Publications

targeted selective treatment for worm management--how do we sell rational programs to farmers?	seriously escalating global anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants has spawned a variety of alternatives to anthelmintics for worm management, based on the need for sustainable integrated parasite management (sipm). pivotal to the sipm approach is the concept of refugia, the proportion of a given parasite population that escapes exposure to control measures. by balancing drug applications with the maintenance of refugia, the accumulation of anthelmintic resistan ...	2006	16774807
synthesis and anthelmintic activity of substituted (r)-phenyllactic acid containing cyclohexadepsipeptides.	the substituted (r)-phenyllactic acid containing cyclohexadepsipeptides (chdps) represent novel enniatin derivatives with strong in vivo activities against the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus rudolphi in sheep. 2d nmr spectroscopic analysis revealed for the substituted (r)-phenyllactic acid containing chdps one major conformer with an unsymmetrically folded conformation lacking a cis-amide bond. a correlation between the substitution pattern and its anthelmintic activity was found. here ...	2006	16781154
anthelmintic activity of swertia chirata against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.	this paper describes in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activities of swertia chirata. in vitro studies revealed that at 25 mg/ml (p>/=0.05) the crude aqueous (cae) and methanolic extracts (cme) of s. chirata whole plant showed an anthelmintic effect on live haemonchus contortus. moreover, in the in vivo study, the whole plant of s. chirata administered as crude powder (cp), cae and cme at the dose of 3 g/kg to sheep naturally infected with mixed species of gastrointestinal nematodes, showed a si ...	2006	16815639
influence of sex on the resistance of sheep lambs to an experimental haemonchus contortus infection.	36 intact male and 69 female lambs of two breeds (n = 63 merinoland; n = 42 rhön) aged 12 weeks were orally infected with 5000 infective-stage larvae, l3, of the nematode haemonchus contortus. after 4 and 8 weeks faecal egg counts (fec), haematocrit values and plasma testosterone levels were determined. all lambs were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. the gastrointestinal tracts were examined for the presence of adult stages of h. contortus. male lambs showed significantly higher log fec (p < 0.00 ...	2006	16821560
accuracy of an anaemia scoring chart applied on goats in sub-humid kenya and its potential for control of haemonchus contortus infections.	we tested the practical application of an anaemia scoring chart (the famacha chart) as a method for controlling haemonchus contortus in goats kept under smallholder conditions in a sub-humid area of central kenya. the objectives were: (1) to test the accuracy of the famacha chart in identifying anaemic goats (pcv< or =18); (2) to quantify the proportion of goats left untreated at farm level when using the chart. on each of two farms, small east african goats of various ages were allocated to two ...	2006	16824684
heterosis analysis of haemonchus contortus resistance and production traits in rhoen sheep, merino land sheep and crossbred lambs.	a crossbreeding program was conducted to evaluate the resistance status to haemonchus contortus in reciprocal crossbred (f(1)) lambs and their merino land sheep (ml) and rhoen sheep (rh) purebred counterparts. a total of 406 lambs were included in the study. faecal egg counts (fec) and haematocrit values (hc) of all the lambs were collected 4 and 8 weeks after an artificial infection with h. contortus. famacha scores were given at the same time. worm counts of all lambs were obtained after slaug ...	2006	16828228
[evaluation of nematode predacious fungus duddingtonia flagrans on infective haemonchus contortus and strongyloides papillosus larvae of goats].	one brazilian isolate of nematode-trapping fungus duddingtonia flagrans ac 001 was evaluated regarding the capacity of supporting passage through the gastrointestinal tract of goats without losing the ability to entrap infective haemonchus contortus and strongyloides papillosus larvae (l3). ten saneen goats of eight months old, males and infected naturally were divided in two groups of five animals. in the group 1, the animals received orally 20 g of pellets of the d. flagrans. in the group 2 (c ...	2006	16834900
effect of sericea lespedeza (lespedeza cuneata) fed as hay, on natural and experimental haemonchus contortus infections in lambs.	parasitic infection is one of the leading economic constraints in small ruminant production. this problem is exacerbated as the resistance of nematode populations to chemical treatment (anthelmintics) becomes increasingly more common. condensed tannin (ct) containing plants are being investigated as alternative solutions to address these problems. this investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of the ct containing forage, lespedeza cuneata (sericea lespedeza, sl) fed as hay, on haemonch ...	2006	16857320
characterization of hc58cdna, a putative cysteine protease from the parasite haemonchus contortus.	because of the complexity of the cathepsin b-like (cbl) family, an information on the biological and biochemical characteristics of individual cbl genes is lacking. in this study, we investigated the degradative effects of the recombinant hc58 protein isolated from haemonchus contortus parasites on protein substrates over a broad ph range in vitro. this protein, which hydrolyzed the synthetic peptide substrates z-fr-amc and z-rr-amc, had characteristics of the cysteine protease class of proteins ...	2006	16871019
cloning and characterization of genes encoding alpha and beta subunits of glutamate-gated chloride channel protein in cylicocyclus nassatus.	the invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels (glucls) are receptor molecules and targets for the avermectin-milbemycin (am) group of anthelmintics. mutations in glucls are associated with ivermectin resistance in the soil dwelling nematode caenorhabditis elegans and the parasitic nematode cooperia oncophora. in this study, full-length cdnas encoding alpha and beta subunits of glucl were cloned and sequenced in cylicocyclus nassatus, a common and important cyathostomin nematode parasite of ...	2006	16872692
improving resilience against natural gastrointestinal nematode infections in browsing kids during the dry season in tropical mexico.	the objective was to determine the effect of supplementary feeding on the resilience and resistance of criollo kids against natural gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections, when browsing native vegetation during the dry season in tropical mexico. thirty-three two-month-old criollo kids, raised nematode free, were included at weaning in a 20-week trial. the kids were placed into four groups. two groups of eight kids were offered 100g/day soybean and sorghum meal (26%:74% respectively fresh bas ...	2006	16203095
anthelmintic resistance of nematode parasites of small ruminants in eastern ethiopia: exploitation of refugia to restore anthelmintic efficacy.	faecal egg count reduction tests (fecrt) were conducted in may 2003 to determine the efficacy of anthelmintics used for treatment against nematode parasites in separately managed sheep and goat flocks at alemaya university in eastern ethiopia. these tests revealed high levels of anthelmintic resistance to albendazole, tetramisole, the combination of these two drugs, and to ivermectin in the goat flock (predominantly infected by haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus spp.), whereas all drugs w ...	2006	16213096
comparison of three different preservatives for morphological and real-time pcr analyses of haemonchus contortus eggs.	despite the development of several recent pcr assays for the egg stages of various trichostrongyles, there have been no protocols described for preserving field samples for pcr without refrigeration. in this study, lugol's iodine (li), sodium azide (sa), and neutral buffered formalin (nbf) were evaluated using haemonchus contortus eggs to determine their potential as a preservative for trichostrongyle egg samples to be processed with real-time pcr. when egg recovery, embryo development, and egg ...	2007	17289268
relationships between sterol/phospholipid composition and xenobiotic transport in nematodes.	therapeutic failure limits prophylaxis of nematode diseases and has been mainly attributed to mutations in cellular targets of anthelmintics. besides these specific mechanisms, alterations of drug transport also occur in parasites resistant to anthelmintics and depend on both the presence of membrane pumps such as p-glycoprotein (pgp) and on the lipid composition of membranes. we recently showed in the nematode haemonchus contortus, using eggs as a model, that the total cholesterol (tc) concentr ...	2007	17294217
a novel approach for combining the use of in vitro and in vivo data to measure and detect emerging moxidectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats.	ivermectin and moxidectin are closely related avermectin/milbemycin anthelmintics and available data suggest that side resistance occurs with these two drugs. however, moxidectin remains effective against many species of ivermectin-resistant worms due to its higher potency. the larval development assay (lda) is routinely used to diagnose ivermectin resistance in haemonchus contortus but laboratory diagnosis of moxidectin resistance is hampered by the lack of any validated in vitro tests. the obj ...	2007	17307184
anthelmintic activity of aporphine alkaloids from cissampelos capensis.	two known aporphine alkaloids, (s)-dicentrine (1) and (s)-neolitsine (2), have been isolated from the meoh extract of the aerial parts of cissampelos capensis (menispermaceae). the structures of these compounds were elucidated by nmr and ms analysis and comparison to literature data. these compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation using the haemonchus contortus larval development assay. compounds 1 and 2 exhibited ec90 values (concentration at which 90% loss of larval motility is ...	2007	17309014
individual administration of three tanniferous forage plants to lambs artificially infected with haemonchus contortus and cooperia curticei.	we investigated direct anthelmintic effects associated with the feeding of fresh tanniferous forages against established populations of haemonchus contortus and cooperia curticei in lambs. twenty-four parasite naive lambs were inoculated with a single dose of infective larvae of these two parasites 27 days prior to the start of the feeding experiment. lambs were individually fed with either chicory (cichorium intybus), birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus), sainfoin (onobrychis viciifolia) or a ...	2007	17336459
the kinetics of exsheathment of infective nematode larvae is disturbed in the presence of a tannin-rich plant extract (sainfoin) both in vitro and in vivo.	the mode of action of bioactive plants on gastrointestinal nematodes remains obscure. previous in vitro studies showed that exsheathment was significantly disturbed after contact with tannin-rich extracts. however, the role of important factors (extract concentration, parasite species) has not been assessed and no information is available on the occurrence in vivo. these questions represent the objectives of this study. the model incorporated the parasites haemonchus contortus and trichostrongyl ...	2007	17346358
trapping efficacy of duddingtonia flagrans against haemonchus contortus at temperatures existing at lambing in australia.	the aim of this study was to determine the trapping efficacy of duddingtonia flagrans against haemonchus contortus at the temperature ranges experienced around lambing in the major sheep producing regions of australia. faeces were collected from merino wethers, maintained in an animal house and which had received either d. flagrans chlamydospores for a 6-day period (df) or not (nil). faeces were incubated at one of four daily temperature regimens which were composed of hourly steps to provide 6- ...	2007	17349746
scutiaquinones a and b, perylenequinones from the roots of scutia myrtina with anthelmintic activity.	haemonchus contortus is a worm that causes serious infections in livestock. two new perylenequinones, scutiaquinone a (1) and scutiaquinone b (2), have been isolated from a methanol extract of the roots of scutia myrtina by bioassay-guided fractionation, using an assay that kills this parasite in vitro. the structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by analysis of their 1d- and 2d-nmr and ms spectra. the isolation, structure, and anthelmintic activities of compounds 1 and 2 are reported.	2007	17378532
haemonchus contortus: in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of hedera helix.	in vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of the ripe fruits of hedera helix was investigated on eggs and adult nematode parasites haemonchus contortus. aqueous extract of h. helix was also evaluated for in vivo anthelmintic activity at dose of 1.13 and 2.25 g/kg in sheep artificially infected with h. contortus. ed(50) for egg hatch inhibition was 0.12 and 0.17 mg/ml for aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts, respectively. there was no statistically significant difference in the activity o ...	2007	17382320
three surface antigens dominate the mucosal antibody response to gastrointestinal l3-stage strongylid nematodes in field immune sheep.	although gastrointestinal nematode parasites are a major human and veterinary health problem, little is known about how the host is sometimes able to mount an effective immune rejection response. in previous work, we identified a carbohydrate larval surface antigen (carla) as the target of mucosal antibodies that can elicit rejection of trichostrongylus colubriformis l3s in sheep. here we characterise the natural mucosal antibody responses to l3s from three major strongylid gastrointestinal para ...	2007	17383657
effect of pelleting on efficacy of sericea lespedeza hay as a natural dewormer in goats.	resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) to anthelmintic treatment has increased pressure to find alternative, non-chemical control methods. feeding hay of the high condensed tannin (ct) forage sericea lespedeza [sl; lespedeza cuneata (dum-cours.) g. don.] to sheep and goats has reduced gin fecal egg count (fec) and worm numbers in the abomasum and small intestines. this effect has been reported with both unground (long) and ground hay. pelleting of ground hay increases ease of storage, tr ...	2007	17383822
in vitro and in vivo characterization of p-amino-phenethyl-m-trifluoromethylphenyl piperazine (papp), a novel serotonergic agonist with anthelmintic activity against haemonchus contortus, teladorsagia circumcincta and trichostrongylus colubriformis.	the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxy tryptamine or 5ht) regulates key physiological processes in nematodes such as locomotion and feeding. papp (p-amino-phenethyl-m-trifluoromethylphenyl piperazine) is a known agonist of the 5-ht(1hc) receptor of the barber pole worm, haemonchus contortus. in this study, papp was highly active against l3-stage larvae of h. contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis in an in vitro larval migration assay, with ec50 values of 9.36 and 11.8 microm, respective ...	2007	17383823
the effects of amount, timing and distribution of simulated rainfall on the development of haemonchus contortus to the infective larval stage.	three studies were undertaken to determine the effects of amount, timing and distribution of simulated rainfall on the developmental success of haemonchus contortus. faeces containing h. contortus eggs were deposited onto pasture plots under a rainfall-activated retractable roof which eliminated incident rainfall. in october (spring) 2004 and january (summer) 2005, the effects of amount (6, 12, 18 or 24 mm) and timing (1, 4, 8 or 15 days post-faecal deposition) of a single simulated rainfall eve ...	2007	17398009
combining the effects of supplementary feeding and copper oxide needles for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in browsing goats.	the aim was to assess the benefits obtained from combining supplementary feeding and copper needles (cowp), compared to the use of both approaches independently, for the control of gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections in browsing kids. forty-four nematode free criollo kids were exposed to natural parasite infection. the kids were divided into six experimental groups: not treated, supplemented (nt-s), not treated, not supplemented (nt-ns), moxidectin treated, supplemented (m-s), moxidectin ...	2007	17400391
trends and challenges in the effective and sustainable control of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. review.	haemonchosis, with its very wide distribution, has become a very important production constraint in sheep farms in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions worldwide. various intrinsic and extrinsic factors determine the survival of haemonchus contortus and hence the development of the disease in the animal. in general, control of gastrointestinal nematode infestation in sheep relies heavily on anthelmintic treatments. however, the indiscriminate use of these drugs has led to the widespread e ...	2007	17432053
control of gastrointestinal nematodes with copper oxide wire particles in a flock of lactating polypay ewes and offspring in iowa, usa.	copper oxide wire particles (cowp) have been used to reduce infection of haemonchus contortus in hair breed lambs in southeastern usa without signs of copper toxicity. however, copper sensitivity among breeds and regions varies. the objective was to determine the effectiveness and safety of cowp in lactating polypay ewes and their offspring grazing alfalfa/bluegrass pasture in a rotational grazing system. mature polypay ewes were administered 0, 0.5, 1, or 2 g (n=8 or 9/dose) cowp approximately ...	2007	17433548
expression and purification of an active cysteine protease of haemonchus contortus using caenorhabditis elegans.	many proteolytic enzymes of parasitic nematodes have been identified as possible targets of control. testing these as vaccine or drug targets is often difficult due to the problems of expressing proteases in a correctly folded, active form in standard expression systems. in an effort to overcome these difficulties we have tested caenorhabditis elegans as an expression system for a haemonchus contortus cathepsin l cysteine protease, hc-cpl-1. recombinant hc-cpl-1 with a polyhistidine tag added to ...	2007	17451718
synthesis and anthelmintic activity of cyclohexadepsipeptides with cyclohexylmethyl side chains.	cyclohexadepsipeptides (chdps) with cyclohexylmethyl side chains represent novel enniatins with in vivo activity against the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus rudolphi in sheep. it was found that the replacement of benzylic by cyclohexylmethyl side chains on the enniatin skeleton can increase anthelmintic efficacy. here we report on a simple total synthesis of the precursors for this type of chdps and an efficient chemical transformation of the benzylic into the corresponding cyclohexylmet ...	2007	17475487
accuracy of the famacha system for on-farm use by sheep and goat producers in the southeastern united states.	famacha is a practical on-farm system designed to provide small ruminant producers a tool for improving their management of haemonchus contortus infections. although this system has become very popular and widely accepted by small ruminant producers in many regions of the southern united states, there is very limited data reported on the effectiveness of the famacha system when performed by farmers. the objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the famacha system for on-farm use by ...	2007	17482368
haemonchus contortus: characterization of the baculovirus expressed form of aminopeptidase h11.	recombinant form of haemonchus contortus aminopeptidase h11, an intestinal membrane glycoprotein considered to be in its native form the most promising vaccine candidate, was produced in insect cells, characterised and tested in pilot vaccination-challenge trial on sheep. the sequence of the cloned gene, obtained by rt pcr isolated from adult worms, showed 97% identity to the highly immunogenic h11 clone, described by graham et al., (database accession number aj249941.1). a 1305 bp fragment of h ...	2007	17482594
a rapid colorimetric assay for the quantitation of the viability of free-living larvae of nematodes in vitro.	with increasing drug resistance in gastrointestinal parasites, identification of new anthelmintics is essential. the non-parasitic nematode caenorhabditis elegans is used extensively as a model to identify drug targets and potential novel anthelmintics because it can be readily cultured in vitro. traditionally, the assessment of worm viability has relied on labour-intensive developmental and behavioral assays. the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide-formazan (mtt-formaz ...	2007	17492469
vaccination of goats with recombinant galectin antigen induces partial protection against haemonchus contortus infection.	the efficacy of vaccination against haemonchus contortus infection with two recombinant proteins, rhco-gal-m and rhco-gal-f, was studied in 9-10-month-old goats. vaccination with 100 microg protein reduced faecal egg output and worm burdens by 37.25% and 41.1%, respectively. corresponding reductions with 200 microg protein were 48.03% and 46.19%. vaccinated groups had significantly higher igg levels than the negative and positive controls. significant negative correlations were detected between ...	2007	17518950
haemonchosis and teladorsagiosis in a scottish sheep flock putatively associated with the overwintering of hypobiotic fourth stage larvae.	the cause of ill thrift and deaths was investigated in a group of 40 scottish lowground ewes, which had been treated with levamisole and then turned onto clean grazing after lambing, 6-8 weeks previously. concurrent haemonchosis and teladorsagiosis were diagnosed, putatively associated with the spring maturation of large numbers of hypobiotic larvae. ill thrift due to parasitic gastroenteritis consequently occurred in the lambs which had been turned onto the 'clean' grazing with their dams, desp ...	2007	17531390
use of copper oxide wire particles to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.	the objectives of these experiments were to determine the optimal dose of copper oxide wire particles (cowp) necessary to reduce gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infection in young and mature goats naturally infected with haemonchus contortus or a mixed infection and to determine whether the effectiveness could be enhanced through feeding management. two experiments were conducted during cooler months in georgia, and 4 experiments were conducted during warmer spring or summer months in arkansas. ...	2007	17565056
morphological characterization of haemonchus contortus in goats (capra hircus) and sheep (ovis aries) in penang, malaysia.	the large stomach worm, haemonchus contortus is an important pathogen of goats (capra hircus) and sheep (ovis aries). this paper describes characteristics of surface cuticular ridges (synlophe) of h. contortus adults from the two hosts. there were more ridges in h. contortus from goats compared to that from sheep. total body length, vulvar morphology, spicule length and cervical papillae had been considered as markers of physical adaptation and were studied and described.	2007	17568374
abomasal nematodes of the red deer cervus elaphus in north-eastern italy.	the composition of the abomasal helminth fauna and parasite diversity were studied in 298 red deer collected during 1997-2000 from three different sectors (bolzano, trento and sondrio provinces) of the stelvio national park, one of the main protected areas of north-eastern italy. the association between parasite burdens and geographical areas of the hosts was assessed using the negative binomial regression. a variety of abomasal helminths, both host specific and generalist, was found in all sect ...	2007	17594740
identification of levamisole resistance markers in the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus using a cdna-aflp approach.	cdna-aflp (cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism)-based strategy has been used to identify levamisole (lev) resistance markers in the nematode haemonchus contortus. transcript profiles of adult nematodes from two lev-resistant and two susceptible isolates were compared. among the 17 280 transcript-derived fragments (tdfs) amplified, 26 presented a polymorphic pattern between resistant and susceptible nematodes: 11 tdfs were present in both resistant isolates and absent from both susceptibl ...	2007	17608970
nematode ligand-gated chloride channels: an appraisal of their involvement in macrocyclic lactone resistance and prospects for developing molecular markers.	summaryligand-gated chloride channels, including the glutamate-(glucl) and gaba-gated channels, are the targets of the macrocyclic lactone (ml) family of anthelmintics. changes in the sequence and expression of these channels can cause resistance to the ml in laboratory models, such as caenorhabditis elegans and drosophila melanogaster. mutations in multiple glucl subunit genes are required for high-level ml resistance in c. elegans, and this can be influenced by additional mutations in gap junc ...	2007	17608971
abc transporters and beta-tubulin in macrocyclic lactone resistance: prospects for marker development.	macrocyclic lactones (mls) are highly lipophilic anthelmintics which are known to bind to and open ligand-gated ion channels. however, these anthelmintics, and particularly the avermectin members of the ml class of endectocides, are potent substrates for abc transporters and these transporters may regulate drug concentration in both the host and the parasite. there is accumulating evidence that ivermectin (ivm), and to a lesser extent moxidectin (mox), selects for certain alleles of p-glycoprote ...	2007	17608972
anthelmintic activity of croton zehntneri and lippia sidoides essential oils.	because of the development of anthelmintic resistant populations, the search for new drugs is essential to maintain the productivity of small ruminants. the aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of croton zehntneri and lippia sidoides essential oils and their major constituents, anethole and thymol. the effects of these oils and their constituents were determined by in vitro assays with the eggs and larvae of the sheep gastrointestinal nematode haemonchus contortus. the two ...	2007	17629623
anthelmintic macrolactams from nonomuraea turkmeniaca ma7364.	two new macrolactams, 6-desmethyl-n-methylfluvirucin a1 (1) and n-methylfluvirucin a1 (2), have been isolated from the acetone extract of nonomuraea turkmeniaca ma7364. these compounds were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation as part of our search for new anthelmintics. the structures of these compounds were elucidated by comparison of their nmr and ms data to those of previously reported fluvirucins and confirmed by 2d nmr. compound 1 exhibited in vitro activity (ec(90) 15 +/- 5 microg/ml ...	2007	17636954
the second glutamic acid in the c-terminal crd affects the carbohydrate-binding properties of recombinant galectins of haemonchus contortus.	the effects of the second glutamic acid (e) in the c-terminal crds on the hemagglutination and lactose-binding characteristics of the recombinant galectins of nematode haemonchus contortus were observed using two isoforms of recombinant galectins as models, and the sugar-binding abilities of the n-terminal and c-terminal crds of the galectins were also compared. the second e in the crd, wgneer, of hco-gal-m was mutated to glycine acid (g) and resulted in a recombinant galectin (mg mutate) with a ...	2007	17643820
attempts to detect synergy between vaccination and anthelmintic against a drug resistant isolate of haemonchus contortus.	an experiment was conducted to determine whether any synergistic activity could be detected between an experimental vaccine and anthelmintic treatment against a drug resistant strain of haemonchus contortus, i.e. would the combined effect of both interventions be greater than the sum of either alone. two groups of 14 worm-free sheep were immunised twice, either with haemonchus galactose containing glycoprotein complex (h-gal-gp) in quila as adjuvant or with adjuvant alone. all were challenged wi ...	2007	17643823
immune response to haemonchus contortus infection in susceptible (inra 401) and resistant (barbados black belly) breeds of lambs.	the immune responses to haemonchus contortus were compared in studies in resistant barbados black belly (bbb) and susceptible inra 401 (inra) breeds of lambs. the cytokine patterns indicated a th2-biased response in both breeds. a more persistent and elevated th2 cytokine mrna transcription and blood eosinophilia were noted in the bbb lambs. however, at days 4 and 30 post-infection, abomasal recruitment of eosinophils and mast cells were similar between the two breeds. following primary infectio ...	2007	17650183
in vitro pre-exposure of haemonchus contortus l3 to blood eosinophils reduces their establishment potential in sheep.	different authors have reported that eosinophils are capable of immobilising infective larvae of different species of nematodes in vitro. however, classifying larvae as mobile or immobile is so subjective that it does not always mean all apparently immobile larvae are dead or those that are mobile are capable of surviving further immune responses if administered to their natural hosts. the objective of this experimental study was therefore to substantiate the role of eosinophils in the killing o ...	2007	17682295
the effect of dietary protein supplementation on the pathophysiology of haemonchus contortus infection in west african dwarf goats.	the effect of dietary protein on the pathophysiology of haemonchus contortus infection in reproducing first pregnancy west african dwarf (wad) goats was studied. eighteen 10-12-month-old pubertal female wad goats divided into two equal groups were used and confined separately. one group was maintained on high-protein diet (hpd) while the other was maintained on low-protein diet (lpd) from day 1 of pregnancy up to week 6 post-partum. each animal was infected with 600 infective larvae of h. contor ...	2007	17689870
in vitro detection of benzimidazole resistance in haemonchus contortus: egg hatch test versus larval development test.	the present study was designed to compare the egg hatch test (eht) and the larval development test (ldt) as in vitro tools for detection of benzimidazole (bz) resistance in haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of small ruminants. comparisons were made during a course of infection and changes in both eht and ldt were monitored to measure the correlation between resistance and susceptibility in different parasite stages (eggs and larvae). in addition, mixed doses of known numbers of susceptib ...	2007	17697753
prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern ethiopia.	a 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (gi) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern ethiopia. during may 2003 to april 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and gi tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of haramaya, harar, dire dawa and jijiga in eastern ethiopia. all animals were raised in the farming areas ...	2007	17969715
trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus infections in light bodyweight merino lambs.	objective; to show that low bodyweight is a predisposing cause of high trichostrongylus colubriformis and haemonchus contortus burdens and egg counts in merino lambs.	2007	17970846
performance and nematode infection of ewe lambs on intensive rotational grazing with two different cultivars of panicum maximum.	the daily live weight gain (dlwg), faecal nematode egg counts (fec), and packed cell volume (pcv) of suffolk, ile de france and santa inês ewe lambs were evaluated fortnightly for 56 days in the dry season (winter) and 64 days in the rainy season (summer) of 2001-2002. the animals were distributed in two similar groups, one located on aruana and the other on tanzania grass (panicum maximum), in rotational grazing system at the instituto de zootecnia, in nova odessa city (sp), brazil. in the dry ...	2007	17847820
moisture requirements for the free-living development of haemonchus contortus: quantitative and temporal effects under conditions of low evaporation.	the key influence of moisture availability on development of the free-living stages of haemonchus contortus is well-documented, although quantitative relationships between moisture variables and development are poorly defined. a factorial experiment (3x2x2) was conducted in programmable incubators to determine the effects of amount and distribution of simulated rainfall on h. contortus development at low evaporation rates (approximately 2 mm/day) under temperatures typical of summers on the nort ...	2007	17920198
the requirement for early exposure of haemonchus contortus larvae to bacillus thuringiensis for effective inhibition of larval development.	the potential for a nematocidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) to target the free-living larval stages of haemonchus contortus was examined using in vitro larval development and migration assays. bt toxicity in larval development assays decreased as the time period between egg hatch and initial exposure to the bt was increased; a time lag of 48 h resulted in a 350-fold increase in the ic(50) (from 2.6 ng/ml to 910 ng/ml). the effects on larval migration largely paralleled the effects on larval deve ...	2007	17951006
[prolactin as a modulator of antiparasitic immunity].	prolactin (prl) is a polypeptide hormone of the pituitary origin, that expresses over 300 separate biological activities, including its involvement in the regulation of immune functions. the hormone's immune capacities are related, among others, to comitogenic activity, prevention of immune cell apoptosis, stimulation of interleukins and antibodies production. prolactin acts as a potent positive modulator of immunity to some protozoan parasites. it is well established that the hormone stimulates ...	2007	18441871
real-time pcr for quantifying haemonchus contortus eggs and potential limiting factors.	the purpose of this study was to evaluate the practicality of using real-time pcr for quantifying feces-derived trichostrongyle eggs. haemonchus contortus eggs were used to evaluate fecal contaminants, time after egg embryonation, and the presence of competing and non-competing dnas as factors that might interfere with generating reproducible results during simplex and multiplex quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr). real-time pcr results showed linear quantifiable amplification with dna from five t ...	2007	17206500
co-delivery of plasmid-encoded cytokines modulates the immune response to a dna vaccine delivered by in vivo electroporation.	in this study, in vivo electroporation of a dna vaccine adjuvanted with plasmids encoding different cytokines was investigated in large animals. sheep were injected intramuscularly with a dna vaccine encoding an antigen of haemonchus contortus (pnpa) and plasmids encoding different cytokines followed by in vivo electroporation. plasmids (pci) carrying the genes of different cytokines including ovine il-4(pci-il4), il-10(pci-il10), gm-csf(pci-gmcsf), and mcp-1alpha(pci-mcp1alpha), and pci-il4+pci ...	2007	17224210
assessment of caenorhabditis elegans as a model in haemonchus contortus vaccine research.		2007	17234278
duration of anthelmintic effect of three formulations of ivermectin (oral, injectable and pour-on) against multiple anthelmintic-resistant haemonchus contortus in sheep.	we report the results of investigations that were conducted in a sheep flock in uttaranchal, india where repeated failure of anthelmintic medication was noted. the study revealed that haemonchus contortus in sheep had developed resistance to benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, mebendazole and albendazole), imidazothiazole (levamisole) and salicylanide (rafoxanide), while it was fully susceptible to avermectins (ivermectin). further, the suppression of nematode egg output in faeces of sheep naturally i ...	2007	17237985
haemonchus contortus intestine: a prominent source of mucosal antigens.	we sought to identify antigens from haemonchus contortus, an abomasal nematode of small ruminants, that stimulate local (abomasal lymph node, aln) cd4+ t lymphocyte responses during a primary infection. results led to a focus on antigens from the parasite intestine. the h. contortus intestine proved to be a major source of antigens that stimulated aln cd4+, cd25+ t lymphocyte responses during infections in lambs. when stimulated by intestinal antigens, aln lymphocytes from these lambs expressed ...	2007	17266741
discovery of (z)-2-phenyl-3-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives active against haemonchus contortus and ctenocephalides felis (cat flea).	a series of 2-phenyl-3-(1h-pyrrol-2-yl)acrylonitrile derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro activity against the endoparasite haemonchus contortus and the ectoparasite ctenocephalides felis. some compounds had significant in vitro activity against these parasites.	2007	17150358
recombinant galectins of male and female haemonchus contortus do not hemagglutinate erythrocytes of their natural host.	recombinant galectins of female and male adult worms of haemonchus contortus were expressed in escherichia coli and their hemagglutinating activities to human and different animal erythrocytes were analyzed. the results showed that female and male galectins could be highly expressed in e. coli using a temperature-sensitive plasmid, with the recombinant protein being mainly appeared in inclusion bodies. hemagglutinating activity assays showed that both of the galectins hemagglutinated human a, b, ...	2007	17125929
detection and measurement of benzimidazole resistance alleles in haemonchus contortus using real-time pcr with locked nucleic acid taqman probes.	benzimidazole resistance is a common problem in parasitic nematodes of ruminants and early detection is vital if its spread is to be monitored and controlled. real time pcr offers a fast and reliable method for rapid detection and measurement of resistance allele frequencies. in haemonchus contortus a single nucleotide polymorphism at codon 200 of the beta-tubulin gene (ttc to tac), causing a phenylalanine to tyrosine amino acid substitution, has been shown to be involved in many cases of resist ...	2007	17129676
extending from pars in caenorhabditis elegans to homologues in haemonchus contortus and other parasitic nematodes.	signal transduction molecules play key roles in the regulation of developmental processes, such as morphogenesis, organogenesis and cell differentiation in all organisms. they are organized into 'pathways' that represent a coordinated network of cell-surface receptors and intracellular molecules, being involved in sensing environmental stimuli and transducing signals to regulate or modulate cellular processes, such as gene expression and cytoskeletal dynamics. a particularly important group of m ...	2007	17107637
doramectin and albendazole resistance in sheep in the netherlands.	a faecal egg count reduction test was conducted on a sheep farm with suspected avermectin resistance. five groups of 10 sheep were formed. group 1 was the untreated control group. groups 2-5 were treated according to weight with the recommended dose of, respectively, levamisole, doramectin, moxidectin or albendazole. resistance was found in the sheep treated with doramectin (15% efficacy) and albendazole (87% efficacy). levamisole and moxidectin were 100 and 99% effective, respectively. larval i ...	2007	17113232
in vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of coriandrum sativum against haemonchus contortus.	in vitro anthelmintic activities of crude aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of the seeds of coriandrum sativum (apiaceae) were investigated on the egg and adult nematode parasite haemonchus contortus. the aqueous extract of coriandrum sativum was also investigated for in vivo anthelmintic activity in sheep infected with haemonchus contortus. both extract types of coriandrum sativum inhibited hatching of eggs completely at a concentration less than 0.5 mg/ml. ed(50) of aqueous extract of coria ...	2007	17113738
anthelmintic action of eprinomectin in lactating anglo-nubian goats in brazil.	eprinomectin is the only avermectin approved for use to control gastrointestinal nematodes in lactating cows. some studies in the usa and europe have also demonstrated that this drug is highly effective in small ruminants. the aim of the present work was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of pour-on eprinomectin in anglo-nubian goats at the end of lactation. twenty-four goats were used, naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, and divided into two groups: control and treated with e ...	2007	17031697
effects of condensed tannin from acacia mearnsii on sheep infected naturally with gastrointestinal helminthes.	the effect of tannins on endoparasite control in hair sheep was investigated using 20 entire lambs of the santa inês breed. at the beginning of the experiment these animals were 6-months old and weighed 22.5kg+/-4.7. the treatments used were (10 animals each): gt (animals receiving 18g of acácia negra containing 18% of condensed tannin/animal/week) and gc (animals not receiving tannin). the experiment lasted 84 days, with animals kept on an andropogon gayanus pasture. faeces were collected weekl ...	2007	17067741
evaluation of a recombinant excretory secretory haemonchus contortus protein for use in a diagnostic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.	the nematode haemonchus contortus (h. contortus) is one of the most pathogenic and economically important parasites of sheep. a 24 kda protein is one of the important components in h. contortus excretory/secretory (es), which was shown to have important biological function. in our research, the cdna of its open reading frame (es24) was obtained and analyzed. then the es24 was sub-cloned into pet-30a expression vector. the recombinant vector that codes hexahistidyl peptide fusion protein (his-es2 ...	2007	17069805
a combined bioinformatics and chemoinformatics approach for the development of new antiparasitic drugs.	a modern concept for the development of novel antiparasitic drugs is the combination of bioinformatics and chemoinformatics approaches. this covers, for example, the identification of target proteins serving as molecular points of attack for parasiticides--the idea is that, owing to some essential role, inhibition of a target protein should eradicate the parasite. to prevent toxicity problems for vertebrate host organisms, it is advantageous that these proteins show significant differences from ...	2007	17070005
epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep in a semi-arid region of eastern ethiopia.	a study on the epidemiology and seasonal dynamics of gastrointestinal nematode infections of sheep was carried out in a semi-arid region of eastern ethiopia for 2.5 years (may 2003 to september 2005). the experimental flock comprised a total of 60 black head ogaden sheep, consisting of four equal groups of young male and female and old male and female sheep. these grazed on communal pastures together with a larger university flock, as well as with animals owned by neighbouring small-holder farme ...	2007	16965858
avermectin-resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of boer goats and dorper sheep in switzerland.	anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes among small ruminants is widespread in south africa and dorper sheep and boer goats have been imported into switzerland from this country on a number of occasions. therefore, this study aimed to investigate the occurrence of avermectin (avm) resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (gin) in these breeds in switzerland. a total of 24 boer goat farms and 12 dorper sheep farms participated in the study. according to the faecal egg count reduction te ...	2007	17088023
direct and indirect anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins in sheep.	anthelmintic activity of condensed tannins (ct) was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. in vitro tests included egg hatch test and paralysis/mortality assay on adult haemonchus contortus. in vivo anthelmintic effect was determined by faecal egg count reduction test in lambs. to this end, 18 lambs were divided into three groups (low tannin, high tannin and control). the lambs of low and high tannin groups were fed diets containing 2 and 3% ct while the control group was fed on diets without ct. ...	2007	17097807
phenotyping and genotyping of haemonchus contortus isolates reveals a new putative candidate mutation for benzimidazole resistance in nematodes.	in order to monitor and eventually control the spread of drug-resistant haemonchus contortus, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance is essential. here we phenotypically and genotypically characterize three multidrug-resistant h. contortus field isolates from australia and south africa. all were significantly less susceptible to thiabendazole than a sensitive reference strain in an in vitro egg-hatch assay. the sensitivity was further reduced in a surviving population after ...	2007	17101226
anthelmintic activity of chenopodium album (l) and caesalpinia crista (l) against trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep.	the present study was carried out to determine the anthelmintic activity of caesalpinia crista (l.) (fabaceae) seed kernel and chenopodium album (l.) (chenopodiaceae) whole plant in order to justify their traditional use in veterinary medicine.	2007	17826017
multivariate spatially-structured variability of ovine helminth infections.	a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 2004-2005 in the campania region, southern italy, to study the multivariate geographical distribution of four different sheep helminths, i.e. fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), calicophoron (paramphistomum) daubneyi (rumen fluke), dicrocoelium dendriticum (lancet fluke), and the gastrointestinal strongyle haemonchus contortus. a series of multivariate bayesian hierarchical models based on square root transformation of faecal egg counts were performed. th ...	2007	18686259
experimental concurrent infection of afar breed goats with oestrus ovis (l1) and haemonchus contortus (l3): interaction between parasite populations, changes in parasitological and basic haematological parameters.	the study was conducted to examine the occurrence and interaction between oestrus ovis and haemonchus contortus in experimentally infected ethiopian afar breed of goats. twenty goats were divided into four groups (o, oh, h, and c) of five animals each. each animal of groups o and oh received weekly infections for 5 weeks with 66 first instar larvae (l1) of o. ovis. then animals of groups oh and h were infected with a single dose of 5000 third stage larvae (l3) of h. contortus. goats of group c w ...	2008	18691574
epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep managed under traditional husbandry system in kashmir valley.	the present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the seasonal epidemiological prevalence of gastrointestinal tract (git) nematodes in different age groups, sexes and breeds (genotypes) of sheep through necropsy and faecal analysis over a period of 2 years in kashmir valley, india. a total of 1533 sheep were examined [faecal examination: 1035 (year 1: 561, year 2: 474); necropsy: 498 (year 1: 232, year 2: 266)]. out of these, 945 (61.64%) were found infected [faecal examination: ...	2008	18838225
genetics of mating and sex determination in the parasitic nematode haemonchus contortus.	genetic analysis of parasitic nematodes has been a neglected area of research and the basic genetics of this important group of pathogens are poorly understood. haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically significant livestock parasites worldwide and is a key experimental model for the strongylid nematode group that includes many important human and animal pathogens. we have undertaken a study of the genetics and the mode of mating of this parasite using microsatellite markers. inherita ...	2008	18854587
gastrointestinal nematode challenge induces some conserved gene expression changes in the gut mucosa of genetically resistant sheep.	sheep have a varying ability to resist infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. this ability is due in part to genetic differences that exist between individuals. in order to define these differences we have used real-time pcr to quantify gene expression responses in the gut mucosal surface of genetically resistant and susceptible sheep, following a nematode challenge. expression profiles were determined in response to two different nematode species, haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus c ...	2008	17826780
a family of cathepsin b cysteine proteases expressed in the gut of the human hookworm, necator americanus.	mrnas encoding cathepsin b-like cysteine proteases (catbs) are abundantly expressed in the genomes of blood-feeding nematodes. recombinant catbs have been partially efficacious in vaccine trials in animal models of hookworm infection, supporting further investigation of these enzymes as new control tools. we recently described a family of four distinct catbs (na-cp-2, -3, -4, -5) from the human hookworm, necator americanus. here we show that these n. americanus catbs form a robust clade with oth ...	2008	18501979
anthelmintic acetogenin from annona squamosa l. seeds.	annona squamosa seeds extracts showed anthelmintic activity against haemonchus contortus, the main nematode of sheep and goat in northeastern brazil. a compound 1 was isolated from ethyl acetate extract and inhibited the egg hatching of h. contortus at 25 mg ml(-1). the structure of 1 was determined as a c37 trihydroxy adjacent bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin based on spectroscopic analysis.	2008	18506253
serum antibody responses in creole kids experimentally infected with haemonchus contortus.	the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of parasite-specific serum antibodies with the resistance status of creole kids. the average breeding values on egg output predicted in a context of natural infection at 11 months of age were distant of 1.07 genetic standard deviation between resistant and susceptible animals. after drenching the animals were maintained worm-free during 1 month until experimental infection with 10,000 haemonchus contortus infective larvae (l3). enzyme- ...	2008	18995967
genome evolution in caenorhabditis.	since the completion of the caenorhabditis elegans genome sequence 10 years ago, efforts of the large community of c. elegans geneticists have resulted in a high-quality annotation of the structures and sequence relatedness of nearly all the protein encoding and rna genes. based on increasingly accurate gene counts in other species, it now appears that c. elegans has more functional genes than most insects and approximately the same number as most mammals. in the last few years, draft genome seq ...	2008	18573804
interaction between the effects of evaporation rate and amount of simulated rainfall on development of the free-living stages of haemonchus contortus.	a factorial experiment (3 x 4 x 2 x 3) was conducted in programmable incubators to investigate interaction between the effects of rainfall amount, rainfall distribution and evaporation rate on development of haemonchus contortus to l3. sheep faeces containing h. contortus eggs were incubated on sterilised soil under variable temperatures typical of summer in the northern tablelands of nsw, australia. simulated rainfall was applied in 1 of 3 amounts (12, 24 or 32 mm) and 4 distributions (a single ...	2008	18586404
the intestinal contortin structure in haemonchus contortus: an immobilised anticoagulant?	contortin was the first intestinal antigen of the sheep parasite haemonchus contortus which induced significant levels of protection when used to vaccinate lambs. this antigen is present in the intestine of l4 and adult worms as a helical polymeric structure attached to the luminal surface of the intestinal cells. however, the nature of the protein itself and its function have never been reported. in the present study, contortin was isolated and analysed by peptide mass fingerprint and lc/ms-ms. ...	2008	18599060
attempts to establish rna interference in the parasitic nematode heligmosomoides polygyrus.	to analyze the potential of rna interference (rnai) in the intestinal nematode heligmosomoides polygyrus, we delivered double-stranded rna (dsrna) of tropomyosin to various life stages of the parasite. three different methods were examined for their potential use. first, feeding of recombinant bacteria that expressed dsrna did neither result in phenotypical changes of h. polygyrus nor in a significant reduction of tropomyosin mrna levels. in contrast, feeding of such bacteria to caenorhabditis e ...	2008	18606194
the anthelmintic activity of the cyclotides: natural variants with enhanced activity.	the cyclotides are a family of backbone-cyclised cystine-knot-containing peptides from plants that possess anthelmintic activity against haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus colubriformis, two important gastrointestinal nematode parasites of sheep. in the current study, we investigated the in vitro effects of newly discovered natural cyclotides on the viability of larval and adult life stages of these pests. the natural variants cycloviolacin o2, cycloviolacin o3, cycloviolacin o8, cyclovio ...	2008	18618891
interaction between the nematophagous fungus duddingtonia flagrans and infective larvae of haemonchus contortus (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea).	the interaction between duddingtonia flagrans and infective larvae of haemonchus contortus was studied in vitro under optical and scanning electron microscopy. trap formation by the fungus started 9 hours after inoculation and first larvae were found 11 hours after larval inoculation on colonies grown on the surface of dialysis membranes. scanning electron micrographs were taken 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after larval predation. details of predation structures and fungus-larvae interaction are describe ...	2008	18620628
effect of homeopathic medicines on helminth parasitism and resistance of haemonchus contortus infected sheep.	this study evaluated the effects of homeopathic treatment on control of haemonchus contortus infection in sheep. twenty lambs were randomized to three treatments: treated with the homeopathic medicines, ferrum phosphoricum, arsenicum album and calcarea carbonica; treated with a conventional antihelminthic, doramectin, and an untreated control group. fecal and blood samples were taken from each animal on days 18, 38 and 68 after start of treatment. a significant reduction in number of h. contortu ...	2008	18657774
intestinal transcriptomes of nematodes: comparison of the parasites ascaris suum and haemonchus contortus with the free-living caenorhabditis elegans.	the nematode intestine is a major organ responsible for nutrient digestion and absorption; it is also involved in many other processes, such as reproduction, innate immunity, stress responses, and aging. the importance of the intestine as a target for the control of parasitic nematodes has been demonstrated. however, the lack of detailed knowledge on the molecular and cellular functions of the intestine and the level of its conservation across nematodes has impeded breakthroughs in this applicat ...	2008	18682827
parasites of sheep and goats and their prevalence in bokova, a rural area of buea sub division, cameroon.	small ruminant production in the south west province of cameroon is practised mostly by subsistence farmers in the rural areas on natural grass pastures which grow once the primary forest has been cleared. investigations revealed certain endo- and ectoparasites that were abundant and caused problems on the pastures to both animals and farmers. haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent species with a prevalence of 94.23%. the highest mean monthly intensity was obtained in august and there was a ...	2008	18707810
molecular and phylogenetic characterization of cytochromes c from haemonchus contortus and trichostrongylus vitrinus (nematoda: trichostrongylida).	although cytochrome c genes (cyt c) and proteins (cyt c) have been relatively well studied in mammals, very little is known about them in parasitic helminths. in the present study, we investigated this group of molecules in haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm) and trichostrongylus vitrinus (black scour worm), two parasitic nematodes of small ruminants. the cyt c gene (512 bp) of h. contortus had one intron and encoded a transcript of 345 nucleotides, whilst that of t. vitrinus (792 bp) had ...	2008	18718861
dose determination studies for monepantel, an amino-acetonitrile derivative, against fourth stage gastro-intestinal nematode larvae infecting sheep.	monepantel is the first compound from the recently discovered amino-acetonitrile derivative (aad) class of anthelmintics to be developed for use in sheep. three dose determination studies were conducted in australia and switzerland to identify the minimum therapeutic dose of monepantel when formulated for the oral treatment of sheep to control fourth stage (l4) gastro-intestinal nematode larvae. in each study, sheep infected with the target nematodes (selected from haemonchus contortus, teladors ...	2008	18760536
linear distribution of nematodes in the gastrointestinal tract of tracer lambs.	forty-eight tracer lambs were killed in 2004-2007. the abomasum, duodenum, small intestine (jejunum and ileum), colon and caecum were collected and processed for parasites enumeration and identification-mucosal scrapings of both abomasums and intestines were digested. out of 48 gastrointestinal tracts examined, all were found to be positive for nematode infection. seventeen species of gastrointestinal nematodes were recovered: bunostomum trigonocephalum, cooperia curticei, haemonchus contortus, ...	2008	18766377
effect of the consumption of lysiloma latisiliquum on the larval establishment of gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.	the consumption of tannin-rich (tr) forages has been associated with negative effects against gastrointestinal nematodes and with an improved host resilience. it has been hypothesized that tannins affect the capacity of infective larvae to establish in the mucosae of the host. in this study, we aimed at testing this hypothesis using lysiloma latisiliquum, a tropical tr tree. the objectives were: (i) to evaluate the effect of the consumption of l. latisiliquum on the establishment of nematode thi ...	2008	18771854
anthelmintic efficacy and dose determination of albizia anthelmintica against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected ugandan sheep.	weight loss, stunted growth, and death caused by gastrointestinal parasites are major constraints to livestock productivity, especially in tropical and developing countries where regular use, and misuse, of anthelmintics has led to nematode resistance. albizia anthelmintica brong. (fabaceae) is traditionally employed throughout east africa to treat helminth parasitosis in livestock. reported efficacy has varied from 90% against mixed nematodes to just 19% against haemonchus contortus alone. the ...	2008	18774230
back to the future: developing hypotheses on the effects of climate change on ovine parasitic gastroenteritis from historical data.	although the influence of temperature and moisture on the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes has been described in detail, and evidence for global climate change is mounting, serious attempts to relate altered incidence or seasonal patterns of disease to climate change are lacking. in great britain, veterinary surveillance laboratory diagnoses of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis (pge) have been categorised in species groups and recorded since 1975. here we present a detailed analysi ...	2008	18824303
vertical migration of haemonchus contortus third stage larvae on brachiaria decumbens grass.	the present study aimed at evaluating the vertical migration of haemonchus contortus third stage larvae (l3) on brachiaria decumbens grass, as well as at verifying whether larval numbers on pasture varies over the day due to climatic conditions. feces containing h. contortus l3 were deposited on the soil in the middle of herbage which was initially 30 cm high. seven days later, samples of different herbage strata (0-10, 10-20 and >20 cm), remaining feces and a layer of approximately 1cm soil wer ...	2008	18824304
in vitro nematocidal activity of plant extracts of mexican flora against haemonchus contortus fourth larval stage.	fourteen plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against the fourth larval stage of haemonchus contortus. the plants species used were tagetes erecta, argemone mexicana, and castela tortuosa. the assays were run in 24-well cell culture plates at room temperature with three replicates. after exposure, aliquots were taken from the corresponding wells and transferred to a microscope for observation. evaluation criteria were based on the average of live and/or dead larvae. anova test and tukey test w ...	2008	19120198