Publications

quantitative immunofluorescence studies of the serology of bacillus anthracis spores.	a fluorescein-conjugated antibody against formalin-inactivated spores of bacillus anthracis vollum reacted only weakly with a variety of bacillus species in microfluorometric immunofluorescence assays. a conjugated antibody against spores of b. anthracis sterne showed little affinity for spores of several b. anthracis isolates including b. anthracis vollum, indicating that more than one anthrax spore serotype exists.	1983	6419678
[anthrax and its prevention].		1983	6549989
acute leptomeningitis due to bacillus anthracis. a case report.	a fatal case of anthrax meningitis in a 45-year-old woman is presented from karnataka state, south india. the clinical, microbiological and histopathological profile is presented.	1983	6612776
[pharmacological, toxicological, microbiological and pathohistological studies of gentamycin complex ii].	the acute toxicity was determined of the gentamycin complex ii (gmc-ii) for albino mice, containing gentamycin components in a varying ratio. the ld50 at intraperitoneal application was 347.7 mg/kg body mass, while at oral application it was 5,180 mg (4933 divided by 5439) mg/kg body mass. histopathologically, (mice killed with high doses of gmc-ii, given orally) there were diffuse hyperemia of the liver, parenchymal degeneration of the kidney tubuli epithelium, and edema and emphysema of the lu ...	1983	6623911
anthrax of the hand: case report.	a patient developed anthrax of his left long finger after an accidental injection with bacillus anthracis. early treatment with chemotherapy probably prevented the cultures from becoming positive. the patient recovered, and split-thickness skin grafting was needed for the finger wound.	1983	6630932
[world incidence of anthrax (morbidity in foreign countries)].		1983	6659768
[renal anthrax. apropos of 3 cases].		1983	6670882
outbreak of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax: an unusual manifestation of human infection with bacillus anthracis.	an oral-oropharyngeal form of human anthrax is described in 24 individuals. the cases occurred as an epidemic in northern thailand, concurrent with an epidemic of the common cutaneous form. this syndrome is a potentially fatal, febrile illness, characterized by a mucosal lesion in the oral cavity and/or oropharynx which can progress to pseudomembranous necrosis, and to cervical adenopathy and edema. cattle and water buffaloes, recently arrived from burma and eaten raw or undercooked, were the pr ...	1984	6696173
[mapping method in the epidemiological study of infections and infestations. ii. soil characteristics in localities permanently at risk for anthrax].	investigations carried out with the use of the mapping method have revealed that the distribution of localities with stationary unfavorable situation in anthrax throughout the area is linked with the agrochemical properties of soils. the number of the foci of anthrax on neutral and weakly alkaline soils has proved to be considerably higher than in soils with low ph values. no relationship between the content of humus in soils and the distribution of localities with stationary unfavorable situati ...	1984	6702365
indirect effects of soil and water on animal health.	some variations in animal health among geographic areas are associated with variations in soils, water supplies or soil parent materials. geochemical bases for health problems arising from essential nutrient element deficiencies or from toxic levels or imbalances of several elements are widely recognized. less attention has been directed to the possibilities of geochemical influences upon regional differences in health resulting from pathogens, parasites, mycotoxins and poisonous plants. this re ...	1984	6710133
biological weapons: soviet union accused.		1984	6717560
interspecies transduction of plasmids among bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis.	bacteriophage cp-51, a generalized transducing phage for bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis, mediates transduction of plasmid dna. b. cereus gp7 harbors the 2.8-megadalton multicopy tetracycline resistance plasmid, pbc16. b. thuringiensis 4d11a carries pc194, the 1.8-megadalton multicopy chloramphenicol resistance plasmid. when phage cp-51 was propagated on these strains, it transferred the plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistances to the nonvirulent weybridge (sterne) strain of b. ...	1984	6421798
glycosidase activities of bacillus anthracis.	bacillus anthracis could be distinguished from the taxonomically related species b. cereus, b. mycoides, and b. thuringiensis by a comparison of glycosidase activities. all the bacilli tested possessed alpha-glucosidase activity, as evidenced by the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-glucoside. in b. anthracis, the glucosidase activity could be enhanced by the addition of agents which damage cellular surface structures. treatment of b. anthracis strains with toluene. triton x-100, or mutanolysi ...	1984	6429187
glucosamine substitution and muramidase susceptibility in bacillus anthracis.	cell walls of bacillus anthracis were found to be resistant to lysozyme, and partially resistant to mutanolysin, a muramidase from streptomyces globisporus. following treatment with acetic anhydride, it was observed that the walls were highly susceptible to hydrolysis by lysozyme or mutanolysin. analyses of cell walls, prior to and following derivatization with fluorodinitrobenzene, revealed that approximately 88% of the glucosamine residues and 34% of the muramic acid residues of the peptidogly ...	1984	6430537
radioactive labels for protein a: evaluation in the indirect immunoradiometric assay (irma) for bacillus anthracis spores.	staphylococcus aureus protein a (spa) labelled with [125i] by the bolton & hunter (1973) method performed about as well as labelled sheep anti-rabbit globulin (sar) in an indirect immunoradiometric assay (irma) for bacillus anthracis spores immobilized on multispot microscope slides. spa labelled with [3h] by propionylation also performed well but would be expensive to use. spa labelled with [3h] fluorodinitrobenzene, or labelled with [125i] by the chloramine t reaction gave erratic assay result ...	1984	6430862
[a study of the efficacy of disinfectants against anthrax spores].	the activity of disinfectants with regard to spores of bacillus anthracis was determined in a suspension test. creoline (10%) and also several other disinfectants for veterinary use showed no activity against spores of b. anthracis. natriumdichloorisocyanuraat-dihydrate (2400 ppm active chlorine) and peracetic acid 0,25% demonstrated after 30 minutes of exposures at 20 degrees c in the presence of 4% horse serum a significant sporicidal effect. under the same conditions formaldehyde 4% and gluta ...	1984	6431631
isolation of anthrax bacillus from an elephant in bangladesh.		1984	6431687
[nutrient requirements of bacillus anthracis strains and the growth characteristics of strain sti-1 in batch cultivation on synthetic broths].	a synthetic culture medium is proposed. this medium satisfies the nutritional requirements of most cultivated strains under study by a single amino acid: valine. the possibility of detecting strains with other nutritional requirements has been shown. the determination of ld50 in white mice has revealed no differences between the virulence of valine-dependent strains and that of strains with other nutritional requirements. during the batch cultivation of strain sti-1 in a liquid medium glucose sh ...	1984	6431719
enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay (ella) for detecting bacillus anthracis.	an enzyme-linked lectinosorbent assay (ella) has been developed for the rapid identification of bacillus anthracis. using two different lectin-conjugates, the ella test can differentiate bacillus anthracis from closely related species, such as bacillus cereus and bacillus cereus var. mycoides, in approximately two hours. in addition to having high specificity, the test can also detect small numbers of the bacterium.	1984	6432529
immunoelectrophoretic analysis, toxicity, and kinetics of in vitro production of the protective antigen and lethal factor components of bacillus anthracis toxin.	the kinetics of bacillus anthracis toxin production in culture and its lethal activity in rats, mice, and guinea pigs were investigated. lethal toxin activity was produced in vitro throughout exponential growth at essentially identical rates in both encapsulated virulent and nonencapsulated avirulent strains. the two toxin proteins which produce lethality when in combination, lethal factor (lf) and protective antigen (pa), could be quantitated directly from culture fluids by rocket immunoelectro ...	1984	6432700
comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent and indirect hemagglutination assays for determining anthrax antibodies.	an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been established to measure anthrax antibody titers. the protective antigen component of anthrax toxin was used as the capture antigen. two types of conjugates (protein a-horseradish peroxidase and anti-human immunoglobulin g plus immunoglobulin a plus immunoglobulin m-horseradish peroxidase) were tested. results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing were compared with those from indirect hemagglutination titers on serum from vaccinees. the overa ...	1984	6436303
bacterial toxins: cellular mechanisms of action.		1984	6436655
the choice of methods for immunoglobulin igg purification: yield and purity of antibody activity.	six methods for the purification of immunoglobulin g (igg) from serum were compared, using rabbit antiserum to bacillus anthracis spores as a model. antibody activity was monitored by a solid-phase immunoradiometric assay (irma). salt precipitation/ion exchange chromatography and ethanol precipitation both resulted in igg of high purity but there was considerable inactivation of antibody. salt precipitation/affinity chromatography gave poor yields of antibody. peg precipitation and gel filtratio ...	1984	6438241
some microbiological aspects of inedible rendering processes.	various aspects of the bacteriology of inedible rendering have been investigated in order to establish a solid basis for future decisions concerning an up-to-date and flexible legislation on rendering. thermal death (td)-graphs for spores of b. cereus and cl. perfrigens, pa 3679 (fig. 3), and heat transmission equations for animal tissues have been determined. by using the heat transmission data for bones and the td graphs for the spores it is possible to predict the decimal reductions of spores ...	1984	6441385
anthrax: the disease in relation to vaccines.	the authors trace the origins and history of anthrax and anthrax vaccines. they describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease and the variety of symptoms which result from infection. the authors relate the early work performed by pasteur, the development of existing vaccines and the efficacy of these vaccines, and predict the type of non-living vaccines which may be used to combat anthrax in the future.	1984	6442500
anthrax: the disease in relation to vaccines.		1984	6442501
[on the 100th anniversary of l. s. tsenkovskiĭ's development of the method of producing an attenuated vaccine against anthrax].		1984	6443874
[inflammatory cervical tumor: carbuncle].		1984	6524644
[epidemiological study of obligatory reportable diseases of low incidence in spain. i. carbuncle].		1984	6531629
[quantitative methods of assessing the severity of an epizootic situation].	n order to evaluate the epizootic status of a particular territory for a given moment or a period of time with regard to the infectious diseases one has adopted tarshis ' formula. the present work deals with the comparative approbation of this formula, using a modified formula in which a parameter characterizing the intensity of the epizootic process was introduced. the epizootic situation and its severity was determined by the two formulas for each district of the country with regard to the fol ...	1984	6539529
an outbreak of human gastrointestinal anthrax.		1984	6545639
[anthrax in 2 communities in zacatecas, mexico].		1984	6241475
differentiation of bacillus anthracis and other bacillus species by lectins.	bacillus anthracis was agglutinated by several lectins, including those from griffonia simplicifolia, glycine max, abrus precatorius, and ricinus communis. some strains of bacillus cereus var. mycoides (b. mycoides) were strongly reactive with the lectin from helix pomatia and weakly reactive with the g. max lectin. the differential interactions between bacillus species and lectins afforded a means of distinguishing b. anthracis from other bacilli. b. cereus strains exhibited heterogeneity with ...	1984	6418761
alternative vaccines.		1984	6386568
classics in infectious diseases. concerning the relationship between phagocytes and anthrax bacilli. by elie metchnikoff. 1884.		1984	6390642
bacillus anthracis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase: chemical and enzymatic properties and interactions with eucaryotic cells.	studies on the mechanism of action of anthrax toxin have led to the discovery that the edema factor component is a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. this enzyme can be obtained in milligram amounts at high purity from culture supernatants of avirulent b. anthracis strains. the cyclase binds to and probably enters eucaryotic cells to cause large, unregulated increases in cyclic amp concentrations, an effect that may decrease an animal's ability to limit b. anthracis infection. the similarit ...	1984	6328915
nih conference. cyclic nucleotides: mediators of bacterial toxin action in disease.	in several bacterial diseases, the clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings result from the elaboration by the organism of a toxic product that binds to and may enter the host cell to alter its metabolism. in some cases, the intracellular mediators of toxin action are the cyclic nucleotides, cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (camp) and cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate (cgmp), the ubiquitous second messengers through which numerous hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs exert their effects. ...	1984	6148909
[the saprophytic phase in the ecology of the causative agents of infectious diseases].		1985	2863907
[sporulation of clostridium perfringens and bacilli (the vaccinal strain sti) depending on the mineral composition of the medium].		1985	2868028
mating system for transfer of plasmids among bacillus anthracis, bacillus cereus, and bacillus thuringiensis.	to facilitate the analysis of genetic determinants carried by large resident plasmids of bacillus anthracis, a mating system was developed which promotes plasmid transfer among strains of b. anthracis, b. cereus, and b. thuringiensis. transfer of the selectable tetracycline resistance plasmid pbc16 and other plasmids from b. thuringiensis to b. anthracis and b. cereus recipients occurred during mixed incubation in broth. two plasmids, pxo11 and pxo12, found in b. thuringiensis were responsible f ...	1985	3988702
[evaluation of penicillin alone and penicillin combined with anti-anthrax serum in experimental anthrax in mice].	in this study penicillin alone versus penicillin combined with anti-anthrax serum were compared in the treatment of experimental anthrax of mice. three groups of mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with the same suspension of bacillus anthracis. ten hours after the onset of infection the control group received no treatment, to the second group penicillin-g was injected every day, and the 3 rd group received penicillin-g plus anti-anthrax serum. the survival rate of the latter two groups was s ...	1985	4010561
[brucellosis and other zoonoses--1983].		1985	4048495
intestinal anthrax with bacteriological investigations.		1985	4067334
a major epidemic of anthrax in zimbabwe. the experience at the beatrice road infectious diseases hospital, harare.		1985	4084971
studies on anthrax in food animals and persons occupationally exposed to the zoonoses in eastern nigeria.	a total of 221 blood and 174 carcase swab samples obtained from food animals (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses) slaughtered at urban and rural slaughter houses in nsukka area were studied. 51 blood samples and 180 samples of vesicle fluid were also collected from persons occupationally exposed (butchers/skinners, meat retailers, meat inspectors, veterinarians and tanners) to these animals and their products. all the samples were studied culturally and microscopically. confirmation of infect ...	1985	3836213
anthrax in lake rukwa valley, tanzania: a persistent problem.	an epidemic of 239 human cases of anthrax is reported in the rukwa valley area of tanzania. although the infecting source was meat from animals dying of the disease, no intestinal cases occurred. those infected were predominantly males between 15 and 35. the epidemic was seasonal, reaching a peak towards the end of the dry period when cattle were close grazing, and declining rapidly once the rains started and the grass began to grow. the increasing magnitude of annual epidemics suggests that the ...	1985	3836310
dual-parameter scatter-flow immunofluorescence analysis of bacillus spores.	using a commercial flow cytometer (cyto-fluorograf), narrow-forward-angle (nfa) light-scatter signals were detected for spore preparations of bacillus anthracis vollum, b. anthracis sterne, b. cereus nctc 8035, and b. subtilis var niger. in the flow immunofluorescence (fif) analysis of spores stained with fluorescein-conjugated hyperimmune antibody to b. anthracis vollum spores, fluorescence histograms could be acquired by selecting on nfa scatter. fluorescence data selected on ninety degree sca ...	1985	3884295
koch's postulates in relation to the work of jacob henle and edwin klebs.		1985	3903383
infectious diseases of the camel: viruses, bacteria and fungi.		1985	3904917
effects of anthrax toxin components on human neutrophils.	the virulence of bacillus anthracis has been attributed to a tripartite toxin composed of three proteins designated protective antigen, lethal factor, and edema factor. the effects of the toxin components on phagocytosis and chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils were studied in vitro. initially, it was determined that the avirulent sterne strain of b. anthracis (radiation killed) required opsonization with either serum complement or antibodies against the sterne cell wall to b ...	1985	3917427
[differential affinity of pathogenic species of microorganisms for a set of lectins detectable by the sandwich method using fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)].	the qualitative differences in the affinity of concanavalin a (con a), wheat-germ agglutinin (wga) and phaseolus vulgaris lectin to the surface of 10 microbial strains inducing various diseases in humans and agricultural animals have been demonstrated by means of the indirect immunofluorescence tests. enterobacteria, coxiella burnetii and bacillus anthracis have been found to possess pronounced affinity to con a and wga, while rickettsia prowazekii, francisella tularensis and brucella abortus, a ...	1985	3920844
crystallization of the protective antigen protein of bacillus anthracis.	the protective antigen protein, one of the three separate proteins constituting the exotoxin system of bacillus anthracis, has been crystallized in a form suitable for structural studies. the crystal form which is most amenable to x-ray analysis is orthorhombic, space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 101.1 a, b = 95.4 a, c = 87.3 a, with one protective antigen monomer/asymmetric unit. the crystals diffract to approximately 3.0-a resolution.	1985	3921540
[diagnostic value of the ascoli test in anthrax].		1985	3922626
demonstration of a capsule plasmid in bacillus anthracis.	virulent and certain avirulent strains of bacillus anthracis harbor a plasmid, designated pxo2, which is involved in the synthesis of capsules. two classes of rough, noncapsulated (cap-) variants were isolated from the capsule-producing (cap+) pasteur vaccine strains atcc 6602 and atcc 4229. one class was cured of pxo2, and the other class still carried it. reversion to cap+ was demonstrable only in rough variants which had retained pxo2. proof that pxo2 is involved in capsule synthesis came fro ...	1985	3926644
identification of bacillus anthracis by api tests.	api and morphological tests were examined for their ability to distinguish between 37 bacillus anthracis strains (virulent and avirulent) and 194 strains of closely related bacillus species (b. cereus, b. mycoides and b. thuringiensis). in addition, 34 strains of b. anthracis and four of b. cereus were tested by several other methods that included capsule formation, ability to grow on a selective medium, and sensitivity to phage. it was found that virulent strains of b. anthracis were easily sep ...	1985	3927004
bacterial toxin vaccines.	a rebirth of interest and activity in vaccine development has occurred in recent years which is probably due to the persistence of threat to health by infectious diseases, as well as technological advances which have made possible new approaches to solve old problems. most work being done today with vaccine development against diseases caused entirely or in part by bacterial toxins falls into the categories of, attenuated organisms (whether by classical means or application of newly developed ge ...	1985	3929492
serum stimulation and repression of flow immunofluorescence staining of bacteria.	a flow cytometer was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of bacillus anthracis spores, b. subtilis spores and escherichia coli stained in suspension with specific rabbit fluorescein-conjugated antibody. the effect of normal sera and a number of other additives on the binding of conjugate to the surface of the homologous bacteria was assessed by measuring the median fluorescence intensity of the bacterial population in the reaction mixture. non-ionic detergent depressed binding of one conj ...	1985	3934286
oropharyngeal anthrax.	the first bacteriologically confirmed case of oropharyngeal anthrax is described. a 59-year-old male patient presented with sore throat and extensive swelling of the neck and anterior chest wall five hours after the ingestion of uncooked water buffalo meat. marked inflammation of the oropharynx and a small necrotic area in the left tonsil were found. culture taken from this area grew bacillus anthracis. in anthrax-susceptible areas, this acute illness should be added to the differential diagnose ...	1985	3934300
[comparative evaluation of methods for determining the sensitivity of the anthrax microbe to antibiotics].	comparison of the results of determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the cultures of the anthrax causative agent with the methods of serial dilutions and paper disks revealed coincidence of their antibiotic sensitivity levels. the unimicon-s and agv media can be used for determination of antibiotic sensitivity of the anthrax causative agent by the above methods.	1985	3937488
investigations on the sporicidal and fungicidal activity of disinfectants.	the sporicidal and fungicidal activity of disinfectants was studied in a suspension test. glutaraldehyde 4%, sodium-dichloroisocyanurate-dihydrate (2400 ppm active chlorine) and peracetic acid 0.25% demonstrated after 30 min of exposure at 20 degrees c in the presence of 4% horse serum a clear activity against spores of bacillus cereus. under the same conditions formaldehyde 4% and glutaraldehyde 2% were also found to be sporicidal, but only after a longer time of exposure. spores of bacillus an ...	1985	3938146
[the use of gel chromatography for the isolation of biologically active toxin complex from bacillus anthrax].	the multistep fractioning of the protein components from cultural filtrate of b. anthracis grown on casaminoacids containing medium was done. the scheme for preliminary purification of a toxin complex of b. anthracis against low and high molecular mass contaminants has been elaborated and includes ultrafiltration, gel chromatography in ultragel aca-202 and tsk-gel toyopal hw-55. biological activities of the complex,toxicity for laboratory animals and adenylate cyclase activity characteristic of ...	1985	3939572
association of the encapsulation of bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid.	virulent typical strains (shikan, morioka, shizuoka) and pasteur vaccine strains (no. 1, no. 2-h, no. 2-17jb) of bacillus anthracis harboured two plasmid species with molecular masses of 110 mdal and 60 mdal. all of the 110 mdal plasmids isolated from the various strains showed indistinguishable patterns of digestion with restriction endonucleases. all the 60 mdal plasmids were also indistinguishable. strain davis, which is encapsulated but is asporogenous and avirulent, harboured only the 60 md ...	1985	2984311
[appearance of human anthrax in ivory coast forests].	eight cases of human anthrax were reported in 1983 from ivory coast republic, all of them in the tropical forest belt (7 degrees 30' n). clinical forms were: cephalic cutaneous (4 cases), intestinal (1 case) and very likely neurological (3 cases). human disease was correlated to epizootic anthrax occuring in sheeps and goats within this area. bacteriological cultures of animal material confirmed the diagnosis. this report of human anthrax is the second one coming from ivory coast republic but th ...	1985	2985910
anthrax toxin components stimulate chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils.	effects of the three-component toxin of bacillus anthracis on chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were investigated in an effort to determine the basis of the reported antiphagocytic effect of the toxin. the three toxin components, edema factor (ef), protective antigen (pa), and lethal factor (lf), were tested alone and in various combinations for their effect on pmn chemotaxis under agarose to formyl peptides and zymosan-activated serum. no component was active alone; combina ...	1985	2986152
[vaccination of animals and human health].	prophylactic immunization of animals against obligat and nonobligat pathogenic zoonoses benefit human health in many ways both directly and indirectly. typical examples of a direct protective effect are the vaccinations of dogs, cats and foxes against rabies as well as the vaccinations against respiratory diseases in cows, horses, dogs and cats to which the most varied species of pathogens of noncompulsory zoonoses contribute. a considerable contribution to the protection of human health is made ...	1985	2986381
molecular cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the lethal factor gene of bacillus anthracis.	we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli the lethal factor (lf) gene of bacillus anthracis. at least two of the six lf recombinant plasmids produce full-length lf protein. transcription of the lf gene in e. coli appears to be under the control of its own b. anthracis promoter. recombinant lf protein produced in e. coli remains intracellular and is not secreted. however, this lf protein is biochemically active and displays the same lethal effects as lf secreted by b. anthracis in the mous ...	1986	3021591
cloning and expression of the bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in bacillus subtilis.	the gene encoding the protective antigen (pa) moiety of the tripartite exotoxin of bacillus anthracis was cloned from the recombinant plasmid pse36 into bacillus subtilis 1s53 by using the plasmid vector pub110. two clones, designated pa1 and pa2, were identified which produced pa in liquid cultures at levels of 20.5 to 41.9 micrograms/ml. this pa was identical to b. anthracis sterne pa with respect to migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and to western blot antigenic reactivi ...	1986	3021632
anthrax toxin blocks priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide and by muramyl dipeptide.	we studied the pretreatment of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) with purified preparations of the anthrax toxin components--protective antigen (pa), edema factor (ef), and lethal factor (lf)--and their effects on release of superoxide anion (o-2) after stimulation with the chemotactic peptide n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp). pmn isolated in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (lps) (less than 0.1 ng/ml) released only small amounts of o-2 after fmlp stimulation; pretreatment ...	1986	3021891
overwhelming pneumonia.	overwhelming pneumonia may be caused by a large number of different organisms in both immunocompetent and compromised hosts. in this article, the most common etiologies of overwhelming pneumonia are considered from an epidemiologic and clinical point of view.	1986	3487011
one century after louis pasteur's victory against rabies.		1986	3521343
[isolated fever and anthrax of the kidney].		1986	3544406
control measures for anthrax-contaminated hides.		1986	3698566
macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process.	anthrax lethal toxin, which consists of two proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor, is lethal for experimental animals. this study describes the first in vitro system demonstrating lethality of the toxin. mouse peritoneal macrophages are killed within 1 h of exposure to the toxin. neither protein component alone shows any toxic activity. the minimal effective concentration of protective antigen and lethal factor was approximately equal to 10(-2) and approximately equal to 10(-3) microgra ...	1986	3711080
[anthrax 1985 in graubünden].		1986	3726518
fulminant community-acquired infectious diseases: diagnostic problems.	the processes presented here do not represent an all-inclusive list of fulminant infectious diseases. some of the more common acute, overwhelming infections of the central nervous system and lungs are covered elsewhere in this issue. we have selected less common, potentially catastrophic syndromes that might be recognized earlier if certain historical clues, physical findings, or laboratory abnormalities are appreciated. specific and effective therapy is available for most of the diseases we hav ...	1986	3736273
anthrax in man and cattle in bangladesh.	the occurrence of anthrax in 62 cattle and 27 humans in pabna milk shed areas of bangladesh was recorded during 1980-84. there were 62 sick animals: 43 (69%) died, 14 (23%) recovered with penicillin treatment and only five (8%) were slaughtered in a moribund stage, for human consumption. all 27 people who developed malignant pustules were cured with penicillin treatment within 14 days.	1986	3746993
[anthrax meningitis].	anthrax meningitis may complicate cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal anthrax, although it occurs in less than 5% of patients. between 1935 and 1985 60 cases of human anthrax were notified in switzerland. this report of a fatal case in a 54-year-old woman is the third case of inhalation anthrax and the second of meningeal complication with cortical hemorrhages in our country. there was no known source of infection. the clinical, microbiological and histopathological profile, therapy and p ...	1986	3764392
primary throat anthrax. a report of six cases.	73 cases of anthrax were recorded by the health office in the sivas region in the last 4 years. this paper presents a rare and severe clinical form of anthrax displaying diagnostic difficulties. six women aged between 16-46 were diagnosed as having throat anthrax and treated in the infectious diseases department of cumhuriyet university. the lesions were localized on the tonsils in 5 cases and on the base of the tongue in 1 case. the main clinical features were sore throat, dysphagia, fever, reg ...	1986	3775269
[use of mathematical theory in experiments evaluating the protective properties of antimicrobial preparations].	mathematical design of multifactorial experiments in investigation of protective properties of antimicrobial drugs provided acceleration of preclinical study of new antimicrobial drugs, increasing its level and decreasing its size and cost. the advantage of the experiment mathematical design in investigation and estimation of protective properties of antimicrobial drugs was shown on a model of doxycycline chemotherapy of experimental anthracic infection caused by the vaccinal strain of the causa ...	1986	3777891
us defence: biological war still a threat.		1986	3785413
differences in susceptibility of inbred mice to bacillus anthracis.	animal species differ in their resistance both to infection by bacillus anthracis and to anthrax toxin. a mouse model was developed to study the basis of the host differences and the pathogenesis of infection. when mice were infected with the virulent b. anthracis strain vollum 1b, low 50% lethal dose (ld50) values (5 to 30 spores) were found for all 10 strains of inbred mice tested. however, analysis of time-to-death data revealed significant differences among the strains, which could be divide ...	1986	3081444
treatment of anthrax in man: history and current concepts.		1986	3083296
development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity.	a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect antibodies in serum to the protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) components of anthrax toxin. current human vaccination schedules with an acellular vaccine induce predictable and lasting antibody titers to pa and, when present in the vaccine, to lf. live spore vaccine administered to guinea pigs in a single dose conferred significantly better protection than the human vaccines (p less than 0.001), ...	1986	3084381
immunization studies with attenuated strains of bacillus anthracis.	live, attenuated strains of bacillus anthracis lacking either the capsule plasmid pxo2, the toxin plasmid pxo1, or both were tested for their efficacy as vaccines against intravenous challenge with anthrax toxin in fischer 344 rats and against aerosol or intramuscular challenge with virulent anthrax spores in hartley guinea pigs. animals immunized with toxigenic, nonencapsulated (pxo1+, pxo2-) strains survived toxin and spore challenge and demonstrated postimmunization antibody titers to the thr ...	1986	3084383
comparative efficacy of bacillus anthracis live spore vaccine and protective antigen vaccine against anthrax in the guinea pig.	several strains of bacillus anthracis have been reported previously to cause fatal infection in immunized guinea pigs. in this study, guinea pigs were immunized with either a protective antigen vaccine or a live sterne strain spore vaccine, then challenged with virulent b. anthracis strains isolated from various host species from the united states and foreign sources. confirmation of previously reported studies (which used only protective antigen vaccines) was made with the identification of 9 o ...	1986	3084385
purification of bacillus anthracis lethal factor by immunosorbent chromatography.	lethal factor from b. anthracis (vollum 1b strain) has been purified 1130-fold by immunosorbent chromatography using a mouse anti-lethal factor monoclonal antibody sepharose-4b column. the antibody was covalently attached to cnbr activated sepharose-4b. lethal factor bound at ph 7 (0.05 m sodium phosphate buffer) and was eluted with buffer containing 4 m nascn with 77% recovery of the immunological activity. pre-elution with 4 m nacl was effective in eluting non-biospecifically bound proteins. m ...	1986	3085293
virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 mda and 60 mda plasmids.	a comparative study was made of the virulence and immunogenicity in mice or guinea pigs of bacillus anthracis strains harbouring 110 mda and/or 60 mda plasmids. strains cured of the 110 mda or the 60 mda plasmid were more than 100-fold less virulent to mice than were the parental strains harbouring these plasmids. guinea-pigs immunized with plasmid-free derivatives of the non-encapsulated vaccine strain 34f2 showed no resistance to challenge with strain 17jb, which harbours both 110 mda and 60 m ...	1986	3086499
[in vitro amino acid requirements of bacillus anthracis cells].	in the process of batch cultivation in a synthetic medium b. anthracis cells actively consume free amino acids. the maximum amino acid consumption per unit of biomass occurs at the exponential phase of growth, but the consumption of serine is maintained at a high level also during the stationary phase. at the same time the consumption of proline by both vaccine and virulent strains is insignificant at the stationary phase of growth. in contrast to b. anthracis virulent strains, vaccine strains h ...	1986	3087120
induced release of bacillus spores from sporangia by sodium sulphate.	incubation of sporulating cultures of bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, b. subtilis and b. thuringiensis in 1.0 mol/l sodium sulphate markedly increased the release of free spores from sporangia. it is postulated that the release of spores is due to activation of latent autolysins which hydrolyse sporangial cell walls. sodium sulphate-induced lysis of sporangia represents a novel and highly effective method for the recovery of spores from cultures of bacillus species.	1986	3087932
[hereditary resistance to anthrax and sensitivity to the anthrax toxin in mice].	the degree of the hereditary susceptibility of mice to anthrax caused by noncapsular and capsule-forming bacillus anthracis strains has been found to be directly related to the sensitivity of the animals to the edematogenic and immunosuppressing action of anthrax toxin. the genetic analysis indicates that resistance to anthrax is probably controlled by a dominant gene, not linked with histocompatibility complex h-2 and, probably, unrelated to the presence of hemolytic activity in mouse sera, det ...	1986	3088874
immunizing activity of oil adjuvant attenuated spore vaccine of bacillus anthracis in sheep.		1986	3096031
dispersal, density and habitat preference of the blow-flies chrysomyia albiceps (wd.) and chrysomyia marginalis (wd.) (diptera: calliphoridae).	16 000 chrysomyia albiceps and 52 000 c. marginalis adults were radioactively labelled with 32p-orthophosphate and released in the northern kruger national park, south africa. after a 1-week dispersal period 69 baited blow-fly traps were placed in different habitat types and at varying distances around the release point. c. albiceps were subsequently found to have covered up to 37.5 km and c. marginalis 63.5 km, suggesting dispersal rates per day of 2.20 km and 2.35 km for the 2 species, respect ...	1986	3960486
photoreactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated, plasmid-bearing, and plasmid-free strains of bacillus anthracis.	the effects of toxin- and capsule-encoding plasmids on the kinetics of uv inactivation of various strains of bacillus anthracis were investigated. plasmids pxo1 and pxo2 had no effect on bacterial uv sensitivity or photoreactivation. vegetative cells were capable of photoreactivation, but photo-induced repair of uv damage was absent in b. anthracis sterne spores.	1986	2429617
[can debrisan pate be used in phlegmons, anthrax...?].		1987	2440114
[experimental characteristics of anthrax intoxication].	in experimental anthrax intoxication, a highly important stage of its pathogenesis consists in microcirculatory disturbances with the phenomena of blood sludge, accompanied by the increased permeability of blood vessels not only for plasma, but also for red blood cells. these disturbances result in perivascular hemorrhages, hemorrhagic infiltrations, edema and cavitary transudates. pulmonary edema and, as a consequence, the accumulation of fluid in pulmonary alveoli and the respiratory tract are ...	1987	2446450
[use of immunological adsorption in heterogeneous immunoenzyme analysis in determining antibodies to the protective determinants of bacillus anthracis].	in a heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay system involving the use of polystyrene assay plates, the method of immunological adsorption has been used for studying the spectrum of specific antibodies to individual chromatographically pure fractions of b. anthracis toxin. the relationship between the characteristics of acquired stability and the level of serum antibodies to individual biologically active and biologically inactive toxin antigens in guinea pigs, immunized with live vaccines in a single i ...	1987	2448978
mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity that involve production of calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclases.		1987	2882409
[methodological characteristics of the use of the immunofluorescence method for the rapid determination of the sensitivity of the anthrax microbe to antibiotics].	an immunofluorescent method for rapid assay of antibiotic sensitivity of bacillus anthracis was tested with the use of virulent strains. it was shown that the immunofluorescent method was applicable for assay of antibiotic sensitivity of bacillus anthracis immediately upon inoculation of the native matter: soil samples and other materials. comparison of the results obtained with the method of serial dilutions and the immunofluorescent method showed that the levels of the bacillus anthracis sensi ...	1987	3105434
serious infections caused by bacillus species.	thirty-eight patients with serious infections caused by organisms belonging to the genus bacillus are described. our experience, and that reported in the literature, indicates that, in most cases, isolated bacillus bacteremia is not a particularly serious disease. therefore, under most circumstances, empiric antibiotic therapy designed specifically for treatment of bacillus is probably not necessary. endocarditis can occur, but apparently follows bacteremia only infrequently. when these bacteria ...	1987	3106749
[quantitative evaluation of a population of immunocompetent cells having a receptor for the anthrax protective antigen].	studies of the number of immunocompetent cells with receptors to anthrax protective antigen in the blood of hamadryas baboons infected with bacillus anthracis carried out by the rosette-formation technique have shown a statistically significant increase in the number of these cells in the animals as early as 12 hrs after their infection.	1987	3107286