Publications

structural basis for discriminative regulation of gene expression by adenine- and guanine-sensing mrnas.	metabolite-sensing mrnas, or "riboswitches," specifically interact with small ligands and direct expression of the genes involved in their metabolism. riboswitches contain sensing "aptamer" modules, capable of ligand-induced structural changes, and downstream regions, harboring expression-controlling elements. we report the crystal structures of the add a-riboswitch and xpt g-riboswitch aptamer modules that distinguish between bound adenine and guanine with exquisite specificity and modulate exp ...	2004	15610857
low density lipoprotein inactivates vibrio vulnificus cytolysin through the oligomerization of toxin monomer.	blood lipoprotein has been shown to be an important defense factor against the bacterial infection. lipoprotein is scavenger of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, lps). however, there is little evidence showing its protective action against the bacterial exotoxin. we have previously demonstrated that cholesterol inactivates vibrio vulnificus cytolysin (vvc) through oligomerization of the toxin monomer. the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vvc and low-den ...	2004	15834753
multiplex pcr detection of clinical and environmental strains of vibrio vulnificus in shellfish.	in this study, we developed a pcr-based rapid detection method for clinically important pathogenic strains of vibrio vulnificus. positive amplification of the 504-bp viub fragment was seen in all 22 clinical isolates tested but only in 8 out of 33 environmental isolates. the combination of the species-specific 205-bp vvh fragment along with viub in a multiplexed pcr enabled us to confirm the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of v. vulnificus. no amplification of other vibrio spp. or non ...	2004	15644908
role of catalase and oxyr in the viable but nonculturable state of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus has proven difficult to culture from water or shellfish during winter months, which is attributed to the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. because reactive oxygen species were found to be involved in the low temperature-induced entrance of v. vulnificus into this state, we generated an oxyr mutant which lacks catalase activity. this strain is nonculturable on solid media even at ambient temperature, due to the presence of h(2)o(2) in such media. low temperature incubation ...	2004	19712354
ecology of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in brackish environments of the sada river in shimane prefecture, japan.	while there are several studies on the ecology of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in estuarine water environments around the world, there is little information on the distribution of both organisms during the cold-weather months. thus, we conducted a multi-year study on the ecology of both organisms in brackish environments of the sada river, a drainage canal flowing slowly into the japan sea from lake shinji in shimane prefecture, japan. water samples were collected twice a month ...	2004	19712405
myeloid and erythroid progenitor cells from normal bone marrow adhere to collagen type i.	one of the mechanisms by which normal hematopoietic progenitor cells remain localized within the bone marrow microenvironment is likely to involve adhesion of these cells to extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins. for example, there is evidence that uncommitted, hla-dr-negative progenitor cells and committed erythroid precursors (bfu-e) bind to fibronectin. however, fibronectin is not known to mediate binding of committed myeloid (granulocyte-macrophage) progenitors, raising the possibility that ot ...	2004	1370640
inducibility of metallothionein biosynthesis in cultured normal and menkes kinky hair disease fibroblasts: effects of copper and cadmium.	metallothionein biosynthesis is not induced by extracellular copper in menkes kinky hair disease (mkhd) or in normal cultured fibroblasts under the conditions of these experiments. in the presence of copper, mkhd fibroblasts also incorporated less cysteine than did normal fibroblasts. extracellular cadmium greatly enhanced the uptake of cysteine in both normal and mkhd cultures. by the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was demonstrated that metallothionein is induced by cadmium ...	2004	471576
[conservative management of postmastectomy lymphedema].		2004	419468
[low-molecular weight nuclear rna's].		2004	395786
sepsis with bullous necrotizing skin lesions due to vibrio vulnificus acquired through recreational activities in the baltic sea.	this report describes the case of a 59-year-old woman with a history of non-hodgkin's lymphoma who developed bacteremia with vibrio vulnificus. the patient had been swimming in the unusually warm baltic sea in the summer of 2002. she presented with symptoms of septicemia and severe bullous necrotizing skin lesions of the extremities. blood culture revealed vibrio vulnificus as the pathogenic organism. under treatment with cefotaxime and gentamicin, she recovered slowly without further complicati ...	2004	14655036
high growing ability of vibrio vulnificus biotype 1 is essential for production of a toxic metalloprotease causing systemic diseases in humans.	vibrio vulnificus biotype 1, a causative agent of fatal septicemia or wound infection in humans, is known to produce a toxic metalloprotease as an important virulence determinant. v. vulnificus biotype 2 (serovar e), a primary eel pathogen, was found to elaborate an extracellular metalloprotease that was indistinguishable from that of biotype 1. the potential of v. vulnificus biotype 1 for production of the metalloprotease was compared with biotype 2 and other human non-pathogenic vibrio species ...	2004	14726228
expression of vibrio vulnificus capsular polysaccharide inhibits biofilm formation.	vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen that produces lethal septicemia in susceptible persons, and the primary virulence factor for this organism is capsular polysaccharide (cps). the role of the capsule in v. vulnificus biofilms was examined under a variety of conditions, by using either defined cps mutants or spontaneous cps expression phase variants derived from multiple strains. cps expression was shown to inhibit attachment and biofilm formation, which contrasted with other studies describin ...	2004	14729720
a k+ yptake protein, trka, is required for serum, protamine, and polymyxin b resistance in vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus, a highly virulent marine bacterium, is the causative agent of both serious wound infections and fatal septicemia in many areas of the world. to identify the genes required for resistance to human serum, we constructed a library of transposon mutants of v. vulnificus and screened them for hypersensitivity to human serum. here we report that one of the isolated serum-susceptible mutants had a mutation in an open reading frame identified as trka, a gene encoding an amino acid seq ...	2004	14742502
vibrio vulnificus infection: epidemiology, clinical presentations, and prevention.		2004	14982256
varied clinical presentations of vibrio vulnificus infections: a report of four unusual cases and review of the literature.	vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative, motile, curved bacillus of the family vibrionaceae that is a rare cause of gastroenteritis, septicemia, and wound infections in humans. v. vulnificus is halophilic, flourishes in warm temperatures, and is part of the bacterial flora of the marine environment. the location of our health care setting, on the gulf of mexico, has given us the opportunity to observe a wide variety of clinical presentations of infections caused by this organism. in the first case, ...	2004	14982266
a "fishy remedy": an unusual transmission of vibrio vulnificus infection.	this case report describes a unique transmission of vibrio vulnificus infection. a 38-year-old woman with recurrent cellulitis and chronic ulcer on her leg developed necrotizing cellulitis and sepsis caused by v. vulnificus. meticulous history investigation revealed the link to contaminated fish blood that had been applied on the ulcer by a traditional healer. through this case, it may be stressed that a traditional remedy can sometimes be harmful and life-threatening.	2004	14982277
influence of aquatic microbiota on the survival in water of the human and eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus serovar e.	the eel and human pathogen vibrio vulnificus serovar e (biotype 2) is seldom isolated from natural waters, although it can survive in sterilized artificial seawater microcosms for years. the main objective of the present study was to investigate whether aquatic microbiota can limit its survival and recovery from water samples. a set of preliminary experiments of survival in microcosms containing natural seawater and water from eel farms showed that the persistence of this pathogen was mainly con ...	2004	15008814
a systematic method to identify genomic islands and its applications in analyzing the genomes of corynebacterium glutamicum and vibrio vulnificus cmcp6 chromosome i.	some genomic islands contain horizontally transferred genes, which play critical roles in altering the genotypes and phenotypes of organisms, and horizontal gene transfer has been recognized as a universal event throughout bacterial evolution. a windowless method to display the distribution of genomic gc content, the cumulative gc profile, is proposed to identify genomic islands in genomes whose complete genome sequences are available. two new indices are proposed to assess the codon usage bias ...	2004	15033867
simultaneous detection of marine fish pathogens by using multiplex pcr and a dna microarray.	we coupled multiplex pcr and a dna microarray to construct an assay suitable for the simultaneous detection of five important marine fish pathogens (vibrio vulnificus, listonella anguillarum, photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and vibrio parahaemolyticus). the array was composed of nine short oligonucleotide probes (25-mer) complementary to seven chromosomal loci (cyt, rpon, gyrb, toxr, urec, dly, and vapa) and two plasmid-borne loci (fata and a.sa ...	2004	15070982
cloning and characterization of the lipase and lipase activator protein from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1.	the gene (lipa) encoding the extracellular lipase and its downstream gene (lipb) from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1 were cloned and sequenced. nucleotide sequence analysis and alignments of amino acid sequences suggest that lip ais a member of bacterial lipase family i.1 and that lipb is a lipase activator of lipa. the active lipa was produced in recombinant escherichia coli cells only in the presence of the lipb. in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl esters and triacylglycerols, using the reactivated li ...	2004	15093133
[a basic study of vibrio vulnificus infection: serotyping and drug sensitivity test of environment-derived strains and human clinical isolates].	in attempt to elucidate the route and source of vibrio vulnificus infection. serotyping and drug sensitivity tests of environment-derived strains and human clinical isolates were performed. 1) serotyping of isolates from the two types of source were determined. of environment-derived strains, 72.5% were classified into 18 types, and o7 was the most frequent type, accounting for 73.1%, and the second frequent type was o4, accounting for 6.1%. of human clinical isolates, 87.1% were classified into ...	2004	15103898
efficacy of a bivalent vaccine against eel diseases caused by vibrio vulnificus after its administration by four different routes.	vulnivaccine, a vaccine against vibriosis caused by vibrio vulnificus serovar e (formerly biotype 2), confers acceptable levels of protection to eels after its administration by prolonged immersion in three doses. recently, a new pathogenic serovar, named serovar a, has been isolated from vaccinated eels in a spanish freshwater eel farm. the main objective of this work was to design a bivalent vaccine, and to study its effectiveness against the two pathogenic serovars. with this aim, eels weighi ...	2004	15123314
regulation of proinflammatory mediator production in raw264.7 macrophage by vibrio vulnificus luxs and smcr.	vibrio vulnificus causes fatal septicemia in human hosts, which is the consequence of raw shellfish consumption. the mortality following septicemia is dependent on the in vivo production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnfalpha). the present study was set up to investigate the association of quorum sensing in v. vulnificus with the host immune response. the effect of quorum sensing on cytotoxicity and the production of proinflammatory mediators was examined usin ...	2004	15145462
isolation and characterization of rpos from a pathogenic bacterium, vibrio vulnificus: role of sigmas in survival of exponential-phase cells under oxidative stress.	a gene homologous to rpos was cloned from a fatal human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus. the functional role of rpos in v. vulnificus was accessed by using an rpos knockout mutant strain. this mutant was impaired in terms of the ability to survive under oxidative stress, nutrient starvation, uv irradiation, or acidic conditions. the increased susceptibility of the v. vulnificus mutant in the exponential phase to h2o2 was attributed to the reduced activity of hydroperoxidase i (hpi). although sigmas ...	2004	15150215
bright fluorescence of a novel protein from vibrio vulnificus depends on nadph and the expression of this protein is regulated by a lysr-type regulatory gene.	a blue fluorescent protein, bfgv, belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily, was found in a non-bioluminescent pathogen vibrio vulnificus ckm-1. this protein has fluorescence spectra with two excitation peaks at 283 and 352 nm, and one emission peak at 456 nm. bfgv fluoresces through effectively augmenting the intrinsic fluorescence of nadph bound to it. escherichia coli transformants expressing this protein can emit eye-detectable fluorescence. a lysr-type transcriptional ...	2004	15158463
quantifying intrachromosomal gc heterogeneity in prokaryotic genomes.	the sequencing of prokaryotic genomes covering a wide taxonomic range has sparked renewed interest in intrachromosomal compositional (gc) heterogeneity, largely in view of lateral transfers. we present here a brief overview of some methods for visualizing and quantifying gc variation in prokaryotes. we used these methods to examine heterogeneity levels in sequenced prokaryotes, for a range of scales or stringencies. some species are consistently homogeneous, whereas others are markedly heterogen ...	2004	15177687
a plasmid-encoded class 1 integron carrying sat, a putative phosphoserine phosphatase gene and aada2 from enterotoxigenic escherichia coli o159 isolated in japan.	a class 1 integron was detected in a single multidrug-resistant strain of enterotoxigenice escherichia coli (etec) o159 after examination of 23 clinical e. coli isolates. this isolate was resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. sequencing of the class 1 integron identified three-gene cassettes. the first is the streptothricin acetyltransferase gene, sat, which confers resistance to streptothricin. the second is an orf whose product is a putative phosphos ...	2004	15183870
hyperbaric oxygen as adjunctive therapy in vibrio vulnificus septicemia and cellulitis.		2004	15233174
vibrio vulnificus sepsis successfully treated with antibiotics, surgical debridement, and recombinant human activated protein c.		2004	15233383
characterization of a lysyl aminopeptidase activity associated with phosphoglucose isomerase of vibrio vulnificus.	phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and, in mammalian cells, functions as neuroleukin, autocrine motility factor (amf), and differentiation and maturation factor (mf). we isolated and characterized pgi with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity (pgi-lysap) from vibrio vulnificus. mass spectrometry revealed that pgi-lysap is a heterodimer consisting of 23.4- and 60.8-kda subunits. only the heterodimer displayed lysap activi ...	2004	15262231
an outbreak of vibrio vulnificus infection in kumamoto, japan, 2001.		2004	15262710
role of flagellum and motility in pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus.	to assess the role of the flagellum which was detected by immunoscreening of surface proteins of vibrio vulnificus, an flge-deleted mutant was constructed and tested for its pathogenicity. the ability of this nonmotile mutant to adhere to int-407 cells and its role in biofilm were decreased, as was its lethality to mice.	2004	15271959
immunogenic antigens of the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus serovar e.	the immunogenic antigens of vibrio vulnificus serovar e were investigated in the eel. fish were vaccinated by immersion with vulnivaccine (v), revaccinated 2 years later by intraperitoneal injection (rv) and bath infected 15 days post-revaccination (rvi). the specific immune response in serum was followed in all groups, and selected sera were used for immunostaining of surface (sa) and extracellular antigens (eca). bacteria were grown in iron-rich (tsb and mswye) and iron-poor media (tsb and msw ...	2004	15276607
seal finger.		2004	15288743
fluorescent intensity of a novel nadph-binding protein of vibrio vulnificus can be improved by directed evolution.	blue fluorescent protein, bfgv, found from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1, fluoresces through augmenting the intrinsic fluorescence of bound nadph. random mutagenesis and dna shuffling were applied to increase the fluorescent intensity of bfgv. the wild type bfgv gene was subjected to four cycles of mutagenesis processes. a prominent d7 mutant protein had fluorescent intensity four times larger than wild type bfgv. the emission wavelength of this mutant protein appeared at 440 nm, which was 16 nm short ...	2004	15313207
occurrence of vibrio vulnificus in fish and shellfish available from markets in china.	vibrio vulnificus is a naturally occurring estuarine bacterium often associated with disease such as septicemia in humans following consumption of raw and lightly cooked seafood. in china and neighboring countries, rapid economic growth has encouraged increased consumption of seafood, and dietary habits are changing, with more people eating raw fish. in this study, the prevalence of v. vulnificus was investigated in 48 samples from 11 species of live seafood available from markets in coastal cit ...	2004	15330524
[seasonal change of vibrio vulnificus in the slime of tidal flats, seawater, and fishes collected along ariake sea, japan].	to investigate the seasonal change of vibrio vulnificus in ariake sea, japan, we attempted to isolate v. vulnificus from the slime of tidal flats, seawater, and fishes obtained from three harbors along ariake sea. the sample were collected twice a month from january to december, 2001. also, we determined the biological characteristics of the individual isolates. v. vulnificus were isolated throughout the year, but the isolation ratios were higher during the warmer season from june to october. th ...	2004	15344557
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from taiwan and the united states.	vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium that causes human wound infections and septicemia with a high mortality rate. v. vulnificus strains from different clinical and environmental sources or geographic regions have been successfully characterized by ribotyping and several other methods. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) is a highly discriminative method, but previous studies suggested that it was not suitable for examining the correlation of v. vulnificus strains from different origins. ...	2004	15345394
effects of temperature and salinity on vibrio vulnificus population dynamics as assessed by quantitative pcr.	the abundance of vibrio vulnificus in coastal environments has been linked to water temperature, while its relationship to salinity is less clear. we have developed a culture-independent, most-probable-number quantitative pcr approach to examine v. vulnificus population dynamics in barnegat bay, n.j. based on the combined analysis of our results from barnegat bay and from the literature, the present data show that (i) v. vulnificus population dynamics are strongly correlated to water temperature ...	2004	15345434
changes in membrane fatty acid composition during entry of vibrio vulnificus into the viable but nonculturable state.	vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterium found in estuarine waters, is responsible for over 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the united states. as a result of a temperature downshift to 5 degrees c, this organism enters the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. changes in the membrane fatty acid (fa) composition of v. vulnificus may be a contributing factor to the ability of this organism to enter into and survive in the vbnc state. this hypothesis was tested by incubating the organism ...	2004	15357297
purification and characterization of lysozyme from plasma of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica).	lysozyme was purified from the plasma of eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) using a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies. the molecular mass of purified lysozyme was estimated at 18.4 kda by sds-page, and its isoelectric point was greater than 10. mass spectrometric analysis of the purified enzyme revealed a high-sequence homology with i-type lysozymes. no similarity was found however between the n-terminal sequence of oyster plasma lysozyme and n-terminal sequenc ...	2004	15364284
identification of the emerging pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 by commercially available phenotypic methods.	identification of the emerging pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 has become a challenge for clinical laboratories in the last few years. in this study, the abilities of five commercial systems to identify this new species have been evaluated for the first time, using a unique collection of strains. fifty-one well-documented wild strains of v. vulnificus biotype 3 were processed using api 20 ne, gni+ vitek 1 cards, id-gnb vitek 2 cards, neg combo 20 microscan panels, and nmic/id-5 bd phoenix p ...	2004	15365001
hand infections caused by delayed inoculation of vibrio vulnificus: does human skin serve as a potential reservoir of vibrios?	vibrio vulnificus may cause severe soft tissue infections of the upper extremity. this pathogen usually gains access to soft tissues either by direct inoculation through a penetrating injury by an infected marine animal or by exposing abraded skin to contaminated water. we report five patients with vibrio vulnificus hand infections following superficial hand injuries incurred within 24 hours after uneventful handling of fish. this clinical observation, together with the fact that the physiologic ...	2004	15368624
a calcium-calmodulin antagonist blocks experimental vibrio vulnificus cytolysin-induced lethality in an experimental mouse model.	we demonstrated that trifluoperazine, a calcium-calmodulin antagonist, blocked the hyperpermeability induced by vibrio vulnificus cytolysin in in vitro-modeled endothelium and prevented the deaths of mice. furthermore, compared to tetracycline alone, tetracycline combined with trifluoperazine enhanced the survival rate of v. vulnificus-infected mice, indicating the role of the cytolysin as an important factor in pathogenesis.	2004	15385523
characterization and virulence of hemolysin iii from vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus, a highly virulent marine bacterium, is the causative agent of both serious wound infections and fatal septicemia in many areas of the word. a gene (hlyiii) encoding a hemolysin was cloned and sequenced from v. vulnificus. nucleotide sequence analysis predicted an open reading frame of 642 bp encoding a 214 amino acid polypeptide that showed 48% sequence identity to the hemolysin iii of bacillus cereus. when hlyiii of v. vulnificus was expressed in escherichia coli, crude extra ...	2004	15386100
structural and functional analyses of phosphoglucose isomerase from vibrio vulnificus and its lysyl aminopeptidase activity.	phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity was recently isolated and partially characterized from the human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus. this pgi is a heterodimer consisting of 60.8- and 23.4-kda subunits, which together provide lysap activity. the present study further characterizes the complex structure and functions of vibrio pgi and draws parallels with rabbit and human pgi. a proscan search of vibrio pgi revealed 194 different structural motifs of whic ...	2004	15450853
production of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin in vivo and its pathogenic significance.	hemolyin/cytolysin (vvha) is one of the representative exotoxins produced by vibrio vulnificus. cytotoxic mechanism of vvha has been extensively studied. however, there have been controversies concerning the pathogenic significance since vvha(-) mutant showed no ld(50) change in mice. in this study, we investigated whether vvha is expressed in vivo. when v. vulnificus was cultured in the presence of normal pooled human serum, substantial amount of vvha was detected by elisa and the transcription ...	2004	15464986
vibrio vulnificus septicaemia in japan: an estimated number of infections and physicians' knowledge of the syndrome.	questionnaire surveys were implemented to study the incidence and physicians' knowledge of vibrio vulnificus infections in japan. registered emergency physicians were selected by stratified random sampling for a questionnaire survey. a total of 235 out of 386 physicians (61%) responded to the questionnaire and 12 v. vulnificus septicaemia cases were reported from 10 respondents. the annual estimated number of v. vulnificus septicaemia was calculated as 425 (95 % ci 238-752). the study also revea ...	2004	15473164
methods for isolation and confirmation of vibrio vulnificus from oysters and environmental sources: a review.	the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a natural inhabitant of estuarine waters and poses a significant health threat to humans who suffer from immune disorders, liver disease, or hemochromatosis (iron overload). v. vulnificus enters human hosts via wound infections or consumption of raw shellfish (primarily oysters), and infections frequently progress to septicemia and death in susceptible individuals. prevalence in waters and shellfish is not correlated with fecal indicator organisms ...	2004	15488274
vibrio vulnificus in taiwan.	residents in taiwan are often exposed to marine microorganisms through seafood and occupational exposure. the number of reported cases of infection attributable to this organism has increased since the first case was reported in 1985. the increasing number of cases may be caused by greater disease activity or improved recognition by clinicians or laboratory workers. we analyze a clinical-case series of 84 patients with vibrio vulnificus infection from 1995 to 2000 and describe the molecular epid ...	2004	15496235
regulation system for protease production in vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is a causative agent of serious food-borne diseases in humans related to consumption of raw seafoods. this human pathogen secretes a metalloprotease (vvp) that evokes enhancement of the vascular permeability and disruption of the capillaries. production of microbial proteases is generally induced at early stationary phase of its growth. this cell density dependent regulation of vvp production in v. vulnificus known to be the quorum-sensing. when v. vulnificus was cultivated in ...	2004	15500979
detection and enumeration of vibrio vulnificus in oysters from two estuaries along the southwest coast of india, using molecular methods.	this study was conducted to understand the seasonal distribution of vibrio vulnificus in oysters from two estuaries and the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of v. vulnificus in tropical waters. v. vulnificus was detected in 56.6% of the samples tested by colony hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-labeled oligonucleotide probe (vv-ap), and the counts ranged from <10/g during the summer months to 10(3)/g in the monsoon season at both sites. the density of v. vulnificus appea ...	2004	15528563
comparative genomics of the kdgr regulon in erwinia chrysanthemi 3937 and other gamma-proteobacteria.	in the plant-pathogenic enterobacterium erwinia chrysanthemi, almost all known genes involved in pectin catabolism are controlled by the transcriptional regulator kdgr. in this study, the comparative genomics approach was used to analyse the kdgr regulon in completely sequenced genomes of eight enterobacteria, including erw. chrysanthemi, and two vibrio species. application of a signal recognition procedure complemented by operon structure and protein sequence analysis allowed identification of ...	2004	15528647
generation of active fragments from human zymogens in the bradykinin-generating cascade by extracellular proteases from vibrio vulnificus and v. parahaemolyticus.	vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen causing septicemia, and the infection is characterized by formation of the edematous skin lesions on limbs. this pathogenic species secretes a thermolysin-like metalloprotease as a virulence determinant. the metalloprotease was confirmed to activate human factor xii-plasma kallikrein-kinin cascade that results in liberation of bradykinin, a chemical mediator enhancing the vascular permeability, from high-molecular weight kininogen. namely, the ...	2004	15530971
therapy of other bacterial infections.	cutaneous bacterial disease continues to account for a significant proportion of clinical visits. the continuing emergence of strains that are resistant to available antibacterial agents creates a challenge for dermatologists, who need to keep abreast of current treatment strategies. in this article, antibacterial regimens are presented for skin infections caused by organisms such as staphylococcus, streptococcus, pseudomonas, neisseria, haemophilus ducreyi, treponema pallidum, bacillus anthraci ...	2004	15571499
protocol for specific isolation of virulent strains of vibrio vulnificus serovar e (biotype 2) from environmental samples.	the eel pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 comprises at least three serovars, with serovar e being the only one involved in both epizootics of eel vibriosis and sporadic cases of human infections. the virulent strains of this serovar (vse) have only been recovered from clinical (mainly eel tissue) sources. the main objective of this work was to design and validate a new protocol for vse-specific isolation from environmental samples. the key element of the new protocol is the broth used for the ...	2004	15574896
detection of pathogenic vibrio spp. in shellfish by using multiplex pcr and dna microarrays.	this study describes the development of a gene-specific dna microarray coupled with multiplex pcr for the comprehensive detection of pathogenic vibrios that are natural inhabitants of warm coastal waters and shellfish. multiplex pcr with vvh and viub for vibrio vulnificus, with ompu, toxr, tcpi, and hlya for v. cholerae, and with tlh, tdh, trh, and open reading frame 8 for v. parahaemolyticus helped to ensure that total and pathogenic strains, including subtypes of the three vibrio spp., could b ...	2004	15574946
the vibrio seventh pandemic island-ii is a 26.9 kb genomic island present in vibrio cholerae el tor and o139 serogroup isolates that shows homology to a 43.4 kb genomic island in v. vulnificus.	vibrio cholerae is the aetiological agent of the deadly diarrhoeal disease cholera. in this study the 7.5 kb vibrio seventh pandemic island-ii (vsp-ii) that is unique to v. cholerae el tor and o139 serogroups was analysed and it was found to be part of a novel 26.9 kb genomic island (gei) encompassing vc0490-vc0516. the low-gc-content vsp-ii encompassed 24 predicted orfs, including dna repair and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins, a group of hypothetical proteins and a bacteriophage-like inte ...	2004	15583158
rapid detection of vibrio vulnificus in shellfish and gulf of mexico water by real-time pcr.	in this paper we describe optimization of sybr green i-based real-time pcr parameters and testing of a large number of microbial species with vvh-specific oligonucleotide primers to establish a rapid, specific, and sensitive method for detection of vibrio vulnificus in oyster tissue homogenate and gulf of mexico water (gulf water). selected oligonucleotide primers for the vvh gene were tested for pcr amplification of a 205-bp dna fragment with a melting temperature of approximately 87 degrees c ...	2004	14711681
depletion of lymphocytes, but not neutrophils, via apoptosis in a murine model of vibrio vulnificus infection.	vibrio vulnificus causes severe sepsis in humans. there are several reports about the relationship between host immunity and bacterial growth in v. vulnificus infection. however, the effect on leukocytes of v. vulnificus infection in vivo has not been elucidated. a murine model of v. vulnificus infection was used to investigate its effects on leukocytes in this study. bacteria were recovered from the blood of mice 3 h after subcutaneous injection in the right lower flank. they were detected in 8 ...	2005	15591250
carcinoma of the male breast metastatic to the mandible.	a case is reported of male breast carcinoma which, among other bony sites, metastasized to the mandible. this case and the review of the literature illustrate the need to include the mandible in bone scans for metastatic disease in breast cancer.	2005	1310607
[practical evaluation of methods in pharmacokinetics].	a short discussion of the differences between kinetic processes of zero and first order is followed by an outline of evaluation methods used in pharmacokinetic practice, e.g. "paper and pencil methods" as well as the use of digital and analog computers. the increasing potency of new drugs requires not only more sophisticated methods of analysis and expensive facilities but also more complex models to generate pharmacokinetic information.	2005	1242344
[production of tropane alkaloids in tissue cultures (author's transl)].		2005	1187871
failure to consult specialist.		2005	1173090
morphometric analysis of the loss of chief and parietal cells after partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer.	relative chief and parietal cell volume densities were estimated morphometrically in the remnant mucosa of 98 male patients ("series"), operated on for duodenal ulcer by the billroth ii, and in the body mucosa of 55 subjects, age and sex matched, from a random series of a finnish population ("controls"). the relative volumes of chief and parietal cells were significantly lower in the series than in the controls. the mean chief cell: parietal cell ratio was significantly higher in the series than ...	2005	549432
male transsexualism in england: sixteen cases with surgical intervention.	the syndrome of transsexualism is now regarded as a dinstinct entity separate from transvestism and homosexuality (benjamin, 1966; green and money, 1969). it refers to those patients who since childhood have been convinced of their wrong sex assignment and who wish to attain the sexual characteristics of the opposite sex and to live as a member of that sex. the present report is an initial one referring to the first group of transsexual patients studied at a postgraduate teaching hospital by a m ...	2005	1169047
effect of a mixture of cryoprotectants in attaining liquid nitrogen survival of callus cultures of a tropical plant.		2005	544179
three types of retinal detachment: pathogenesis, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations.		2005	1231069
method for double-contrast study of the colon.		2005	1196057
maternal messenger rna and histone synthesis in embryos of the surf clam spisula solidissima.		2005	1168601
xeromammography at a community hospital. a year's experience.		2005	1183210
rpos involvement and requirement for exogenous nutrient for osmotically induced cross protection in vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen which is the causative agent of food-borne disease and wound infections. v. vulnificus is able to adapt to a variety of potentially stressful environmental changes, such as osmotic, nutrient, and temperature variations in estuarine environments, as well as oxidative, osmotic, and acidity differences following infection of a human host. after exposure to sub-lethal levels of a particular environmental stress, many bacteria become resistant to u ...	2005	16329963
development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction targeted to the toxr for detection of vibrio vulnificus.	the taqman assay, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr), was developed to target the toxr gene (toxr) of vibrio vulnificus. the toxr of v. vulnificus was cloned and sequenced. based on these results, we designed specific primers and a probe for use in the quantitative pcr assay. twenty-nine strains of v. vulnificus that were obtained from various sources produced a single pcr product. the amount of final amplification product and threshold cycle number were the same among the ...	2005	15676198
influence of temperature, salinity and ph on the growth of environmental aeromonas and vibrio species isolated from mai po and the inner deep bay nature reserve ramsar site of hong kong.	four environmental bacterial isolates including aeromonas hydrophila mp-3, a. salmonicida mp-4, vibrio vulnificus mp-2 and v. cholerae mp-1 isolated from sediment and water of mai po nature reserve of hong kong were examined for their responses to temperature, ph and salinity under laboratory conditions in this study. v. cholerae mp-1 was found to resist vibriostatic agent o/129 at concentration of 10 microg/ml. in addition, bacterial growth under test conditions was measured and the results wer ...	2005	15678554
essential role of an adenylate cyclase in regulating vibrio vulnificus virulence.	vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic estuarine bacterium, causes a fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infection. to investigate the role of camp in v. vulnificus virulence regulation, an in-frame deletion mutant of the cya gene encoding adenylate cyclase was constructed. the cya null mutation resulted in a pleiotropic change of virulence phenotypes. the production of hemolysin and protease, the motility, and the cytotoxicity were decreased by the cya mutation. the defects in the cya mutant were f ...	2005	15686854
tubo-ovarian abscess caused by vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that causes an aggressive infection with high mortality, especially in patients with liver disease. wound infections due to v. vulnificus occur via direct contamination of cutaneous tissues and can include the uterus. we report a case of v. vulnificus tubo-ovarian infection from an unusual method of acquisition in the gulf of mexico.	2005	15698719
complete genome sequence of vibrio fischeri: a symbiotic bacterium with pathogenic congeners.	vibrio fischeri belongs to the vibrionaceae, a large family of marine gamma-proteobacteria that includes several dozen species known to engage in a diversity of beneficial or pathogenic interactions with animal tissue. among the small number of pathogenic vibrio species that cause human diseases are vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus, the only members of the vibrionaceae that have had their genome sequences reported. nonpathogenic members of the genus vibrio, includi ...	2005	15703294
hybrid vibrio vulnificus.	the recent emergence of the human-pathogenic vibrio vulnificus in israel was investigated by using multilocus genotype data and modern molecular evolutionary analysis tools. we show that this pathogen is a hybrid organism that evolved by the hybridization of the genomes from 2 distinct and independent populations. these findings provide clear evidence of how hybridization between 2 existing and nonpathogenic forms has apparently led to the emergence of an epidemic infectious disease caused by th ...	2005	15705319
[a patient with vibrio vulnificus meningoencephalitis].	a 76-year-old man with liver cirrhosis and diabetes mellitus was admitted to our hospital because of bacterial meningoencephalitis. he had eaten raw fish 2 days before onset. he also developed septic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome and panophthalmitis of the right eye. vibrio vulnificus was isolated from the blood culture. extensive therapy including antibiotics and nafamostat methylate, resulted in full recovery except for right blindness. the ...	2005	15714995
was this the demise of the food critic?		2005	15726750
comparison of kinetic models to describe high pressure and gamma irradiation used to inactivate vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus prepared in buffer solution and in whole oysters.	comparisons of different models in inactivation kinetics were conducted on data obtained from high-pressure and gamma-irradiation processing. vibrio vulnificus (mo-624) and vibrio parahaemolyticus (o3:k6 tx-2103) suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (ph 7.4, 10(7) cfu/ml) were exposed to pressures from 207 to 379 mpa for 1 to 20 min. inoculated whole oysters (106 cfu/g) were exposed to pressure from 276 to 379 mpa for 1 to 15 min. pure cultures and inoculated oysters (10(6) cfu/g) also were ir ...	2005	15726971
bactericidal effects of toluidine blue-mediated photodynamic action on vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative, highly invasive bacterium responsible for human opportunistic infections. we studied the antibacterial effects of toluidine blue o (tbo)-mediated photodynamic therapy (pdt) for v. vulnificus wound infections in mice. fifty-three percent (10 of 19) of mice treated with 100 microg of tbo per ml and exposed to broad-spectrum red light (150 j/cm(2) at 80 mw/cm(2)) survived, even though systemic septicemia had been established with a bacterial inoculum 100 times ...	2005	15728881
a vibrio vulnificus type iv pilin contributes to biofilm formation, adherence to epithelial cells, and virulence.	vibrio vulnificus expresses a multitude of cell-associated and secreted factors that potentially contribute to pathogenicity, although the specific roles of most of these factors have been difficult to define. previously we have shown that a mutation in pild (originally designated vvpd), which encodes a type iv prepilin peptidase/n-methyltransferase, abolishes expression of surface pili, suggesting that they belong to the type iv class. in addition, a pild mutant exhibits reduced adherence to he ...	2005	15731039
a survey for phosphoglucose isomerase with lysyl aminopeptidase activity in vibrionaceae and non-vibrio pathogens.	phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) with a novel lysyl aminopeptidase (lysap) activity was recently purified and characterized from vibrio vulnificus. we showed that it cleaves the amino-terminal lysyl residue from des-arg(10)-kallidin to produce des-arg(9)-bradykinin, suggesting that it plays a role in virulence. a survey was conducted to determine the presence of this potential virulence-enhancing enzyme among twenty-three halotolerant human and fish pathogens from eleven species within the vibrion ...	2005	15752701
molecular pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans that has the capability of causing rare, yet devastating disease. the bacteria are naturally present in estuarine environments and frequently contaminate seafoods. within days of consuming uncooked, contaminated seafood, predisposed individuals can succumb to sepsis. additionally, in otherwise healthy people, v. vulnificus causes wound infection that can require amputation or lead to sepsis. these diseases share the characteristics that th ...	2005	15765065
vibrio vulnificus--a rare but fulminant pathogen causing airway obstruction.		2005	15765355
high-frequency phase variation of vibrio vulnificus 1003: isolation and characterization of a rugose phenotypic variant.	the marine bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen that can spontaneously switch between virulent opaque and avirulent translucent phenotypes. here, we document an additional form, the rugose variant, which produces copious biofilms and which may contribute both to pathogenicity of v. vulnificus and to its survival under adverse environmental conditions.	2005	15774896
[necrotizing fasciitis and bacteriemia].		2005	15826552
recognizing the pseudogenes in bacterial genomes.	pseudogenes are now known to be a regular feature of bacterial genomes and are found in particularly high numbers within the genomes of recently emerged bacterial pathogens. as most pseudogenes are recognized by sequence alignments, we use newly available genomic sequences to identify the pseudogenes in 11 genomes from 4 bacterial genera, each of which contains at least 1 human pathogen. the numbers of pseudogenes range from 27 in staphylococcus aureus mw2 to 337 in yersinia pestis co92 (e.g. 1- ...	2005	15933207
vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe has no direct effect on the iron-assimilation from human holotransferrin.	in order to elucidate the role of vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease vvpe in the uptake of iron from human transferrin, we constructed a vvpe-deficient mutant and a merozygotic vvpe-transcriptional reporter from the wild type strain mo6-24/o. all three strains were able to grow only in deferrated heart infusion broth (df-hi) with human holotransferrin (ht), but not in df-hi containing partially iron-saturated transferrin or apotransferrin, without noticeable differences among the strains. all str ...	2005	15936899
study of the occurrence of vibrio vulnificus in oysters in india by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and heterogeneity among v. vulnificus by randomly amplified polymorphic dna pcr and gyrb sequence analysis.	the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus is widely distributed in estuarine waters throughout the world. in this study, the presence of v. vulnificus in oysters was studied both by conventional culture and dna-based molecular technique. following enrichment in alkaline peptone water (apw), the bacteria were lysed and a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for vvha gene was performed. the effect of duration of enrichment on the sensitivity of detection by pcr was evaluated. the organism was i ...	2005	15946295
vibrio vulnificus load reduction in oysters after combined exposure to vibrio vulnificus--specific bacteriophage and to an oyster extract component.	oysters infected with vibrio vulnificus can present a serious health risk to diabetic, immunocompromised, and iron-deficient individuals. numerous studies have been conducted with the goal of eliminating this organism from raw oysters. we utilized two natural oyster-associated components: pooled vibrio vulnificus-specific bacteriophage and an extract of the eastern oyster (crassostrea virginica) that contains an antimicrobial component we named anti-vibrio vulnificus factor, which is bactericida ...	2005	15954705
ice immersion as a postharvest treatment of oysters for the reduction of vibrio vulnificus.	vibrio vulnificus produces serious illnesses that are commonly associated with shellfish consumption, particularly raw oysters. ingestion can result in fatal septicemia in susceptible individuals with hepatitis, cirrhosis, immune dysfunction, diabetes, or hemochromatosis (metabolic iron overload). therefore, postharvest treatments to reduce vibrio levels in oysters have been recommended. in this study, rapid chilling by immersion of unwashed whole oysters in ice for 3 h was assessed as a posthar ...	2005	15954706
wound infections caused by vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria.	infections caused by vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by blake et al. of the us centers for disease control. at that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting vibrio species', v. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the united states with a hospitalization rate of 0.910 and a case-fatality rate of 0.390. it is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. infections following ingestion of raw or ...	2005	15962544
the cytotoxin-hemolysin genes of human and eel pathogenic vibrio vulnificus strains: comparison of nucleotide sequences and application to the genetic grouping.	vibrio vulnificus can be divided into two groups on the basis of pathogenesis. group 1 is pathogenic only to humans, whereas group 2 is pathogenic to eels and occasionally to humans. although both groups produce a 50-kda cytotoxin-hemolysin (v. vulnificus hemolysin; vvh), the toxins are different. in the present study, the nucleotide sequence of the toxin gene (vvha ) of strain cdc b3547 (a group 2 strain) was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence was compared to that of strain l-180 ( ...	2005	15965298
viral promoters can initiate expression of toxin genes introduced into escherichia coli.	the expression of recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells requires the fusion of the coding region to a promoter functional in the eukaryotic cell line. viral promoters are very often used for this purpose. the preceding cloning procedures are usually performed in escherichia coli and it is therefore of interest if the foreign promoter results in an expression of the gene in bacteria. in the case molecules toxic for humans are to be expressed, this knowledge is indispensable for the specificati ...	2005	15967027
inactivation of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin by oligomerization but not proteolysis.	vibrio vulnificus extracellular protease (vvpe) is believed to destroy its hemolysin (vvha) in the late growth phase, without obvious experimental evidence. so, we attempted to elucidate the mechanism. the hemolytic activity steeply increased with the expression of the vvha in the early growth phase, and then abruptly declined with the expression of vvpe in the late growth phase. however, the vvha activity also abruptly declined in a vvpe-deficient mutant. in western blot, the degradation of vvh ...	2005	15997117
[pathogenic factors of vibrios with special emphasis on vibrio vulnificus].	bacteria of the genus vibrio are normal habitants of the aquatic environment and play roles for biocontrole of aquatic ecosystem, but some species are believed to be human pathogens. these species can be classified into two groups according to the types of diseases they cause: the gastrointestinal infections and the extraintestinal infections. the pathogenic species produce various pathogenic factors including enterotoxin, hemolysin, cytotoxin, protease, siderophore, adhesive factor, and hemaggl ...	2005	15997210
identification of an arac-like regulator gene required for induction of the 78-kda ferrioxamine b receptor in vibrio vulnificus.	we previously reported that the 78-kda outer membrane receptor for ferrioxamine b is induced in iron-starved vibrio vulnificus cells when desferrioxamine b was supplied exogenously. based on its n-terminal amino acid sequence, a candidate gene for the ferrichrome b receptor was detected in the v. vulnificus cmcp6 genomic database. here, two contiguous genes, named desr and desa, encoding a member of the arac family of transcriptional activators and the ferrioxamine b receptor, respectively, were ...	2005	16000245
development of a simple and rapid fluorogenic procedure for identification of vibrionaceae family members.	we describe a simple colony overlay procedure for peptidases (copp) for the rapid fluorogenic detection and quantification of vibrionaceae from seawater, shellfish, sewage, and clinical samples. the assay detects phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase activity that is produced by vibrionaceae family members. overnight cultures are overlaid for 10 min with membranes containing a synthetic substrate, and the membranes are examined for fluorescent foci under uv illumination. fluoresce ...	2005	16000757