Publications

[the effect of the pipe material of the drinking water system on the frequency of legionella in a hospital].	in this paper the prevalence of legionella in water samples from cold and warm water supply systems made of copper, iron and polyethylene was determined. water supplied by copper pipes revealed to be nearly free of legionella (only 2% of probes positive), but water from iron (90%) or polyethylene pipes (65% probes positive) proved to be heavily contaminated. the 82 isolates were identified as legionella pneumophila, one from serogroup 1, the others from serogroup 4.	1994	7916876
performance of four different indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) to detect specific igg, iga, and igm in legionnaires' disease.	currently recommended methods in legionnaires' disease serology are based upon crude whole-cell antigenic preparations. to investigate whether purified antigens would perform better in a given diagnostic test for antibodies against legionella pneumophila, we compared the performance of three antigenic preparations of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 consisting of outer membrane protein (omp), flagellin (fla), and lipopolysaccharide (lps) to a sonic extract (son) in indirect immunosorbent assay (elisa) ...	1994	7917219
molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by ribotyping with a non-radioactive probe and pcr fingerprinting.	hybridization with acetylaminofluorene-labelled 16 + 23 s rrna from escherichia coli was used to detect dna polymorphism among legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates. isolates from unrelated patients showed at least four different rrna restriction patterns, whereas those from related patients showed a single pattern. amplification of genomic regions with an arbitrary primer by polymerase chain reaction was used to further analyze the isolates. related isolates showed closely related pattern ...	1994	7920461
differences and similarities in permissive a/j versus non-permissive balb/c murine macrophages infected with legionella pneumophila: the role of iron.	legionella pneumophila, a facultative intracellular pathogen, replicates within and kills thioglycolate-elicited (tg) macrophages from a/j mice, while growth is inhibited in tg macrophages from balb/c mice which show no impaired viability. the role of iron in balb/c and a/j macrophages regarding their permissiveness to l. pneumophila intracellular growth was investigated. we previously reported that tg macrophages from the a/j mouse strain readily supported the intracellular growth of l. pneumop ...	1994	7920466
severe pleural effusion due to legionella pneumophila respiratory infection.		1994	7921129
[studies on the detection of legionella pneumophila by the application of polymerase chain reaction (pcr)].	dna fragment of legionella pneumophila, the pcr was performed with a pair of artificial synthesized primer. results of agarose electrophoresis and eb staining showed that there was a 870 bp band shared by serogroups 1-14 of l.pneumophila. the sensitivity of pcr in detecting legionella from water was 350cfu/ml, however, the specific dna probe labeled with 32p was .43cfu/ml by blot hybridization. the positive rate of tissue specimens from infected guinea-pigs with legionella pneumophila was 83.3% ...	1994	7923334
legionella micdadei prosthetic valve endocarditis.	legionella usually causes pneumonia, but occasionally is in the differential diagnosis of "culture negative endocarditis" which sometimes involves prosthetic heart valves. legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis is nearly always due to legionella pneumophila and its clinical presentation is indistinguishable from other causes of prosthetic valve endocarditis. diagnosis of legionella prosthetic valve endocarditis is by recovery of the organism from the blood, demonstration or isolation of the or ...	1994	7927821
pathogenetic aspects of legionnaires' disease: interaction of legionella pneumophila with cellular host defences.		1994	7946483
legionnaires' disease outbreak, fairfield 1992: public health aspects.	an investigation of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in 1992 in fairfield, a municipality of sydney, was carried out to determine the source of the outbreak. cases of legionnaires' disease with onset of symptoms between 11 and 20 april 1992 were included. definite cases were individuals with a history consistent with legionnaires' disease, confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody testing plus serology or culture. there were two control groups: patients admitted to the same hospital as the ca ...	1994	7948328
difference in legionella pneumophila growth permissiveness between j774.1 murine macrophage-like ja-4 cells and lipopolysaccharide (lps)-resistant mutant cells, lps1916, after stimulation with lps.	to elucidate the role of the oxidative burst in macrophage resistance to legionella infection, we examined a murine macrophage-like cell line, j774.1, for permissiveness to legionella growth, using a mutant that has a selective defect in the oxidative burst after lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation. legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was infected into j774.1 monolayers, and then the extent of bacterial growth was estimated by a cfu assay. both the parental cell line, ja-4, and the lps-resistant ...	1994	7960121
bacterial heat shock proteins directly induce cytokine mrna and interleukin-1 secretion in macrophage cultures.	bacterial heat shock proteins (hsp) have been shown to be important immunogens stimulating both t cells and b cells. however, little is known concerning the direct interactions between hsp and macrophages. in this study, we demonstrated that treatment of macrophage cultures with purified bacterial hsp, including legionella pneumophila hsp60, escherichia coli groel, mycobacterium tuberculosis hsp70, mycobacterium leprae hsp65, and mycobacterium bovis bcg hsp65, increased the steady-state levels o ...	1994	7960155
surveillance for legionnaires' disease. risk factors for morbidity and mortality.	to augment available information about the epidemiology of legionnaires' disease, we analyzed data reported to the passive surveillance system at the centers for disease control and prevention, atlanta, ga, from 1980 through 1989.	1994	7979837
[immunologically mediated thrombocytopenia in legionella pneumophila pneumonia].		1994	7981369
nosocomial legionellosis associated with aspiration of nasogastric feedings diluted in tap water.	two cases of nosocomial legionellosis due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 (lp6) were identified in the intensive care unit. both patients had a history of aspiration of nasogastric tube feedings, developed pulmonary infiltrates, had positive cultures for lp6, had serological titer rises to legionella, were treated, and recovered.	1994	7983346
cloning and molecular characterization of a legionella pneumophila gene induced by intracellular infection and by various in vitro stress conditions.	the synthesis of a global stress protein (gspa) of legionella pneumophila is induced in the intracellular environment of the phagocytic cell and by various in vitro stress stimuli. we used techniques of reverse genetics to isolate the gspa gene from a genomic library of l. pneumophila. sequence analysis of approximately 1700 bp of a representative clone (pbsp1) showed the presence of two open reading frames (orfs). orf1 encoded for a polypeptide with an inferred molecular mass of 19 kda and an i ...	1994	7984104
an outbreak of legionnaires' disease in a swedish hospital.	we report a nosocomial outbreak of legionella pneumophila serogroup (sg) 1 infection at the general hospital, värnamo, sweden. from december 1990 to february 1991, 28 patients and 3 staff fell ill with pneumonia and 3 died. l. pneumophila sg 1 together with several other legionellae were isolated from the hot water supply to 17 of 20 hospital wards, probably being spread by aerosolization via shower nozzles. raising the hospital's hot water temperature from 45 degrees c to 65 degrees c, together ...	1994	7984974
replicative legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated a/j mice. a murine model of human legionnaires' disease.	the role of host immune responses in the pathogenesis of legionnaires' disease is incompletely understood, due in part to the current lack of an animal model that is both susceptible to replicative legionella pneumophila-induced lung infection and for which species-specific immunological reagents are available. we have developed a model of replicative l. pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated a/j mice. l. pneumophila was obtained in the exponential growth phase and inoculated i ...	1994	7992856
[serodiagnosis of legionella pneumonia--data of our laboratory in the recent 3 years].	we had examined antibody titers against legionella spp. of patients' sera which were mainly sent from other hospitals, performed with the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) method. the clinical status of the cases diagnosed as legionella pneumonia serologically, were also studied. out of 105 cases with clinically suspected legionella pneumonia, 15 cases (14.3%) were seropositive. in 9 out of the 15 cases (60.0%) were caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. clinical outline of these 15 cas ...	1994	7996024
update of the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. i: bacteria, fungi and parasites.	the application of monoclonal antibodies and dna probes in the clinical microbiology laboratory has resulted in an array of rapid diagnostic tests. the immunofluorescent assay or enzyme-linked immunoassay is widely used in the rapid diagnosis of bacteria eg group a streptococcus, legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis; parasites eg chlamydia tachomatis, cryptosporidium species; and fungi eg pneumocystis carinii. the bactec system was first introduced to detect bacter ...	1994	7997914
piccadilly circus legionnaires' disease outbreak.	an outbreak of legionnaires' disease occurred in central london in january and february 1989. an infection control committee was established to investigate the outbreak and institute control measures. the objective of this paper is to describe the investigation and control of the outbreak.	1994	7999388
adherence of legionella pneumophila to u-937 cells, guinea-pig alveolar macrophages, and mrc-5 cells by a novel, complement-independent binding mechanism.	in the absence of serum, legionella pneumophila demonstrated wash-resistant adherence to u-937 cells, primary guinea-pig alveolar macrophages, and mrc-5 cells. neither complement nor antibody was required for binding. the dynamics of adherence following inoculation of l. pneumophila at increasing 10-fold multiplicities of infection to each of the three host cell types resulted in a first-order kinetic relationship of binding, indicative of one bacterial adhesin molecule recognized by one host ce ...	1994	8000965
random mutagenesis of legionella pneumophila with mini-tn10.	to more effectively study the genetic basis of legionnaires' disease, we characterized a system for mini-tn10 mutagenesis in legionella pneumophila. the mini-transposons were first electroporated into legionella on counterselectable vectors expressing altered target site transposases. then, by simultaneously selecting for the kanamycin-resistance gene within the transposon and counterselecting against the maintenance of the plasmid, we directly and readily isolated strains bearing single chromos ...	1994	8001761
growth temperature reversibly modulates the virulence of legionella pneumophila.	in chemostat culture, the virulence of two strains of legionella pneumophila was shown to be significantly (p < 0.05) reduced when the culture temperature was lowered from 37 to 24 degrees c. this modulation was reversed by returning the temperature to 37 degrees c, which resulted in a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in virulence.	1994	8005687
effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the clinical presentation of legionellosis.	to determine whether the clinical course of legionellosis in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents differs from that seen in other patient groups, data on 52 finnish patients with legionellosis confirmed by culture or by the direct immunofluorescent antibody test was reviewed. of these patients 44% were immunosuppressed, 23% had other underlying diseases and 33% had no predisposing conditions. among those without predisposing conditions, only legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was obser ...	1994	7805680
analysis of legionella pneumophila strains associated with nosocomial pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit.	a premature child received continuous mechanical ventilation in a neonatal intensive care unit. on day 10 of his life he developed pneumonia due to legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, monoclonal subtype bellingham. the strain was cultured from a tracheal secretion taken on day 10 and detected by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibodies on days 10, 12 and 17. legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6 (10(2)-4 x 10(4) cfu/l) were cultured from both central and peripheral hot water systems. m ...	1994	7805684
discriminatory genomic fingerprinting of legionella pneumophila by pulsed-field electrophoresis.	eight strains of legionella pneumophila were used to optimize cleavage of dna with bsshii, sali, or spei and separation by pulsed-field electrophoresis. isolates from a community outbreak involving a contaminated hot tub were genomically identical. cleavage patterns were distinctly different for unrelated environmental and nosocomial strains from a single hospital.	1994	7814513
community-acquired pneumonia in adults.	although the frequency of community-acquired pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumoniae continues to be high, studies show that mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, or legionella pneumophila are the etiologic agents in 20% to 40% of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. the clinical presentation of pneumonia caused by these organisms may be indistinguishable from pneumonia due to s pneumoniae. separation of cases of pneumonia due to s pneumoniae as typical and that caused by m pneumo ...	1994	7817549
intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in tetrahymena thermophila.	it has been shown that legionella pneumophila proliferates intracellularly in more than ten species of protozoa, but the fate of the bacteria in tetrahymena thermophila has not been reported. we investigated the multiplication of l. pneumophila philadelphia-1 strain in micronucleated t. thermophila, and the effects of temperature and numbers of the bacteria ingested by the protozoa after in vitro feeding were studied. t. thermophila preyed actively upon the bacteria. after being ingested, the fa ...	1994	7824817
antibiotic policies in dutch hospitals for the treatment of pneumonia.	the guidelines used in dutch hospitals for the treatment of pneumonia as described in antibiotic formularies are described. a total of 42 formularies were examined. amoxycillin was the most frequently used agent in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and a wide variety of drugs was used for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, of which cefuroxime, alone or in combination with an aminoglycoside, was used most often. benzylpenicillin was the most frequently used drug in community-acqui ...	1994	7829419
epidemiologic investigation by macrorestriction analysis and by using monoclonal antibodies of nosocomial pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 10.	a 67-year-old woman was hospitalized with an acute pneumonia of the left lower lobe. legionella pneumophila serogroup 10 was cultured from two sputum specimens taken on days 18 and 20 and was also detected by direct immunofluorescence assay by using a commercially available species-specific monoclonal antibody as well as serogroup 10-specific monoclonal antibodies. antigenuria was detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays by using serogroup 10-specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. ...	1994	7852558
legionnaires' disease in the renal transplant unit of "hospital das clinicas, fmusp". during a five year period (1988-1993).	several reports have related legionella pneumophila with pneumonia in renal transplant patients, however this association has not been systematically documented in brazil. therefore this paper reports the incidence, by serological assays, of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 in these patients during a five year period. for this purpose sera from blood samples of 70 hospitalized patients with pneumonia from the renal transplant unit of hospital das clinicas, fmusp collected at the acute and conv ...	1994	7855487
phosphatase-negative mutants of legionella pneumophila and their behavior in mammalian cell infection.	microbial phosphatases are known or suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of several intracellular pathogens, including legionella micdadei. legionella pneumophila also possess phosphatase activities, but their possible roles in cellular infection are unknown. we generated mutants of a serogroup 1 isolate of l. pneumophila that lack the major phosphatase. isolation of a pho- mutant after random mutagenesis with transposon mudii4041 allowed us to dissociate the major alkaline phosphatase ( ...	1994	7861953
cytokines and legionellosis.	recent studies have led to an enhanced understanding of the role of cell-mediated immunity and cytokines in legionnaires' disease. in particular, the effect of interferon gamma on human mononuclear phagocyte iron metabolism and the role of iron availability of legionella pneumophila intracellular multiplication in human monocytes has been elucidated. with this knowledge it is now possible to develop treatment strategies for legionnaires' disease using interferon gamma and/or agents affecting hum ...	1994	7865349
nested polymerase chain reaction for detection of legionella pneumophila in water.	a highly sensitive nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was evaluated for detection of legionella pneumophila in water. two sets of primers homologous to the coding region of the l. pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene were used. even when starting from minute amounts of l. pneumophila dna, the double pcr products were readily detected by direct visualization in ethidium-bromide-stained agarose gels. the method was tested on 34 potable water samples from a hospital ...	1994	7871239
[contamination of hot water supply in office buildings by legionella pneumophila and some countermeasures].	an assessment of the contamination by legionella species of hot water supplied to office buildings was made based on 80 samples of water from 3 types of systems as follows: 20 samples supplied from instantaneous heaters, 20 samples from hot water storage type systems, and 40 samples from circulation type systems. legionella spp. were detected in two samples (10.0%) from hot water storage systems and five samples (12.5%) of the circulation type. the number of legionella spp. was 2.0 x 10-8.4 x 10 ...	1994	7873767
evaluations of the etest for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of legionella pneumophila, including validation of the imipenem and sparfloxacin strips.	development of antimicrobial testing for legionella spp. has been technically compromised by the fastidious growth requirements of this organism and by the most commonly used medium, buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (bcye) that contains substances known to inhibit some antimicrobial agents. this study validated the potency of two newer antimicrobials (sparfloxacin and imipenem) and their etest strip. the comparisons of antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) values as determined ...	1994	7874883
[the role of legionella pneumophila membrane proteins in forming cell-mediated immunity].		1994	7879552
roxithromycin. an update of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.	roxithromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibacterial erythromycin with in vitro antibacterial activity resembling that of the parent compound. the drug has activity against some staphylococcus spp., many streptococcus spp., moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila and chlamydia trachomatis as well as many less common organisms. measured using recently proposed guidelines, roxithromycin has in vitro activity against haemophilus influenzae. in comp ...	1994	7527329
serogroup-specific and serogroup-cross-reactive epitopes of legionella pneumophila.	a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to serotype 343 legionella pneumophila isolates, using the indirect immunofluorescence test and elisa. in addition, the isolates were typed by means of absorbed rabbit antisera to provide a reference procedure. as shown by a comparison of reaction patterns, serogroup-specific monoclonal antibodies were found for serogroups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10. monoclonal subtypes were found to exist within serogroups 1, 2, 5, and 6. using the monoclonal antibody ...	1994	7528581
epidemiological typing of legionella pneumophila with ribotyping. report of two clinical cases.	the ribotyping method, adapted to the strains of legionella pneumophila in our possession, was tested in two separate cases of legionellosis and in the associated finding of legionella pneumophila in the water, from different sources, with which these patients had come into contact. determination of the serogroup enabled us to carry out a preliminary analysis of the strains, which was then confirmed by application of the ribotyping procedure: the ribosomal profile of the strains found in the two ...	1994	7532136
occurrence of legionellae in hot water distribution systems of finnish apartment buildings.	the occurrence of legionellae in the hot water distribution systems of 67 buildings located in different parts of finland was studied. most of the buildings were apartment buildings. they had different hot water temperatures, and some received their cold potable water from surface water plants and some from ground water plants. hot water samples were taken from taps, showers, and water mains just before and after the heat exchanger. legionella pneumophila was isolated from 30% of the distributio ...	1994	7704835
characterization of mip proteins of legionella pneumophila.	the mip ('macrophage infectivity potentiator') protein of legionella pneumophila has been shown to be an essential virulence factor, exhibiting peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) activity that can be inhibited by the immunosuppressant fk506. the cloning and sequencing of mip genes from three different l. pneumophila strains revealed a single amino acid substitution which did not affect the isomerase property of the enzyme. mip proteins isolated from two wild-type l. pneumophila strains ...	1994	7516906
nitric oxide has an immunoregulatory role other than antimicrobial activity in legionella pneumophila infected macrophages.		1994	7521603
a homodimer represents an active species of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila.	the molecular mass of the native fk506-binding peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila (mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein) was determined by two methods. by gel-permeation chromatography we found no indication of the presence of the monomeric enzyme. however, an oligomeric state with a molecular mass of about 62 kda was detected. by cross-linking with dimethyl pimelimidate and subsequent sds-page of either the surface proteins of intact l ...	1994	7523184
acute exacerbations of asthma in adults: role of chlamydia pneumoniae infection.	respiratory infections precipitate wheezing in many asthmatic patients and may be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of asthma. several studies have demonstrated that viral infections may provoke asthma. bacterial infections seem to play a minor role. however, chlamydia pneumoniae has been recently reported as a possible cause of asthma. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of c. pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of asthma in adults. seventy four adult out-patients with ...	1994	7713198
random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) profiling of legionella pneumophila.	dna (rapd) profiling of legionella pneumophila by pcr can be used to provide a simple and efficient comparison of clinical and environmental isolates. rapd profiling is quicker and cheaper to perform than restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing, eliminating the need for blotting, hybridization and detection. for some isolates, rapd profiling is more discriminatory than rflp typing, being able to distinguish between isolates with identical rflp types.	1994	7765393
occurrence and distribution of legionella species in composted plant materials.	legionellae were found in many samples of composted plant matter obtained from home gardeners and from facilities which undertook bulk composting. the predominant species isolated from these composts was legionella pneumophila, the strains of which belonged to serogroups other than serogroup 1. other legionella species were present in many samples. legionella longbeachae serogroup 1, which is implicated in human infections in south australia, was present in samples obtained from two of six facil ...	1994	11001749
influence of plumbing materials on biofilm formation and growth of legionella pneumophila in potable water systems.	a two-stage chemostat model of a plumbing system was developed, with tap water as the sole nutrient source. the model system was populated with a naturally occurring inoculum derived from an outbreak of legionnaires' disease and containing legionella pneumophila along with associated bacteria and protozoa. the model system was used to develop biofilms on the surfaces of a range of eight plumbing materials under controlled, reproducible conditions. the materials varied in their abilities to suppo ...	1994	16349278
overwhelming respiratory failure associated with legionella pneumophila.	four patients were admitted to the medical intensive care unit at king khalid university hospital (kkuh) with overwhelming respiratory failure. extensive investigations revealed serological evidence of legionella infection. three patients required intubation and mechanical ventilation. all patients received erythromycin; rifampin was added to two patients. two patients survived and two patients died. we report, for the first time in saudi arabia, four cases of legionella pneumophila with severe ...	1994	17586893
molecular epidemiology of legionella pneumophila infection at a canadian tertiary care institution.	to characterize the molecular epidemiology of legionella species infection at one canadian tertiary care centre.	1994	22346494
beyond erythromycin ...		1994	22346474
clarithromycin for children.		1995	22416204
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: report of four alberta cases.	four alberta cases of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are reported. three cases required intensive care, with one experiencing a fulminant course resulting in death. a fourth case with milder illness was identified after epidemiological investigations. ribavirin was used in one patient who experienced a successful outcome. a recent open label trial has not supported the efficacy of this drug. the epidemiology of peromyscus maniculatus, the primary rodent host, and the clinical features of this syn ...	1995	22514394
gentamicin-containing peptone-yeast extract medium for cocultivation of hartmannella vermiformis atcc 50256 and virulent strains of legionella pneumophila.	we evaluated the use of peptone-yeast extract (py) medium, different strains of hartmannella vermiformis, and gentamicin in a coculture system to improve the discrimination of virulent and avirulent strains of legionella pneumophila. h. vermiformis atcc 50256 was unique among four strains of h. vermiformis, in that it multiplied equally well in medium 1034 and py medium (medium 1034 without fetal calf serum, folic acid, hemin, and yeast nucleic acid and with a 50% reduction of peptone). however, ...	1995	16535197
infectivity of legionella pneumophila mip mutant for alveolar epithelial cells.	legionella pneumophila can invade and grow within explanted alveolar epithelial cells. given its potential clinical significance, an examination of the molecular basis of epithelial cell infection was initiated. the mip gene encodes a 24-kilodalton surface protein that promotes macrophage infection and virulence. to determine whether this gene is required for pneumocyte infection, we tested a strain bearing a mip null mutation for its ability to infect both explanted type ii cells and type i-lik ...	1995	7765898
cross-reacting lipopolysaccharide antigens in legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 14.	immunological cross-reactions among legionella species were investigated with sonicated, proteinase k-digested cell lysates. the antigens separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were either analyzed for lipopolysaccharides (lpss) by silver staining or transferred to nitrocellulose membranes for serological characterization with rabbit antibodies directed against legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 5. when antiserum prepared against serogroup 5 was used to probe ...	1995	7768596
delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cytokines, and immunity to legionella pneumophila.	the major psychoactive component of marijuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc), has been shown to suppress the functions of various immune cells. however, the relationship of these findings to thc-induced suppression of host resistance to infection has not been firmly established. in this report, we review the literature concerning thc's effects on cytokine production and resistance to infection with legionella pneumophila (lp). recent reports have linked thc-induced immunomodulation with dru ...	1995	7777582
[pleuropericarditis as the only manifestation of legionella pneumophila infection].	pleural effusion caused by legionella is seen fairly frequently but is hardly ever of great clinical significance. pericardial involvement has been described only rarely. we present a case of pleuropericarditis as the only sign of infection by legionella pneumophila in a 66-years-old man with no prior history of disease. the patient came to the hospital with chest pain suggestive of pleurisy, low-grade fever, dry cough and dyspnea. the etiology was not suspected and the diagnosis was made retros ...	1995	7788088
efficacy of a three day course of azithromycin in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia.	this study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a 3 day course of azithromycin in low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia. forty patients with low to moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia (29 males, 11 females, mean age 46 +/- 17 yrs; 20 pretreated with betalactams for 2-10 days with no results before admission to hospital; 18 with evidence of co-morbidity) were enrolled in an open, randomized study with azithromycin, 500 mg q.d. oral therapy for 3 days, versus clarith ...	1995	7789484
cloning and genetic characterization of the flagellum subunit gene (flaa) of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	the gene flaa, encoding the flagellum subunit protein of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, has been isolated from an expression library of l. pneumophila isolate corby in escherichia coli k-12 by using an antiflagellin specific polyclonal antiserum. dna sequence analysis of the flaa gene revealed the presence of a 1,428-bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 475 amino acids with an apparent molecular mass of 48 kda that is expressed independently of an e. coli vector promoter. peptide seq ...	1995	7790062
experimental legionnaires' disease in scid-beige mice reconstituted with human leucocytes.	a new small animal model of experimental legionnaires' disease is described in which the reconstitution of scid-beige mice with human peripheral blood leucocytes permits the in-vivo growth of legionella pneumophila in the lungs of aerosol-challenged mice. following infection, viable bacterial counts within the lungs of mice increased from 10(5) cfu/lung at the time of inoculation to a maximum of 10(10) cfu/lung by 48 h post-inoculation. two types of disease were detected in the lungs of infected ...	1995	7791209
[legionella pneumonia diagnosed by urinary antigen detection].	a 63-year-old man with dyspnea and high fever was admitted to the hospital. a pneumonic shadow in the right lower lung field was observed. after administration of rifampicin and clarithromycin, his symptoms were gradually alleviated. although legionella pneumonia was highly suspected, legionella pneumophila was not isolated from his sputum specimens and the serum level of indirect immunofluorescent antibody titer was not significantly elevated. however, we believe it is very likely that he had l ...	1995	7791279
the lly protein protects legionella pneumophila from light but does not directly influence its intracellular survival in hartmannella vermiformis.	the lly locus (legiolysin) mediates the browning of the culture medium of legionella pneumophila in the late stationary growth phase, presumably as a result of synthesis of homogentisic acid. mutagenesis of the lly gene of the l. pneumophila philadelphia i derivative jr32 did not affect intracellular replication in the natural host hartmannella vermiformis. the lly-negative mutant, however, showed a markedly decreased resistance to ordinary light. the cloned lly gene conferred an increased resis ...	1995	7793965
quantitative reverse transcription-pcr analysis of legionella pneumophila-induced cytokine mrna in different macrophage populations by high-performance liquid chromatography.	cytokine production in macrophages infected by bacteria is critical for the course of infection. however, it is not known how infection of macrophages with opportunistic bacteria leads to cytokine production in different populations of cells. since it is possible that cytokine genes may be differentially regulated by attachment rather than by active infection, the levels of various cytokine mrnas were measured in alveolar macrophages (ams), peritoneal resident macrophages (rms), and peritoneally ...	1995	7719907
intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila in hl-60 cells functionally differentiated in response to 22-oxacalcitriol.	the agent 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 (d3) induces the differentiation of hl-60 human leukemia cells into functional monocyte-like cells that can support the intracellular multiplication of legionella pneumophila. 22-oxacalcitriol (oct), a synthetic analogue of d3, exhibits greater differentiation-inducing activity than d3 in wehi-3 mouse leukemia cells and has been suggested to be clinically more useful because of its lower hypercalcemic activity. the abilities of oct and d3 to induce the function ...	1995	7722417
detection of legionella dna in human and guinea pig urine samples by the polymerase chain reaction.	a detection system for legionella dna in urine samples based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was developed and tested on infected guinea pigs and patients suffering from pneumonia. results were compared with standard methods for diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. a primer system was selected which amplifies a 108 bp dna fragment of the 5s rrna gene. the sensitivity of the pcr system was one femtogram of extracted legionella dna. three methods were tested for pretreatment of urine samples ...	1995	7729449
regulation of macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus production by invasive salmonella strains.	salmonellae possess the ability to adhere to and invade macrophages and in so doing trigger a number of intracellular events that are associated with cellular activation. as an initial approach to defining the mechanisms by which invasive salmonellae alter macrophage function, we have explored the impact of salmonella infection on the production of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in u1 cells, a promonocytic cell line latently infected with the virus. infection of u1 cells with a pathogenic st ...	1995	7729890
isolation of a legionella pneumophila strain serologically distinguishable from all known serogroups.	a legionella pneumophila strain (jena-1) was isolated from a water sample collected from the hot water system of a scientific institution in jena, germany. protein profile, ubiquinone and fatty acid content of the outer membrane were in accordance with those described for other legionella pneumophila serogroups. dna extracted from strain jena-1 gave a positive amplification by using an l. pneumophila (mip)-specific commercially available pcr-kit confirming that the isolate belonged to the specie ...	1995	7734827
detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction method.	an insertion sequence repeated multiple times in the chromosome of mycobacterium tuberculosis was used as a target for amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for detecting mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens. the sequences of primers were 5'-cctgcgagcgtaggcgtcgg-3' (primer 1) and 5'-ctcgtccagcgccgcttcgg-3' (primer 2). one cycle of amplification consisted of denaturing at 94 degrees c for 2 min, primer annealing at 68 degrees c for 2 min, and extension at 72 de ...	1995	7745303
legionella contamination of dental-unit waters.	water samples collected from 28 dental facilities in six u.s. states were examined for the presence of legionella pneumophila and other legionella spp. by the pcr-gene probe, fluorescent-antibody microscopic, and viable-plate-count detection methods. the pcr and fluorescent-antibody detection methods, which detect both viable and viable nonculturable legionella spp., gave higher counts and rates of detection than the plate count method. by the pcr-gene probe detection method, legionella spp. wer ...	1995	7747943
characterisation of legionella pneumophila antigen in urine of guinea pigs and humans with legionnaires' disease.	to study and develop the urinary antigen detection assay, urine was obtained from aerosol infected guinea pigs. the appearance of legionella pneumophila antigen in guinea pig urine was then compared with that detected in urine from human legionnaires' disease (ld) cases. this study demonstrated that the antigen expressed in the experimental model of ld was of identical molecular weight, reacted almost identically in an elisa based assay and in western blots with the antigen found in human urine. ...	1995	7751659
[identification of legionella pneumophila strains by polymerase chain reaction method which isolated from cooling tower water].	we studied the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method with 5 strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 4, 7 strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 5, 7 strains of l. pneumophila ut and 15 strains of legionella like organisms (llo). we used mip-primers reported by mahbubani et al and leg-primers reported by starnbach et al. positive pcr results were obtained by all strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 4, l. pneamophila serogroup 5, l. pneumophila ut and 11 strains of llo using mip-primers. using le ...	1995	7751740
nosocomial legionellosis in three heart-lung transplant patients: case reports and environmental observations.	organ transplant recipients are at high risk of contracting legionnaires' disease in a hospital environment contaminated with legionellae. this study describes the first cases of culture-verified legionella infections with an established link to potable hospital water in denmark; three patients operated on at the cardiopulmonary transplant unit, rigshospitalet, copenhagen, became infected with legionellae. environmental and clinical isolates of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6 were inve ...	1995	7758494
detecting legionella pneumophila in water systems: a comparison of various dental units.	the authors sampled 194 dental units over a 44-month period to detect the presence of legionella pneumophila. they found l. pneumophila, usually in very low numbers, in 25 percent of the units over this time. however, higher counts were collected from 4 percent of the units, primarily from one model. the authors document colony counts collected from nine different models and those collected from air/water syringes vs. high-speed outlets, and they describe the effectiveness of disinfection.	1995	7759685
association of legionnaires' disease with construction: contamination of potable water?	to describe two cases of nosocomial legionellosis and discuss the epidemiology of this infection.	1995	7759822
potable water and nosocomial legionnaires' disease--check water from all rooms in which patient has stayed.	we studied 7 patients with nosocomial legionnaires' disease to determine the relationship between isolates of legionella pneumophila recovered from potable water and those recovered from patients. potable water was cultured from all rooms in which patients had stayed prior to the diagnosis of legionnaires' disease. the 38 isolates of l. pneumophila (31 environmental, 7 patient) were resolved into 9 distinct patterns by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), 3 by plasmid content and 2 each with ...	1995	7705490
effect of monensin on the invasiveness and multiplication of legionella pneumophila.	the polyether antibiotic monensin exhibited bacteriostatic activity against a clinical isolate of legionella pneumophila in vitro. experiments designed to test the effect of the compound on the invasiveness and multiplication of l. pneumophila in hela cells showed that, in the presence of the antibiotic, legionellas that penetrated the cells did not multiply. however, monensin did not alter the characteristics of phagosomes that contained ingested legionellas. in the presence of monensin, infect ...	1995	7707335
[molecular typing of legionella for determining the source of infection].	the ubiquitous occurrence of legionellae requires an exact typing of isolated strains in order to demonstrate the source of infection. monoclonal antibodies, analysis of genomic and plasmid dnas, and the typing of alloenzymes are suitable for this purpose. typing of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains by using monoclonal antibodies was found to be a rapid and adequate method. other serogroups of l. pneumophila and non-pneumophila species are of considerably less antigenic diversity, so th ...	1995	7698807
detection of mip-like sequences and mip-related proteins within the family rickettsiaceae.	the mip surface protein, a prokaryotic analog of the fk506-binding proteins, enhances the ability of legionella pneumophila to infect macrophages and protozoa. using mip-specific probes and low-stringency southern hybridizations, we have detected dna sequences homologous to mip within coxiella burnetii and rochalimaea quintana. using specific anti-mip antisera and immunoblot analysis, we also detected mip-related proteins within these bacteria as well as within rickettsia and ehrlichia species. ...	1995	7532505
in situ identification of legionellaceae using 16s rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probes and confocal laser scanning microscopy.	bacteria of the family legionellaceae form a monophyletic group within the gamma-subclass of proteobacteria. based on comparative sequence analysis we constructed two oligonucleotide probes complementary to regions of 16s rrna characteristic for legionellaceae. probe specificities were tested by whole-cell or dot-blot hybridization against 14 serogroups of legionella pneumophila, 22 different legionella spp. and 72 non-legionellae reference strains. using optimized conditions both probes hybridi ...	1995	7534589
monoclonal antibodies to legionella mip proteins recognize genus- and species-specific epitopes.	monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the virulence-associated mip protein of legionella spp. were raised by immunizing balb/c mice with (i) legionella pneumophila, (ii) legionella micdadei, and (iii) purified recombinant native mip protein cloned from l. pneumophila philadelphia 1. following screening of seeded wells by immunoblot analysis with homologous antigens, eight mip-specific mabs were found. these mabs were chosen to investigate the antigenic diversity of mip proteins in the genus legio ...	1995	7535177
restriction fragment length polymorphism of rrna genes for molecular typing of members of the family legionellaceae.	typing of legionella pneumophila remains important in the investigation of outbreaks of legionnaires' disease and in the control of organisms contaminating hospital water. we found that the discriminatory power of a nonradioactive ribotyping method could be improved by combining results obtained with four restriction enzymes (hindiii, ncii, clai, and psti). fifty-eight clinical and environmental l. pneumophila strains including geographically unrelated as well as epidemiologically connected isol ...	1995	7536215
escherichia coli and other species of the enterobacteriaceae encode a protein similar to the family of mip-like fk506-binding proteins.	a newly identified gene in escherichia coli, fkpa, encodes a protein with extensive similarity to the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) proteins of legionella pneumophila and chlamydia trachomatis. the fkpa protein may be a new member of the family of fk506-binding proteins (fkbps) because its carboxyl domain includes a sequence that matches the consensus fk506-binding motif in 40 of 48 positions, including those amino acids at the active site that form hydrogen bonds with the drug fk506. ...	1995	7540828
immunoblot cross-reactions among rickettsia, proteus spp. and legionella spp. in patients with mediterranean spotted fever.	sera from patients suffering from mediterranean spotted fever (i.e. an infection due to rickettsia conorii) were studied by immunoblot to investigate cross-reactivity. a prevalence of igm antibodies to proteus ox 19, proteus ox 2, to the rickettsia typhus group, to legionella pneumophila serovars 4 and 5, to l. bozemanii wiga and to l. micdadei tatlock was found. western blot confirmed that the antibodies were directed against the lipopolysaccharide as demonstrated by proteinase k digestion of t ...	1995	7541270
enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of pcr-amplified dna of legionellae in bronchoalveolar fluid.	a nonradioactive method is described that detects 10 to 100 legionellae in 1 ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. dna is purified by a proteinase k-phenol protocol or with a commercial dna preparation kit and amplified by pcr with amplimers specific for the 16s rrna gene of legionella pneumophila. the upstream primer is 5' biotinylated. the amplification product is immobilized on streptavidin-coated microtiter plates. because of the high binding capacity, no removal of nonincorporated biotin from ...	1995	7542266
molecular characterization of a virulence-associated epitope on the lipopolysaccharide of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1.	for identification of lipopolysaccharide (lps)-associated epitopes of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, lps of strain philadelphia 1 was investigated using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). the o-specific chain of lps is a homopolymer of 5-acetamidino-7-acetamido-8-o-acetyl-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-d-glycero- l-galacto- nonulosonic acid. at least four immunoaccessible epitopes were recognized by different mabs on the intact lps. after o-deacetylation of lps, the reactivity of one of the mabs (mab 3/1) w ...	1995	7543861
spatial learning impairment in mice infected with legionella pneumophila or administered exogenous interleukin-1-beta.	the effect of interleukin-1 beta (il 1 beta) on spatial learning was examined. in one experiment, c57bl/6 mice were given daily injections (100 ng/mouse) of recombinant murine il1 beta prior to training on the morris water maze. in another experiment, mice were infected with a sublethal dose of a gram-negative bacterium (legionella pneumophila; lp). mice rendered ill by the infection were given either anti-il1 beta antibodies (100 micrograms/mouse) or saline and then trained on the water maze. r ...	1995	7549035
small-angle x-ray solution scattering study on the dimerization of the fkbp25mem from legionella pneumophila.	the dimerization of the fk506-binding peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans-isomerase (ppiase) fkbp25mem (mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein) from legionella pneumophila was studied by small-angle x-ray solution scattering. a value of 44 kda, independent on the protein concentration between 2 and 13 mg/ml, confirming that fkbp25mem is a dimer was found for the molecular mass of the protein. the radius of gyration of the protein is 3.3 nm and the porod volume 87 nm3. a model of the shape of fkb ...	1995	7556662
[genomic dna fingerprints of legionella pneumophila serogroup 2 strains as an epidemiologic marker].	using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, dna fingerprints of eleven legionella pneumophila isolates of serogroup 2 were generated. it was shown that two strains from a patient suffering from pneumonia as well as three environmental strains isolated from the shower in the hotel where the patient stayed 5 days before his illness were identical. six strains of the same serogroup isolated from other sources were clearly separated. thus, dna fingerprints by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis are excelle ...	1995	7558118
combined therapy with co-amoxiclav and erythromycin against intracellular legionella pneumophila in cell culture and in an experimental respiratory infection in neutropenic rats.		1995	7559201
comparison of culture methods for monitoring legionella species in hospital potable water systems and recommendations for standardization of such methods.	a lack of standardization of environmental monitoring techniques for legionella spp. complicates the interpretation of results and comparisons of results from different institutions. a comparative assessment of techniques recommended by the centers for disease control and prevention, the hygiene institute (graz, austria), and our laboratory was performed. variables investigated were sampling method (swabbing and collection of water samples [250 ml] before and after swabbing), method of concentra ...	1995	7559959
diagnosis of legionella pneumophila infection by polymerase chain reaction.	we examined the application of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the diagnosis of legionellosis. eight intratracheal aspirates were collected from a patient with pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 2, and serial 10-fold dilutions of the samples were obtained. two samples were positive for l. pneumophila by the direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) method down to a 10(-2) concentration, and one was positive down to a 10(-4) concentration. pcr was positive for all eight samples, ...	1995	7578732
subtyping of legionella pneumophila isolates by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction.	arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-pcr) was used to differentiate strains of legionella pneumophila isolated from different water sources in a resort hotel in benidorm, alicante, spain, where an outbreak of legionnaires' disease occurred among a group of tourists between 65 and 80 years of age. all isolates were l. pneumophila serogroup 1, subtype pontiac (knoxville 1). five different patterns (p1 to p5) were obtained by ap-pcr. the number of bands per pattern varied between 4 and ...	1995	7585361
cloning and transcription regulation of the ferric uptake regulatory gene of campylobacter jejuni tgh9011.	a campylobacter jejuni (cj) tgh9011 (atcc 43431) gene homologous to the escherichia coli ferric uptake regulatory gene (fur) has been cloned and characterized. cj fur encodes a polypeptide consisting of 157 amino acids (aa) (18.1 kda). the 5'-flanking region of the cj fur gene contains two putative catabolite activator protein (cap)-binding sequences and four fur boxes or fur-binding sequences (fbs), implicating camp and autogenous regulation respectively. a major and a minor transcription start ...	1995	7590316
influence of iron-limited continuous culture on physiology and virulence of legionella pneumophila.	a virulent strain of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, subgroup pontiac, was grown in continuous culture at a constant growth rate under iron-replete and iron-limited conditions. iron limitation was achieved by the removal of ferrous sulfate and hemin from the chemically defined medium. residual contaminating iron, 0.45 microm, was sufficient to support iron-limited growth. typical iron-replete cultures metabolized 3.3 microm iron. serine provided the principal source of carbon and energy for ...	1995	7591051
influence of site specifically altered mip proteins on intracellular survival of legionella pneumophila in eukaryotic cells.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, is able to survive intracellularly in eukaryotic cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and protozoan organisms. the mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) protein represents a factor of l. pneumophila necessary for optimal intracellular survival. interestingly, mip belongs to the substance class of fk 506-binding proteins and exhibits peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) activity that can be inhibited by the immunosu ...	1995	7591108
association of flagellum expression and intracellular growth of legionella pneumophila.	we examined the role of the flagella of legionella pneumophila in the infection of amoebae and human monocyte-like cells. insertional mutants were constructed with mini-tn10. ten mutants (f-) which did not react with polyclonal l. pneumophila antiflagellar antisera were identified. ten randomly selected mutants (f+) that did react with the polyclonal antiflagellar antiserum were also identified. the infectivity of these 20 mutants in hartmannella vermiformis and human u937 cells was characterize ...	1995	7591159
antibody-independent binding of complement component c1q by legionella pneumophila.	incubation of legionella pneumophila philadelphia 1 in normal human serum depleted of either classical-pathway component c1q or alternative-pathway component factor b resulted in activation of the complement system. experiments focused on the role of the classical pathway in complement activation revealed that legionellae bound c1q independently of antibody. purified preparations of l. pneumophila major outer membrane protein but not serogroup 1 lipopolysaccharide bound c1q independently of anti ...	1995	7591161
al072, a novel anti-legionella antibiotic produced by streptomyces sp.	al072 is a potent anti-legionella antibiotic produced by streptomyces strain al91. the compound was isolated from the fermentation broth with 1 volume of isopropyl alcohol, followed by an ethyl acetate extraction and subsequent concentration under reduced pressure. purification was performed on an octadecyl silica gel column followed by preparative hplc. al072 purified as mentioned above showed extremely specific activity only towards legionella pneumophila. no antibacterial activity against any ...	1995	7592020
aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study among adults requiring admission to hospital.	the prevalence of microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia in patients who required admission to hospital was investigated and the percentage of cases whose aetiology remained unknown due to the study design and logistical problems estimated.	1995	7597669