel approach to control strategies for integrated blood-feeding parasite management is in high demand, including the use of biological control agents. the present study aims to determine the efficacy of optimized crude extract of actinomycetes strain lk1 as biological control agent against the fourth-instar larvae of anopheles stephensi and culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae) and adults of haemaphysalis bispinosa, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae), and hippobosca ...201324013340
environmentally associated ticks (acari: ixodidae) in campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil.herein, we report tick species found on wild and domestic animals and in the environment during a one-year sampling period at the brazilian farming research company beef cattle unit (embrapa beef cattle), which is located within the urban area of campo grande, mato grosso do sul, brazil. from 55 wild hosts including six different species (nasua nasua, cebus spp., cerdocyon thous, myrmecophaga tridactyla, tamandua tetradactyla and dasyprocta aguti), 323 ticks were collected. amblyomma ovale ticks ...201324252958
amblyomma cajennense (acari: ixodidae) tick populations susceptible or resistant to acaricides in the mexican tropics.the objectives of the present study were: (i) to identify the frequency of cattle farms with a cohabitation of amblyomma cajennense and rhipicephalus microplus, (ii) to determine the status of susceptibility or resistance to acaricides used in veracruz, mexico, on a. cajennense populations and (iii) to identify factors associated with a. cajennense resistant to acaricides. fifty farms were visited to determine the presence of ticks (a. cajennense and r. microplus) and to collect engorged a. caje ...201323827041
ticks on birds in a savanna (cerrado) reserve on the outskirts of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil.we report tick infestations on birds, in the environment and on domestic animals in a non-forested phytophysiognomy, the savanna-like cerrado sensu stricto, in a natural reserve on the outskirts of the urban area of uberlândia, minas gerais, brazil. overall, 238 birds within 50 species, 15 families and six orders were caught. passeriformes were the most numerous, with 216 birds (90.75%), among which 22 had ticks (n = 31). within this order, the prevalence of tick infestation was 10.2%, and the a ...201323471429
chemical identification of tagetes minuta linnaeus (asteraceae) essential oil and its acaricidal effect on ticks.the control of tick species that affect animal production is vital for the economic welfare of the cattle industry. this study focused on testing the acaricidal activity of the essential oil from the leaves and stems of tagetes minuta against several brazilian tick species, including rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma cajennense and argas miniatus. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by chromatography and spectroscopy analyses, which ...201323295821
first occurrence of amblyomma ovale in the state of rio grande do norte, brazil.this study aims to report the occurrence of parasitism by amblyomma ovale (koch, 1844) in dogs in the municipality of apodi, rio grande do norte, brazil. specimens were identified as being one female and two males of a. ovale, besides; the animal was infested by five females of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and seven females and three males of r. sanguineus. the finding of a. ovale confirms results in the literature that these ticks, reported in several species of wild carnivores, can also ...201324252966
ectoparasites of dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica.reports on ectoparasites on dogs in central america are scarce. the aim of this study was to identify flea, louse and tick species infesting dogs in home environments on the caribbean slope of costa rica, and determine their frequency and coexistence. ectoparasites were collected from dogs in 83 rural homes at five study sites. specimens were identified and separated according to species. fleas were the most common ectoparasite (g = 22,217, df = 8, p = 0.004). ctenocephalides felis and pulex sim ...201322832763
association between entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi for control of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the aim of the study was to assess the effect of the association of entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi on rhipicephalus microplus. the nematodes used were heterorhabditis bacteriophora hp88 and heterorhabditis indica lpp1 and the fungi were metarhizium anisopliae ibcb 116 and beauveria bassiana esalq 986. in the groups treated with the fungi, the females were immersed for 3 min in a conidial suspension, while in the groups treated with the nematodes, the ticks were exposed to infective juvenil ...201323949242
effectiveness of beauveria bassiana sensu lato strains for biological control against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in china.owing to the need to combat the spread of acaricide-resistant ticks, the development of long-term biological control has become a hot topic for tick control. in this study, we investigated the pathogenicity of three beauveria bassiana isolates on the engorged female rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks using different conidial concentrations. the results showed that b. bassiana b.bat17 was highly pathogenic against engorged r. (b.) microplus females, resulting in lethal time (lt50 and lt90) ...201323652160
neutral lipid composition changes in the fat bodies of engorged females rhipicephalus microplus ticks in response to fungal infections.the tick's fat body plays an essential role in energy storage and utilization. this study aimed to analyze the fat body neutral lipid composition in rhipicephalus microplus engorged females. in the first study (physiological profile of untreated ticks), the lipid analysis took place over the course of 4 days; the engorged females were incubated at optimal conditions and their fat bodies were dissected daily. fat body lipid analysis after fungal infection with metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s ...201323138474
in vitro culture of a novel genotype of ehrlichia sp. from brazil.ehrlichiae are obligate intracytoplasmic gram-negative, tick-borne bacteria belonging to the anaplasmataceae family. ehrlichioses are considered emerging diseases in both humans and animals. several members of the genus ehrlichia have been isolated and propagated in vitro. this study describes the continuous propagation of a brazilian ehrlichia sp. isolate in ide8 tick cells, canine dh82 cells and bovine aorta cells. initially, the organisms were isolated from the haemolymph of a rhipicephalus ( ...201324589106
ultrastructure of ehrlichia mineirensis, a new member of the ehrlichia genus.recently, we reported the in vitro isolation and the molecular characterization of a new species of ehrlichia (ehrlichia mineirensis) from haemolymph of brazilian rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks. this organism shows an ortholog of ehrlichia canis major immunogenic protein gp36 with a new structure of tandem repeats. in the present study, we used electron microscopy (high pressure freezing and freeze substitution preparative techniques) to characterize morphologically this new agent gro ...201323998429
sequence characterization and immunogenicity of cystatins from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.various classes of endopeptidases and their inhibitors facilitate blood feeding and digestion in ticks. cystatins, a family of tight-binding and reversible inhibitors of cysteine endopeptidases, have recently been found in several tick tissues. moreover, vaccine trials using tick cystatins have been found to induce protective immune responses against tick infestation. however, the mode of action of tick cystatins is still poorly understood, limiting the elucidation of their physiological role. a ...201324035585
glutamate decarboxylase of the parasitic arthropods ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus microplus: gene identification, cloning, expression, assay development, identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening and comparison with the orthologs from drosophila melanogaster and mouse.glutamate decarboxylase (l-glutamate 1-carboxylyase, e.c. 4.1.1.15, gad) is the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates. we report the identification, isolation and characterization of cdnas encoding gad from the parasitic arthropods ctenocephalides felis (cat flea) and rhipicephalus microplus (cattle tick). expression of the parasite gad genes and the corresponding drosophila melanogaster (frui ...201323220582
gut transcriptome of replete adult female cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a babesia bovis-infected bovine host.as it feeds upon cattle, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is capable of transmitting a number of pathogenic organisms, including the apicomplexan hemoparasite babesia bovis, a causative agent of bovine babesiosis. the r. microplus female gut transcriptome was studied for two cohorts: adult females feeding on a bovine host infected with b. bovis and adult females feeding on an uninfected bovine. rna was purified and used to generate a subtracted cdna library from b. bovis-infected female gut, ...201323749091
diagnostic methods used to monitor an outbreak of babesiosis (babesia bovis) in a herd of feral cattle in new caledonia.in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. medical measures, acaricide and antiprotozoal treatments, and quarantine restrictions were implemented with success on all the farms involved, but the disease spread to one of the neighbouring properties where feral cattle were present. to circumscribe and eliminate this outbreak, the authorities decided to slaughter all animal ...201323718796
vaccination with proteins involved in tick-pathogen interactions reduces vector infestations and pathogen infection.tick-borne pathogens cause diseases that greatly impact animal health and production worldwide. the ultimate goal of tick vaccines is to protect against tick-borne diseases through the control of vector infestations and reducing pathogen infection and transmission. tick genetic traits are involved in vector-pathogen interactions and some of these molecules such as subolesin (sub) have been shown to protect against vector infestations and pathogen infection. based on these premises, herein we cha ...201324084474
red deer (cervus elaphus) as a host for the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) in yucatan, mexico.rhipicephalus microplus is the most economically important cattle tick in the mexican tropics. wild ungulate species, including red deer (cervus elaphus), are gaining popularity in diversified livestock ranching operations in mexico. however, there is no information available on the susceptibility of red deer to infestation with the cattle tick, r. microplus, under hot, subhumid tropical conditions in mexico. biological data on r. microplus as an ectoparasite of cattle and red deer in a farm in ...201323423423
first molecular characterization of anaplasma marginale in cattle and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks in cebu, philippines.anaplasma marginale has been detected in the philippines only by peripheral blood smear examination and serological methods. this study generally aimed to molecularly detect and characterize a. marginale in cattle and ticks in cebu, philippines. a total of 12 bovine blood samples and 60 rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus ticks were collected on the cebu island in 2011. 16s rrna-based screening-pcr and dna sequencing revealed 8 cattle (66.7%) and 8 ticks (13.3%) to be positive for a. marginale, ...201322878542
investigation of tick vectors of hepatozoon canis in brazil.hepatozoon canis is a common apicomplexan parasite of dogs. in brazil, in addition to rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma cajennense, and rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus have been suggested to act as vectors. the present study aimed to evaluate, under controlled conditions, the acquisition of h. canis by a. ovale, r. sanguineus, and a. cajennense after feeding on naturally infected dogs. cytological and histophatological examinations were performed to recover oocysts and oth ...201324209494
egg wax from the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus inhibits pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm.rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is constantly challenged during its life cycle by microorganisms present in their hosts or in the environment. tick eggs may be especially vulnerable to environmental conditions because they are exposed to a rich and diverse microflora in the soil. despite being oviposited in such hostile sites, tick eggs remain viable, suggesting that the egg surface has defense mechanisms against opportunistic and/or pathogenic organisms. r. microplus engorged females deposi ...201323583751
cattle tick-associated bacteria exert anti-biofilm and anti-tritrichomonas foetus activities.research on microbiota in cattle tick and the evaluation of its activity against other microorganisms can contribute to identify new molecules potentially useful to control infections caused by bacteria and protozoa. biofilms pose increasing problems worldwide, mainly due to their resistance to antimicrobial therapies and host immune response. in this study we investigate the ability rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus-associated bacteria may exhibit to produce anti-biofilm and trichomonicidal c ...201323434012
a steroidal molecule present in the egg wax of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus inhibits bacterial biofilms.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus lays eggs in the soil near the roots of grass, or in similar highly moist environments that are prone to biofilm formation. tick eggs have a protective wax coating that may be a source of nutrients for microorganisms. however, as the eggs remain viable and show no visible signs of microbial colonization, we hypothesized that the coating might have anti-biofilm properties. we show here that the coating inhibits biofilm formation by both gram-neg ...201323419060
efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on buffaloes.a trial was conducted on 12 buffaloes naturally infested with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus to evaluate the efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. a reduction in live tick count by 45.94, 63.96, 81.53, 90.54, 98.19 and 100 % was observed on days 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post-treatment, respectively. the reinfestation of ticks was not observed up to 42 days of trial period. on the basis of the present trial of eprinomectin pour-on, it can be recommended for use i ...201324431562
an update on distribution models for rhipicephalus microplus in west africa.the cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, which reached the west african region approximately 8 years ago, has established viable populations in côte d'ivoire and benin and spread rapidly from the assumed points of introduction. however, existing maps of its distribution range do not agree on the areas at risk, most probably due to suboptimal modelling approaches. therefore, we undertook a re-investigation of the potential distribution range based on a high-quality dataset from west africa that ...201324258904
the embryogenesis of the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: the establishment of a new chelicerate model system.chelicerates, which include spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, and horseshoe crabs, are members of the phylum arthropoda. in recent years, several molecular experimental studies of chelicerates have examined the embryology of spiders; however, the embryology of other groups, such as ticks (acari: parasitiformes), has been largely neglected. ticks and mites are believed to constitute a monophyletic group, the acari. due to their blood-sucking activities, ticks are also known to be vectors of sever ...201324166799
characterization of the pyrethroid resistance profile of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus populations from the states of rio grande do sul and mato grosso do sul, brazil.cattle ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus are mainly controlled in brazil by means of acaricide products, without any official policies in this regard. acaricides continue to be sold indiscriminately, and this has contributed towards making the problem of resistance widespread, thus making diagnosis and monitoring of tick resistance essential. here, bioassays (larval packet test) were performed on tick populations from the states of rio grande do sul and mato grosso do sul regarding their ...201324142169
ovary histology and quantification of hemolymph proteins of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus treated with melia azedarach.this study aimed to analyze ovary histology and quantify total protein in the hemolymph of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus females treated with hexane extracts from green fruits of melia azedarach. eight engorged females were immersed in the extract at 0.25% concentration, and eight in water containing 5% acetone (control). the females were dissected 72 hours after treatment, and the ovaries were weighed and subjected to standard histological techniques. the total protein concentration was m ...201324142163
effect of deforestation and introduction of exotic grasses as livestock forage on the population dynamics of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) in northern argentina.the effect of deforestation and the introduction of exotic grasses on the population dynamics of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus in northern argentina was analysed. biological parameters that were measured included proportion of females ovipositing, pre-oviposition period, incubation period of eggs, proportion of egg clusters hatching, larval longevity and total non-parasitic period. no significant differences were observed in proportion of females ovipositing and in pre-oviposition period b ...201324140239
protective action of tagetes minuta (asteraceae) essential oil in the control of rhipicephalus microplus (canestrini, 1887) (acari: ixodidae) in a cattle pen trial.the rhipicephalus microplus tick is globally regarded as the most economically important ectoparasite of livestock, and the evolution of resistance to commercial acaricides among cattle tick populations is of great concern. the essential oil derived from tagetes minuta may be efficacious against cattle tick infestation, and the results of a cattle pen trial using this essential oil for the control of ticks are reported here. the chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by gc-ms a ...201323778081
alarming spread of the asian cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus in west africa-another three countries are affected: burkina faso, mali and togo. 201323722233
a new approach to characterization of the resistance of populations of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) to organophosphate and pyrethroid in the state of minas gerais, brazil.the monitoring of resistance of cattle tick populations in brazil to the chemical bases in use is largely limited to investigation of the phenotypic profile. there are few studies investigating the role played by the genotypic profile in acaricide resistance in the country. therefore, the aim of the present study was to carry out molecular characterization and trace out the genetic profile of populations of rhipicephalus microplus with respect to resistance to the organophosphate and pyrethroid ...201323639866
approaches towards tick and tick-borne diseases control.ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases. tick-borne diseases are responsible worldwide for great economic losses in terms of mortality and morbidity of livestock animals. this review concerns to the different tick and tick-parasites control methods having a major focus on vaccines. control of tick infestations has been mainly based on the use of acaricides, a contr ...201323559344
acaricides efficiency on rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus from bahia state north-central region.the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is responsible for major losses in the brazilian livestock, mainly due to reduction in cattle productive performance. resistance development to major classes of acaricide widely used nowadays has been extensively reported, as well as the occurrence of residues from these compounds in animal products and the environment. this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of acaricides on r. (b.) microplus collected from rural properties in the north-ce ...201323538503
gene expression profiling of adult female tissues in feeding rhipicephalus microplus cattle ticks.the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is an economically important pest, especially for resource-poor countries, both as a highly adaptive invasive species and prominent vector of disease. the increasing prevalence of resistance to chemical acaricides and variable efficacy of current tick vaccine candidates highlight the need for more effective control methods. in the absence of a fully annotated genome, the wealth of available expressed sequence tag sequence data for this species p ...201323500075
acaricidal activity of essential oils from five endemic conifers of new caledonia on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the aim of the present study was to demonstrate acaricidal activity on the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of essential oils from endemic conifers of new caledonia in the context of the development of natural alternatives. acaricidal activity of essential oils extracted from resin and heartwood of five endemic conifers of new caledonia (araucaria columnaris, agathis moorei, agathis ovata, callitris sulcata, and neocallitropsis pancheri) was evaluated on 14- to 21-day-old rhipicep ...201323371495
effect of new ethyl and methyl carbamates on biological parameters and reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus.the effect of carbamates on engorged female rhipicephalus microplus ticks and larvae was evaluated using the adult immersion test (ait) and the larval packet test (lpt), respectively. seventeen synthetic carbamates different from current commercial acaricides were synthesised at the national autonomous university of mexico. none of the carbamates had an effect on the percentage of females laying eggs. six of the compounds inhibited egg laying up to 65.4% and inhibited egg hatching by up to 100% ...201323347759
effect of aqueous extracts of baccharis trimera on development and hatching of rhipicephalus microplus (acaridae) eggs.this study evaluated the effects of aqueous extracts of baccharis trimera (less.) dc (asteraceae), colloquially known as carqueja, on egg production, and hatching rate of larvae of rhipicephalus microplus. plant samples were collected in montes claros, north of minas gerais, brazil. adult female ticks were distributed into 24 homogeneous groups of 10. the in vitro test was performed by immersing each group in 10 ml solutions of aqueous extracts at 50, 100, 150, or 200mg of fresh leaves ml(-1). t ...201323347758
in vitro activities of plant extracts from the brazilian cerrado and pantanal against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).a total of 73 ethanol extracts from different anatomical parts of 44 plant species belonging to 24 families, native to the mid-western region of brazil, were assessed in vitro for their effect on the reproductive cycle of engorged females of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, using the adult immersion test. all extracts were evaluated at the concentration of 0.2 % and, among the extracts tested, the one obtained from the fruits of guarea kunthiana (meliaceae) proved to be highl ...201323344640
acaricidal activity of lippia gracilis essential oil and its major constituents on the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus.the present study aimed to evaluate the activity of lippia gracilis schauer essential oil obtained from different l. gracilis genotypes and their major components, carvacrol and thymol against rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (cattle tick) larvae and engorged females. the larval test was performed parallel to the adult immersion test for engorged females for four l. gracilis genotypes. similar tests were further performed for their major compounds carvacrol and thymol. carvacrol (lc50 of 0.22 ...201323337330
the conserved role of the akt/gsk3 axis in cell survival and glycogen metabolism in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus embryo tick cell line bme26.tick embryogenesis is a metabolically intensive process developed under tightly controlled conditions and whose components are poorly understood.201323274741
activity of essential oil of lippia triplinervis gardner (verbenaceae) on rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the objective of this work was to characterize and investigate the acaricidal activity of the essential oil of the aerial parts of lippia triplinervis at different concentrations on unengorged larvae and engorged females of rhipicephalus microplus. the essential oil yielded 2.21 % (w/w to dry matter) and was composed mainly of carvacrol (31.9 %), thymol (30.6 %), and p-cymene (12.3 %). two tests were performed to assess the acaricidal activity: the modified larval packet test, with concentration ...201323224609
evolution of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor-like kunitz domain-containing protein family in rhipicephalus microplus.one of the principle mechanisms utilised by ticks to obtain a blood meal is the subversion of the host's haemostatic response. this is achieved through the secretion of saliva containing anti-haemostatic proteins into the feeding lesion. lineage-specific expansion of predicted secretory protein families have been observed in all previously studied ticks and occurred in response to adaptation to a blood-feeding environment. of these, the predominant families are common between both hard and soft ...201323220044
chemical composition and efficacy of dichloromethane extract of croton sphaerogynus baill. (euphorbiaceae) against the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, causing high economic impact on cattle production. the control of tick infestations is regarded worldwide as critical and has been based on the use of organophosphates, synthetic pyretroids, amitraz and recently ivermectin and fipronil. the present study reports the analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the constituents of leaf extracts of croton sphaerogynus and results of acaricidal ...201323200750
in vitro diagnosis of the first case of amitraz resistance in rhipicephalus microplus in santo tomé (corrientes), argentina.in argentina, the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus has already developed resistance to organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids. however, no cases of amitraz resistance have ever been recorded in this country despite its heavy use. a recent failure of amitraz to control ticks in a farm located in santo tomé, province of corrientes, resulted in the collection of samples for acaricide resistance diagnosis. the modified drummond adult immersion test (ait) and the larval tarsal test (ltt) were ...201323153823
survey of pyrethroids resistance in indian isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: identification of c190a mutation in the domain ii of the para-sodium channel gene.monitoring acaricide resistance and understanding the underlying mechanisms are critically important in developing strategies for resistance management and tick control. eighteen isolates of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from four agro-climatic regions of india were characterized and the resistant data were correlated with bioassay results, esterase enzyme activities and with the presence/absence of point mutation in the para-sodium channel gene. the adult immersion test was stan ...201323092687
first report of fipronil resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus of mexico.five strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from tamaulipas mexico were tested for resistance against several classes of acaricides commonly used. all were resistant to fipronil. four of five were co-resistant to permethrin and coumaphos in addition to being resistant to fipronil. one strain, el zamora was found multi-resistant to permethrin, coumaphos, fipronil, and amitraz. selection with fipronil for 3 generations produced a resistance ratio of 8.3 and 9.4 at the lc(50) and ...201323026557
understanding the genetic, demographical and/or ecological processes at play in invasions: lessons from the southern cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae).the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus microplus, is the ixodid species causing the largest economic losses in tropical agrosystems because of its recurrent invasive success, explosive demography on bovine herds, vector competence for diverse pathogens and frequent development of acaricide resistance. its ecology and the physiological bases of the acaricide resistances it developed, as well as alternative tick control measures, have been intensively studied for decades. by contrast, the tick po ...201322945880
molecular and functional characterization of the first tick cap2b (periviscerokinin) receptor from rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae).the cdna of the receptor for cap(2b)/periviscerokinin (pvk) neuropeptides, designated rhimi-cap(2b)-r, was cloned from synganglia of tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. this receptor is the ortholog of the insect cap(2b)/pvk receptor, as concluded from analyses of the predicted protein sequence, phylogenetics and functional expression. expression analyses of synganglion, salivary gland, malpighian tubule, and ovary revealed rhimi-cap(2b)-r transcripts. the expression in mammalian cells of ...201324055303
frequency distribution of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) infesting bubaline population of district toba tek singh, punjab, pakistan.the current research was conducted to define the epidemiological parameters related to the prevalence and associated risk factors of tick infestation in buffaloes in the toba tek singh district of central punjab, pakistan. the prevalence of ticks on buffaloes was 31.21 % (352/1,128). among the species of ticks, the prevalence of hyalomma marginatum (75.56 %; 266/352) was higher (p < 0.05; odd's ratios (or) = 3.09) than rhipicephalus microplus (24.44 %; 86/352). female buffaloes (69.60 %; 245/352 ...201323086441
acetylcholinesterases of blood-feeding flies and ticks.acetylcholinesterase (ache) is the biochemical target of organophosphate (op) and carbamate pesticides for invertebrates, vertebrate nerve agents, and ache inhibitors used to reduce effects of alzheimer's disease. organophosphate pesticides (ops) are widely used to control blood-feeding arthropods, including biting flies and ticks. however, resistance to ops in pests affecting animal and human health has compromised control efficacy. op resistance often results from mutations producing an op-ins ...201323036311
diagnosis of amitraz resistance in brazilian populations of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (acari: ixodidae) with larval immersion test.among the ectoparasites of cattle, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus (canestrini) (acari: ixodidae) remains a major cause of economic losses to livestock. the chemical control with acaricides is still the most efficient method available to control ticks. the aims of this study were to diagnose resistance to amitraz in 16 tick populations from the states of são paulo (14) and paraná (2), using the larval immersion technique (lit), and evaluate the effect of synergists [piperonyl butoxide (pbo), ...201323620418
use of the larval tarsal test to determine acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus brazilian field populations.acaricide resistance of the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is widespread in most of the countries where this parasite is present. bioassays are used to diagnose the level and pattern of resistance in tick populations. in the present study, we describe a detailed protocol of the larval tarsal test (ltt) using simplified equipment and data on the resistance of 17 tick field populations originating from 5 brazilian states. nine acaricidal compounds from 5 major classes were tested: ...201323059136
resistance to cypermethrin and amitraz in rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus on the santa catarina plateau, brazil.with the objective of evaluating rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus resistance to cipermetrina and amitraz, were collected engorged tick females from cattle on 20 farms on the santa catarina plateau, in southern brazil, between january of 2004 and may of 2006. were also received 20 groups of engorged r. (b.) microplus females, collected by cattle farmers requesting acaricidal efficacy (ae) testing. were performed in vitro tests, which consisted of immersing engorged females in cypermethrin (0.0 ...201322832753
epidemiology of ixodid ticks in cattle population of various agro-climatic zones of punjab, india.to determine the epidemiology of ixodid ticks in bovines of different agro-climatic zones of punjab state, india.201324144025
tick control practices in burkina faso and acaricide resistance survey in rhipicephalus (boophilus) geigyi (acari: ixodidae).traditional systems account for 95 % of the livestock produced in burkina faso. tick infestation hampers livestock productivity in this area. however, little information exists on tick-control practices used by livestock farmers. we interviewed 60 stockbreeders working in traditional farming systems to obtain the first data on tick-control practices. sixteen farmers (27 %) did not use conventional practices: seven removed ticks by hand or plastered cattle with dung or engine oil; nine farmers tr ...201322968469
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