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evaluation of the microbial flora found in woodwind and brass instruments and their potential to transmit diseases.previous studies of dental devices (toothbrushes, dentures, and protective athletic mouthguards) have demonstrated microbial contamination of these devices and possible transmission of infectious diseases to the users. since woodwind and brass instruments come into intimate contact with the musician's oral cavity and often are passed from student to student without sanitization, the question arises as to whether these instruments are contaminated and can transmit microbial diseases. the purpose ...201121903519
microbiota found in protective athletic mouthguards.protective athletic mouthguards (pam) produce oral mucosal injuries and may be associated with other systemic conditions.201123016013
novel insights in transport mechanisms and kinetics of phenylacetic acid and penicillin-g in penicillium chrysogenum.although penicillin-g (peng) production by the fungus penicillium chrysogenum is a well-studied process, little is known about the mechanisms of transport of the precursor phenylacetic acid (paa) and the product peng over the cell membrane. to obtain more insight in the nature of these mechanisms, in vivo stimulus response experiments were performed with paa and peng in chemostat cultures of p. chrysogenum at time scales of seconds to minutes. the results indicated that paa is able to enter the ...201122223600
statistical optimization of cellulases production by penicillium chrysogenum qml-2 under solid-state fermentation and primary application to chitosan hydrolysis.solid-state fermentation conditions for cellulases production by a newly isolated penicillium chrysogenum qml-2 were investigated using statistical methods. at first, significant variables for cellulases production including (nh(4))(2)so(4), initial ph and inoculum size were screened by using plackett-burman design. then the optimal regions of the significant variables were investigated by using the method of steepest ascent. finally, central composite design and response surface analysis were a ...201122805837
dynamics of fungal colonization in a new medical mycology laboratory.study of the spatio-temporal fungal colonization in a new medical mycology laboratory.201123177809
diversity of microfungi in sandy beach soil of teluk aling, pulau pinang.a total of 82 isolates of microfungi were isolated from 6 sandy soil samples collected from teluk aling beach, pulau pinang. the soil microfungi were isolated by using direct isolation, debris isolation and soil dilution techniques. based on morphological characteristics, seven genera of microfungi were identified namely, fusarium (42%), aspergillus (24%), trichoderma (13%), curvularia (9%), colletotrichum (6%), helminthosporium (4%) and penicillium (2%). the most common species isolated was fus ...201124575210
chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of the leaves of feronia elephantum (rutaceae) from north west karnataka.the essential oil of the leaves of feronia elephantum corr. was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. the main constituents were beta-pinene (28.4%), z-anethole (22.1%), methyl chavicol (12.0%) and e-anethole (8.1%), among thirty-three identified compounds, which represented 92.6% of the total oil. the antimicrobial activity was tested against five gram-positive and eight gram-negative bacteria, and four fungi. the oil was active against micrococcus luteus (gra ...201121366066
the human ku autoantigen shares amino acid sequence homology with fungal, but not bacterial and viral, proteins.context: molecular mimicry between autoantigens and microbial antigens is a possible triggering mechanism of autoimmunity. human ku is a dna-associated autoantigen targeted by autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders; available data are consistent with a role of molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of anti-ku autoimmunity, but no research exist on this topic. objective: we aimed to define the most probable microbial triggers of anti-ku autoimmunity via ...201120718578
resorcinol degradation by a penicillium chrysogenum strain under osmotic stress: mono and binary substrate matrices with phenol.a phenol-degrading penicillium chrysogenum strain previously isolated from a salt mine was able to grow at 1,000 mg l(-1) of resorcinol on solid medium. the aerobic degradation of resorcinol by p. chrysogenum clona2 was studied in batch cultures in minimal mineral medium with 58.5 g l(-1) of sodium chloride using resorcinol as the sole carbon source. the fungal strain showed the ability to degrade up to 250 mg l(-1) of resorcinol. resorcinol and phenol efficiency degradation by p. chrysogenum cl ...201120859653
[70 years with penicillin in clinical use]. 201121539120
cytosolic nadph balancing in penicillium chrysogenum cultivated on mixtures of glucose and ethanol.the in vivo flux through the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxppp) in penicillium chrysogenum was determined during growth in glucose/ethanol carbon-limited chemostat cultures, at the same growth rate. non-stationary (13)c flux analysis was used to measure the oxppp flux. a nearly constant oxppp flux was found for all glucose/ethanol ratios studied. this indicates that the cytosolic nadph supply is independent of the amount of assimilated ethanol. the cofactor assignment in t ...201120809073
the paf gene product modulates asexual development in penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum secretes a low molecular weight, cationic and cysteine-rich protein (paf). it has growth inhibitory activity against the model organism aspergillus nidulans and numerous zoo- and phytopathogenic fungi but shows only minimal conditional antifungal activity against the producing organism itself. in this study we provide evidence for an additional function of paf which is distinct from the antifungal activity against putative ecologically concurrent microorganisms. our data ...201121298690
rapid detection of aspergillus flavus in rice using biofunctionalized carbon nanotube field effect transistors.in the present study, we have used carbon nanotube field effect transistors (fet) that have been functionalized with protein g and igg to detect aspergillus flavus in contaminated milled rice. the adsorbed protein g on the carbon nanotubes walls enables the igg anti-aspergillus antibodies to be well oriented and therefore to display full antigen binding capacity for fungal antigens. a solution of tween 20 and gelatine was used as an effective blocking agent to prevent the non-specific binding of ...201120632162
functional characterization of the oxaloacetase encoding gene and elimination of oxalate formation in the β-lactam producer penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum is widely used as an industrial antibiotic producer, in particular in the synthesis of ß-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. in industrial processes, oxalic acid formation leads to reduced product yields. moreover, precipitation of calcium oxalate complicates product recovery. we observed oxalate production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of p. chrysogenum grown with or without addition of adipic acid, side-chain of the cephalosporin precursor ...201121549851
penicisteroids a and b, antifungal and cytotoxic polyoxygenated steroids from the marine alga-derived endophytic fungus penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s.two new polyoxygenated steroids, namely, penicisteroids a and b (1 and 2), were obtained from the culture extract of penicillium chrysogenum qen-24s, an endophytic fungus isolated from an unidentified marine red algal species of the genus laurencia. in addition, seven known steroids (3-9) were also isolated and identified. the structures of these compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis. the absolute configuration for compound 1 was determined by application of ...201121489788
natural resistance of rose petals to microbial attack.petals of red, yellow and white roses (rosa damascene mill.) of the family rosaceae were extracted with (1:1) methylene chloride/methanol and tested for their antimicrobial activities against four species of gram-positive bacteria (bacillus cereus, bacillus subtilis, micrococcus luteus and staphylococcus aureus), five species of gram-negative bacteria (enterobacter aerogenes, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa and serratia marcescens) and five species of fungi (penici ...201121614712
antimicrobial activity of protease inhibitor from leaves of coccinia grandis (l.) voigt.antimicrobial activity of protease inhibitor isolated from coccinia grandis (l.) voigt. has been reported. a 14.3 kda protease inhibitor (pi) was isolated and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation (20-85% saturation), sephadex g-75, deae sepharose column and trypsin-sepharose affinity chromatography from the leaves of c. grandis. the purity was checked by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. pi exhibited marked growth inhibitory effects on colon cell lines in ...201121615062
are fungi important for breaking seed dormancy in desert species? experimental evidence in opuntia streptacantha (cactaceae).seeds of opuntia spp. have physiological dormancy; they need a period of after-ripening to break dormancy, and the embryos have low growth potential. we evaluated the combined effects of seed age and presence of fungi on the testa on germination of opuntia streptacantha, an abundant species in the chihuahuan desert (mexico), assuming that older seeds have broken seed dormancy and fungi can reduce mechanical resistance to germination. in a preliminary experiment, we found no germination of 9-year ...201121143736
analysis of the serum levels of fungi-specific immunoglobulin e in patients with allergic diseases.atopic patients are exceptionally sensitive to airborne allergens. sensitization to fungal allergens may be associated with respiratory allergic disease (rad) and atopic dermatitis (ad). this study investigates the relationship between sensitization to different fungal allergens and the clinical manifestations of atopic disease.201120664277
design, synthesis, spectral and biological evaluation of novel 1-allyl substituted 2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-ones and its derivatives of oximes/oxime ethers.a series of 1-allyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one oximes 17-24 and 1-allyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-one o-benzyloximes 25-32 were synthesized from respective 1-allyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-4-ones 9-16. the structure and the conformations have been investigated for all the synthesized compounds 9-32 by analytical and spectral techniques (ir, mass, 1h, 13c, 2d nmr and x-ray diffraction). based on the proton nmr analysis, all the synthesized compounds 9-32, exposed chair conformation except compounds 2 ...201223031593
phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of coccinia cordifolia l. plant.the medicinal plant, coccinia cordifolia l. was analyzed for its chemical composition. the antimicrobial activities of the methanol, water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of coccinia cordifolia l. plant were evaluated against some gram positive bacteria (sarcina lutea, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (salmonella typhi, shigella dysenteriae and escherichia coli) and fungi (candida albicans, aspergillus niger and penicillium notatum). chemical analysis show ...201223009991
microbiological evaluation of ten french archives and link to occupational symptoms.fungi that damage documents in archives may harm workers' health, depending on which mold species are inhaled, the concentrations of fungal species inhaled, and individual factors. our aim was to identify and quantify fungi in archives and to investigate possible links with the symptoms experienced by workers. ten french archives were sampled using an air impactor and electrostatic dust collectors. allergies and general symptoms felt by 144 workers were reported using a self-report questionnaire ...201222429323
effect of two aerosolization methods on the release of fungal propagules from a contaminated agar surface.the effect of perpendicular and swirling aerozolization methods on the release of fungal fragments and spores from agar surface was studied. three fungal species (aspergillus versicolor, cladosporium cladosporioides, penicillium chrysogenum) were selected for the tests as they commonly occur indoors, create different hyphae structure when they grow on surfaces, and have different spore shapes, aerodynamic sizes, and formation mechanisms. as the tested surface, petri dishes filled with malt extra ...201222742802
alteration of protein patterns in black rock inhabiting fungi as a response to different temperatures.rock inhabiting fungi are among the most stress tolerant organisms on earth. they are able to cope with different stressors determined by the typical conditions of bare rocks in hot and cold extreme environments. in this study first results of a system biological approach based on two-dimensional protein profiles are presented. protein patterns of extremotolerant black fungi -coniosporium perforans, exophiala jeanselmei - and of the extremophilic fungus -friedmanniomyces endolithicus - were comp ...201222862921
inhibitory effects of gossypol, gossypolone, and apogossypolone on a collection of economically important filamentous fungi.racemic gossypol and its related derivatives gossypolone and apogossypolone demonstrated significant growth inhibition against a diverse collection of filamentous fungi that included aspergillus flavus, aspergillus parasiticus, aspergillus alliaceus, aspergillus fumigatus, fusarium graminearum, fusarium moniliforme, penicillium chrysogenum, penicillium corylophilum, and stachybotrys atra. the compounds were tested in a czapek agar medium at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. racemic gossypol and apog ...201222324794
development and application of mold antigen-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) to quantify airborne antigen exposure.the aim of our study was to develop specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and apply these to assess mold antigen exposure in composting plants. sandwich elisas based on polyclonal antibodies to aspergillus fumigatus (af), penicillium chrysogenum (pc), and cladosporium herbarum (ch) antigens were developed and validated. reactivity to 18 different mold species was tested. to optimize extraction procedure, inhalable dust samples taken by a parallel sampler were extracted with or wit ...201222994572
[investigation of mold fungi in air samples of elementary schools and evaluation of allergen-specific ige levels in students' sera].atmospheric fungal spores play important role in allergic reactions in atopic individuals. monitorization of those spores found in the environment of atopic cases is crucial for the choice of the antigens that will be included in allergen screening procedures and precautions to be taken against mold-originated health problems. since most of the people spend plenty of time indoors in recent years, the effects of exposure to indoor air fungi on human health have gained importance. this study was a ...201222639315
compost as a source of microbial isolates for the bioremediation of heavy metals: in vitro selection.heavy metal pollution has become a major environmental concern nowadays and the bioremediation of polluted habitats is an increasingly popular strategy due to both its efficiency and safety. a screening and selection protocol based on different composting processes was designed in order to isolate heavy metal-resistant microorganisms. a collection of 51 microorganisms was obtained and most of them showed the capability to tolerate heavy metals in multi-polluted aqueous systems (cd(ii), cr(vi), n ...201222664539
microscopic fungi recovered from honey and their toxinogenity.the objective of this investigation was to contribute towards the knowledge of microbiology of honey, more than 50 samples of honey from slovakia and other countries were mycologically investigated in terms of the overall fungal diversity and toxicological potential of isolated fungi from penicillium genera. the study revealed that out of 13 genera recovered, penicillium was the most frequent and diverse genus, followed by aspergillus and cladosporium being found in 65.91 % (29 samples), 34.1 % ...201222702826
new penicillin-producing penicillium species and an overview of section chrysogena.species classified in penicillium sect. chrysogena are primary soil-borne and the most well-known members are p. chrysogenum and p. nalgiovense. penicillium chrysogenum has received much attention because of its role in the production on penicillin and as a contaminant of indoor environments and various food and feedstuffs. another biotechnologically important species is p. nalgiovense, which is used as a fungal starter culture for the production of fermented meat products. previous taxonomic st ...201223606767
experimental and theoretical investigations of the adhesion time of penicillium spores to cedar wood surface.in this study, the adhesion of 4 penicillium strains (penicillium granulatum, penicillium crustosum, penicillium commune and penicillium chrysogenum) on cedar wood was examined qualitatively and quantitatively by using the extended dlvo (xdlvo) approach and the environmental scanning electronic microscopy (esem) technique. a comparison between the xdlvo theories and the esem technique was also investigated. the adhesion tests revealed that p. chrysogenum was not able to adhere on the cedar wood ...201223827572
sequencing of mitochondrial genomes of nine aspergillus and penicillium species identifies mobile introns and accessory genes as main sources of genome size variability.the genera aspergillus and penicillium include some of the most beneficial as well as the most harmful fungal species such as the penicillin-producer penicillium chrysogenum and the human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus, respectively. their mitochondrial genomic sequences may hold vital clues into the mechanisms of their evolution, population genetics, and biology, yet only a handful of these genomes have been fully sequenced and annotated.201223234273
antibacterial and antimycotic activities of slovenian honeys.in the present study, slovenian honey samples produced from different floral sources are evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal properties. the peroxide contribution to antibacterial activity is also determined. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of the honeys was assessed against four bacterial species (escherichia coli, enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus) and against eight fungal species (aspergillus niger, aureobasidium pullulans, candida alb ...201223304790
mycobiota and mycotoxins (aflatoxins and ochratoxin) associated with some saudi date palm fruits.this study aimed to determine the mycological profile of the retail date fruits distributed in different markets at taif, saudi arabia. the presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin a was also measured. twenty-two fungal species belonging to 12 genera were isolated from 50 different date samples. aspergillus flavus, a. niger, penicillium chrysogenum, and rhizopus stolonifer were the most prevalent species among isolated fungi. eighty isolates of a. flavus and 36 of a. niger were detected for their a ...201222568750
occupational exposure to airborne fungi in two croatian sawmills and atopy in exposed workers.airborne fungi were collected over a one year period at 2-month intervals at 2 sawmills in croatia (sm 1 and sm 2) processing mainly beech wood and oak wood. a questionnaire concerning respiratory symptoms and skin prick test (spt) with common inhalatory allergens and moulds cladosporium herbarum, alternaria alternata, aspergillus niger, penicillium notatum, and rhizopus nigricans were performed in 96 workers from the same sawmills. average concentrations of airborne fungi were 1,696-7,316 cfu/m ...201222742790
some chronic rhinosinusitis patients have elevated populations of fungi in their sinuses.to measure the populations of 36 fungi in the homes and sinuses of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) and non-crs patients.201222532289
recurrence of stachybotrys chartarum during mycological and toxicological study of bioaerosols collected in a dairy cattle shed.agricultural occupations associated with animal breeding and the processing of animal materials in confinement systems could potentially lead to bioaerosol exposures. moulds and mycotoxins could be constituents of bioaerosols and should be studied because of their possible involvement in respiratory diseases and cancers. in order to characterize the fungal contamination of the indoor air in a dairy barn, bioaerosols were collected during 20 days in a cattle farm located in normandy (france). myc ...201222462447
effect of storage conditions (relative humidity, duration, and temperature) on the germination time of aspergillus carbonarius and penicillium chrysogenum.fungal conidia are disseminated, often in the air, for a certain period of time, prior to contaminating food products. the objective of this study was to examine the effects of the relative humidity, rh (%), time (day), and temperature (°c) during this period of time, called "storage", on the germination time, τ (h), of aspergillus carbonarius and penicillium chrysogenum. a doehlert design was used in the range, 20-100% rh, 2-28 days, and 5-25 °c. as compared to un-stored conidia, the germinatio ...201223141649
fungal abc transporter deletion and localization analysis.fungal cells are highly complex as their metabolism is compartmentalized harboring various types of subcellular organelles that are bordered by one or more membranes. knowledge about the intracellular localization of transporter proteins is often required for the understanding of their biological function. among different approaches available, the localization analysis based on the expression of gfp fusions is commonly used as a relatively fast and cost-efficient method that allows visualization ...201222183644
genomic characteristics comparisons of 12 food-related filamentous fungi in trna gene set, codon usage and amino acid composition.filamentous fungi are widely exploited in food industry due to their abilities to secrete large amounts of enzymes and metabolites. the recent availability of fungal genome sequences has provided an opportunity to explore the genomic characteristics of these food-related filamentous fungi. in this paper, we selected 12 representative filamentous fungi in the areas of food processing and safety, which were aspergillus clavatus, a. flavus, a. fumigatus, a. nidulans, a. niger, a. oryzae, a. terreus ...201222305983
in vitro susceptibility of filamentous fungi to copper nanoparticles assessed by rapid xtt colorimetry and agar dilution method.metal nanoparticles and their uses in various aspects have recently drawn a great deal of attention. one of the major applications is that it can be used as an antimicrobial agent. they can be considered in approaches targeted to decrease the harms caused by microorganisms, specifically fungi, threatening the medical and industrial areas. the aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of synthesized copper nanoparticles (cunps) against four filamentous fungi including alternari ...201223518166
adaptive evolution of drug targets in producer and non-producer organisms.mpa (mycophenolic acid) is an immunosuppressive drug produced by several fungi in penicillium subgenus penicillium. this toxic metabolite is an inhibitor of impdh (imp dehydrogenase). the mpa-biosynthetic cluster of penicillium brevicompactum contains a gene encoding a b-type impdh, impdh-b, which confers mpa resistance. surprisingly, all members of the subgenus penicillium contain genes encoding impdhs of both the a and b types, regardless of their ability to produce mpa. duplication of the imp ...201221916847
in vitro antifungal activity of dehydrozingerone and its fungitoxic properties.the efficacy of dehydrozingerone (dz; dehydroderivative of zingerone) as an antifungal agent and its mode of action against food spoilage fungal pathogens was studied and presented. dz is a constituent of ginger (zingiber officinale rhizomes) and structural half analogue of curcumin. its efficacy against aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus ochraceus, fusarium oxysporum and penicillium chrysogenum was evaluated. effect of dz on the growth and sporulation of a. o ...201223278709
members of the penicillium chrysogenum velvet complex play functionally opposing roles in the regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and conidiation.a velvet multisubunit complex was recently detected in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum, the major industrial producer of the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin. core components of this complex are p. chrysogenum vela (pcvela) and pclaea, which regulate secondary metabolite production, hyphal morphology, conidiation, and pellet formation. here we describe the characterization of pcvelb, pcvelc, and pcvosa as novel subunits of this velvet complex. using yeast two-hybrid analysis and bim ...201223264641
a novel method for fast and statistically verified morphological characterization of filamentous fungi.along with productivity and physiology, morphological growth behavior is the key parameter in bioprocess design for filamentous fungi. despite complex interactions between fungal morphology, broth viscosity, mixing kinetics, transport characteristics and process productivity, morphology is still commonly tackled only by empirical trial-and-error techniques during strain selection and process development procedures. in fact, morphological growth characteristics are investigated by computational a ...201222587949
impact of velvet complex on transcriptome and penicillin g production in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of a β-lactam high-producing penicillium chrysogenum strain.the multicomponent global regulator velvet complex has been identified as a key regulator of secondary metabolite production in aspergillus and penicillium species. previous work indicated a massive impact of pcvela and pclaea deletions on penicillin production in prolonged batch cultures of p. chrysogenum, as well as substantial changes in transcriptome. the present study investigated the impact of these mutations on product formation and genome-wide transcript profiles under glucose-limited ae ...201222439693
evaluation of techniques used for parameters estimation: an application to bioremediation of grease waste.in the present work, evaluation of different conventional techniques, i.e., chemical oxygen demand (cod), biological oxygen demand, elemental analysis, fourier transform infrared (ftir), and gas chromatography used for estimating biodegradation of grease waste was carried out. in this order grease waste was incubated with penicillium chrysogenum for 7-30 days and analyzed percentage of degradation. after 15 days of incubation, the percentages of reduction in cod, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen c ...201222328247
proteomics shows new faces for the old penicillin producer penicillium chrysogenum.fungi comprise a vast group of microorganisms including the ascomycota (majority of all described fungi), the basidiomycota (mushrooms or higher fungi), and the zygomycota and chytridiomycota (basal or lower fungi) that produce industrially interesting secondary metabolites, such as β-lactam antibiotics. these compounds are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs world-wide. since fleming's initial discovery of penicillium notatum 80 years ago, the role of penicillium as an antimicrobial sourc ...201222318718
determination of δ-[l-α-aminoadipyl]-l-cysteinyl-d-valine in cell extracts of penicillium chrysogenum using ion pair-rp-uplc-ms/ms.δ-[l-α-aminoadipyl]-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis pathway of penicillins and cephalosporins. therefore, the accurate quantification of acv is relevant, e.g. for kinetic studies on the production of these β-lactam antibiotics. however, accurate quantification of acv is a challenge, because it is an active thiol compound which, upon exposure to air, can easily react with other thiol compounds to form oxidized disulfides. we have found that, during exposure to ...201225939821
switching industrial production processes from complex to defined media: method development and case study using the example of penicillium chrysogenum.filamentous fungi are versatile cell factories and widely used for the production of antibiotics, organic acids, enzymes and other industrially relevant compounds at large scale. as a fact, industrial production processes employing filamentous fungi are commonly based on complex raw materials. however, considerable lot-to-lot variability of complex media ingredients not only demands for exhaustive incoming components inspection and quality control, but unavoidably affects process stability and p ...201222727013
study on thermodynamics and adsorption kinetics of purified endoglucanase (cmcase) from penicillium notatum ncim no-923 produced under mixed solid-state fermentation of waste cabbage and bagasse.in the current study, one thermostable endoglucanase was purified from penicillium notatum ncim no-923 through mixed solid state fermentation of waste cabbage and bagasse. the molecular weight of the purified enzyme was 55kda as determined by sds polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the enzyme had low activation energy (ea) of 36.39kj mol(-1) for carboxymethyl cellulose hydrolysis and the enthalpy and entropy for irreversible inactivation was 87 kj mol (-1) and 59.3 j mol (-1) k(-1) re ...201224031934
the development and validation of an assay for the quantification of the p. chrysogenum allergen pch52.penicillium chrysogenum clade 4, is a common mold on damp building materials. a capture elisa assay for the major allergen from p. chrysogenum pch52 has been developed and tested in house dust samples and potential cross-reactivity examined. minimal cross-reactivity with other relevant indoor fungi was observed for the assay following thorough purification of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. the limit of quantification for elisa analysis of pch52 in sieved house dust is comparable to ot ...201222455645
bioremediation of waste cooking oil using a novel lipase produced by penicillium chrysogenum snp5 grown in solid medium containing waste grease.the aim of present work was to bioremediate the waste cooking oil using a novel lipase produced in solid medium containing waste grease and wheat bran by penicillium chrysogenum. enzyme extracted with phosphate buffer was purified 10.6 and 26.28-fold after 90% ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography, respectively. the partial characterization of enzyme revealed its k(m) and v(max) value for p-nitrophenolpamitate as 0.4mm and 47.61 u/ml, respectively. the relative molecular ...201222770974
isolation and characterization of antibacterial compound from a mangrove-endophytic fungus, penicillium chrysogenum mtcc 5108.microorganisms, especially endophytic fungi that reside in the tissue of living mangrove plants, seem to play a major role in meeting the general demand for new biologically active substances. during the course of screening for biologically active secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms, an antibiotic compound containing an indole and a diketopiperazine moiety was isolated from the culture medium of penicillium chrysogenum, (mtcc 5108), an endophytic fungus on the mangrove plant portere ...201224293720
volatile composition of partially fermented wines elaborated from sun dried pedro ximénez grapes.in this work, we used a cell immobilisation system consisting of penicillium chrysogenum fungi (gras) bound to the osmotolerant yeast strains saccharomyces cerevisiae x4 and x5 for the partial fermentation of raisin musts. the resulting wines were compared with others obtained by partial fermentation of musts with free yeasts and with a traditionally produced sweet wine (i.e. without fermentation of the must). the analysis of volatile compounds grouped by aroma series showed the partially fermen ...201222980827
amplification of an mfs transporter encoding gene pent significantly stimulates penicillin production and enhances the sensitivity of penicillium chrysogenum to phenylacetic acid.penicillin is historically important as the first discovered drug against bacterial infections in human. although the penicillin biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanism have been well studied in penicillium chrysogenum, the compartmentation and molecular transport of penicillin or its precursors are still poorly understood. in search of the genomic database, more than 830 open reading frames (orfs) were found to encode transmembrane proteins of p. chrysogenum. in order to investigate their ...201223177147
substrate cycles in penicillium chrysogenum quantified by isotopic non-stationary flux analysis.penicillium chrysogenum, the main production strain for penicillin-g, has a high content of intracellular carbohydrates, especially reduced sugars such as mannitol, arabitol, erythritol, as well as trehalose and glycogen. in previous steady state c wash-in experiments a delay of labeling enrichments in glycolytic intermediates was observed, which suggests turnover of storage carbohydrates. the turnover of storage pools consumes atp which is expected to reduce the product yield for energy demandi ...201223098235
the inducers 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine produce a drastic increase in the expression of the penicillin biosynthetic genes for prolonged time, mediated by the laea regulator.we described previously that an autoinducer molecule, identified as 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-dap), is secreted by penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. using ph-controlled fermentor cultures we have observed in this work that 1,3-dap and spermidine clearly stimulate the biosynthesis of benzylpenicillin in p. chrysogenum, both in defined and in complex penicillin production media. both 1,3-dap and spermidine, but not putrescine (1,4-diaminobutane), produce a drastic increase in the t ...201223089625
comparative metabolomic study of penicillium chrysogenum during pilot and industrial penicillin fermentations.comparative metabolomics was carried out to investigate the metabolic differences of penicillium chrysogenum in the pilot and industrial fermentations that resulted from the scale-up. by principal component analysis, the early stages of two fermentation processes were clearly distinguished, whereas the middle and final stages were clustered together. it indicated that the different metabolisms of cells in the pilot and industrial fermentations mainly existed during the early stage. furthermore, ...201222956278
the regulatory factor pcrfx1 controls the expression of the three genes of β-lactam biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum.penicillin biosynthesis is subjected to a complex regulatory network of signalling molecules that may serve as model for other secondary metabolites. the information provided by the new "omics" era about penicillium chrysogenum and the advances in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms responsible for improved productivity, make this fungus an excellent model to decipher the mechanisms controlling the penicillin biosynthetic pathway. in this work, we have characterized a novel transcription facto ...201222960281
incorporation of penicillin-producing fungi into living materials to provide chemically active and antibiotic-releasing surfaces.living materials: artificial biological niches are loaded with the penicillin-producing mold penicillium chrysogenum. this living material consumes food through a nanoporous top layer and releases the antibiotic on-site. no reloading of the active compound is needed. gram-positive bacteria were efficiently killed if nearby, whereas gram-negative bacteria (control experiment, not sensitive to penicillin) were not affected.201223044633
the abc transporter abc40 encodes a phenylacetic acid export system in penicillium chrysogenum.the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is used for the industrial production of β-lactam antibiotics. the pathway for β-lactam biosynthesis has been resolved and involves the enzyme phenylacetic acid coa ligase that is responsible for the coa activation of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid (paa) that is used for the biosynthesis of penicillin g. to identify abc transporters related to β-lactam biosynthesis, we analyzed the expression of all 48 abc transporters present in the gen ...201223010151
identification and characterization of chitin synthase genes in the postharvest citrus fruit pathogen penicillium digitatum.in this study, we carried out the isolation and characterization of chitin synthase genes (chs) of the main citrus fruit postharvest pathogen penicillium digitatum. using distinct sets of degenerate primers designed from conserved regions of chs genes of yeast and filamentous fungi, pcr methods, and a dna genomic library, five putative chs genes (pdigchsi, pdigchsii, pdigchsiii, pdigchsv, and pdigchsvii) were identified, isolated, sequenced, and characterized. phylogenetic analyses, sequence ide ...201222658311
bioleaching of heavy metals from a contaminated soil using indigenous penicillium chrysogenum strain f1.bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated soil using penicillium chrysogenum strain f1 was investigated. batch experiments were performed to compare leaching efficiencies of heavy metals between one-step and two-step processes and to determine the transformation of heavy metal fractions before and after bioleaching. the results showed that two-step process had higher leaching efficiencies of heavy metals than one-step process. when the mass ratio of soil to culture medium containing p. chrys ...201222795840
[secondary metabolites of halotolerant fungus penicillium chrysogenum hk14-01 from the yellow river delta area].to search for structurally novel and biologically active compounds from the secondary metabolites of halotolerant fungi from the yellow river delta area.201223236844
increased penicillin production in penicillium chrysogenum production strains via balanced overexpression of isopenicillin n acyltransferase.intense classical strain improvement has yielded industrial penicillium chrysogenum strains that produce high titers of penicillin. these strains contain multiple copies of the penicillin biosynthesis cluster encoding the three key enzymes: δ-(l-α-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (acvs), isopenicillin n synthase (ipns), and isopenicillin n acyltransferase (iat). the phenylacetic acid coenzyme a (coa) ligase (pcl) gene encoding the enzyme responsible for the activation of the side cha ...201222865068
defence response of tomato seedlings to oxidative stress induced by phenolic compounds from dry olive mill residue.ador is an aqueous extract obtained from the dry olive mill residue (dor) which contains the majority of its soluble phenolic compounds, which are responsible for its phytotoxic properties. some studies have shown that ador negatively affects seed germination. however, to date, few studies have been carried out on the effect of ador on the oxidative stress of the plant. it is well known that saprobe fungi can detoxify these phenolic compounds and reduce the potential negative effects of ador on ...201222818883
de novo peroxisome biogenesis in penicillium chrysogenum is not dependent on the pex11 family members or pex16.we have analyzed the role of the three members of the pex11 protein family in peroxisome formation in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum. two of these, pex11 and pex11c, are components of the peroxisomal membrane, while pex11b is present at the endoplasmic reticulum. we show that pex11 is a major factor involved in peroxisome proliferation. we also demonstrate that p. chrysogenum cells deleted for known peroxisome fission factors (all pex11 family proteins and vps1) still contain per ...201222536392
metabolic engineering of β-oxidation in penicillium chrysogenum for improved semi-synthetic cephalosporin biosynthesis.industrial production of semi-synthetic cephalosporins by penicillium chrysogenum requires supplementation of the growth media with the side-chain precursor adipic acid. in glucose-limited chemostat cultures of p. chrysogenum, up to 88% of the consumed adipic acid was not recovered in cephalosporin-related products, but used as an additional carbon and energy source for growth. this low efficiency of side-chain precursor incorporation provides an economic incentive for studying and engineering t ...201222525490
penicillin production by wild isolates of penicillium chrysogenum in pakistan.the present study was aimed at exploring the native wild isolates of penicillium chrysogenum series in terms of their penicillin production potential. apart from the standard medium, the efforts were made to utilize suitable agro-industrial wastes for the maximum yield of penicillin. two series of p. chrysogenum were isolated from local sources and named as p. chrysogenum series uaf r1 and p. chrysogenum series uaf r2. the native series were found to possess better penicillin production potentia ...201224031854
a vacuolar membrane protein affects drastically the biosynthesis of the acv tripeptide and the beta-lactam pathway of penicillium chrysogenum.the knowledge about enzymes' compartmentalization and transport processes involved in the penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum is very limited. the genome of this fungus contains multiple genes encoding transporter proteins, but very little is known about them. a bioinformatic search was made to find major facilitator supefamily (mfs) membrane proteins related to cefp transporter protein involved in the entry of isopenicillin n to the peroxisome in acremonium chrysogenum. no strict ...201322777282
the transport of phenylacetic acid across the peroxisomal membrane is mediated by the paat protein in penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum, an industrial microorganism used worldwide for penicillin production, is an excellent model to study the biochemistry and the cell biology of enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. the well-known peroxisomal location of the last two steps of penicillin biosynthesis (phenylacetyl-coa ligase and isopenicillin n acyltransferase) requires the import into the peroxisomes of the intermediate isopenicillin n and the precursors phenylacetic acid and coenzyme ...201323053082
[hypersensitivity pneumonitis related to penicillium chrysogenum and mesophilic streptomyces: the usefulness of the medical indoor environment councelor (miec)].hypersensitivity pneumonitis (hp) occurred after organic antigens inhalation at home is rare and the diagnosis is very often difficult. we report the case of a 55-year male patient with allergic asthma since childhood, well controlled with inhaled corticosteroids, twice hospitalized for respiratory distresses. the patient presented fever (39°c), dry cough, rapidly progressive dyspnea, chest pain and crackles. blood gas analysis found a hypoxemia of 52 mmhg, and ct-scan showed ground glass images ...201323582263
effect of inoculum size and water activity on the time to visible growth of penicillium chrysogenum colony.in order to assess the effect of the inoculum size on the time to visible growth for penicillium chrysogenum, the correlation described by gonzález et al. (gonzález, h.h.l., resnik, s.l., vaamonde, g., 1987. influence of inoculum size on growth rate and lag phase of fungi isolate from argentine corn. international journal of food microbiology 4, 111-117) was compared to the model introduced by gougouli et al. (gougouli, m., kalantzi, k., beletsiotis, e., koutsoumanis, k.p., 2011. development and ...201323562694
rhizosphere fungus penicillium chrysogenum promotes growth and induces defence-related genes and downy mildew disease resistance in pearl millet.susceptible pearl millet seeds (cv 7042s) were treated with the plant growth promoting fungus penicillium chrysogenum (penc-jsb9) at 1 × 10(8) spores·ml(-1) to examine mrna expression profiles of five defence responsive genes and test its ability to induce resistance to downy mildew caused by sclerospora graminicola. penc-jsb9 treatment at 1 × 10(8) cfu·ml(-1) for 6 h significantly enhanced seed germination (9.8- 89%), root length (4.08% to 5.1 cm), shoot length (18.9% to 7.77 cm) and reduced di ...201322672261
transport of substrates into peroxisomes: the paradigm of β-lactam biosynthetic intermediates.peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles that enclose catalases, fatty acid-oxidizing enzymes, and a variety of proteins involved in different cellular processes. interestingly, the late enzymes involved in penicillin biosynthesis, and the isopenicillin n epimerization enzymes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis are located inside peroxisomes in the producer fungi penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum. peroxisome proteins are targeted to those organelles by peroxisomal targeting sig ...201325436576
effect of fungi and light on seed germination of three opuntia species from semiarid lands of central mexico.fungal attack under light reduces mechanical resistance of the testa of opuntia seeds, making it easier for the embryo to emerge. however, the effect of fungi on opuntia seed germination in darkness is unknown. we evaluated the combined effects of light and inoculation with phoma medicaginis, trichoderma harzianum, trichoderma koningii, and penicillium chrysogenum on germination of o. streptacantha, o. leucotricha, and o. robusta seeds, from central mexico. we also evaluated the combined effects ...201323526153
diversity, ecological role and potential biotechnological applications of marine fungi associated to the seagrass posidonia oceanica.the marine environment is characterized by high salinity and exerts a strong selective pressure on the biota, favouring the development of halo-tolerant microorganisms. part of this microbial diversity is made up of fungi, important organisms from ecological and biotechnological points of view. in this study, for the first time, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the mycoflora associated to leaves, rhizomes, roots and matte of the seagrass posidonia oceanica was estimated. a total o ...201323410985
genomic and secretomic analyses reveal unique features of the lignocellulolytic enzyme system of penicillium decumbens.many penicillium species could produce extracellular enzyme systems with good lignocellulose hydrolysis performance. however, these species and their enzyme systems are still poorly understood and explored due to the lacking of genetic information. here, we present the genomic and secretomic analyses of penicillium decumbens that has been used in industrial production of lignocellulolytic enzymes in china for more than fifteen years. comparative genomics analysis with the phylogenetically most s ...201323383313
bioleaching mechanism of heavy metals in the mixture of contaminated soil and slag by using indigenous penicillium chrysogenum strain f1.the ability and bioleaching mechanism of heavy metals by penicillium chrysogenum in soils contaminated with smelting slag were examined in this study. batch experiments were performed to investigate the growth kinetics of p. chrysogenum, organic acids production and to compare the removal efficiencies of heavy metals between bioleaching with p. chrysogenum and chemical organic acids. the results showed that the bioleaching had higher removals than chemical leaching, and the removal percentages o ...201323352906
sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum.penicillium chrysogenum is a filamentous fungus of major medical and historical importance, being the original and present-day industrial source of the antibiotic penicillin. the species has been considered asexual for more than 100 y, and despite concerted efforts, it has not been possible to induce sexual reproduction, which has prevented sexual crosses being used for strain improvement. however, using knowledge of mating-type (mat) gene organization, we now describe conditions under which a s ...201323307807
fungal inoculation and elevated co2 mediate growth of lolium mutiforum and phytolacca americana, metal uptake, and metal bioavailability in metal-contaminated soil: evidence from dgt measurement.fungal inoculation and elevated co2 may mediate plant growth and uptake of heavy metals, but little evidence from diffusive gradients in thin-films (dgt) measurement has been obtained to characterize the process. lolium mutiforum and phytolacca americana were grown at ambient and elevated co2 on naturally cd and pb contaminated soils inoculated with and without trichoderma asperellum strain c3 or penicillium chrysogenum strain d4, to investigate plant growth, metal uptake, and metal bioavailabil ...201323488012
in vivo application of a small molecular weight antifungal protein of penicillium chrysogenum (paf).the antifungal protein of penicillium chrysogenum (paf) inhibits the growth of important pathogenic filamentous fungi, including members of the aspergillus family and some dermatophytes. furthermore, paf was proven to have no toxic effects on mammalian cells in vitro. to prove that paf could be safely used in therapy, experiments were carried out to investigate its in vivo effects. adult mice were inoculated with paf intranasally in different concentrations, up to 2700 μg·kg⁻¹ daily, for 2 weeks ...201323466426
invasive pulmonary mycosis due to penicillium chrysogenum: a new invasive pathogen. 201323423272
improving penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum by glyoxalase overproduction.genetic engineering of fungal cell factories mainly focuses on manipulating enzymes of the product pathway or primary metabolism. however, despite the use of strong promoters or strains containing the genes of interest in multiple copies, the desired strongly enhanced enzyme levels are often not obtained. here we present a novel strategy to improve penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum by reducing reactive and toxic metabolic by-products, 2-oxoaldehydes. this was achieved by overexp ...201323608472
sweet wine production by two osmotolerant saccharomyces cerevisiae strains.the use of saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce sweet wine is difficult because yeast is affected by a hyperosmotic stress due to the high sugar concentrations in the fermenting must. one possible alternative could be the coimmobilization of the osmotolerant yeast strains s. cerevisiae x4 and x5 on penicillium chrysogenum strain h3 (gras) for the partial fermentation of raisin musts. this immobilized has been, namely, as yeast biocapsules. traditional sweet wine (that is, without fermentation of ...201323601087
the raven toolbox and its use for generating a genome-scale metabolic model for penicillium chrysogenum.we present the raven (reconstruction, analysis and visualization of metabolic networks) toolbox: a software suite that allows for semi-automated reconstruction of genome-scale models. it makes use of published models and/or the kegg database, coupled with extensive gap-filling and quality control features. the software suite also contains methods for visualizing simulation results and omics data, as well as a range of methods for performing simulations and analyzing the results. the software is ...201323555215
quantitative quenching evaluation and direct intracellular metabolite analysis in penicillium chrysogenum.sustained progress in metabolic engineering methodologies has stimulated new efforts toward optimizing fungal production strains such as through metabolite analysis of penicillium chrysogenum industrial-scale processes. accurate intracellular metabolite quantification requires sampling procedures that rapidly stop metabolism (quenching) and avoid metabolite loss via the cell membrane (leakage). when sampling protocols are validated, the quenching efficiency is generally not quantitatively assess ...201323541815
antifungal peptides homologous to the penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) are widespread among fusaria.putative antifungal peptide encoding genes containing penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (paf) characteristic amino acid motifs were identified in 15 fusarium isolates, representing 10 species. based on the predicted sequences of mature peptides, discrepancy in one, two or three amino acids was observed between them. phylogenetic investigations revealed that they show high amino acid sequence similarity to paf and they belong to the group of fungal derived antifungal peptides with paf-cl ...201323174348
direct electrochemistry of penicillium chrysogenum catalase adsorbed on spectroscopic graphite.the voltammetric studies of penicillium chrysogenum catalase (pccat) adsorbed on spectroscopic graphite, showed direct electron transfer (det) between its active site and the electrode surface. analogous tests performed with the commercially available bovine catalase revealed that mammalian enzyme is much less efficient in the det process. both catalases were found capable to catalyse the electrooxidation of phenol, but differed in the specifics of catalytic action. at an applied potential of 0. ...201323103554
novel key metabolites reveal further branching of the roquefortine/meleagrin biosynthetic pathway.metabolic profiling and structural elucidation of novel secondary metabolites obtained from derived deletion strains of the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum were used to reassign various previously ascribed synthetase genes of the roquefortine/meleagrin pathway to their corresponding products. next to the structural characterization of roquefortine f and neoxaline, which are for the first time reported for p. chrysogenum, we identified the novel metabolite roquefortine l, including its ...201324225953
pigment production by filamentous fungi on agro-industrial byproducts: an eco-friendly alternative.the search for new sources of natural pigments has increased, mainly because of the toxic effects caused by synthetic dyes used in food, pharmaceutical, textile, and cosmetic industries. fungi provide a readily available alternative source of natural pigments. in this context, the fungi penicillium chrysogenum ifl1 and ifl2, fusarium graminearum ifl3, monascus purpureus nrrl 1992, and penicillium vasconiae ifl4 were selected as pigments producers. the fungal identification was performed using it ...201323873642
synthesis, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of sulfonamidomethane linked heterocycles.a new class of sulfonamidomethane pyrrolyl-oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and pyrazolyl-oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles was prepared from arylsulfonylaminoacetic acid hydrazides and e-cinnamic acid. the lead compounds were tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. the thiadiazole compounds having chloro substituent on the aromatic ring 4c, 8c and 10c exhibited comparable antibacterial activity against pseudomonas aeruginosa and also antifungal activity against penicillium chrysogenum. the styryl oxa ...201323812397
a branched biosynthetic pathway is involved in production of roquefortine and related compounds in penicillium chrysogenum.profiling and structural elucidation of secondary metabolites produced by the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum and derived deletion strains were used to identify the various metabolites and enzymatic steps belonging to the roquefortine/meleagrin pathway. major abundant metabolites of this pathway were identified as histidyltryptophanyldiketopiperazine (htd), dehydrohistidyltryptophanyldi-ketopiperazine (dhtd), roquefortine d, roquefortine c, glandicoline a, glandicoline b and meleagrin ...201323776469
purification, characterization, and specificity determination of a new serine protease secreted by penicillium waksmanii.the purpose of this work was to purify a protease from penicillium waksmanii and to determine its biochemical characteristics and specificity. the extracellular protease isolated that was produced by p. waksmanii is a serine protease that is essential for the reproduction and growth of the fungus. the protease isolated showed 32 kda, and has optimal activity at ph 8.0 and 35 °c towards the substrate abz-klrsskq-eddnp. the protease is active in the presence of cacl(2), kcl, and bacl, and partiall ...201323179282
recent advances in the biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and clavams and its regulation.the beta-lactam antibiotics have been serving mankind for over 70 years. despite this old age, they continue to provide health to the world population by virtue of industrial production and discoveries of new secondary metabolite molecules with useful activities. sales of these remarkable compounds have reached over $20 billion dollars per year. they include penicillins, cephalosporins, cefoxitin, monobactams, clavulanic acid and carbapenems. strain improvement of the penicillin-producing specie ...201323228980
simultaneous utilization of glucose and gluconate in penicillium chrysogenum during overflow metabolism.the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum is one of the most important production organism for β-lactam antibiotics, especially penicillin. a specific feature of p. chrysogenum is the formation of gluconate as the primary overflow metabolite under non-limiting growth on glucose. gluconate can be formed extracellularly by the enzyme glucose oxidase (god) that shows high activities under glucose excess conditions. currently, it is assumed that under these conditions glucose is the preferred c ...201323775209
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of azole derivatives.a new class of mono and bis heterocycles, sulfonylmethaneamido linked oxazoles, thiazoles, imidazoles, pyrrolyl oxazoles, pyrrolyl thiazoles and pyrrolyl imidazoles were prepared adopting simple and versatile synthetic methodologies. the compound chloro substituted imidazolyl styrylsulfonylacetamide is the most potent antimicrobial agent particularly against pseudomonas aeruginosa and penicillium chrysogenum.201323649194
combining light microscopy, dielectric spectroscopy, maldi intact cell mass spectrometry, ftir spectromicroscopy and multivariate data mining for morphological and physiological bioprocess characterization of filamentous organisms.along with productivity and physiology, morphological growth behavior is the key parameter in bioprocess design for filamentous fungi. lacking tools for fast, reliable and efficient analysis however, fungal morphology is still commonly tackled by empirical trial-and-error techniques during strain selection and process development procedures. bridging the gap, this work presents a comprehensive analytical approach for morphological analysis combining automated high-throughput microscopy, multi-fr ...201323220594
the inducers 1,3-diaminopropane and spermidine cause the reprogramming of metabolism in penicillium chrysogenum, leading to multiple vesicles and penicillin overproduction.in this article we studied the differential protein abundance of penicillium chrysogenum in response to either 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-dap) or spermidine, which behave as inducers of the penicillin production process. proteins were resolved in 2-de gels and identified by tandem ms spectrometry. both inducers produced largely identical changes in the proteome, suggesting that they may be interconverted and act by the same mechanism. the addition of either 1,3-dap or spermidine led to the overrepr ...201323639845
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