Publications

biochemical characterization of the bifunctional enzyme dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase from leishmania (viannia) and its evaluation as a drug target.	dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) has been used successfully as a drug target in the area of anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and anti-malarial therapy. although this bifunctional enzyme is also a potential drug target for treatment of leishmaniasis, there have been no reports on its efficacy against leishmania (viannia) species.	2014	24652175
leishmania aethiopica field isolates bearing an endosymbiontic dsrna virus induce pro-inflammatory cytokine response.	infection with leishmania parasites causes mainly cutaneous lesions at the site of the sand fly bite. inflammatory metastatic forms have been reported with leishmania species such as l. braziliensis, guyanensis and aethiopica. little is known about the factors underlying such exacerbated clinical presentations. leishmania rna virus (lrv) is mainly found within south american leishmania braziliensis and guyanensis. in a mouse model of l. guyanensis infection, its presence is responsible for an hy ...	2014	24762979
host-biting rate and susceptibility of some suspected vectors to leishmania braziliensis.	american tegumentary leishmaniasis is a serious brazilian public health problem. this diseases is attributed to seven species of leishmania, however, the majority of cases are associated with leishmania braziliensis. some phlebotomine species have been implicated in the transmission of this parasite, nonetheless only psychodopygus wellcomei has had its vectorial competence demonstrated. thus this study sought to assess some parameters related to the vectorial capacity of anthropophilic species o ...	2014	24684943
molecular detection of leishmania in sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) collected in the caititu indigenous reserve of the municipality of lábrea, state of amazonas, brazil.	phlebotominae sand flies are of medical importance because they are vectors of human pathogens, such as protozoa of the genus leishmania ross, etiological agent of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl). in lábrea, a municipality in the state of amazonas, brazil, acl is primarily associated with subsistence activities, such as collection and extraction of forest products, undertaken by both indigenous and nonindigenous people. data on acl in indigenous populations are scarce, such that there is ...	2014	26309318
sod1 plasma level as a biomarker for therapeutic failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis.	we show that increased plasma superoxide dismutase 1 (sod1) levels are statistically significant predictors of the failure of pentavalent antimony treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis. in leishmania amazonensis-infected patients, host sod1 levels can be used to discriminate between localized and drug-resistant diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. using in situ transcriptomics (ncounter), we demonstrate a significant positive correlation between host sod1 and interf ...	2014	24511100
leishmania braziliensis and leishmania amazonensis amastigote extracts differ in their enhancement effect on leishmania infection when injected intradermally.	it has been reported that repeated intravenous injections of a relatively large amount of leishmania amazonensis amastigote extract (lae) in balb/c mice exacerbates the infection of these mice by leishmania braziliensis. the identification of the extract active principle(s) through physicochemical purification often involves dilution and losses of protein in the course of successive purification procedures. the large amount of the extract required to induce the phenomenon, therefore, hinders the ...	2014	24484604
cross-protective effect of a combined l5 plus l3 leishmania major ribosomal protein based vaccine combined with a th1 adjuvant in murine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis.	two leishmania major ribosomal proteins l3 (lml3) and l5 (lml5) have been described as protective molecules against cutaneous leishmaniasis due to infection with l. major and leishmania braziliensis in balb/c mice when immunized with a th1 adjuvant (non-methylated cpg-oligodeoxynucleotides; cpg-odn). in the present study we analyzed the cross-protective efficacy of an lml3-lml5-cpg odn combined vaccine against infection with leishmania amazonensis and leishmania chagasi (syn. leishmania infantum ...	2014	24382098
leishmania braziliensis replication protein a subunit 1: molecular modelling, protein expression and analysis of its affinity for both dna and rna.	replication factor a (rpa) is a single-strand dna binding protein involved in dna replication, recombination and repair processes. it is composed by the subunits rpa-1, rpa-2 and rpa-3; the major dna-binding activity resides in the subunit 1 of the heterotrimeric rpa complex. in yeast and higher eukaryotes, besides the three basic structural dna-binding domains, the rpa-1 subunit contains an n-terminal region involved in protein-protein interactions with a fourth dna-binding domain. remarkably, ...	2014	25498946
pterocarpanquinone lqb-118 induces apoptosis in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and controls lesions in infected hamsters.	previous results demonstrate that the hybrid synthetic pterocarpanquinone lqb-118 presents antileishmanial activity against leishmania amazonensis in a mouse model. the aim of the present study was to use a hamster model to investigate whether lqb-118 presents antileishmanial activity against leishmania (viannia) braziliensis, which is the major leishmania species related to american tegumentary leishmaniasis. the in vitro antileishmanial activity of lqb-118 on l. braziliensis was tested on the ...	2014	25340550
the comparative genomics and phylogenomics of leishmania amazonensis parasite.	leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by leishmania species. leishmania amazonensis is a new world leishmania species belonging to the mexicana complex, which is able to cause all types of leishmaniasis infections. the l. amazonensis reference strain mhom/br/1973/m2269 was sequenced identifying 8,802 codifying sequences (cds), most of them of hypothetical function. comparative analysis using six leishmania species showed a core set of 7,016 orthologs. l. amazonensis and leishmania mexica ...	2014	25336895
evidences for leishmanicidal activity of the naphthoquinone derivative epoxy-α-lapachone.	in this work, we analyze the leishmanicidal effects of epoxy-α-lapachone on leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis. promasigotes and amastigotes (inhabiting human macrophages) from both species were assayed to verify the compound's activity over the distinct morphological stages. the incubation with epoxy-α-lapachone led to a significant decrease in the numbers of promastigotes from both species in the cultures, in a dose-and time-dependent fashion. the surviva ...	2014	25307687
synthesis, leishmanicidal activity and theoretical evaluations of a series of substituted bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones.	a series of eight substituted bis-2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives was synthesized through lawsone condensation with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under mild acidic conditions. the title compounds were evaluated for antileishmanial activity in vitro against leishmania amazonensis and leishmania braziliensis promastigotes; six compounds showed good activity without significant toxic effects. the compound with the highest activity was used for an in vivo assay with leishmania am ...	2014	25247686
in vitro cytokines profile and ultrastructural changes of microglia and macrophages following interaction with leishmania.	in the present study, we assessed morphological changes and cytokine production after in vitro interaction with causative agents of american cutaneous leishmaniasis and compared the microglia and macrophage immune responses. cultures of microglia and macrophages infected with stationary-phase promastigotes of leishmania (viannia) shawi, leishmania (viannia) braziliensis or leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis were evaluated 24, 48 and 72 h after interaction. macrophages only presented the classic ...	2014	24717447
in vitro and in vivo efficacy of novel flavonoid dimers against cutaneous leishmaniasis.	treatment of leishmaniasis by chemotherapy remains a challenge because of limited efficacy, toxic side effects, and drug resistance. we previously reported that synthetic flavonoid dimers have potent antipromastigote and antiamastigote activity against leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. here, we further investigate their leishmanicidal activities against cutaneous leishmania species. one of the flavonoid dimers (compound 39) has marked antipromastigote (50% inhib ...	2014	24687505
a2 and other visceralizing proteins of leishmania: role in pathogenesis and application for vaccine development.	visceral leishmaniasis is a re-emergent disease and a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. amongst the more than 20 leishmania species, leishmania donovani, leishmania infantum and more rarely leishmania amazonensis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. a major question in leishmaniasis research is how these species migrate to and infect visceral organs whereas other species such as leishmania major and leishmania braziliensis remain in the skin, causing tegumentary leishmaniasis. her ...	2014	24264241
in vitro interaction between paromomycin sulphate and four drugs with leishmanicidal activity against three new world leishmania species.	to evaluate in vitro interactions between paromomycin sulphate and the antileishmanial drugs meglumine antimoniate, amphotericin b, miltefosine and azithromycin against intracellular leishmania (leishmania) infantum chagasi, leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis amastigotes in peritoneal mouse macrophages.	2014	23970484
photodynamic effects of zinc phthalocyanines on intracellular amastigotes of leishmania amazonensis and leishmania braziliensis.	this study investigated the photoactivity of four zinc phthalocyanines (pczns) on a murine macrophage cell line infected with leishmania amazonensis or leishmania braziliensis. infected and uninfected cells were incubated with pczns at different concentrations (1-10 μm) for 3 h and then exposed to an led device in continuous wave mode at 660 nm with a fluency of 50 j/cm(2) (25 mv). enzymatic activity was determined by mtt assay 24 h after light treatment. the results demonstrated that all pczns ...	2015	25288263
the efficacy of 2-nitrovinylfuran derivatives against leishmania in vitro and in vivo.	despite recent advances in the treatment of some forms of leishmaniasis, the available drugs are still far from ideal due to inefficacy, parasite resistance, toxicity and cost. the wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity of 2-nitrovinylfuran compounds has been described, as has their activity against trichomonas vaginalis and other protozoa. thus, the aim of this study was to test the antileishmanial activities of six 2-nitrovinylfurans in vitro and in a murine model of leishmaniasis. minimum paras ...	2015	25946239
the efficacy of 2-nitrovinylfuran derivatives against leishmania in vitro and in vivo.	despite recent advances in the treatment of some forms of leishmaniasis, the available drugs are still far from ideal due to inefficacy, parasite resistance, toxicity and cost. the wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity of 2-nitrovinylfuran compounds has been described, as has their activity against trichomonas vaginalis and other protozoa. thus, the aim of this study was to test the antileishmanial activities of six 2-nitrovinylfurans in vitro and in a murine model of leishmaniasis. minimum paras ...	2015	25807467
interactions between neutrophils and leishmania braziliensis amastigotes facilitate cell activation and parasite clearance.	leishmania braziliensis and leishmania amazonensis are both causative agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in south america. however, patient prognosis and the host immune response differ considerably depending on the infecting parasite species. the mechanisms underlying these differences appear to be multifactorial, with both host and parasite components contributing to disease outcome. as neutrophils are a prominent component of the inflammatory infiltrate in chronic cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous ...	2015	25766649
novel dialkylphosphorylhydrazones: synthesis, leishmanicidal evaluation and theoretical investigation of the proposed mechanism of action.	as part of a program to develop new drugs for the treatment of neglected diseases, new dialkylphosphorylhydrazones were synthesized and evaluated against the trypanosomatid parasites leishmania braziliensis and leishmania amazonensis. the synthesis of these compounds proved satisfactory with yields ranging from moderate to good. the most active compounds against l. braziliensis presented ic50 values in the 10(-2) μm range, similar to that of the reference drug pentamidine. two compounds, 4m and ...	2015	26107111
distinct macrophage fates after in vitro infection with different species of leishmania: induction of apoptosis by leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis, but not by leishmania (viannia) guyanensis.	leishmania is an intracellular parasite in vertebrate hosts, including man. during infection, amastigotes replicate inside macrophages and are transmitted to healthy cells, leading to amplification of the infection. although transfer of amastigotes from infected to healthy cells is a crucial step that may shape the outcome of the infection, it is not fully understood. here we compare l. amazonensis and l. guyanensis infection in c57bl/6 and balb/c mice and investigate the fate of macrophages whe ...	2015	26513474
molecular characterization of american cutaneous leishmaniasis in the tri‑border area of assis brasil, acre state, brazil.	in this study, leishmania species were identified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the epidemiology of patients suspected of having american cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of assis brasil, acre state, located in the brazil/peru/bolivia tri-border was also investigated. by pcr, the dna of leishmania was detected in 100% of the cases (37 samples) and a pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the hsp 70 gene identified the species in 32 samples: leishmania (viannia) b ...	2015	26422160
effect of aliphatic, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, heterocyclic and sulphur-containing amino acids on leishmania spp. chemotaxis.	in the sand-fly mid gut, leishmania promastigotes are exposed to acute changes in nutrients, e.g. amino acids (aas). these metabolites are the main energy sources for the parasite, crucial for its differentiation and motility. we analysed the migratory behaviour and morphological changes produced by aliphatic, monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, heterocyclic and sulphur-containing aas in leishmania amazonensis and leishmania braziliensis and demonstrated that l-methionine (10-12 m), l-tryptophan (10-1 ...	2015	26396059
further evidence of an association between the presence of leishmania rna virus 1 and the mucosal manifestations in tegumentary leishmaniasis patients.	tegumentary leishmaniasis (tl) is endemic in latin america, and brazil contributes approximately 20 thousand cases per year. the pathogenesis of tl, however, is still not fully understood. clinical manifestations vary from cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) to more severe outcomes, such as disseminated leishmaniasis (dl), mucosal leishmaniasis (ml) and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (dcl). many factors have been associated with the severity of the disease and the development of lesions. recent studie ...	2015	26372217
small rnas derived from trnas and rrnas are highly enriched in exosomes from both old and new world leishmania providing evidence for conserved exosomal rna packaging.	leishmania use exosomes to communicate with their mammalian hosts and these secreted vesicles appear to contribute to pathogenesis by delivering protein virulence factors to macrophages. in other eukaryotes, exosomes were found to carry rna cargo, such as mrnas and small non-coding rnas, capable of altering recipient cell phenotype. whether leishmania exosomes also contain rnas which they are able to deliver to bystander cells is not known. here, we show that leishmania exosomes indeed contain r ...	2015	25764986
kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 as a vaccine candidate and a virulence factor in leishmania.	kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 (kmp-11), a protein present in all kinetoplastid protozoa, is considered a potential candidate for a leishmaniasis vaccine. in leishmania amazonensis, kmp-11 is expressed in promastigotes and amastigotes. in both stages, the protein was found in association with membrane structures at the cell surface, flagellar pocket, and intracellular vesicles. more importantly, its surface expression is higher in amastigotes than in promastigotes and increases during metacyc ...	2015	26528287
intranasal vaccination with leishmanial antigens protects golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) against leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection.	previous results have shown that oral and intranasal administration of particulate leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis antigens (laag) partially protects mice against l. amazonensis infection. however, vaccination studies on species of the subgenus viannia, the main causative agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in the americas, have been hampered by the lack of easy-to-handle bio-models that accurately mimic the human disease. recently, we demonstrated that the golden hamster is an appr ...	2015	25569338
a novel molecular test to diagnose canine visceral leishmaniasis at the point of care.	dogs are the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl) but current serological methods are not sensitive enough to detect all subclinically infected animals, which is crucial to vl control programs. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods have greater sensitivity but require expensive equipment and trained personnel, impairing its implementation in endemic areas. we developed a diagnostic test that uses isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa) to detect leish ...	2015	26240156
molecular detection of leishmania in phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) from a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus atxakriabá indigenous reserve, brazil.	autochthonous cases of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) have been reported since 2001 in the xakriabá indigenous reserve located in the municipality of são joão das missões in northern minas gerais state, brazil. in order to study the presence of leishmania dna in phlebotomine sand flies, six entomological collections were carried out from july 2008 through july 2009, using 40 light traps placed in peridomicile areas of 20 randomly selected houses. from october 2011 through august 2012, an ...	2015	25853254
infectiousness of sylvatic and synanthropic small rodents implicates a multi-host reservoir of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	the possibility that a multi-host wildlife reservoir is responsible for maintaining transmission of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis causing human cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is tested by comparative analysis of infection progression and infectiousness to sandflies in rodent host species previously shown to have high natural infection prevalences in both sylvatic or/and peridomestic habitats in close proximity to humans in northeast brazil.	2015	26448187
an integrated approach using spatial analysis to study the risk factors for leishmaniasis in area of recent transmission.	some epidemiological aspects of leishmaniasis in the municipality of formiga, brazil, an important touristic site, were evaluated. those included phlebotomine sand fly vectors, canine infection, and geoprocessing analysis for determining critical transmission areas. sand flies (224 insects) belonging to ten different species were captured. the most captured species included lutzomyia longipalpis (35.3%), lutzomyia cortelezzii (33.5%), and lutzomyia whitmani (18.3%). a significant correlation bet ...	2015	26229961
age modifies the immunologic response and clinical presentation of american tegumentary leishmaniasis.	leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the main causal agent of american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) that may present as cutaneous, mucosal, or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis. the disease is highly prevalent in young males and there is a lack of studies of atl in the elderly. herein, we compared clinical manifestations, immunologic response, and response to antimony therapy between patients > 60 years of age (n = 58) and patients who were 21-30 years of age (n = 187). the study was perfo ...	2015	25918209
interleukin 10-dominant immune response and increased risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis after natural exposure to lutzomyia intermedia sand flies.	leishmaniasis is caused by parasites transmitted to the vertebrate host by infected sand flies. during transmission, the vertebrate host is also inoculated with sand fly saliva, which exerts powerful immunomodulatory effects on the host's immune response.	2015	25596303
enhancement of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis by leishmania extract: identification of a disease-associated antibody specificity.	both leishmania braziliensis and leishmania amazonensis induce cutaneous disease when injected in the skin of balb/c mice. however, l. amazonensis may also visceralize in that strain of mice, infecting mainly the liver and spleen. in addition, whereas balb/c mice die with a progressive cutaneous disease when infected by l. amazonensis, the infection by l. braziliensis is spontaneously cured. in a previous work, we have found that intravenous injections of l. amazonensis amastigote extract (lae) ...	2015	25971623
first report of warileya rotundipennis (psychodidae: phlebotominae) naturally infected with leishmania (viannia) in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in colombia.	the expansion of transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis from sylvatic ecosystems into peri-urban and domestic settings has occurred as sand flies have adapted to anthropogenic environmental modifications. assessment of the intradomiciliary presence of sand flies in households of the settlement "la cabaña", in the department of risaralda, colombia, revealed an abundance of warileya rotundipennis. this unexpected observation motivated further analyses to evaluate the participation of this species ...	2015	25917717
anti-infective assessment of senecio smithioides (asteraceae) and isolation of 9-oxoeuryopsin, a furanoeremophilane-type sesquiterpene with antiplasmodial activity.	the search for anti-infective activity in the antipyretic plant senecio smithioides was conducted. petroleum ether (pe), dichloromethane (ch2cl2), ethyl acetate (etoac) and hydroethanolic (96% etoh) extracts, and compounds 9-oxoeuryopsin (1), epoxydecompostin (2) and senecionine (3) were obtained from the aerial parts. all extracts and 1 were tested against chloroquine-resistant strain of plasmodium falciparum (ref. chloroquine), trypanosoma cruzi (ref. nifurtimox), leishmania braziliensis, leis ...	2015	26606687
genome mining offers a new starting point for parasitology research.	parasites including helminthes, protozoa, and medical arthropod vectors are a major cause of global infectious diseases, affecting one-sixth of the world's population, which are responsible for enormous levels of morbidity and mortality important and remain impediments to economic development especially in tropical countries. prevalent drug resistance, lack of highly effective and practical vaccines, as well as specific and sensitive diagnostic markers are proving to be challenging problems in p ...	2015	25563615
survey of sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in an environmentally protected area in brazil.	brazil is one of the most important endemic areas for leishmaniasis worldwide. protected areas that are tourist attractions likely present an important risk of transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). furthermore, with the geographical expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (vl), several studies have recorded the occurrence of its vector, lutzomyia longipalpis, and cases of human and canine vl in such tourist areas. the parque estadual do sumidouro is an environmentally protected area located ...	2015	26267484
the phlebotomine sand flies fauna in parque estadual do rio doce, minas gerais, brazil.	phlebotomine sand flies are dipterans of the family psychodidae. they are very important to veterinary medicine because some species are vectors of infective forms of leishmania spp., the etiological agents of leishmaniasis. the parque estadual do rio doce is located in an area with constant reports of cases of leishmaniasis. in order to better understanding the phlebotamine sand fly fauna of the park, the present work was undertaken with the goal of analyzing phlebotomine sand flies collected t ...	2015	26626880
identification and biological characterization of leishmania (viannia) guyanensis isolated from a patient with tegumentary leishmaniasis in goiás, a nonendemic area for this species in brazil.	the aim of this study was to characterize clinical field isolates of leishmania spp. obtained from patients with american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) who live in goiás state, brazil. the presumed areas of infection were in goiás, tocantins, and pará states. three isolates of parasites were identified as l. (viannia) braziliensis and one as l. (v.) guyanensis. the in vitro growth profiles were found to be similar for all parasites. nevertheless, in c57bl/6 mice, l. (v.) guyanensis infection w ...	2015	26583102
ecological aspects and molecular detection of leishmania dna ross (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in terra firme and várzea environments in the middle solimões region, amazonas state, brazil.	phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) are insects of medical importance due to the role that some species play in the transmission of leishmaniasis. this work aimed to study some ecological aspects among sand flies fauna inhabiting two different environments: the várzea (lowland amazonian forest) and terra firme (upland amazonian forest), both located in tefé municipality, amazonas state, braziland to detect leishmania infection in those phlebotomine populations.	2015	25889808
body weight as a determinant of clinical evolution in hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected with leishmania (viannia) panamensis.	the clinical outcome of infection with leishmania species of the subgenus viannia in hamster model (mesocricetus auratus) has shown to be different depending on experimental protocol. body weight has been a relevant determinant of the clinical outcome of the infection in hamsters with visceral leishmaniasis but its importance as a clinical parameter in hamsters with cutaneous leishmaniasis is not known. in this study, the clinical evolution of infection with l. (v) panamensis was evaluated in ju ...	2015	24037292
myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, blocks cytokinesis in leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes.	we studied the effect of myriocin, an inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, on cultured leishmania (viannia) braziliensis promastigotes. myriocin significantly reduced synthesis of inositol phosphorylceramide, the major sphingolipid expressed in promastigotes as characterized by thin layer chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. log-phase promastigotes treated with 1 μm myriocin showed a 52% reduction in growth rate and morphological alterations such as more rounded sha ...	2015	23659342
in vitro metacyclogenesis of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates, as evaluated by morphology, complement resistance, and infectivity to human macrophages.	this study was designed to assess in vitro metacyclogenesis of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis clinical field isolates obtained from patient lesions (l. braziliensis img3 and pps6m; l. amazonensis mab6). metacyclogenesis was evaluated by different criteria, namely, promastigote size (morphometric analysis and flow cytometry), surface modifications (loss of lectin or monoclonal antibody (mab) binding, complement resistance), and infectivity to human macro ...	2015	25695070
genetic divergence in populations of lutzomyia ayacuchensis, a vector of andean-type cutaneous leishmaniasis, in ecuador and peru.	haplotype and gene network analyses were performed on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i and cytochrome b gene sequences of lutzomyia (lu.) ayacuchensis populations from andean areas of ecuador and southern peru where the sand fly species transmit leishmania (leishmania) mexicana and leishmania (viannia) peruviana, respectively, and populations from the northern peruvian andes, for which transmission of leishmania by lu. ayacuchensis has not been reported. the haplotype analyses showed higher in ...	2015	25312337
genomic profiling of human leishmania braziliensis lesions identifies transcriptional modules associated with cutaneous immunopathology.	the host immune response has a critical role not only in protection from human leishmaniasis but also in promoting disease severity. although candidate gene approaches in mouse models of leishmaniasis have been extremely informative, a global understanding of the immune pathways active in lesions from human patients is lacking. to address this issue, genome-wide transcriptional profiling of leishmania braziliensis-infected cutaneous lesions and normal skin controls was carried out. a signature o ...	2015	25036052
development of a novel formulation with hypericin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis based on photodynamic therapy in in vitro and in vivo studies.	an evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity in vitro and in vivo of hypericin, an expanded-spectrum photosensitizer found in hypericum perforatum, is presented. hypericin was evaluated against intracellular amastigotes in vitro of leishmania (viannia) panamensis. a topical formulation containing 0.5% hypericin was developed and assayed in vivo in a hamster model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. results demonstrate that hypericin induces a significant antiamastigote effect in vitro against l. panamen ...	2015	26169411
linear b-cell epitope mapping of mapk3 and mapk4 from leishmania braziliensis: implications for the serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis.	the correct and early identification of humans and dogs infected with leishmania are key steps in the control of leishmaniasis. additionally, a method with high sensitivity and specificity at low cost that allows the screening of a large number of samples would be extremely valuable. in this study, we analyzed the potential of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (mapk3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (mapk4) proteins from leishmania braziliensis to serve as antigen candidates for the sero ...	2015	25359475
identification and functional evaluation of leishmania braziliensis nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase.	the progressive increase in leishmania resistance to current control approaches prompts the need to develop therapeutic strategies based on comprehensive knowledge of the parasite's biology. the enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (nmnat, ec 2.7.7.1) catalyzes the central step in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad(+)) biosynthesis, making it essential for the survival of all organisms. nad(+) metabolism is related to the maintenance of several biochemical, cellular, and ph ...	2015	26318236
a devh-box rna helicase from leishmania braziliensis is associated to mrna cytoplasmic granules.	rna helicases are ubiquitous enzymes that participate in almost all aspects of rna processing, including rna and rna-protein complex remodelling. in trypanosomatids, which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, the formation of different kinds of ribonucleoprotein granules under stress conditions modulates the parasite's rna metabolism. this paper describes the isolation of a putative devh-box rna helicase produced by promastigotes of leishmania braziliensis. using a cy3-labelled dt30 ...	2015	26284493
correlation between presence of leishmania rna virus 1 and clinical characteristics of nasal mucosal leishmaniosis.	mucosal leishmaniosis (ml) is a severe clinical form of leishmaniosis. complex factors related to the parasite and the host are attributed to the development of mucosal lesions. leishmania rna virus 1 (lrv1) can disrupt immune response, and may be the main determinant of severity of the disease; it should be investigated.	2015	26277588
quantification of leishmania (viannia) kinetoplast dna in ulcers of cutaneous leishmaniasis reveals inter-site and inter-sampling variability in parasite load.	cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a skin disease caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania. few studies have assessed the influence of the sample collection site within the ulcer and the sampling method on the sensitivity of parasitological and molecular diagnostic techniques for cl. sensitivity of the technique can be dependent upon the load and distribution of leishmania amastigotes in the lesion.	2015	26204525
functional analysis of iron superoxide dismutase-a in wild-type and antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis and leishmania infantum lines.	in this work, we characterized the gene encoding iron superoxide dismutase-a (fesod-a) in wild-type (wts) and antimony-resistant (sbr) l. (viannia) braziliensis and l. (leishmania) infantum lines, which were selected in vitro. fesod-a transcript and protein expression were similar in all tested lines; however, specific enzyme activity analysis revealed higher superoxide dismutase activity in sbiii-resistant lbsbr and lisbr lines than in the corresponding wts lines. these parasites were also more ...	2015	25449290
identification of two p23 co-chaperone isoforms in leishmania braziliensis exhibiting similar structures and hsp90 interaction properties despite divergent stabilities.	the small acidic protein called p23 acts as a co-chaperone for heat-shock protein of 90 kda (hsp90) during its atpase cycle. p23 proteins inhibit hsp90 atpase activity and show intrinsic chaperone activity. a search for p23 in protozoa, especially trypanosomatids, led us to identify two putative proteins in the leishmania braziliensis genome that share approximately 30% identity with each other and with the human p23. to understand the presence of two p23 isoforms in trypanosomatids, we obtained ...	2015	25369258
ecological aspects of phlebotomine sand flies (diptera, psychodidae, phlebotominae) in areas of american cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the municipality of paraty, rio de janeiro, brazil. i-index of abundance by location and type of capture.	the description of the first and autochthonous case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of paraty, state of rio de janeiro, brought the interest of this study. sand flies were captured over a 3-yr period. using manual suction tubes, sand flies were collected from the inner and outer walls of homes, in the living spaces of domestic animals, and in shannon light traps, which were set up outside homes and in the forest. cdc light traps were installed inside homes, around the exte ...	2015	26336245
intermediate monocytes contribute to pathologic immune response in leishmania braziliensis infections.	ulcer development in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by leishmania braziliensis is associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnf). we found that early after infection, before ulcer development, the frequency of cd16(+) (both intermediate [cd14(+)cd16(+)] and nonclassical [cd14(dim)cd16(+)]) monocytes was increased in the peripheral blood of patients with l. braziliensis, compared with uninfected controls. these results suggest that cd16(+) monocytes might promote di ...	2015	25139016
sustained presence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in urban manaus, the largest human settlement in the amazon.	the amazon is responsible for approximately 40% of the american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) in brazil. herein the sustained presence of atl in manaus, the largest settlement in the amazon, was investigated. records of notification of historic cases, and data from cases prospectively enrolled in the tropical medicine foundation of the amazonas state were used. geographic coordinates of prospective patients' living sites were used to detect inner-city clusters of atl. infecting leishmania spec ...	2015	26483119
topical and intradermal efficacy of photodynamic therapy with methylene blue and light-emitting diode in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by leishmania braziliensis.	the topical and intradermal photodynamic therapy (pdt) effect of methylene blue (mb) using light-emitting diode (led) as light source (mb/led-pdt) in the treatment of lesions of american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) caused by leishmania braziliensis in hamsters were investigated.	2015	26464777
clinical and immunological evidence that low doses of pentavalent antimonials are effective in maintaining long-term cure of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis cutaneous lesions.		2015	25601103
proteomic analyses of membrane enriched proteins of leishmania donovani indian clinical isolate by mass spectrometry.	visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a major fatal disease prevalent in north-east india, caused by a protozoan parasite leishmania donovani. the parasite multiplies and thrives inside mammalian macrophages and is transmitted by the bite of the sandfly. due to the unsatisfactory treatment measures, increasing drug resistance and the advent of hiv-leishmania co-infection there has been an urgent need to develop novel drug/vaccine targets against vl. target identification is the key step in drug discove ...	2015	25597695
improving serodiagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis with recombinant leishmania braziliensis cathepsin l-like protein and a synthetic peptide containing its linear b-cell epitope.	the early and correct diagnosis of human leishmaniasis is essential for disease treatment. another important step in the control of visceral leishmaniasis is the identification of infected dogs, which are the main domestic reservoir of l. infantum. recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides based on leishmania genes have emerged as valuable targets for serodiagnosis due to their increased sensitivity, specificity and potential for standardization. cathepsin l-like genes are surface antigens tha ...	2015	25569432
multilocus sequence typing approach for a broader range of species of leishmania genus: describing parasite diversity in argentina.	leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection affecting over 350 million people around the world. in argentina cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in nine provinces and visceral leishmaniasis is spreading from autochthonous transmission foci in seven provinces. however, there is limited information about the diversity of the parasite in this country. implementation of molecular strategies for parasite typing, particularly multilocus sequence typing (mlst), represents an improved approach fo ...	2015	25558029
protective and pathological functions of cd8+ t cells in leishmania braziliensis infection.	cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) caused by leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a strong th1 response that leads to skin lesion development. in areas where l. braziliensis transmission is endemic, up to 15% of healthy subjects have tested positive for delayed-type hypersensitivity to soluble leishmania antigen (sla) and are considered to have subclinical (sc) infection. sc subjects produce less gamma interferon (ifn-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) than do cl patients, but they are ...	2015	25534940
leishmania (viannia) naiffi: rare enough to be neglected?	in the brazilian amazon, american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl) is endemic and presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations due, in part, to the circulation of at least seven leishmania species. few reports of leishmania (viannia) naiffi infection suggest that its occurrence is uncommon and the reported cases present a benign clinical course and a good response to treatment. this study aimed to strengthen the clinical and epidemiological importance of l. (v.) naiffi in the amazon region ...	2015	26517660
a potential role for mononuclear phagocytes in cutaneous ulcer development in human immunodeficiency virus-leishmania braziliensis coinfection.	skin ulcer development in cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis infection is associated with a mononuclear cell infiltrate and high levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnf). herein, we show that despite the absence of leishmania-driven tnf, a cutaneous leishmaniasis patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed a skin ulcer. the presence of mononuclear phagocytes and high levels of tnf, chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 2 (ccl2), and metalloproteinase-9 in tissue are identif ...	2015	26483124
pcr associated with molecular hybridization detects leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in healthy skin in canine tegumentary leishmaniasis.	tegumentary leishmaniasis (tl) is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and domestic dogs. in brazil, tl is considered endemic, and leishmania (viannia) braziliensis is the prevalent species causing this disease. there is debate about the role of dogs (canis familiaris) as domestic reservoirs in the transmission cycle of tl. to date, classical parasitological techniques, including parasite isolation in culture media, have been able to detect parasites only from cutaneous lesions. in this study, ...	2015	25158080
proteome profiling of human cutaneous leishmaniasis lesion.	in this study, we used proteomics and biological network analysis to evaluate the potential biological processes and components present in the identified proteins of biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) patients infected by leishmania braziliensis in comparison with normal skin. we identified 59 proteins differently expressed in samples from infected and normal skin. biological network analysis employing identified proteins showed the presence of networks that may be involved in the cell d ...	2015	25207817
tr-1-like cd4+cd25-cd127-/lowfoxp3- cells are the main source of interleukin 10 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis.	cd4(+)cd25(+)foxp3(+) regulatory t cells have long been shown to mediate susceptibility to leishmania infection, mainly via interleukin 10 production. in this work, we showed that the main sources of interleukin 10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania braziliensis are cd4(+)cd25(-)cd127(-/low)foxp3(-) cells. compared with uninfected controls, patients with cl had increased frequencies of circulating interleukin 10-producing cd ...	2015	25139022
mucosal leishmaniasis of the lip: an emerging clinical form in tunisia.	mucosal leishmaniasis (ml), which mostly occurs in the new world, is mainly associated with leishmania braziliensis. primary lip ml is very rare in the mediterranean basin and particulary in tunisia despite the endemicity of both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in this area.	2015	24910266
polymerase chain reaction-based method for the identification of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (viannia) guyanensis in mucosal tissues conserved in paraffin.	in the americas, mucosal leishmaniasis is primarily associated with infection by leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. however, leishmania (viannia) guyanensis is another important cause of this disease in the brazilian amazon. in this study, we aimed at detecting leishmaniadeoxyribonucleic acid (dna) within paraffin-embedded fragments of mucosal tissues, and characterizing the infecting parasite species.	2015	26516964
parasitological confirmation and analysis of leishmania diversity in asymptomatic and subclinical infection following resolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis.	the contribution of individuals with subclinical infection to the transmission and endemicity of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is unknown. immunological evidence of exposure to leishmania in residents of endemic areas has been the basis for defining the human population with asymptomatic infection. however, parasitological confirmation of subclinical infection is lacking.	2015	26659114
amastin knockdown in leishmania braziliensis affects parasite-macrophage interaction and results in impaired viability of intracellular amastigotes.	leishmaniasis, a human parasitic disease with manifestations ranging from cutaneous ulcerations to fatal visceral infection, is caused by several leishmania species. these protozoan parasites replicate as extracellular, flagellated promastigotes in the gut of a sandfly vector and as amastigotes inside the parasitophorous vacuole of vertebrate host macrophages. amastins are surface glycoproteins encoded by large gene families present in the genomes of several trypanosomatids and highly expressed ...	2015	26641088
ck2 secreted by leishmania braziliensis mediates macrophage association invasion: a comparative study between virulent and avirulent promastigotes.	ck2 is a protein kinase distributed in different compartments of leishmania braziliensis: an externally oriented ecto-ck2, an intracellular ck2, and a secreted ck2. this latter form is constitutively secreted from the parasite (csck2), but such secretion may be highly enhanced by the association of specific molecules, including enzyme substrates, which lead to a higher enzymatic activity, called inductively secreted ck2 (isck2). here, we examined the influence of secreted ck2 (sck2) activity on ...	2015	26120579
[infectivity of promastigotes in stationary phase of leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and leishmania (viannia) peruviana, in cell line dh82].	to determine the infectivity of promastigotes of leishmania (v.) peruviana and leishmania (v.) braziliensis in monocyte-macrophage cell line dh82 of canis familiaris.	2015	26102103
detection of leishmania (viannia) dna in leucocytes from the blood of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.	cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a serious and global public health issue, with the potential of developing a mucosal form, occurring as subclinical cases, and showing recurrence despite previous treatment.	2015	26516978
presence of anti-leishmania (viannia) braziliensis antibodies in blood donors in the west-central region of the state of paraná, brazil.	serological screening in blood banks does not include all transmittable diseases. american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) has a high detection rate in the municipalities of the state of paraná.	2015	26516977
expression of annexin a1 in leishmania-infected skin and its correlation with histopathological features.	the aim of this study was quantify annexin a1 expression in macrophages and cluster of differentiation 4 (cd4) + and cluster of differentiation 8 (cd8)+ t cells from the skin of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (n=55) and correlate with histopathological aspects.	2015	26516965
leishmania (viannia) braziliensis in dogs in brazil: epidemiology, co-infection, and clinical aspects.	leishmaniasis is an endemic disease present in 98 countries. in brazil, the northeast region accounts for approximately half of the cases in humans, and has experienced an increased number of positive cases in dogs. in this study, we investigated the epidemiology of canine leishmaniasis in the city of ilhéus, bahia, using serological and molecular techniques and evaluated the possible environmental risk factors and associated clinical signs. blood samples were collected from 560 dogs in urban an ...	2015	26505353
potential use of interleukin-10 blockade as a therapeutic strategy in human cutaneous leishmaniasis.	interleukin-10 overproduction has been associated with worse prognosis in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, while ifn-γ-dependent responses are associated with parasite killing and host protection. innovative strategies are needed to overcome therapeutic failure observed in endemic areas. the use of monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy targeting il-10 cytokine was evaluated here. partial il-10 blockade in leishmania braziliensis whole soluble antigen-stimulated cells from endemic area cl patient ...	2015	26495321
structural and functional studies of hsp70-escort protein--hep1--of leishmania braziliensis.	hep1 is a mitochondrial hsp70 (mthsp70) co-chaperone that presents a zinc finger domain essential for its function. this co-chaperone acts to maintain mthsp70 in its soluble and functional state. in this work, we have demonstrated that leishmania braziliensis mthsp70 (lbmthsp70) is also dependent on the assistance of hep1. to understand the l. braziliensis hep1 (lbhep1) structure-function relationship, we produced lbhep1 and two truncated mutants corresponding to the c-terminal zinc finger domai ...	2015	26071939
changes in macrophage gene expression associated with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis infection.	different leishmania species cause distinct clinical manifestations of the infectious disease leishmaniasis. it is fundamentally important to understand the mechanisms governing the interaction between leishmania and its host cell. little is known about this interaction between leishmania (viannia) braziliensis and human macrophages. in this study, we aimed to identify differential gene expression between non-infected and l. (v) braziliensis-infected u937-derived macrophages. we deployed a whole ...	2015	26052705
treatment of disseminated leishmaniasis with liposomal amphotericin b.	disseminated leishmaniasis (dl) is a severe and emerging form of american tegumentary leishmaniasis, associated primarily with infection by leishmania brasiliensis. dl is defined by the presence of ≥10 mixed-type lesions such as inflammatory papules and ulcers, located in ≥2 body parts. most patients have hundreds of lesions all over the body, and mucosal involvement is detected in up to 44% of cases. dl is a difficult to cure disease and pentavalent antimony (sb(v)) is used as standard treatmen ...	2015	26048961
ex vivo host and parasite response to antileishmanial drugs and immunomodulators.	therapeutic response in infectious disease involves host as well as microbial determinants. because the immune and inflammatory response to leishmania (viannia) species defines the outcome of infection and efficacy of treatment, immunomodulation is considered a promising therapeutic strategy. however, since leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs can themselves modulate drug transport, metabolism and/or immune responses, immunotherapeutic approaches require integrated assessment of host a ...	2015	26024228
an atypical toxoplasma gondii genotype in a rural brazilian dog co-infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis are two worldwide zoonoses caused by the protozoan parasites toxoplasma gondii and leishmania spp., respectively. this report describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of a co-infection with both parasites in a 4-year-old female dog suspected of ehrlichiosis that presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, tachyzoite-like structures to the lung imprints, and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) results positive for t. gondii (kidney, ...	2015	25992942
sand fly fauna (diptera: psychodidae) from the goytacazes national forest and surrounding areas of southeastern brazil.	most studies of the sand fly fauna in southeastern brazil are conducted in the peridomiciliary environment of leishmaniasis endemic regions. therefore, to increase the knowledge about diversity and richness of sand fly conservation areas, we describe here the sand fly fauna from the national forest of goytacazes (nfg), state of espírito santo, brazil, and its surroundings areas. we also used sand fly fauna records from eight conservations units within the state of espírito santo to understand th ...	2015	26047181
functional evaluation of gene silencing on macrophages derived from u937 cells using interference rna (shrna) in a model of macrophages infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	leishmaniasis development is multifactorial; nonetheless, the establishment of the infection, which occurs by the survival and replication of the parasite inside its main host cell, the macrophage, is mandatory. thus, the importance of studying the molecular mechanisms involved in the leishmania-macrophage interaction is highlighted. the aim of this study was to characterize a cellular model of macrophages derived from u937 cells that would allow for the identification of infection phenotypes in ...	2015	26443923
first description of migonemyia migonei (frança) and nyssomyia whitmani (antunes & coutinho) (psychodidae: phlebotominae) natural infected by leishmania infantum in argentina.	leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of the visceral leishmaniasis (vl) disease in america, with lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sandflies as its proven vectors in argentina, and infected dogs as its main urban reservoir. in puerto iguazú city (misiones province, argentina), human and canine cases of vl were recorded. additionally, in the rural area known as "2000 hectáreas", less than 10km away from the city, several human cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis (tl) were registered deter ...	2015	26409011
comparative genomic analysis of leishmania (viannia) peruviana and leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	the leishmania (viannia) braziliensis complex is responsible for most cases of new world tegumentary leishmaniasis. this complex includes two closely related species but with different geographic distribution and disease phenotypes, l. (v.) peruviana and l. (v.) braziliensis. however, the genetic basis of these differences is not well understood and the status of l. (v.) peruviana as distinct species has been questioned by some. here we sequenced the genomes of two l. (v.) peruviana isolates (le ...	2015	26384787
activity of synthetic chalcones in hamsters experimentally infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis.	the purpose of this study is to evaluate the toxicity of synthetic chalcones 1 and 2 in uninfected hamsters and anti-leishmania activity of synthetic chalcones 1 and 2 in hamsters infected with leishmania (viannia) braziliensis. for the toxicity test, uninfected animals were treated with chalcones 1 and 2, and clinical and biochemical parameters and histological aspects of the liver and kidneys were assessed. chalcones 1 and 2 were then intraperitoneally or topically administered (10 mg/kg body ...	2015	26096827
outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in peruvian military personnel undertaking training activities in the amazon basin, 2010.	military personnel deployed to the amazon basin are at high risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl). we responded to an outbreak among peruvian army personnel returning from short-term training in the amazon, conducting active case detection, lesion sample collection, and risk factor assessment. the attack rate was 25% (76/303); the incubation period was 2-36 weeks (median = 8). most cases had one lesion (66%), primarily ulcerative (49%), and in the legs (57%). real-time polymerase chain reaction ...	2015	26078320
upregulation of cysteine synthase and cystathionine β-synthase contributes to leishmania braziliensis survival under oxidative stress.	cysteine metabolism is considered essential for the crucial maintenance of a reducing environment in trypanosomatids due to its importance as a precursor of trypanothione biosynthesis. expression, activity, functional rescue, and overexpression of cysteine synthase (cs) and cystathionine β-synthase (cβs) were evaluated in leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes under in vitro stress conditions induced by hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine, or an ...	2015	26033728
correction: prediction of cd8+ epitopes in leishmania braziliensis proteins using epibot: in silico search and in vivo validation.		2015	26030657
field validation of a leishmania (leishmania) mexicana exo-antigens elisa for diagnosing tegumentary leishmaniasis in regions of leishmania (viannia) predominance.	several tests are performed to obtain better accuracy when diagnosing american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl). it is believed that antigens released via secretion, excretion and metabolism are more specific than are antigens released by the lysis of leishmania parasites. such antigens are known as exo-antigens (exo-ag) and are formed from products released by cultured parasites in a way that is similar to that in which they cause infections in hosts.	2015	25985901
an analysis of reported cases of leishmaniasis in the southern ecuadorian amazon region, 1986-2012.	an analysis of reported cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) was performed using the data registered in the southern ecuadorian amazon region during 27 years from 1986 to 2012. the cases/subjects with both the suspected cl lesions and the amastigote-positive results were recruited for the analysis. the yearly occurrence of cases showed a markedly higher number during the six years, 1988 and 1993. after 1994 when the insecticide spraying campaign using helicopter in 1993-1994, the number dropped ...	2015	25796313
higher sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for bona fide diagnosis of dog leishmania (viannia) braziliensis-driven american tegumentary leishmaniasis: description of an optimized immunohistochemistry method.	the in situ detection of parasite antigens in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry (ihc) is a diagnostic alternative for human american tegumentary leishmaniasis (atl), but has not been used for the diagnosis of cutaneous lesions in dogs with atl. this study describes the results of ihc for the detection of amastigote forms and other leishmania sp. antigen-positive cells and compares the results of ihc, histopathology and cytopathology for the diagnosis of canine atl. in addition, possible cr ...	2015	25977396
analysis of bioactivities and chemical composition of ziziphus joazeiro mart. using hplc-dad.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of ziziphus joazeiro mart. (helzj). the antioxidant dpph and frap assays and chemical profile were determined by colorimetric methods and hplc/dad. the antiparasitic, antibiotic and antibiotic-modifying activity were evaluated by microdilution assays. the hplc-dad assay showed the presence of mostly tannins and flavonoids, such as caff ...	2015	25976809
phosphoproteomic analysis of wild-type and antimony-resistant leishmania braziliensis lines by 2d-dige technology.	protein phosphorylation is one of the most studied post-translational modifications that is involved in different cellular events in leishmania. in this study, we performed a comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of potassium antimonyl tartrate (sbiii)-resistant and -susceptible lines of leishmania braziliensis using a 2d-dige approach followed by ms. in order to investigate the differential phosphoprotein abundance associated with the drug-induced stress response and sbiii-resistance mechanism ...	2015	25959087
il2ra genetic variants reduce il-2-dependent responses and aggravate human cutaneous leishmaniasis.	the outcome of leishmania infections varies substantially, depending on the host and the parasite strain; infection may be asymptomatic or cause mild or severe skin ulcers (cutaneous leishmaniasis [cl]), limited or disseminated lesions, or lethal visceral disease. we previously reported an association between il-2r mutations and susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in children infected with leishmania donovani. in the present study, we evaluated the possible role of il-2 signaling in human c ...	2015	25672756
crystal structure and biophysical characterization of the nucleoside diphosphate kinase from leishmania braziliensis.	nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) is a housekeeping enzyme that plays key roles in nucleotide recycling and homeostasis in trypanosomatids. it is also secreted by the intracellular parasite leishmania to modulate the host response. these functions make ndk an attractive target for drug design and for studies aiming at a better understanding of the mechanisms mediating host-pathogen interactions.	2015	25643978